IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MODET SLAVERY: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

OF NEPAL AND OTHER COUNTRIES

“by (Name)”

“The Name of the Class (Course)”

“Professor (Tutor)”

“Goldsmiths, University of London”

“The City and State where it is located”

“Date”
 Modern Slaver 2

1. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Definitions of Important Terms:

Globalization: “The incorporation amongst the people, organizations, and

governments of different nations.”

Modern Slavery: According to the Slavery Internation, slavery is to; “

 forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat;

 owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through mental or physical abuse or the
threat of abuse;
 dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as ‘property’;
 physically constrained or have restrictions placed on their freedom of
movement.”

Human Trafficking: According to the “United Nations Convention on Transnational

Organized Crime,” “trafficking in persons means the recruitment, transportation,
transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons either by threat or use of abduction, force,
fraud, deception or coercion, or by the giving or receiving of unlawful payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having the control over another person
for the purpose of exploitation.”

Forced Labour: “ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)” stated that;
“All work or service which is exacted from any person under the threat of a penalty
and for which the person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily."

Labour Exploitation: The action of treating an employee unfairly by the employer just
in order to get the benefit.”

1.1 Background and Literature Review:

“Taking advantage of labour unfairly treats one's employees for one's own
advantage. It is a social relationship based on asymmetry between employees and
their employers in a power relationship. When it comes to exploitation, there is a
direct association with consumption in social theory, and this would traditionally label
 Modern Slaver 3

exploitation as unfairly exploiting another individual because of his or her inferior

situation, giving the exploiter the authority. (Exploitation, n.d.)”

Marxian theory of capitalism and neo-colonialism

“One of the significant components analyzed in Marx's economics is the exploitation
theory of Marx. (Elster, n.d.)According to the exploiters are the agent that would typically be
the bourgeoisie. Meanwhile, the exploited are those who receive less than the average
product he or she produces. If workers receive an amount equivalent to their average product,
there is no revenue left over and therefore these workers cannot enjoy the fruits of their own
labours and the difference between what is made and what that can purchase cannot be
justified by redistribution according to need (Marx, 1967).”

“Developing nations are the focus of much debate over the issue of exploitation,
particularly in the context of the global economy. Foreign companies allege that firms such as
Nike and Gap Inc. resort to child labour and sweatshops in developing nations, paying their
workers’ wages far lower than those that prevail in developed nations. It is argued that this is
insufficient to allow workers to attain the local subsistence standard of living if working
hours common in the First World are observed so that working hours much longer than in the
first world are necessary. It is also argued that work conditions in these developing world
factories are more unsafe and much unhealthier than in the First World.” (Hawkins, 2015).”

“Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th century. Instead, it changed its
forms and continues to harm people in every country in the world. Whether they are
women forced into prostitution, men forced to work in agriculture or construction,
children in sweatshops or girls forced to marry older men, their lives are controlled by
their exploiters, they no longer have a free choice and they have to do as they’re
told. They are in slavery.”

“According to a report of ILO, (ILO, 2017)there are an estimated 40.3 million

people in modern slavery around the world by;

 10 million children
 24.9 million people in forced labour
 15.4 million people in forced marriage
 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
 Modern Slaver 4

“One of the major forms of modern slavery is human trafficking. Human

Trafficking is becoming one of the prime concerns for the countries of Africa and
Asia in which people of these countries are engaged in human trafficking and forced
labour. In recent years, there have been growing cases of forced labour which is
becoming a concern all over the world.Nepal is a country situated in South-Asia in
which people have become a prime target for human trafficking and forced labour.
According to a report of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, local police has
recorded about 395 cases based in human tracking between the year 2015 and
2016 out of which only 130 have been convicted. Along with this, it has been also
found that in the overall cases about 350 victims were female and 2 were male”
(Nepal Police, 2018).

“People of Nepal are subjected to forced labour mostly because of poverty

and lack of financial support in their families. According to the website of Anti-slavery
International, 11.7 million people of Asia and Pacific or 56% of the global total is now
subjected to slavery and Nepal is one of the highest in this regard” (ILO, 2012).

“According to the Global Slavery Index Report 2016 ranked Nepal as 13th
positions out of 162 countries in terms of the prevalence of enslavement and
234,600 people of the country are currently victims of human trafficking and forced
labour within and outside the country. Lack of proper infrastructure on employment
and increasing poverty has been the prime reasons for this situation. Labours of the
country are subjected to continuous violations and discriminations in the foreign
countries and even they are restricted to have their rights in many aspects in the
organizations in which they are hired. Along with this, due to lack of proper
employment, most of the male population of the country works in other countries
such as Qatar, Saudi Arab and India and the primary economy of the country comes
from the money that are sent by these people to their family from the remote
locations where they are working” (NHRC, 2017).”

1.2 Problem statement:

Due to the increasing cases of modern slavery in Nepal, human rights are
violated for these people and if proper policies and regulations are not created by the
local Government and if the NGOs do no lend their support for these people, then
this problem will increase and remain prevalent for the people of the country.
 Modern Slaver 5

1.3 Research aim and objectives:

The aim of this research is to identify whether the existing definitions of
‘modern slavery’ does cover the aspect of foreign employment/ labourers from the
third country such as Nepal.

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

 “To find the main conceptual influence on the definition of modern slavery”
 “To analyse if the concept of modern-day slavery relates to the way in which”
“Nepalese labourers are exported and treated by the countries, they work in”
 “To identify the roles of the local government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs”
“and the private sectors on controlling the modern slavery in Nepal.”
 “To find how human rights are violated for these people of Nepal.”

1.4 Research questions:

“The main questions of this research are as follows:”

 “What is the main conceptual influence on the definition of modern slavery?”

 “Does the concept of modern-day slavery relate to the way in which”
“Nepalese labourers are exported (by the country of their origin) and treated”
“by the countries they work in? If it does, how?”
 “What are, if any, the roles of the state (E.g. in Nepal, Ministry of Foreign”
“Affairs, and Ministry of Labour) and the private sectors (e.g. foreign”
“employment agencies, training providers and other stakeholders) in?”

1.5 Significance of the research:

This research will help the Government of Nepal and the NGOs to find the
solutions to relevant problems regarding human trafficking and forced labour
problems of the people of Nepal. This research will also highlight the regulations of
WHO regarding modern slaves and human rights and the methods that could reduce
the issues. The Foreign Employment Act will be highlighted which will help in
creating suitable strategies for reducing the issues of modern slavery in Nepal.

1.6 Justification of the research:

This research will focus on collecting relevant resources from the primary as
well as secondary resources and all the resources will be up to date and will also
 Modern Slaver 6

collect relevant data from the Middle East countries where the maximum number of
migrant labourers from Nepal are working. By conducting interviews with the
Government officials and employment agencies in Nepal will help in analysing the
current strategies that are followed by them to manage the labours from Nepal.
Along with this, with the help of data from the suffered labourers from Nepal, it will be
possible to understand the problems and create relevant strategies to mitigate these
issues. This research will thus justify the topic of the research and will help in
creating relevant strategies.

1.7 Limitations of the study:

This study will only focus on the issues that the people of Nepal are facing for
modern slavery which includes human trafficking and forced labours. However, the
focus will be not given on analysing the issues which are creating barriers on
implementing proper employment in Nepal.

1.8 Rationale of the study:

Issues of the research:
“The main issue of this research is based on the problems of modern slavery
in Nepal and also the problems that the people of the country are facing human
trafficking and forced labours. Due to the fact that the economic condition of the
country is on the weaker side, therefore; people are finding opportunities to shift to
other countries for employment (Ghosh, 2017). Moreover, the workers of the country
who are shifted to foreign lands are also tortured and are subjected to violations.
Along with this, corruption and unethical conduct of the employment agencies of the
country are also resulting in forced labours (Lal, 2018). The workers of Nepal who
are shifted to other countries like Saudi Arab, Oman and Qatar are even not allowed
to come back to the country and also are not paid properly. Even many of the people
of the country are working in countries such as India and Nigeria where they are
working in the bars and circus (NRNA, 2019). These issues are growing and getting
prevalent for these people. Due to the lack of job opportunities, people of the country
are taking lucrative offers without being aware of future issues (Baral, 2015). The
policies of human rights and modern slavery are not followed in the country, which is
also increasing the issues of human trafficking and modern slavery in the country.
The problem also lies within the country and in this scenario; foreign organizations in
 Modern Slaver 7

the country are exploiting the low literacy of the people of the country and are
conducting unethical works which are increasing these issues in the country.”

Reasons for the issues:

“The main reason for these issues is the lack of job opportunities and low
literacy rates among the people of the country. It is also the fact that all the people of
the country cannot be economically satisfied with this source of income (Lama,
2018). Moreover, due to the lack of a proper source of income, all of the members of
the families of the country are bound to work and earn. In this scenario, even
children are forced to work and earn for their family. This is also increasing child
labour in the country (Sharma, 2016). Labours are exploited in an unethical manner
and in many cases, they are also not given the proper wages. Lack of proper foreign
employment policies is increasing the slavery issues for the people of Nepal.
Therefore, proper strategies are required to be created by the Government of the
country in order to mitigate these issues with success.”

Focus to be given on this research:

“This research will focus on analysing the concepts and theories of modern
slavery and the acts of human rights which must be followed in order to mitigate the
ongoing issues in Nepal. The focus will be also given on the way the weaknesses of
the people of the country are exploited and the role that the state and private sectors
can play on mitigating these issues on an immediate basis.”

1.9 Hypotheses:
 “H0: State and private sectors can play an important role in mitigating the”
“problems of modern slavery in Nepal.”
 “H1: State and private sectors cannot play an important role in mitigating the”
“problems of modern slavery in Nepal.”

1.10 Summary of the chapter:

“The introduction chapter focused on highlighting all the issues that this
research is required to evaluate and the objectives to be followed in order to
successfully obtain the findings. This has been followed by the significance and
justification of this research along with the rationale and hypotheses of the study.”
Modern Slaver 8
 Modern Slaver 9

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

2.1 Introduction:
In this study, three theories of human rights violations, what Landman calls
'explanatory triangle', shall be employed when designing research and analysing
data.

In order to explain and understand how and why the particular social
phenomena (human rights abuses in relation to human trafficking, labour exploitation
and modern slavery) happens, three of the main theories of human rights violation
shall be applied in this study: rationalism, structuralism and culturalism (Lichbach,
1997), (Risse, 2002) (Ritzer, 2001) (Landman, 2006). These theories are not
mutually exclusive but, in general, rationalism studies the action and behaviour of
individuals or set of individuals (intentionality), whereas structuralism sees that
individuals are not free agents but social constraints and other external factors
propel them to violate human rights. Culturalism, on the other hand, does not only
seeks an approach understanding of social phenomena, like structuralism, “but it
focuses on shared meanings and understandings, and norms that develop between
and among individuals and states. Such cultural analysis does not see individual
interests and actions in isolation, like rationalist analysis, but places them in the
context of inter-subjective relationships and mutual orientations that make human
communities possible (Lichbach, 1997). Thus, comparative inferences, based on
attitudes, beliefs, norms and, values of a particular community and geographical
location, are possible when analysing data in this study.”

2.2 Research design:

This research will be based on descriptive analysis as it will be important to
gather detailed perception of the participant of the research and will be based on
experimental data that will be collected from the primary as well as secondary
resources. This research will also follow the inductive method as some required
evidence will be analyzed based on the findings of the study (Sekaran, 2016).
 Modern Slaver 10

2.3 Data collection:

The data collection process in this research will be both primary and
secondary. Primary resources will be based on interviewing the participants who are
the stakeholders of this research. The stakeholders will be the participants from the
members of the Government and some members of the foreign employment
agencies which conducts the task of recruiting labours from the country. Next
interview will be conducted on 10 people who have suffered due to forced labours as
well as human trafficking in Nepal. The perception of these participants will help in
collecting relevant data which will help in the further progress of this research.

The secondary resources will be collected from relevant articles, journals and
websites based on the topic of this research. These data will be up to date and will
include facts and figures required for the successful continuation of this research.

2.4 Data sampling:

The data sampling in this research will be based on sampling the primary and
secondary data separately. Along with this, collected primary data from the 3
different resources will be sampled separately and will be analysed in the later stage.

2.5 Data analysis:

In the aspect of data analysis for this research, a qualitative approach will be
maintained, and this will help in collecting descriptive findings for each of the
processes of data collection. NVivo software may be used for coding and analysing
data. This method of data analysis will thus help in completing this research and
finding the relevant solutions for the issues that are discussed.

2.6 Ethical consideration:

“A number of victims of trafficking or smuggling may be interviewed by face-
to-face or online in order to get primary data. Before initiating this process, ethical
clearance will be obtained from the Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths University
of London. Considering that some victims might feel concerned about providing
information that identifies them, they will be encouraged to tell only the information
that they feel comfortable. Participation in this study will be voluntary for all”
interviewees. “If there are any questions that they prefer not to answer, they may
skip them. All the information gathered will be kept confidential in a secure place and
will be destroyed at an appropriate time. Individual interviewees will not be identified
 Modern Slaver 11

on this dissertation project, result, dissemination activities or any form of publication.

It will be made clear to them, and they will be reassured before proceeding to any
interviews.”

2.7 Conclusions:
This chapter thus focused on the methods that will be applied for conducting
this research further. The research philosophy and design methods have been
demonstrated. Lastly, the data collection, sampling and analysis methods to be
followed have also been highlighted in this chapter.
 Modern Slaver 12

PRIMARY REFERENCES
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Ghosh, A. S. A. &. C. S., 2017. A Trapeze Act: Women Balancing Paid Work and Unpaid
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Hawkins, J., 2015. "An Interview With Milton Friedman | John Hawkins' Right Wing News.
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 Modern Slaver 13

Nepal Police, U., 2018. GLOPTIP West and South Asia, s.l.: UNODC.

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 Modern Slaver 14

TIMETABLE:

Main activities/ stages Jan- March April May June- August September
Feb July

Topic Selection √

Data collection from secondary √

sources

Creating layout √

Literature review √ √ √

Formation of the Research Plan √ √

Selection of the Appropriate √

Research Techniques

Primary data collection √ √

Analysis & Interpretation of Data √

Collection

Findings of the Data √ √

Conclusion of the Study √

Formation of Rough Draft √

Submission of Final Work √

 Modern Slaver 15

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