Short-wavelength

Short- wavelength transmission on 1300

1300 nm optimized
optimized single
single--
mode fiber

M. Stern
M. Abstract. Recent
Abstract. Recent experiments
experiments have have demonstrated
demonstratedthe the feasibility
feasibility of
of both
W. I. Way low and
and high
high speed
speed 800800 nm
nm transmission
transmission on on 1300
1300 nm
nm optimized
optimized single
single--
V. Shah
V. mode fiber. Such
Such a system
system is desirable
desirable for the local
local distribution network
network
M. B.
B. Romeiser because
because itit combines
combines the the high performance
performance of of single -mode fiber
single-mode fiber with the
W.
W. C.
C. Young low cost of
of short- wavelength optoelectronic devices.
short-wavelength This paper
devices. This paper provides
provides
Bell Communications
CommunicationsResearch
Research an
an overview of of this
this technology.
technology. System
System design
design considerations,
considerations, including
including
331 Newman Springs Road
331 Road and connector
splice and connector requirements
requirements to to minimize mode coupling and and modal
modal
Red Bank,
Red Bank, New
New Jersey
Jersey 07701
07701 noise at misaligned joints, and
misaligned joints, and the
the choice
choice of
of sources
sources to
to optimize
optimize the
the trade-
trade-
off between
between modal
modal noise
noise and
and material
material dispersion,
dispersion, are
are discussed.
discussed.
J. W. Krupsky
Subject terms: fiber -optic communications; single
fiber-optic -mode fibers; compact disk la-
single-mode
South Central Bell
Bell sers; modal dispersion; modal
sers; modal noise.
noise.
New Orleans, Louisiana
Louisiana 70140
70140
Optical Engineering 27(10), 901
901-908 (October 1988).
-908 (October 1988).

CONTENTS fiber-optic
nm fiber -optic systems
systems have have been deployed previouslypreviously and and are
are
1. Introduction
1. Introduction used in manymany LANs,
LANs, makingmaking low low cost,
cost,short-
short-wavelength,
wavelength, op-
2. Technical
Technical considerations
considerations toelectronic devices
toelectronic devices readily available. High
readily available. High quality,
quality, low
low cost,
cost,
2.1. Mode
Mode filtering
filtering short-wavelength
short- wavelengthlasers lasers manufactured
manufactured for compact disk (CD)
for compact (CD)
Modal noise
2.2. Modal noise players are reported
players reported to to have
have modulation
modulation bandwidths
bandwidths in excess
excess
System considerations
3. System considerations of 11 GHz.3
GHz. 3 The use of of CD
CD lasers
lasers and
and SiSi receivers
receivers appears
appears to to be
be
General discussion
3.1. General discussion suitable for the local
suitable local distribution
distribution network because because of their low
3.2. High
High speed
speed systems
systems
cost. InIn addition,
addition, thetheshort-
short-andandlong
long-wavelength
-wavelength channels (800,
System experiments
4. System experiments
4.1. 140
140Mb
Mb/s experiment
/s experiment 1300, and 1550
1300, 1550 nm) can be combined to give added wavelength
Three-channel
4.2. Three field trial
-channel field trial division multiplexing (WDM)
division multiplexing (WDM) flexibility
flexibility in in the use ofof standard
standard
600Mb
4.3. 600 Mb/s experiments
/s experiments fibers.
SM fibers.
Conclusion
5. Conclusion The CCITT recommendation
The CCITT recommendation for for the
the cutoff wavelength
wavelength of
Acknowledgments
6. Acknowledgments standard 1300
standard 1300 SM fiber is
SM fiber between 1100
is between 1100 and and 1280
1280 nm,*
nm,* but
References
7. References values as high as 1340
values 1340 nm nm are
are being
being specified
specified in in practice.
practice. Be-Be-
cause
cause of the large
large separation
separation between
between the the operating
operating and
and cutoff
cutoff
1. INTRODUCTION
1. wavelengths,
wavelengths, both the the fundamental
fundamental (LP01)(LPoi) and and the
the first higher
Single-mode
Single -mode (SM) fibers
fibers provide
provide low
low loss
loss transmission
transmission and
and large
large order (LPn) mode groups
order (LPII) groups are are strongly
strongly guided
guided in thethe 800
800 nmnm
bandwidth
bandwidth for future growth,
growth, and recent advances
advances in SM SM tech- wavelength region. For Forapplications
applicationsrequiring
requiringbandwidth
bandwidth-distance
-distance
nology
nology have made itit increasingly
increasingly desirable
desirable to deploy
deploy standard,
standard, products
products lessless than
than 100 100 MHzkm,
MHz-km, modal modal distortion
distortion introduces
introduces
1300
1300 nm optimized
optimized single
single-mode
-mode (1300
(1300 SM)
SM) fiber the local
fiber in the local typically
typically less
less than
than 3 dB power penalty. Experiments Experiments havehave been
been
telephone exchange
exchange and
and distribution
distribution network.
network.1'21>2 Multimode, 800 reported
reported that
that demonstrated
demonstrated 800 800 nmnm transmission
transmission atat bit bit rates
rates up
up
to
to 40 Mb Mb/s/s over
over short
short (<10(<10 km)km) distances
distances of 1300 1300 SMSM fiber,
fiber,
accepting limitations imposed
accepting the limitations imposed by by thethedualdual-mode transmis-
-mode transmis-
sion. 4'5 For
sion.4'5 For higher
higher bit rate applications,
applications, intermodal
intermodal distortion,
distortion,
Paper 2491
2491 received
received October
October 23,23, 1987;
1987; revised
revised manuscript
manuscript received
received June
June 20,
20, if uncontrolled,
uncontrolled, would would severely
severely limit
limit transmission
transmission bandwidth
bandwidth
1988; accepted for publication June 20, 1988;
1988; 1988; received by Managing Editor June
27, 1988.
1988. This
This paper
paper isisaarevision
revisionofofPaper
Paper715 -02, presented
715-02, presented at
at the
the SPIE
SPIE and distance.6
distance. 6
conference
conference Fiber Telecommunications
Telecommunications and Networks, Sept. 23
and Computer Networks, 23-24,
-24,
1986,
1986, Cambridge, Mass.
Mass. The
The paper
paper presented
presented there
there appears
appears (unrefereed)
(unrefereed) in
in SPIE
SPIE
Proceedings Vol.
Proceedings Vol. 715. *CCITT SGXV Recommendation G6.52, Geneva, 1984. 1984. The
The cutoff
cutoff wavelength
wavelength
© 1988
1988 Society
Society of
ofPhoto
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. of a 2 m
m long
long fiber
fiber section
section is
is measured
measured with a 14
14 cm
cm radius
radius bend.
bend.

OPTICAL ENGINEERING
OPTICAL ENGINEERING / October1988
/ October 1988/ /Vol.
Vol.27
27No.
No.10
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 STERN, WAY,
STERN, WAY, SHAH, ROMEISER,
ROMEISER, YOUNG,
YOUNG, KRUPSKY
KRUPSKY

6.3 km 0.25 m 0.6 - OFFSET

1300 nm SM 0.6
SOS nm SM MM PIGTAIL
FIBER FIBER
820 nm CD APD 0.5-
0.5
LASER RECEIVER WITHOUT
1300 OR CONNECTOR 1300 SM 800 SM FIBER 1, FILTER
0.4-
0.4
800 nm SM WITH VARIABLE FIBERS MODE -FILTER
PIGTAIL OFFSET
200 Mb /s NRZ 0.3-
PULSE GENERATOR 0.3
OSCILLOSCOPE THEORY
1:12 PATTERN ° EXPERIMENT
0.2-
0.2
o
0.1 X WITH
/FILTER
/ FILTER
o !Lj TRANSVERSE
1.0 2.0 3;0 OFFSET
3.0 OFFSET (lun)
(jim)
0 0.25 1.0
1.0 -2.2 1300 nm LOSS
-2.2 1300 LOSS (dB)
(dB)
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.
2. Cross
Cross coupling
couplingand
andmode
modefiltering
filteringofof
the LP1.1
the LPn mode at 800
800 nm
Fig. 1.1. 800
Fig. 800 nm
nm transmission
transmission on on 1300
1300 SM
SMfiber
fiber with
with mode filtering,
filtering. in 1300
1300 SM fiber.
(a) Before
(a) Beforemode
modefilter
filter and
and (b)
(b) after
after mode
mode filter.
-6dB LP1 DELAYED 12dB INTERFERENCE
-12dBINTERFERENCE
This paper describes
describes a new approach that allows broadband, MODE 'I MODE LP MODE \` LPO. IN
IN LP 01 MODE
LP01 MODE

140 and
140 and 600 Mb/s
Mb /stransmission
transmissionover
over 22.5
22.5 and
and 10.6 km of 13001300 LP01 MODE r
fiber, respectively, using
SM fiber, using commercially
commercially available,
available, inexpen-
inexpen-
laser sources
sive CD laser sources and
and Si-
Si-avalanche photodiode (APD)
avalanche photodiode (APD) re-
ceivers.
ceivers. The
The delayed,
delayed, interfering
interfering higher
higher order
order mode
mode group
group is
filtered by placing an
filtered an 800
800 nm
nm optimized
optimizedsingle
single-mode (800 SM)
-mode (800 SM)
fiber (with
fiber (with nominal
nominal mode-field
mode -fielddiameter
diameterofof6.3
6.3|xm)
µm) in
in front
front of
of This mode is
ultimately filtered i
receiver. Since mode coupling
the receiver. coupling and modal
modal noise
noise can
can occur
occur LP LP17 LP1.
tolerances on
at misaligned splices and connectors, tolerances on joint offsets
offsets LP01
possible ways
and possible ways of avoiding
avoiding these
these effects
effects are
are important
important and
thus are discussed. Results of systems experiments are presented.
and \1 LP01
LP,, -- LP0.

Fig. 3. Cross
Fig. 3. coupling at
Cross coupling at two misaligned
misaligned fiber joints; 2.0
2.0 µm
fim offset
offset
2. TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
CONSIDERATIONS is assumed
assumed atat both joints.
2.1. Mode
2.1. Mode filtering
filtering
Figure
Figure 1(a)l(a) shows
shows a high speed received pulse pattern pattern after
after 7.5
7.5 Light
Light was launched from a 1300
was launched 1300 SM SM fiber
fiber via
via aa variable
variable offset
km of depressed-cladding
depressed -cladding 1300 1300 SM
SM fiber
fiber with
with an an 820
820 nmnm source.
source. joint into 2 km of of depressed
depressed-cladding
-cladding 1300 1300 SM fiber. fiber. The power
A delayed
A pulse appears
delayed pulse appears midway
midway in the received
received pulsepulse pattern
pattern fundamental and
distribution between the fundamental and first
first higher
higher orderorder modes
modes
owing
owing to to the delayed first higher order mode group propagating was compared by by observing
observing the the relative
relative heights
heights of ofthe the separated
separated
in the fiber.
fiber. From the total pulse delay, the the group
group delay
delay between
between pulses
pulses onon an oscilloscope trace. The The modemode filter
filter eliminated
eliminated the the
the fundamental (LPoi)
the fundamental (LPoI) and and the
the first
first higher order (LPII) (LPn) modes
modes higher order mode power even for large LPi LPIIi energy propagating
propagating
was ns/krn. The
was 3.9 ns/km. The resulting
resulting effective
effective transmission
transmission bandwidth
bandwidth in the
the fiber
fiber (Fig.
(Fig. 2).2). The
The1300 -800 SM
1300-800 SM fiber joint had
fiber joint had to be
depends
depends upon upon the
the random, relative positioning of the signal and optimized for maximum LPII
optimized LPn powerpower rejection.
rejection.
interfering
interfering pulses. bandwidth-distance
pulses. The bandwidth -distance product
product for the sys- sys- LPoi and
The LP01 and LPnLPII modes can can couple
couple back back and and forth
forth atat dis-
dis-
tem with
with the
the response
response shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. l(a)
1(a) was
was about
about 100100MHz-km.
MHzkm. continuities in the fiber,fiber, such
such as as misaligned
misaligned splicessplices and and connec-
connec-
We
We recently
recently reported
reported a method to overcome overcome the the severe
severe in- in- If there
tors. If there isis aa significant
significant delay
delay in in the
the fiber
fiber between misaligned
termodal
termodal distortion
distortion limitation.
limitation. The higher order mode
The higher mode was fil- joints, the
joints, the cross
cross coupling
coupling can can cause
causeintersymbol
intersymbol interference
interference
tered by
tered by anan 800
800 SMSM fiber
fiber at the receiver.
receiver. 7Figure
Figure 1(b)
l(b) shows
shows (ISI).
(ISI). Figure 3 shows shows schematically
schematically the the possible
possible mode conver- conver-
the transmitted and
the transmitted and received
received pulse patterns over
pulse patterns over the samesame 7.5 7.5 sions between the LPoI LPoi and LPi LPIIi mode groups at at two misaligned
km
km of 13001300 SM SM fiber
fiber using
using a 0.25 m m long
long 800800 SMSM fiber
fiber mode
mode 1300-to-1300
1300 -to -1300SM SMfiber
fiberjoints.
joints. A kilometers of
A few kilometers of fiber
fiber (de-
(de-
filter at
filter at the
the receiver.
receiver. The delayeddelayed energy
energy carried
carried by the the LPII
LPn pending upon the group delay delay of of the
the fiber
fiber and
and upon
upon the the bit
bit rate)
rate)
mode, present
mode, present in in Fig.
Fig. 1(a),
l(a), was
was eliminated
eliminated by the the mode
mode filter
filter, between the joints
between joints delays the LPII LPn mode mode generated
generated at the the first
first
which had to be precisely aligned to the 1300 1300 SM fiber. Theory Theory8 junction, before
junction, before reconversion
reconversion at the second. second. Once Once the delayeddelayed
predicts that the LP01
predicts LPoi modemode suffers approximately 0.6 dB loss
suffers approximately loss fundamental mode,
energy is converted to the fundamental mode, itit cannot
cannot be filtered
at an
an optimized jointjoint between a 1300 1300 and an 800 SM fiber owing optically,
optically, thus
thus causing
causing ISI.ISI. Figure
Figure 22 was was usedused toto predict
predict thethe
to the mismatch
to mismatch of of the
the mode -field diameters.
mode-field diameters. At At misaligned
misaligned conversions at a single
mode conversions single misaligned
misaligned joint.
joints, part
part of
of the LPoI
LPoi power is lost to both the LPi LPIIi and radiation Figure 4 plots
Figure plots thethe power
power penalty
penalty obtained
obtained by by computer
computer
modes. Since
modes. Since the mode filter attenuates
attenuates all higher order modes, modes, simulation9for
simulation foraa150 150Mb Mb/s system as
/s system asaafunction
functionofoftwo twoequally
equally
the reduction in power
the reduction power measured
measured after
after its
its introduction
introduction rangesranges offset junctions. The The horizontal
horizontal scale scale displays
displays three three directly
directly re-
from
from 11 to 4 dB, depending upon the power distribution distribution between lated parameters:
lated parameters: transverse
transverse offset, 1300 1300 nm nm loss,
loss, and and interfer-
interfer-
the LPoi and
the LPoI and LPn
LPII modes. ence level.
ence level. The loss loss range
range (0.25
(0.25 to to 1.0
1.0dB) dB)ofofcommercially
commercially
Figure 22 shows
Figure shows theoretical
theoretical and experimental
experimental results results of the available SM connectors is is indicated
indicated by by the
the dashed
dashed lines.lines. Fusion
Fusion
degree of LPoi-to-LPi
LPoI -to -LPII i cross
crosscoupling
coupling as as aa function
function of of transverse
transverse splices generally introduce
splices generally introduce less less than
than 0.25
0.25 dB dB loss.
loss. TheThe time
time
offset at an abrupt
abrupt 1300
1300-to-1300
-to -1300 SM
SM fiber
fiber joint, without
joint, with and without delay between the signal and the the interfering
interfering pulsepulse is is assumed to
subsequent mode filtering. The lower horizontal horizontal scalescale relates
relates thethe give
give worst
worst case
case interference
interference (i.e., the the peak
peak of of thethe interfering
interfering
transverse
transverse offset
offset to standard 1300
to standard 1300 SMSM fiber
fiber connection
connection loss.8 loss. 8 pulse arrives exactly at at the sampling
sampling time time of of the
the decision circuit).

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 SHORT-WAVELENGTH
SHORT- WAVELENGTH TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION ON 1300
1300nm
nmOPTIMIZED
OPTIMIZEDSINGLE
SINGLE-MODE FIBER
-MODE FIBER

2.2. Modal
Modal noise noise
Modal noise, which
Modal noise, which arises
arises from from interference
interference effects effects between
between
4.0 -
coherent
coherent modesmodes at imperfect fiber joints, has has been
been observed
observed in in
3.0 -
both multimode and and single
single-mode
-mode fiber systems. 13-15 13~ 15 The speckle
pattern
pattern is generated
generated by two or or more
more modesmodes propagating
propagating in the the
2.0 - same waveguide
same waveguide with different group group velocities
velocities but with with phase
phase
coherence.
coherence. For a speckle speckle patternpattern to to be
be produced,
produced, the the effective
effective
1.0 - length
length AN-L
ONL of of the
the fiber
fiber section
section mustmust be be shorter
shorter thanthan the co- co-
herence length of the source. (ON (AN is is the
the difference
difference betweenbetween the the
0.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 OFFSET (Fun)
(|am) LPoi
LPo, and LPn group
and LPtt group indices,
indices, and and LL isis the the length
length of of the
the fiber
fiber
0.06
0.06 0.25
0.25 0.55 1.0 1.5 2.2
2.2 1300
1300 NM
NM LOSS
LOSS (dB) section.) Owing
section.) Owing to source source instabilities
instabilities and and mechanical
mechanical distur- distur-
-24.4 -12.5 -5.7 INTERFERENCE AFTER
-5.7
2 JOINTS (dB) bances
bances of of the
the fiber,
fiber, thethe speckle
speckle pattern
pattern is time time varying,
varying, and and
spatial filtering at imperfect fiber fiber joints causes power power fluctuations
fluctuations
Fig. 4. System power
Fig. 4. power penalty
penalty caused bytwo
caused by two equally
equally misaligned
misaligned fiber
fiber at the receiver. There are basically two two components
components to to the modal
joints. Simulation
Simulationassumes
assumesworst
worstcase
caseLP11
LPn delay. noise:
noise: (1)
(1) low frequency noise caused by fiber movement, movement, which
results
results in loss of
in a loss of average
average received
received power,power, and and (2) (2) high
high fre-fre-
quency noise
quency noise duedue to laser laser variations,
variations, which which causes
causes AM AM type type
CLADDING & Sum CORE noise
noise onon the signal. The The latter
latter isis usually
usually the the more
more troublesome
troublesome
for wideband systems. 16 t6
Eliminating modal
Eliminating modal noise by requiring requiring either either perfect
perfect connec-
connec-
distances between
tions or long distances between connections
connections is not feasible feasible in a
practical system. The The mode mode filtering
filtering and and coupling
coupling discussion
discussion in
Sec. 22 showed
showed that that LP11
LPn mode energy energy will will be low but but always
always
present since
present since connections
connections are seldom perfect.
are seldom perfect. As As a result, the the
practical way
practical way to reduce modal modal noisenoise is is to
to use
use sources
sources with with co- co-
herence lengths shorter than the the AN-L
ONL values values of of typical jumpers.
1\ The coherence of laser laser sources
sources has has been
been shown
shown to to bebe inversely
inversely
FILTERING REGION) -'2cm LONG) related to the width of of the spectral
spectral envelope
envelope and and toto the
the individual
individual
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ Fabry-Perot modes,
Fabry-Perot respectively. 17 However,
modes, respectively.'7 However, using using less less coher-
coher-
ent, wide
wide source
source spectra
spectra to suppresssuppress modal modal noisenoise results
results in in-
in in-
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Tapered filter: Low
Tapered mode filter: Lowloss
loss of
of800
800 nm
nm LPo,
LP0i mode and
and low creased power penalty due to material dispersion. A low bit rate,
loss at 1300
1300 and 1500
1500 nm. short distance experiment reported reported recently
recently accepted
accepted this this limi-
limi-
tation and avoided modal modal noisenoise by by using
using noncoherent
noncoherent light light-emit-
-emit-
ting diodes (LEDs).4
(LEDs). 4 This tradeofftradeoff between chromatic dispersion
From Fig.
From Fig. 2,2, two
two 1300
1300 SM SM fiber
fiber connectors
connectors with with 11 dB dB loss*
loss* and modal noise is
and modal is important
important in in 800
800 nm, nm,dual dual-moded
-moded system system
each can
can introduce
introduce --12.3 12.3 dBdB interference,
interference, which,
which, according
according to design
design andand is discussed
discussed in more detail below.
corresponds to
Fig. 4, corresponds to about
about 0.50.5 dB
dB power
power penalty
penalty under under worst
worst We carried out experiments
We carried experiments to measure measure modal modal noise effects
case timing conditions. If If there
there are
are additional
additional connectors
connectors in in the
the for sources with different spectral spectral widths.
widths. High Highfrequency,
frequency,source source--
system, the allowable
system, allowable tolerance
tolerance on all all connector
connector offsetsoffsets must
must induced
induced modalmodal noise is is difficult
difficult to to measure
measure with with repeatability
repeatability
decrease if the power penalty
decrease penalty is to be kept constant. To ensure ensure because
because the the source
source instabilities
instabilities dependdepend upon upon manymanyfactors,
factors, e.g.,e.g.,
low levels ofof potential LPlLP\\i interference, itit isis necessary
necessary to to min-
min- reflections,
reflections, temperature,
temperature, and drive current.
and drive current. Therefore,
Therefore, to to esti-
esti-
imize the launched
imize launched LPIILPn modemode at at the
the transmitter.
transmitter. This This can
can be be mate the
the sensitivity to modal noise for various various sources,
sources, we we mea-
mea-
achieved by
achieved by using an 800 800 SM SM source
source pigtail
pigtail aligned
aligned and and per-
per- sured the average power fluctuations caused by fiber movements movements
manently spliced to a 1300
manently 1300 SMSM jumper.
jumper. as a function
as function of transverse
transverse offset. offset. Three
Three 11 m m long
long 13001300 nm nm
800-to-1300
Good 800 -to -1300 and 1300-to-800
and 1300 -to -800SM SM fiber
fiber alignment
alignment at jumpers were connected by two precision adjustable adjustable joints.joints. The
the transmitter and receiver, respectively,
respectively, can can also
also be be achieved
achieved middle
middle jumper
jumper was physically bent and and flexed
flexed to obtain and fix fix
by using the tapered core fiber section depicted in Fig. 5. Recent Recent the position giving
the position giving the maximummaximum deviationdeviation of the average average re- re-
studies have indicated that the fundamental mode passes through ceived
ceived power different combinations
power for different combinations of joint offsets. offsets. Al- Al-
properly designed
a properly designed taper with very
taper with low loss, to,
very low 10' t11t whereas
whereas the though
though these
these data cannot be directly translated to a power pen-
LPn mode
L1311 modeisisstrongly
stronglyattenuated.
attenuated. A A properly designed, short
properly designed, short alty, they do indicate
indicate the the potential
potential magnitude
magnitude of of high
high frequency
frequency
(<2 cm)
(<2 cm) tapered
tapered section
section was
was also
also shown
shown to to have
have low low insertion
insertion modal
modal noise.
noise. Figure 66 shows shows the the results
results forfor three
three types
types of ofsources:
sources:
1300 and
loss at 1300 and 1550
1550 nm.12
nm. 12 Good
Good performance
performance at at these
these wave-
wave- a single
single-longitudinal-mode
-longitudinal -mode (SLM) (SLM) laser and and two
two multi-
multi-longitu-
longitu-
lengths
lengths can be maintained
can be maintained by by reinforcing
reinforcing the the section
section against
against dinal-mode
dinal -mode (MLM) lasers lasers withwith22and and44nm nmfull-full-width-half-max-
width -half -max-
bending. result, the
bending. As a result, the placement
placement of of the
the tapered
tapered mode mode filter
filter imum
imum (FWHM)
(FWHM) power power spectral
spectral widths.
widths. The ratio of the
The ratio the nor-
nor-
is not restricted
restricted to fiber
fiber sections
sections that support
support only the 800 800 nm nm malized
malized power fluctuations
fluctuations is plotted as a function of transverse
channel;
channel; itit can be used
used anywhere
anywhere in the the system
system to to filter
filter LP1,
LPn offset at the second
offset second joint of the the flexed jumper. The
flexed jumper. The rangerange of
energy introduced by mode
energy introduced mode conversions
conversions at at misaligned
misaligned splices splices results covers
results covers 0 to 33 p.m |xm transverse
transverse offsets at at the
the first
first joint for for
and connectors. The The systems
systems implications
implications of this this are are discussed
discussed a given second joint offset. The The offset
offset atat the
the first
first joint was varied
in Sec. 3.
in Sec. to generate increasing amounts of LPn LPI, energy. The inset in Fig.
6 shows
shows aa received
received eye eye diagram
diagram taken taken for for aa specific
specific case case in in
*In all
*In allsubsequent
subsequent discussions
discussions the
the splice
splice and
and connector
connector losses
losses are
are calculated
calculated at
at which there was was significant
significant source-
source-induced,
induced, high frequency frequency modal modal
the 1300 nm wavelength.
the 1300 noise. Figure 66 confirms
noise. Figure confirms that that SLMSLM lasers
lasers are are most
most susceptible
susceptible

OPTICAL ENGINEERING
OPTICAL ENGINEERING / October1988
/ October 1988/ /Vol.
Vol.27
27No.
No.10
10// 903
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 STERN, WAY,
STERN, SHAH, ROMEISER,
WAY, SHAH, ROMEISER, YOUNG,
YOUNG, KRUPSKY
KRUPSKY

to modal noise, eveneven for

for small
small levels
levelsofofinduced
inducedLP11
LPn energy.
energy. splices, respectively.
the first connector and splices, respectively. The The two two 11 dB
dB loss
loss
Table I lists different types
types ofof available
available short-
short-wavelength sources
wavelength sources splices introduce
splices introduce -12.3 12.3dBdBinterference,
interference,corresponding
corresponding to to less
less
and their characteristics.
characteristics. From thesethese characteristics
characteristics it appears
appears than
than 0.5 dBdB power
power penalty.
penalty. ForFor this
thisapplication
application aa modemode filter
filter
that
that sources with about
sources with about 2 nm nm spectral
spectral width
width are
are optimum
optimum in in affect the
that does not affect the longer
longer wavelength
wavelength regions
regions (such
(such asas the
the
balancing modal
balancing modal noise material dispersion
noise against material dispersion for systems
systems tapered mode filter shown in Fig. 6) 6) should
should be
be used
used ifif the
the system
system
with large
with large bandwidth -distance requirements
bandwidth-distance requirements (1 to 22
(1 to operated at both
is to be operated both short
short and
and longlong wavelengths.
wavelengths. Note Note that
Gbit-s^-km"
Gbits -1 km- 1). 1 ). if there
there is
is aa mode
mode filter
filter along
along thethe trunk,
trunk, no
nomodemode filtering
filtering isis
necessary at the receiver
necessary receiver since
since the
the jumpers
jumpers between
between the the trunk
trunk
SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
3. SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS receiver are
and the receiver are too
too short
short totocause
causesignificant
significant delay
delay ofof the
the
3.1. General
General discussion
discussion LPn mode.
LP11
Systems
Systems (a)(a) through
through (c) needneed to to employ
employ MLMMLM laserslasers (with
(with
Figure 7 shows four different system
Figure system designs for 800 800 nmnm trans-
trans- about
about 2 to 44 nm nm FWHM
FWHM spectral
spectral width)
width) toto avoid
avoid modal
modal noise
noise
mission
mission on 1300 SM
on 1300 SM fiber.
fiber. The choice is dictated by the bit rate problems. TheThe bandwidth
bandwidth-distance
-distance product is limitedlimited to to about
about 22
and
and the
the quality
quality of the cable splices. As the the bit
bit rate
rate increases
increases andand Gbits- 1km -1 1 owing
Gbit-s^-km" owingtotochromatic
chromatic dispersion
dispersion and, and, possibly,
possibly,
the
the quality
quality of cablecable joints decreases,
decreases, the the system
system requires
requires in-in- mode-partition
mode -partition noise.
noise. To extend this limit, itit isis necessary
necessary to to use
use
creasing amounts of of LP11
LPn modemode control. The maximum maximum distance
distance SLM lasers. The The chromatic
chromaticdispersion
dispersionand andmode
mode-partition pen-
-partition pen-
is
is determined
determined primarily
primarily by by the
the available
available systemsystem margin
margin at at the alties will be
alties be reduced,
reduced, but but SLM
SLM lasers
lasershave
havelonger
longercoherence
coherence
given
given data
data rate
rate and
and isis discussed
discussed in in Sec.
Sec. 3.2. In practical systems systems (see Table I), and and hence
hence modal
modal noise
noise can
can be
besignificant.
significant. Using
Using
there
there are
are usually
usually twotwo or more connectors
connectors at each end to mate mate tapered mode filters in place of of all
all 1300
1300 SM
SM jumpers
jumpers can can solve
solve
transmitter and
the transmitter and thethe receiver to the the trunk
trunk fiber
fiber asas shown
shown in in [system (d)].
this problem [system (d)]. The
TheLP11
LPn mode generated
generated at the first
Fig.
Fig. 7. The SM connectors are are assumed
assumed to have 11 dB loss each, misaligned joint
misaligned joint of a jumper is is filtered
filtered by
by the
the taper,
taper, thus
thus pre-
pre-
single-to-multimode
and the single -to- multimodejoint joint at
at the
the receiver
receiver pigtail has neg- venting the formation of a speckle
venting speckle pattern
pattern atat the
the second
second joint.
ligible loss.
ligible loss. For
For lowlow bandwidth -distance applications
bandwidth-distance applications (<100(<100
MHz-km) no
MHz-km) mode filtering
no mode filtering is necessary, and and modal
modal noise
noise can
can
be reduced by using multi multi-longitudinal-mode
-longitudinal -mode lasers [system (a)]. 3.2. High
High speed
speed systems
systems
promising for
This is very promising forrepeaterless
repeaterlesstransmission
transmissionofofDS DS1-DS2
1 -DS2 With filtering, 800
With appropriate mode filtering, 800 nmnrn transmission
transmission on on 1300
1300
(1.5 to 6.3 Mb Mb/s)/s) signals
signals over less than 15 15 km of of SM
SM fiber
fiber using SM fiber can be viewed
SM fiber viewed as as an
an SM
SM system
system withwith two
twoadditional
additional
silicon pin receivers.
low cost silicon receivers. penalty sources:
penalty sources: the residual
residual intermodal
intermodal distortion
distortion caused
caused by
For transmission at at the DS3 (44.7(44.7 MbMb/s) /s) and higher data rates, cross
cross coupling
coupling at misaligned joints and modal modal noise. Assuming
Assuming
mode filtering
mode filtering isis necessary
necessary to to overcome
overcome the modal modal distortion
distortion these
these penalties
penalties are
are kept
kept small
small (i.e., byby launching
launching lowlow levels
levels of
of
limitations
limitations [system
[system (b)].
(b)]. Low
Low loss
loss (<0.25
(<0.25 dB) dB) cable
cable splices
splices will
will LPi
LPl iI power,
power, having low loss intermediate connections, and and using
coupling between
cause negligible cross coupling betweenthe theLP01
LPoi andand LP11
LPn modes, a low coherence
coherence source),
source), the system
system will
will bebe limited
limited by either
either
and
and anan 800
800 SMSM filter
filter at
at the
the receiver willwill suffice.
suffice. The three 11 dB dB loss or chromatic dispersion. These These limits
limits depend
depend upon
upon the
the con-
con-
connectors will
connectors will introduce
introduce aboutabout -9.5
- 9.5 dB dB ofofinterference,
interference, cor-cor- ventional
ventional factors
factors of transmitted power, fiber fiber length, and
and source
source
responding to about 11 dB power penalty. In In system
system (c) (c) the splices spectral
spectral width. Silica fibers
fibers have 22 toto 2.5
2.5 dB/km
dB/km loss
loss and
and about
about
along the trunk are lossy; thus thus mode
mode filters
filters are
are needed
needed along
along the
the
avoid cumulative
trunk to avoid cumulative cross cross couplings
couplings before before filtering.
filtering. The
The
VI
second filters
first and second filters eliminate
eliminate the the LP11
LPn powerpower introduced
introduced by by 800
800 Or
SM
1300
or 1300
SM PIGTAIL
PIGTAIL
-IOQQ CM
1300 5M
JUMPER •
JUMPER CABLE .I
1300 SM
1300
JUMPER
JUMPER
SM M
MM
JUM PER
JUMPER
MLM
MLM II + X I )( I
LD |
LO
1
xX + ^
31(
——————8H^^8
®———2 T
:( +
RCVR
CUR
(a) Low bit -rate system
15 Mbs MODE-
0.3 ' FILTER
MLM
MLM -X ——— RCVR
LD
LD ^ •(.<.*
22 Jf ) RCVR
I (b) High bit -rate system r
SLM LASER 150 Mbs
with low-loss
with low -loss splices
splices
.2

2nm MLM
MLM
LD
(c) High
®22®-
High bit
bit-rate system
RCVR

w
f 0.1
LASER
150 Mbs
r (c)
with
-rate system
with lossy splices
lossy splices

4nm MLM LASER SLM

LD
® RUA
0
0123
0 1 2 3 I (d)
I High-speed
(d) High system
-speed system I
- 800 Mb/s using SLM
using SLM laser
laser
TRANSVERSE OFFSET(/mm)
TRANSVERSE OFFSET (µm) AT
AT SECOND
SECOND CONNECTOR
CONNECTOR
•I MODE
MODE FILTER
FILTER • LOW-LOSS
LOW-LOSS SPLICES
SPLICES (( 025
0.25 dB)
dB}
X SMCONNECTOR
X SM CONNECTOR ® SPLICES (( 0.25
LOSSYSPLICES
e LOROS 0.25 dB)
dB)

Fig. 6. Modal noise

Fig. 6. noise dependence on source
dependence on source spectral
spectral width
width and
and fiber
fiber
joint offset. Ranges
joint correspondto
Ranges correspond to 33µm
^m transverse offset at the first Fig. 7. 800
Fig. 7. nm systems
800 nm systems on 1300 SM fiber
1300 SM fiber with and
and without
without mode
mode
connector. filtering.

TABLEI.I.800
TABLE 800nm
nmoptical
optical sources
sourcesfor
for transmission
transmission on 1300
1300 SM fiber.

Line width
Line Coherence
Coherence between Power coupled Dispersion
Dispersion penalty
FWHM LPoi and
LPo1 LPn
and LP11 into SMF
SMF 140 Mb
7 km, 140
(nm) (m) (dBm) (dB)

Single-longitudinal-mode
Single- longitudinal -mode laser 0.1
0.1 100 to 1000
100 1000 0
0 to -5
to -5 <0.5
Multi-longitudinal-mode
Multi- longitudinal -mode laser 2 to 4
2 0,1
0.1 to 10
10 0
0 to -5
to -5 2 to 4
2 4
Super luminescent diode 88 to 15
15 0.01 to
0.01 to 0.1
0.1 -3 to -6
-3 to -6 >5
Light-emitting
Light- emitting diode 50 to 100
100 0.001 to 0.01
0.001 0.01 -10to
-10 -15
to -15 eye closed

904 // OPTICAL
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING/ / October
October 1988
1988 // Vol. 27 No.
No. 10
10
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Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use
 SHORT- WAVELENGTH TRANSMISSION
SHORT-WAVELENGTH ON 1300
TRANSMISSION ON SINGLE-MODE
OPTIMIZEDSINGLE
nmOPTIMIZED
1300nm FIBER
-MODE FIBER

TABLEII.II.Power
TABLE Powerbudget for 22.5
budget for transmission experiment using
km transmission
22.5 km lo 4
10
nm laser
an 857 nm andSiSi-APD.
laserand O NO
O FIBER
NOFIBER
-APD.
O 22.5 KM
O 22.5 NM
1300 NM
KM 1300
launched into 800 SM fiber
Power launched 1.1 dBm
+ 1.1 10 -5 SM FIBER AND
SM FIBER
MODE-FILTER
MODE- FILTER
22.5 km of 1300
22.5 km SM fiber
1300 SM 40.0 dB
40.0 dB og
800 SM
800 fiber mode filter
SM fiber 1.6 dB
1.6 dB 10*
< to
4 SM connectors 1.5 dB
1.5 dB ce
li
System
System margin 3.9 dB
3.9 dB 10'
Receiver sensitivity (BER
Receiver 9)
10~-9)
(BER = 10 -45.9 dBm
-45.9 dBm cc
10 '
g 10 -0

10-10
100 ps-nm
100 psnm - 1km dispersion at 800 nm.
material dispersion
^km -1{ material Typical la-
nm. Typical la- 10'11
approximately 00 dBm
sers can couple approximately
sers dBm into both 1300 1300 and 800 800 I r I

might be
this might
used, this be -50 -42
SM fiber.
SM fiber. If lowlow cost
cost laser
laser packages
packages are used, -48
.48 -46 -44
POWER (dBm)
RECEIVED POWER
RECEIVED
-42

reduced to
reduced about --10
to about dBm. 18 Short
10dBm.18 wavelength pin and APD
Short wavelength
receivers have
receivers have -38- 38 andand - -50
50 dBm dBmsensitivities, respectively,
sensitivities, respectively,
at 150 Mb rates. Thus, available system
data rates.
Mb/s/s data system gains from
range from
gains range Fig. 8. 140
Fig. 8. 140 Mb /s transmission
Mb/s transmission on 22.5 1300 SM
22.5 km of 1300 fiber using an
SM fiber
laser.
857 nm SLM laser.
857
28 to 50 dB. If
28 sources with 2 to 4 nm FWHM spectra are
If sources are used
used
(to suppress modal noise while allowing limited additional chro-
matic dispersion penalty), there will be approximately 11 to 4 dB Bellcore Building
(tJavesin <
(Navesink) !
I Installed
Fiber
i Red Bank
Cer
Central
of chromatic penalty over about 10
dispersion penalty
chromatic dispersion 10 km. 140 Mb/s
140 Mb
WDM
90 Mb/s
90 Mb /s |I I
Office

Even with nearly perfect launch conditions conditions at at the source, LPi
the source, LPiii 150 Mb/s
Video With
Video with
12LEDm
With Ij
Data With
1520
Venable
t LED

o
o 0 naeOw
LED

- ,0e10o
LEDm
energy will be generated in
be generated systems by
practical systems
in practical by mode conver-
mode conver- Pseudo-
Random
780 nm
Compact
Attenuator
I I

V I/ it
WON
consequence of t t
Word
sions at imperfect splices
sions connectors. One consequence
splices and connectors. Generator
Diele
Laser ( !t
'I t t
this the loss
this is the power toto the
LPoi power
loss ofofLPo1 filteredLP11
subsequentlyfiltered
thesubsequently LPn 5m
1m
/
5m
0.3km
10.3 kin 22km
kin 1.8km
1.8 km1
!- 3m 1300 nm
^ \ SM Jumper
mode.
mode. Experience shows that the mode filter filter at the receiver will 7"-\V T®10O
! I
H—/ WlL^UiL
^ 1
I I
0001®,
1 I 1 1 1 1

introduce 2 to 33 dB loss, 11 toto22dB

dB loss, whichisisdue
dBofofwhich duetotothe LPn
theLP11 BER
Teat Set
150 Mb/a Mode
Filter 0 WDM
II 180 nm
1280 nm
780 and 1280 I
/TV,

mode
mode filtering. conversions will
filtering. Mode conversions introduce a modal
will also introduce modal I 15z0 net

*i3<r-o7^r
1280 nm
1280 nm 1520 nm
distortion penalty. For
distortion penalty. example,ififaalink
Forexample, hastwo
linkhas two11 dB connectors
dB connectors x SM Biconic Connector
800 nrm;f1300 nm
e- WDM
WDM ---o
e Fusion Splice
transmitter, one 11 dB
at the transmitter, connector at the receiver, and two
dB connector SM Fiber I SM Fiber

<0.25dB)
low loss (i.e., <0.25 splicesatatthe
dB)splices intermediate joints
theintermediate [Fig.
joints [Fig.
7, system (b)], there
system (b)], will be
there will about 11 dB
be about added power
dB added penalty.
power penalty. Fig. 9. Three
Fig. 9. Three-wavelength field trial over
-wavelength field of installed
km of
over 88 km SM
1300 SM
installed 1300
Considering these
Considering penalties and the need
these penalties need forfor margin, practical
margin, practical fiber cable.
cable.
150 Mb/s
150 distances are
transmissiondistances
Mb /s transmission are 55 and
and 1010 km with pin and and
respectively. If
APD receivers, respectively. there are
If there splices and
additional splices
are additional and
connectors in the system or losses, the
greater losses,
or ifif they have greater cross--
the cross penalty
penalty was measured, indicating little mode
indicating little the
at the
conversion at
mode conversion
coupling- induced ISI
coupling-induced penalty increases sharply and the approach
ISI penalty hence, good
and hence,
joints and connections.
good connections.
additional mode
using additional must be
filters must
mode filters be used [Fig. 7, system (c)].
used [Fig.
Since systems operating at 800 800 nm nm on 1300 nm
on 1300 nm SM could
fiber could
SM fiber 4.2. Three -channel field
Three-channel field trial
sensitive to
be more sensitive splice and
to splice connector losses
and connector losses than standard
than standard
To demonstrate the the practicability short-wavelength
practicability ofofshort- transmis-
wavelength transmis-
1300
1300 nm nm systems,
systems, a test test for acceptable splice
for acceptable splice and connector
and connector
1300 SM fiber, we
sion on 1300 we conducted three-wavelength
conductedaa three- channel
wavelength channel
required.
losses might be required.
field trial
field trial on
on an 88 km km long
long fiber
fiber loop
loop installed
installed byby the local
the local
Practical transmission distances at 600 Mb
at 600 Mb/s /s are limited to 4
telephone company for regular service between between Bellcore's Nave Nave--
km or less, but they require the use of of SLM lasers and, possibly, possibly,
sink Center and
Research Center
sink Research and the local central office. For the trial
central office.
intermediate tapered mode
intermediate tapered [Fig. 7,
filters [Fig.
mode filters 7, system (d)]. The cost
advantage of wavelength systems might be compromised,
short-wavelength
of short- compromised, we looped back an unused fiber pair at the central office. Figure
configuration. Two pairs
9 shows the system configuration. pairs of devices
WDM devices
of WDM
however,
however, by the need need to to have multiple mode
have multiple filters.
mode filters.
combined the
combined the 800
800 and 1300 channels in one
1300 nm channels direction and
one direction
the 1500 nm channel in the opposite direction, operating at 150,
4. SYSTEM EXPERIMENTS
SYSTEM EXPERIMENTS 140,
140, and 90 Mb Mb/s,/s, respectively. The The bidirectional, long-wave-
bidirectional, long -wave-
length
length channels used edge-
channels used emitting LED
edge-emitting transmitters and pin
LED transmitters pin
4.1. 140140 MbMb/s/s experiment receivers. The 1300
receivers. 1300 nm nm channel modulated by
was modulated
channel was digitally
by aa digitally
We carried out several system experiments at
system experiments bit rates
high bit
at high using
rates using encoded 140
encoded Mb/s/s video
140 Mb signal. The
video signal. rate on
data rate
The data on the 1500 nm
the 1500
wavelength sources with 1300
short-wavelength
short- optimized SM
1300 nm optimized and
fiber and
SM fiber limited to
channel was limited
channel 90 Mb
to 90 Mb/s by material
/s by dispersion. A bi-
material dispersion. bi-
using an 800 800 SM fiber mode
SM fiber at the
filter at
mode filter receiver. AA140
the receiver. 140MbMb/s/s directional 1300 1500 nm
and 1500
1300 and experiment was
LED experiment
nm LED previously
was previously
experiment over
experiment 22.5 km
over 22.5 km SMSM fiber been reported
has been
fiber has earlier.7
reportedearlier. reported, 1919and further details
and further details on the performance of
the performance long--
thelong
ofthe
Table II shows the budget and
power budget
the power showsthe
Fig. 88shows
and Fig. bit-error-
thebit- error- wavelength channels can
wavelength channels found there.
can be found shows the
III shows
Table III
there. Table the
rate (BER)
rate for this
curves for
(BER) curves dispersion was
Chromatic dispersion
system. Chromatic
this system. was power budget for the 800 800 nm channel. The
nm channel. source was
The source Sharp
was aa Sharp
insignificant because an SLM was used
laser was
SLM laser in this
used in experiment.
this experiment. -300MLM
PT-300
PT MLM780 780 nm nm CD CD laser,
laser, which launched --6.6
which launched 6.6 dBmdBm
In spite
In spite ofof the
the highly
highly coherent
coherent source,
source, no no modal
modal noise was
noise was average power
average power into
into an 800 800 SM pigtail that
fiber pigtail
SM fiber installed
was installed
that was
present because distances between connections, AN-L, were longer by Seastar Optics. The The variable attenuator supplied by JDS
variable attenuator IDS Op-
than the
than the coherence length of the
coherence length the SM Biconic SM
laser. Biconic
SM laser. con-
SM con- tics had 800 SM fiberfiber pigtails and dB insertion
and 33 dB including
insertion loss, including
nectors were
nectors were used to to connect
connect thethe transmitter,
transmitter, receiver, mode
receiver, mode an 800 -to -800SM
800-to-800 connector. ItIt was
biconic connector.
SMbiconic included in the
was included the
filter, and
filter, and three
three 7.5
7.5 km
km fiber
fiberreels.
reels. NoNointermodal distortion
intermodal distortion system to facilitate BER measurements. The
BER measurements. IDS Optics
The JDS wave-
Optics wave-

OPTICALENGINEERING
OPTICAL ENGINEERING / October1988
/ October 27No.
Vol.27
1988/ /Vol. 10//
No.10 905
905
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 STERN, WAY, SHAH, ROMEISER,
STERN, ROMEISER, YOUNG,
YOUNG, KRUPSKY
KRUPSKY

lo .
O NO
NOFIBER
FIBER

D 8KM1300NMSM
a 8 KM 1300 NM SM
10 9 - FIBER LOOP WITH
FIBER LOOP WITH
MODE-FILTER
MODE -FILTER AT
AT
RECEIVER
RECEIVER

10

108
- MODAL NOISE PENALTY
MODAL NOISE PENALTY
10-9 -
DISPERSION
INTERMODAL DISPERSION
1010_ AND MODE-PARTITION
AND MODE -PARTITION
lo" - NOISE PENALTIES
NOISE PENALTIES
10-" , 1
4 I , 1 ,

-54 -52
-52 -50
-50 -48
-48 -46
-46 -44
RECEIVED
RECEIVED POWER
POWER (dBm) (a)

Fig.
Fig. 10.
10. BER curves for
BER curves for the 150
150 Mb /s 800
Mb/s 800nm
nm channel
channelof
of the
the field
field
trial.

TABLE Ill. Power

TABLE 111. Power budget
budget for the
the 800
800 nm
nm channel
channel of
of the
the three -wave-
three-wave-
length field trial.
trial._____________________________
Power launched
Power launched into 800800 SM
SM fiber -- 6.6
6.6 dBm
dBm
800
800 SMSM variable
variable attenuator 3.0 dB
Two 1300
1300 SM
SM jumpers 1.2 dB
800/1300-1500
800/1300 -1500 nm nm WDM
WDM pair 1.8 dB
8.0 km
8.0 km of 1300
1300 SM
SM fiber 23.6 dB
23.6 dB (1)
splices and
(includes 8 fusion splices and
33 biconic connectors)
connectors)
(2)
800 SM
800 SM fiber mode filter 3.0
3.0 dB
dB (b)
Modal
Modal interference and
noise penalties
mode partition noise penalties 3.7 dB Fig. 11. Received
Fig. 11. Received bit pattern
pattern for
forthe
the800
800 nm
nm channel
channel ofof the
the field
field trial.
trial,
Modal
Modal noise
noise penalty
penalty 1.4 dB (a) Eyediagram
(a) Eye diagramand
and (b)
(b)1:8
1:8bit
bit pattern.
pattern. The
The arrows
arrows inin (b)
(b) point
point to
System margin
System 6.7 dB mode conversions at (1)(1) the receiving
receiving end
end and
and (2)
(2) the central office.
Receiver
Receiver sensitivity (BER = 10
sensitivity (BER 10~-9)
9) -51.0
-51.0 dBm
dBm

10 ^
10
O NO FIBER
O NO FIBER
length
length division multiplexing devices had had 1300
1300 SM SM fiber
fiber pigtails
pigtails 0 4.2
O KM 1300
4.2 KM 1300 NM
NM
SI/I FIBER AND
SM AND
and employed
and employed interference filters. The
interference filters. The 800 nm nm channel
channel pathpath 10 .s MODE-FILTER
MODE- FILTER

included eight
included eight SM
SM splices,
splices, and eight
eight biconic
biconic connectors
connectors were o
used to
used to connect
connect thethe four
four 1300
1300 SM fiber jumpers and
fiber jumpers and thethe two
two < 10
10 •*
WDM devices.
WDM devices. The 800 SM fiber mode filter was fusion spliced spliced
to the
to the last jumper.
jumper. The The NKT
NKT 14011401 receiver
receiver supplied
supplied by NKT NKT
Electronics
Electronics was
was ofof the
the same
same type
type used
used inin the
the 22.5
22.5 km experiment 10"
and had
and had aa 10"
i0 -99 sensitivity
sensitivity of of -51
-51dBmdBmatat150 150Mb Mb/s./s.
The BER curves for the 800 nm nm channel
channel of of the
the trial
trial are
are shown
shown 10-
in Fig. 10.
10. To
To permit
permit assessment
assessment of of any
any modal
modal noisenoise degrada-
degrada- 10'

tion,
tion, the BERBER data
data were
were taken
taken while
while thethe fiber
fiber jumpers
jumpers were were 10
-42
-42 -40
-40 -38
-38 -36
-36 -34
-34
flexed, thus causing low frequency modal noise. This
physically flexed, RECEIVED POWER
RECEIVED POWER {dBm)
(dBm)
gave rise to
gave rise to BERs ranging over
BERs ranging over about
about 1.4 dB of received signal
power, as shown
power, shown by the the spread
spread ofof data
data points.
points. The The additional
additional Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. 600
600 Mb/s
Mb /stransmission
transmissionon
on 4.2
4.2 km
km of
of 1300 SM fiber
1300 SM fiber with
3.7 dB
dB penalty
penalty is
is due to the combination of intermodal distortion 800 nm
nm MLM laser.
laser.
and
and mode
mode partition
partition noise.
noise. Figures
Figures 11(a)
11 (a) and
and 11(b)
ll(b) show
show the the
received eye
received eye diagram
diagram and and 1:8
1:8 pulse patterns, respectively.
respectively. The
two interfering pulses caused by mode conversions at connectors 4.3. 600
600 MbMb/s /s experiments
are
are each
each approximately
approximately -7 7dB dB below
below the thesignal
signal andandaccount
account We have also
We also demonstrated
demonstrated the the feasibility
feasibility ofof600
600Mb /s trans-
Mb/s trans-
for most of the 3.7 dB dB power
power penalty.
penalty. TheThe modal
modal distortion
distortion andand mission at
mission at 800
800 nm nm over
over moderate
moderate lengths
lengths of of1300
1300 SMSM fiber.
fiber.
modal
modal noise penalties are caused by the the 1300
1300 SM SM fiber
fiber connec-
connec- With aa 2.8
With 2.8 nmnm FWHM
FWHM laser
laser source
source at
at 815 nm,nm, the
the transmission
transmission
tors and WDM
tors WDM devices
devices in in the
the system.
system. Except
Except for forthe
the800 -to-
800-to- distance was limited to 4.2 4.2 kmkm by
bychromatic
chromatic dispersion.
dispersion. Figure
Figure
1300 and
1300 and 1300 -to -800SM
13QO-to-800 SMfiber
fiberjoints
joints atat the
the transmitter
transmitter and 12 shows
12 shows the
the BER
BER curves
curves for the experiment. The The penalty was
receiver, none
receiver, none of thethe devices
devices and
and connections
connections were were optimized
optimized 5.6 dB
dB at 10
10 ~-99 BER.
BER. The
The beginning
beginning ofof aa floor
floor in
in the BER curve
curve
to reduce
reduce mode
mode conversions. Two of of the mated biconic connector indicates significant
indicates significant mode
mode partition
partition noise. Since
Since there
there were
were nono
pairs were
pairs were in in fact from different
different suppliers.
suppliers. SomeSome of the the con-
con- 1300 nm SM
1300 nrn SM jumpers
jumpers in thethe system,
system, there
there were
were nonoadditional
additional
nections
nections (those
(those that had connectors from the same supplier) supplier) were modal distortion
modal distortion or or modal
modal noise penalties.
remade many
remade many times,
times, and this resulted in only a small small change
change in Since the
Since the 600
600 MbMb/s/s system
system was limited
limited by by chromatic
chromatic dis-
dis-
the modal
the modal distortion
distortion and modal noise penalties.
penalties. persion, an
an SLM
SLM CD CD laser
laser with
with 820
820nmnrncenter
centerwavelength
wavelength was was

906
906
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OPTICAL ENGINEERING
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1988// Vol.
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 SHORT -WAVELENGTH TRANSMISSION
SHORT-WAVELENGTH ON 1300
TRANSMISSION ON SINGLE-MODE
OPTIMIZEDSINGLE
nrnOPTIMIZED
1300rim FIBER
-MODE FIBER

to 1300
1300 SM fiber, thus greatly reducing
thus greatly distortion. The
modal distortion.
reducing modal ad-
The ad-
O NO
O FIBER
NOFIBER
O 10.6
O KM 1300
10.6 KM NM
1300 NM
ditional
ditional modal
modal distortion
distortion penalty,
penalty, caused
caused by by mode
mode conversions
conversions
SM FIBER
SM WITH
FIBER WITH system, isis small
at imperfect fiber joints along the system, connectors
small ifif connectors
o' MODE-FILTER AT
MODE-
RECEIVER
RECEIVER
FILTER AT
at the transmitter
transmitter and receiver
receiver have
have less
less than
than 11 dBdB loss and if
10
only
only a limited
limited number
number ofof low
low loss
loss splices
splices are
are used
used elsewhere.
elsewhere.
If low loss joints cannot
cannot be
be assumed
assumed in in the cable, tapered
the cable, mode
tapered mode
10-7
10 caused by cross
interference caused
filters can be deployed to reduce the interference
10 -8
10
coupling
coupling at lossy joints. MLMMLM lasers
lasers can be be used
used toto avoid
avoid ex-
10-9 cessive modal noise. Lasers
Lasers with
with 22 nm
nrn spectral
spectral width were found
width were
10 -1I optimum in balancing
balancing modal
modal noise and chromatic
noise and dispersion.
chromatic dispersion.
10-1
10 1
-26
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
-32
-32 -30
-30 -28
-28 -26
RECEIVED POWER
RECEIVED (dBrn)
POWER (dBm) We thank P. Kaiser
Kaiser for
for his
his encouragement
encouragement and support. We
and support. are
We are
also
also grateful to L. Curtis,
Curtis, B.B. Hayton,
Hayton, and
andR.
R. Spicer
Spicerforforprovid-
provid-
Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. 600
600 Mb
Mb/s/stransmission
transmission on 10.6
10.6 km of
of 1300
1300 SM
SM fiber
fiber with
with ing
ing the fiber -optic components,
fiber-optic components, to to D.
D. Bisbee
Risbee for splicing
splicing the
780 nm SLM
780 CD laser.
SLM CD mode filter, and
mode filter, and to A. Elrefaie
Elrefaie and
and D.
D. Atlas
Atlas for
for providing
providing the
computer
computer simulation
simulation results.
results.

7. REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1. P.
1. P. Kaiser,
Kaiser, "Single -mode fiber
"Single-mode technology ininthe
fibertechnology subscriberloop
thesubscriber environ-
loop environ-
presented at
ment," presented IEEE's Conf.
at IEEE's Conf. on Optical Fiber
onOptical Communication, Reno,
Fiber Communication,
Nevada (Jan.
Nevada (Jan. 19 19-22,
-22, 1987), (Invited Paper
1987), (Invited MD1).
Paper MD1).
2.
2. M.
M. Stem
Stern andandJ.J.L.L.Gimlett,
Gimlett,"Advances
"Advancesin inlight- emitting diode
light-emitting (LED)/
diode (LED)/
single -mode fiber
single-mode fibertechnology,"
technology," in Fiber Telecommunications and
Fiber Telecommunications Computer
and Computer
Networks,
Networks, J.J. D. D. Chipman
Chipman and and V.V. A.A. Ormiston,
Ormiston, eds.,eds., Proc.
Proc. SPIE 715, 7-
SPIE 715,7-
14 (1987).
14
3. R.
R. L.L. Soderstrom,
Soderstrorn, T. R. R. Block,
Block, D. D. L.L. Karst,
Karst, and
and T.T. Lu,
Lu, "The
"The compact
compact
disc (CD)
disc laserasasaalow
(CD) laser low-cost, high-performance
-cost, high -performance sourcesource forforfiber com-
optic com-
fiber optic
munication," presented
presented at at FOC
FOC/LAN/LAN Conference, Orlando, Florida
Conference, Orlando, (Oct.
Florida (Oct.
88-10, 1986).
-10, 1986).
4. R.
R. A.A. Betts,
Betts, J.J. P.P. Moss,
Moss, and andR. R.D. D.Hall,
Hall,"A "Alow lowcost
cost2 2Mbitls
Mbit/s optical
optical
local line transmission system system using -mode fiber," Electron. Lett.
single-mode
using single 22,
Lett. 22,
(a) 143_144
143 (1986).
-144 (1986).
5. R.
R. Ries,
Ries,"Signal
"Signaltransmission
transmissionwith withoptical
opticalcarriers
carriersininmultimode
multimode rangerange ofof
single -modefibers,"
single-mode fibers," Electron.
Electron. Lett.
Lett. 23, 71 -72 (1987).
71-72 (1987).
6. C.
C. M.
M. Ragdale
Ragdale and and F.F.P.P.Kapron,
Kapron,"Measuring
"Measuring825 825nm nmtransmission
transmission on
1300
1300 nm single
single-mode presentedatatthe
-mode fibers," presented Bureauof
NationalBureau
theNational Standards
ofStandards
Symposium
Symposium on on Optical
Optical Fiber Fiber Measurements,
Measurements, Boulder,Boulder, CO CO (Sept.
(Sept. 99-10,
-10,
1986).
7. M.
M.Stern,
Stern,W. W.I.I.Way,
Way,V.V.Shah, Shah,M. M.B.B.Romeiser,
Romeiser,W. W.C.C.Young,
Young,and W.
andJ.J. W.
Krupsky, "800 "800nm nmdigital
(digitaltransmission
transmissioninin1300 1300nm nrnoptimized
optimizedsingle -mode
single-mode
fiber," in in Optical
Optical Fiber
FiberCommunication
Communication Conf. Conf. Tech. Digest, IEEE
Tech. Digest, (1987).
IEEE (1987).
8. D.
8. D. Marcuse,
Marcuse, "Loss"Lossanalysis
analysisofofsingle fiber splices," Bell
-mode fiber
single-mode Tech.
Bell Syst. Tech.
J. BSTJ -56(3), 703
BSTJ-56(3), 703-718-718 (1977).
9. A.
A.E.E.Elrefaie,
Elrefaie,K. K.Townsend,
Townsend,M. M.B.B.Romeiser,
Romeiser,and andK. Shanmugen, "Com-
K. Shanmugen,
puter simulation of digital lightwave lightwave links,"
links," IEEE
IEEEJ.J. Selected
SelectedAreas Com-
Areas Com-
mun. SAC SAC-6, 94-105
-6, 94 (1988).
-105 (1988).
10.
10. N.
N. Amitay,
Amitay, H. H. M.M. Presby,
Presby, F. F. V.
V.Dimarcello,
Dimarcello, and and K.K. T.T. Nelson,
Nelson, "Optical
"Optical
fiber tapers
fiber tapers -aanovelnovelapproach
approachtotoself -aligned beam
self-aligned beamexpansion
expansionand andsingle
single--
mode hardware," IEEE
mode IEEE J.J.Lightwave Technol.LT
LightwaveTechnol. LT-5,
-5, 7070-76 (1987).
-76 (1987).
(b) 11.
11. D.
D. Marcuse,
Marcuse, "Mode "Modeconversion
conversionininoptical opticalfibers
fiberswith
withmonotonically
monotonically in- in-
creasing core radius,"
radius," IEEE IEEEJ.J.Lightwave Technol.LT
LightwaveTechnol. LT-5, 125-133
-5, 125 (1987).
-133 (1987).
Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. 600
600 Mb
Mb/s/stransmission
transmission at 800
800 nm
nrn on
on 10.6 km of
10.6km of 1300
1300 SM
SM 12.
12. V.
V. Shah,
Shah, P. P. Morris,
Morris, L. L. Curtis,
Curtis, M. M. Stern,
Stern, M.
M. A.A. Saifi,
Saifi, and
and W.W. C. C. Young,
Young,
fiber. (a)
fiber, (a)Transmitted
Transmitted eye
eye pattern
pattern and (b)
(b) received
received eye pattern. "A biconical
biconical tapered
tapered fiber fiber mode
mode filter
filter for
for bimodal
birnodal systems," in Conf. on
in Conf. on
Optical Fiber Communication
Communication Tech. Tech. Digest,
Digest, paper WQ13, OSA OS A (1988).
(1988).
13.
13. R.
R. E.E. Epworth,
Epworth, "The "Thephenomenon
phenomenonofofmodal modalnoise
noise inin analogue
analogue and digital
and digital
optical fiber
optical fiber systems," in in Proc. 4th 4th European Conference on
European Conference on Optical Com- Com-
used to
used to extend
extend the
the transmission
transmission distance
distance to
to 10.6
10.6 km.
km. Figure 13 13 munications, 492
munications, 492-501-501 (1978).
(1978).
shows the floor at 10
shows 10 ~-99 BER, indicatingsevere
BER, indicating mode-partition
severemode -partition 14.
14. N.
N. K.
K. Cheung,
Cheung, A. A. Tornita,
Tomita, and and P.P. F.F.Glodis,
Glodis,"Observation
"Observationof ofmodal noise
modal noise
in single -mode -fibertransmission
single-mode-fiber transmissionsystems,"
systems," Electron
Electron Lett.
Lett. 21,
21, 5-7 (1985).
5 -7 (1985).
noise. The effect
noise. effect of
of the
the mode- partition noise
mode-partition noise in smearing
smearing the
the 15.
15. D.
D. G.
G.Duff
DuffandandF.F.T.T.Stone,Stone,"Measurement
"Measurement ofof modalnoise
modal single-mode
noiseininsingle -mode
eye diagram
eye diagram isis also
also seen
seen inin Figs. 14(a)
14(a) and
and 14(b).
14(b). lightwave
lightwave systems," in in Conf.
Conf. on onOptical
OpticalFiber
FiberCommunication
Communication Tech. Di-
Tech. Di-
gest, OSA
gest, OSA (1985).
(1985).
16. M. J. Lum, D. M. Fuller, A. Hadjifotiou, and R. E. Epworth, "Modulation--
16. M. J. Lum, D. M. Fuller, A. Hadjifotiou, and R. E. Epworth, "Modulation
induced modal
induced modal noise
noise in digital systems systems-the theprediction
prediction and andmeasurement
measurement
5. CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION of bit
bit error ratio," presented
presented atat the the 10th
10thEuropean
European Conf.
Conf. on onOptical Com-
Optical Com-
Transmission atat 800
Transmission 800 nrn
nm over 13001300 nm
nm optimized
optimized SM SM fiber
fiber is
is munication, Stuttgart, Germany
munication, Stuttgart, Germany (Sept. 3-6, 1984).(Sept. 3 -6, 1984).
17. R. Dandliker,
17. Dandliker, A. Bertholds,
Bertholds, and F. Maystre, Maystre, "How
"How modal modal noise
noise inin mul-
mul-
feasible for
feasible for use
use in
in the
the local distribution network.
local distribution network. It is especially timode fibers depends on
fibers depends on source spectrum and modal dispersion," dispersion," IEEE J.
promising for
promising for DS1-DS2
DS1 -DS2 datadata rates. demonstrated the
rates. We have demonstrated the Lightwave Technol. LT LT-3, -3, 77-12 (1985).
-12 (1985).
feasibility of
of high
high bit rate (150
(150 and
and 600
600Mb /s) transmission
Mb/s) at
transmission at 18. L.
18. L. A. Reith,
Reith, P. P. W.
W. Shumate,
Shumate, and and Y. Y.Koga,
Koga,"Laser
"Lasercoupling
coupling totosingle
single--
feasibility mode fiber using graded -index lenses and compact disk 1.3
graded-index |mrn laser pack-
1.3 p.m
800 nm wavelengths over loop type lengths of conventional 1300
800 age," Electron.
Electron. Lett.Lett. 22,22, 836 -838 (1986).
836-838 (1986).
nm optimized SM fibers.
nrn fibers. This was possible with the introduction 19. M. Stem,
19. Stern, J. L. L. Gimlett,
Gimlett, L. L. Curtis,
Curtis, N. N. K.K.Cheung,
Cheung, M. M. B.B. Romeiser,
Romeiser, W. C.
Young,
Young, and P. P. W.
W. Shumate,
Shumate,"Bidirectional
"BidirectionalLED LEDtransmission
transmission on on single
single--
of an
an 800
800 SM
SM fiber
fiber mode
mode filter
filter at the
the receiving
receiving end,
end, which
which mode
mode fiber
fiber inin the 13001300 and 1500 1500 nm nm wavelength
wavelength regions," Electron.Electron. Lett.
Lett.
attenuated the first higher order (LPl1)
attenuated (LPn) mode propagating in the 928-929(1985).
21, 928 -929 (1985). 3.a

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OPTICAL 1988// Vol.
October1988
ENGINEERING/ /October 10 //
No. 10
27 No.
Vol. 27 907
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 STERN, WAY,
STERN, WAY, SHAH, ROMEISER, KRUPSKY
YOUNG, KRUPSKY
ROMEISER, YOUNG,

Miklos Stern
Miklos Stern was born in
was born Budapest Hungary,
in Budapest, Malcolm B.B. Romeiser received the
Romeiser received de­
BSEE de-
the BSEE
1957, He
in 1957. received the
He received the BS degree from
BS degree from the from Rensselaer
gree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Polytechnic Institute,
Institute of
Polytechnic Institute New York
of New in 1981
York in 1981 and
and Troy, N.Y.,
Troy, N.Y., in 1957 and the
in 1957 MSEE degree from
the MSEE from
the MS University in
Columbia University
degree from Columbia
MS degree in New York University in 1962. He
in 1962. Bell
He joined Bell
1982, both
1982, both in engineering. Pres-
electrical engineering.
in electrical Pres­ Laboratories in
Laboratories 1959 and
in 1959 worked on aa
has worked
and has
pursuing aa Ph.D.
he is pursuing
ently he Colum­
Ph.D. degree at Colum- projects in
variety of projects the transmission
in the transmission fieldfield
bia University
University in in the Department of
the Department Electrical
of Electrical using
using microwave radio, cable, paired
coaxial cable,
radio, coaxial
Engineering. In
Engineering. 1982 he
In 1982 he joined
joined Bell Labora­
Bell Labora- fibers. He
cable, and optical fibers. He has an en-
been an
has been en­
tories member of
as aa member
tories as the technical
of the staff, where
technical staff, where supervisor since
gineering supervisor
gineering Upon di-
1967. Upon
since 1967. di-
he worked on digital
he worked communication sys-
digital communication sys­ :'*IIPfe vestiture, became district manager of the
he became
vest it u re, he
1984 he
tems. In 1984 joined the
hejoined newly formed Bell
the newly Bell Systems Applications Group
Lightwave Systems in the
Group in
where he
Research, where
Communications Research, he is engaged in
is engaged in lightwave com-com­ Research Area
Applied Research Area of Bell CommunicationsResearch.
Bell Communications Research. He cur­
He cur-
munication system research.
munication system investigated low
He investigated
research. He cost options for
low cost for rently
rently has responsibilities that include
has responsibilities research on
include research on low loop
cost, loop
low cost,
systems and
lightwave systems
single -modelightwave
single-mode worked on
and worked wavelength division
on wavelength division systems and
optical systems
optical the development of models
and the models for lightwave com-
for lightwave com­
research interest is ultrashort optical pulse
multiplexing. His current research
multiplexing. pulse ponents and systems. Mr. memberofofIEEE.
Romeiser isis aa member
Mr. Romeiser IEEE.
communication systems. Dr. memberofofIEEE.
Stern isisaa member
Dr. Stern IEEE.
W. C.
C. Young:
Young: Biography and photograph not available.
not available.
Winston Ingshih
Ingshih Way was born
Way was born in Taiwan in
in Taiwan in
1955. He
13^5. received the
He received degree from
BS degree
the BS from the
National
National Chiao -Tung University,
Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan, in in John W.W. Krupsky
Krupsky waswas born in New
born in Orleans
New Orleans
§ and the MSEE
1977, and
1977, MSEE and the Ph.D. degrees
Ph.D. degrees 1949. He
in 1949. received the BS
He received degree in
BS degree elec­
in elec-
§ in electrical
in science from
electrical engineering and science from the from Tulane
engineering from
trical engineering University in
Tulane University in
University of Philadelphia, in
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
of Pennsylvania, 1971 and
1971 degree in
MS degree
the MS
and the engineering from
in engineering from
1981 and
1981 1983, respectively.
and 1983, From 1983
respectively. From to
1983 to University of
the University of New Orleans in
New Orleans 1982. He
in 1982. He
1984, he
1984, an assistant
was an
he was assistant professor at Tem-
at Tem- U.S. Navy Submarine Force
served in the U.S. Force from
~"*lL P'
plee University, Philadelphia, and aa consultant
consultant 1971 to
1971 1976 and
to 1976 then joined South
and then Central
South Central
»

fiber-optic
of fiber
systems. His
systems.
systems with
-optic systems
His current
at David Sarnoff
ton, N.J.
where he
Researchwhere
cations Research
cations he was

researchinterest
current research
1984, he
In 1984,
N.J. In
engaged in
was engaged
Lab., RCA,
Research Lab.,
SarnoffResearch
joined Bell
he joined
research on
in research
Prince-
RCA, Prince-
Communi­
Bell Communi-
on integration
integration
communications
with satellite and terrestrial communications
digital lightwave
speeddigital
high speed
interest isis high lightwave
fA
as providing technical
well as
Telephone Co.
Bell Telephone
Bell
engineer. He
Co. as
worked as
later worked
He later
involvedinin the
engineer involved
engineer
services and
digital services
support in
technical support in the
design of
thedesign

areas of inductive
the areas
facility
as aa distribution facility
transmission
as aa transmission
speed
high speed
ofhigh
fiber systems
optical fiber
and optical systems as as
inter­
inductive inter-
systems.
systems. Dr. Way is
Dr. Way memberof
is aa member IEEE.
ofIEEE. ference and
ference and electrical
electrical protection. From 1986 to 1987
From 1986 1987 he he participated
participated
Technology Internship
in the Technology Program at
Internship Program at Bell Communications Re-
Bell Communications Re­
Virendra
Virendra Shah born in
Shah was born Bombay, India.
in Bombay, India. Jersey, where he was involved in
in New Jersey,
search in
search research programs
in research
received the
He received
He the BS degree in
BS degree electrical en-
in electrical en­ dealing
dealing with lightwave systems,data
lightwavesystems, data-voice multiplexers, and
-voice multiplexers, laser
and laser
from the
gineering from University of
the University Bombay and
of Bombay diode ESD stress.
diode ESD He is
stress. He manager at
staff manager
is now aa staff South Central
at South Bell
Central Bell
MS and
the MS degrees in
Ph.D. degrees
and Ph.D. electrophysics
in electrophysics Headquarters in
Headquarters Services and New
in Network Services Planning.
Architecture Planning.
New Architecture
from the Institute of
Polytechnic Institute
the Polytechnic New York
of New in
York in
1973,1976, and 1982,
1973, 1976, and respectively. He
1982, respectively. He joined
joined
CommunicationsLab.
Satellite Communications
the Satellite Lab. ofofATAT&T
&T
Bell Laboratories, Holmdel,
Bell Holmdel, N.J., 1982. Since
in 1982.
N.J., in Since
he has
1984, he
1984, beenwith
has been Bell Communications
with Bell Communications
where he
Research,where
Research, is engaged
he is engaged in propaga­
in propaga-
in optical
studies in
tion studies optical fiber waveguides.
fiber waveguides.

908
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ENGINEERING October1988 No. 10on 27 Jul 2019
Vol. 27 No.
1988// Vol.
https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering
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