6.

Name the pass which connects Dera Ismail

Passes of Pakistan
Khan with Ghazni?
A. Babusar Pass
1. Name the pass which connects Abbotabad
B. Tochi Pass
and Gilgit?
C. Bolan Pass
A. Babusar Pass
D. Gomal Pass
B. Tochi Pass
Answer is = D
C. Bolan Pass
D. Dargai Pass
7. Name the pass which connects Qila
Answer is = A
Abdullah with Cheman?
A. Babusar Pass
2. Name the pass which connects Dir with
B. Khojak Pass
Kohistan district?
C. Bolan Pass
A. Babusar Pass
D. Dargai Pass
B. Tochi Pass
Answer is = B
C. Badawi Pass
D. Dargai Pass
8. Name the pass which connects Peshawar
Answer is = C
with Afghanistan?
A. Babusar Pass
3. Name the pass which connects Sindh plain
B. Tochi Pass
with Quetta?
C. Khyber Pass
A. Babusar Pass
D. Dargai Pass
B. Tochi Pass
Answer is = C
C. Bolan Pass
D. Dargai Pass
9. Name the pass which connects Peshawar
Answer is = C
with Chitral?
A. Babusar Pass
4. Name the pass which connects Chitral with
B. Tochi Pass
wahkan?
C. Malakand Pass
A. Babusar Pass
D. Dargai Pass
B. Tochi Pass
Answer is = C
C. Bolan Pass
D. Baroghil Pass
10. Name the pass which connects Baltistan
Answer is = D
and yarkand (china)?
A. Muztagh Pass
5. Name the pass which connects Mardan
B. Tochi Pass
with Malakand?
C. Bolan Pass
A. Babusar Pass
D. Dargai Pass
B. Tochi Pass
Answer is = A
C. Bolan Pass
D. Dargai Pass
11. Name the pass which connects Bannu
Answer is = B
with Ghazni?
A. Babusar Pass C. Nooran shah
B. Tochi Pass D. Shandur peak
C. Bolan Pass Answer is = B
D. Dargai Pass
Answer is = B 17. Kilik pass is situated in
A. Karakuram range
12. Name the pass which connects Dir and B. Hidu kush range
Chitral ? C. Himalays range
A. Babusar Pass D. Sulaiman range
B. Lawari Pass Answer is =A
C. Bolan Pass
D. Dargai Pass 18. In which range of mountain Khyber pass
Answer is = B situated?
A. Kohi sofaid range
13. Name the pass which connects Upper B. Hidu kush range
Swat and Lower Swat? C. Himalays range
A. Babusar Pass D. Sulaiman range
B. Tochi Pass Answer is = A
C. Shangla Pass
D. Dargai Pass 19. Which of the following pass the highest
Answer is = C pass of Pakistan?
A. Khojak pass
14. Name the pass which connects Chitral B. Moztagh Pass
with Nooristan? C. Khyber Pass
A. Babusar Pass D. Lawari Pass
B. Dorah Pass Answer is = B
C. Shangla Pass
D. Dargai Pass 20. What is the total length of Khyber pass?
Answer is = B A. 56 Kilometers
B. 52 Kilometers
15. Which pass is also known as Toba Kaker C. 44 Kilometers
Pass? D. 65 Kilometers
A. Khojak pass Answer is = A
B. Tochi Pass
C. Khyber Pass Straits of the world
D. Lawari Pass
Answer is = A
Which is the longest strait of the world?
16. Which is the highest point of the Khyber A. Malacca strait
pass? B. Mozambique strait
A. Chemen C. Bab ul Mandab
B. Landi kotal
D. Davis Which of the following straits separate India
Answer is =A from Sri Lanka?
A. Malacca strait
What is strait? B. Mozambique strait
A. Separate two landmarks and connect two C. Bab ul Mandab
big seas D. Palk
B. Separate two oceans and connect two big Answer is =D
seas
C. Separate two Seas and connect two big Which of the following straits separate
Rivers Malaysia from Singapore?
D. Separate two Rivers and connect two big A. Malacca strait
seas B. Mozambique strait
Answer is = A C. Bab ul Mandab
D. Johor
Which is the broadest strait of the world? Answer is =D
A. Malacca strait
B. Mozambique strait Sunda strait separates which two countries?
C. Bab ul Mandab A. Malaysia and Indonesia
D. Davis B. Sumatra from Java
Answer is =B C. Tasmania
D. None
Which of following strait separates Arabia and Answer is =B
Africa and join the red sea and Persian Gulf?
A. Malacca strait Bass Strait separates Australia from which
B. Mozambique strait country?
C. Bab ul Mandab A. Malaysia and Indonesia
D. Davis B. Sumatra from Java
Answer is =C C. Tasmania
Which strait separates Greenland from Baffin D. None
islands? Answer is =B
A. Malacca strait
B. Mozambique strait Which of following strait separate Asia from
C. Bab ul Mandab North America?
D. Davis A. Malacca strait
Answer is =D B. Mozambique strait
Strait of Malacca separates which two C. Bering strait
countries? D. Davis
A. Malaysia and Indonesia Answer is =C
B. Sumatra from Java
Which straits separate Asia from Africa?
C. Tasmania
A. Malacca strait
D. None
B. Mozambique strait
Answer is =A
C. Bab ul Mandab B. Pishin
D. Davis C. Kan Mehtarzai
Answer is =C D. Rakshan
Answer is =C
Highest in Pakistan
Which is the highest Road in Pakistan?
A. Indus highway
Which is the highest dam in Pakistan? B. Gilgit highway
A. Tarbela C. Sharah I karakoram
B. Rawal D. None
C. Mangla Answer is =C
D. Warsak Which is the highest Battle Field in Pakistan?
Answer is =C A. Siachin Glacier
B. Hispar Glacier
Name the highest glacier in Pakistan ?
C. Baltora Glacier
A. Siachin Glacier
D. None
B. Hispar Glacier
Answer is =A
C. Baltora Glacier
D. None Which is the highest point above sea level in
Answer is =A Pakistan?
Which is the highest Park in Pakistan? A. k-2
A. Ayub park B. nanga parbat
B. Green Park C. raka poshi
C. Nortern Are Park D. trich mir
D. National park Answer is =A
Answer is =D

Which is the highest Pass in Pakistan? Lowest in Pakistan

A. Khunjrab pass
B. Muztagh pass The area of lowest rainfall in Pakistan is ?
C. Mintaka pass A. Nushki
D. Dorab pass B. Quetta
Answer is =B C. Thar
D. Nokhundi
Which is the highest Peak in Pakistan?
Answer is =A
A. k-2
B. nanga parbat Which is the lowest point below the sea level
C. raka poshi in Pakistan ?
D. trich mir A. Karachi airport
Answer is =A B. Indus plain
C. Indian ocean
Which is the highest Railway Station in
D. Dera Ghazi Khan
Pakistan?
Answer is =C
A. Landi kot al
 B. Warsak Dam
Biggest in Pakistan
C. Tarbela Dam
D. Khanpur Dam
Name the biggest Commercial Bank of Answer is =C
Pakistan?
A. Muslim commercial Name the biggest Nuclear power station in
B. Habib Bank Pakistan?
C. Al Falah Bank A. Karachi
D. United Bank B. Chashma
Answer is =B C. Hayderabad
D. None
Name the biggest Barrage of Pakistan? Answer is =B
A. Sukkar
B. Taunsa Name the biggest Thermal Power station
C. Guddu found in Pakistan?
D. Ghulam barrage A. Faislabad Gas Turbine
Answer is =A B. Jamshoro steam
C. Guddu
Name the biggest Desert found in Pakistan? D. Multan Steam
A. Rohri Answer is =C
B. Cholistan
C. Thar Name the biggest man – made lake in
D. None Pakistan?
Answer is =C A. Hub lake
B. Manchar lake
Name the biggest fort found in Pakistan? C. Keenjhar lake
A. Kot Digi Fort D. Haleji lake
B. Kun court fort Answer is =C
C. Lahore Fort
D. Rani kot fort Name the biggest Natural lake in Pakistan?
Answer is =D A. Hub lake
B. Manchar lake
Name the biggest Gas field found in C. Keenjhar lake
Pakistan? D. Haleji lake
A. Sui Gas field Answer is =B
B. Dhunal
C. Dhodak Name the biggest mosque in Pakistan?
D. Pikoh A. Jamia mosque Karachi
Answer is =A B. Shahi mosque Lahore
C. Faisal mosque Islamabad
Name the biggest hydroelectric power station D. None
found in Pakistan? Answer is =C
A. Mangal Dam
Name the biggest cricket stadium in D. Mardan
Pakistan? Answer is =B
A. Qaddafi stadium Lahore
B. Iqbal stadium Faislabad Largest in Pakistan
C. National stadium Karachi
D. None Name the crop sown on the largest area of
Answer is =C Pakistan
A. Rice
Name the biggest Hockey stadium in
B. Sugarcane
Pakistan?
C. Cotton
A. National Hockey stadium Lahore
D. Wheat
B. Iqbal stadium Faislabad
Answer is =D
C. National stadium Karachi
D. None Name the dam which has largest water
Answer is =C storage capacity in Pakistan?

Name the biggest airline in Pakistan? A. Mangla

B. Tarbela
A. Blue air
C. Gazi Brotha
B. Ithiad airline
D. None
C. PIA
Answer is =B
D. None
Answer is =C Which is the largest mine excavated in
Pakistan?
Name the biggest province according to
A. Lakhra coal mine
population in Pakistan?
B. Ghasa china clay mines
A. Punjab
C. Salt mines khewra
B. Sindh
D. Salt mines kalabagh
C. Balochistan
Answer is =C
D. None
Answer is =A Which is the largest oil field found in pakistan
A. Mazari
Name the biggest library in Pakistan?
B. Attock
A. Quid e Azam library
C. Balkassar
B. Punjab library
D. Pidh
C. Karachi library
Answer is =C
D. None
Answer is =B Pakistan largest export item is?
A. Rice
Name the biggest railway workshop in
B. Textile product
Pakistan?
C. Sports goods
A. Sialkot
D. Surgical products
B. Mughalpura
Answer is =B
C. Karachi
Largest oil refinery of Pakistan is? C. Karachi
A. Attock D. Khuzdar
B. Pak Arab Answer is =D
C. National
Which is the largest jungle of Pakistan ?
D. None
A. change manga
Answer is =B
B. Junpur
Largest airline of Pakistan is C. Chitral
A. Blue air D. Chichawatrni
B. Ithiad Answer is =A
C. PIA
Which is the largest museum of Pakistan ?
D. none
A. Karachi
Answer is =C
B. Lahore
Largest city of Pakistan according to C. Multan
population? D. Islambad
A. Islamabad Answer is =A
B. Multan
Which is the largest mobile company of
C. Lahore
Pakistan ?
D. Karachi
A. Telenor
Answer is =D
B. Ufone
Which is the largest district of Pakistan? C. Zong
A. Bahawalpur D. Mobilink
B. Lahore Answer is =D

GENERLAL KNOWLEDGE

1. Marala Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab near the city of Gujrat and Sialkot

in Punjab province of Pakistan.

2. Marala Headworks is a large hydro engineering project and is used to control water flow and flood

control in the River Chenab.

3. Chenab is a 1,086 km (675 mi) long river which originates in the Kulu and Kangra Districts of

Himachal Pradesh in India and is fed by the tributaries Chandra and Bagha as it enters Jammu &

Kashmir near Kishtwar.

4. After cutting across the Pir Panjal range, it enters the Sialkot District in Pakistan where the Marala

Barrage was built across the river in 1968 with a maximum discharge of 1.1 million ft³/s (31,000

m³/s).

5. Two major water channels originate at the Marala headworks—the Marala-Ravi Link Canal and the

Upper Chenab Canal. Proposals are under consideration to build Mangla Marala Link Canal to

overcome any shortage of water in future.

6. Munda Headworks is a headworks on the River Swat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

It is situated approximately 5 km downstream of the under-construction Munda Dam and 35 km

north of Peshawar.

7. Munda Headworks is used to control water flow in the River Swat for irrigation and flood control

purposes

8. Khanki Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab in Gujranwala District of the Punjab

province of Pakistan. It was constructed in 1889 and is considered to be the oldest headworks in

Pakistan.

9. Khanki Headworks is used for irrigation and flood control.

10. It is also used to provide water to tributaries such as the Lower Chenab Canal,[1] which originates

from Khanki Headworks. Khanki controls water distribution over 3 million acres (12,000 km²) of

agricultural lands by one main distributary, the Lower Chenab Canal, and 59 minor distributaries.

11. Qadirabad Headworks is a headworks on the River Chenab in Mandi Bahauddin District of the

Punjab province of Pakistan.

12. Qadirabad Headworks is used to control water flow in the River Chenab for irrigation and flood

control purposes
13. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965

and September 1965 between Pakistan and India.

14. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War and was fought by India and Pakistan over

the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947.

15. The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into

Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India.[15]

16. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN)

mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.[1]

17. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the International

Border between India and Pakistan.

18. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a

number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standof between India and

Pakistan.

19. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing

from air forces, and naval operations. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani

Wars, remain unclear.[1]

20. On 5 August 1965 between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed

as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir. Indian forces, tipped of by the local

populace, crossed the cease fire line on 15 August. [1]

21. Commander-in-Chief Pakistan Army, General Muhammad Musa visiting the captured Khemkaran

Railway Station, India

22. Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success, capturing three important mountain

positions after a prolonged artillery barrage.

23. By the end of August, however, both sides had relative progress; Pakistan had made progress in

areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Poonch and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass, 8 km into Pakistan-

Administered Kashmir.
24. On 1 September 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called Operation Grand Slam, with the

objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu, which would sever communications and

cut of supply routes to Indian troops.

25. Ayub Khan calculated that "Hindu morale would not stand more than a couple of hard blows at the

right time and place"[21][22][23] although by this time Operation Gibraltar had failed and India had

captured the Haji Pir Pass.[21][24]

26. Attacking with an overwhelming ratio of troops and technically superior tanks, Pakistan made gains

against Indian forces, who were caught unprepared and sufered heavy losses

27. The Motorways of Pakistan are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed, limited-access or

controlled-access highways in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained and operated federally by

Pakistan's National Highway Authority.

Completion
Course Length Lanes Status Remarks
Year
Peshawar – 155
6 2007 Operational
Islamabad km
Islamabad – 367
6 1997 Operational
Lahore km
Pindi Bhattian
Connects M2 near Pindi
(M-2) – 54 km 4 2003 Operational
Bhattian to Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Faisalabad – 233 Under construction since
4 2014 Under Construction
Multan km 2009
Multan –

Dera Ghazi 80 km 4 N/A Planned

Khan
Dera Ghazi 365 4 N/A Planned

Khan – km
 Ratodero
270
Dadu – Hub 4 N/A Planned
km
2-lane Ratodero-Khuzdar

section complete and

Partially
Ratodero – 892 operationalized. 2 lanes
4 2016 Operational/Under
Gwadar km nearing completion, 2
Construction
additional lanes to be added

in future
Upgradation of existing
Hyderabad – 136
6 2014 Under Construction Super Highway into 6-lane
Karachi km
motorway
M-9 – N-25

(Karachi Currently 2-lanes, to be

57 km 4 2009 Operational
Northern upgraded to 4-lanes

Bypass)
28. The Grand Trunk Road is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For more than two

millennia, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, running from

Chittagong, Bangladesh through to Howrah, West Bengal in India, across north India into Peshawar

(in present day Pakistan), up to Kabul, Afghanistan.

29. Its former names include UttaraPatha ("The Road to North"), Shah Rah-e-Azam ("Great Road") or

Sadak-e-Azam or Badshahi Sadak.

30. The route spanning the GT road existed during the Mauryan Empire,[1] extending from the mouth of

the Ganges to the north-western frontier of the Empire. [2] The modern road was rebuilt by Sher

Shah Suri, who renovated and extended the ancient route in the 16th century. [3]

31. The National Highways of Pakistan are a network of highways in Pakistan that are distinct from its

motorways.
32. The main diference between the two are that, unlike motorways, national highways are not

controlled-access or limited access.

33. As in the case of motorways, Pakistan's National Highway Authority owns, maintains and operates

all national highways.

34. Pakistan's National Highways include famous highways such as the Grand Trunk Road, the Indus

Highway, the Karakoram Highway and the Makran Coastal Highway.

35. All National Highways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter 'N' (for "National") followed by the

unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "N-5". Each

numerical designation is separated by five numerals, i.e. N-5, N-10, N-15, etc.

36. National Highways are also distinct from Pakistan's 'Strategic Highways', which begin with the prefix

'S' and are owned, controlled and operated by Pakistan's Ministry of Defence.

37. List of Strategic Highways

Name Route
Extends from Gilgit to Skardu
S-1
Total Length = 167 km
Extends from Kohala to Muzafarabad
S-2
Total Length = 40 km
Extends from Muzafarabad to Chakothi
S-3
Total Length = 55 km

38. Makran Coastal Highway is a 653 km-long coastal highway along Pakistan's Arabian Sea coastline. It

is a part of Pakistan's National Highways network. It runs primarily through Balochistan province

between Karachi and Gwadar, passing near the port towns of Ormara and Pasni.

39. The official and technical designation of the Makran Coastal Highway is N10, which is the

abbreviation for National Highway 10.

40. The Indus Highway, also known by its technical designation N-55, is a 1,264 km long four-lane

highway that runs along the Indus River in Pakistan connecting the port city of Karachi with the

northwestern city of Peshawar.

41. It is part of Pakistan's National Highways network and is maintained and operated by Pakistan's

National Highway Authority.

42. The Indus Highway passes through the Kohat Tunnel

43. The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. [1] It connects

China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an

elevation of 4,693 m/15,397 ft as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings.[2]

44. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions

and also serves as a popular tourist attraction.

45. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to

as the "Eighth Wonder of the World."[3]

46. The Karakorum Highway is known informally as the KKH, and — within Pakistan — officially as the

N-35; within China, officially as China National Highway 314 (G314).

47. The national flag was designed by Syed Ameer uddin kidwai [15] and was based on the original flag of

the Muslim League.

48. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly[16] on August 11, 1947, just days before independence.

[17][18][19]

49. The flag is referred to in the national anthem as Parcham-e-Sitāra-o-Hilāl in Urdu (lit. Flag of the

Crescent and Star).

50. The flag comprises a dark green field, representing the Muslim majority of Pakistan, with a vertical

white stripe in the hoist, representing religious minorities.[15]

51. In the centre is a white crescent moon, representing progress, and a white five-pointed star,

representing light and knowledge.[15]

52. The flag symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious

minorities.[20]

53. The flag is flown on several important days of the year including Republic Day and Independence

Day.[21] The flag is also flown on the residences and motor vehicles of many public officials including

the President and the Prime Minister.

54. Other symbols

Title Symbol
Great Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah[20][29]
Mother of the Nation Fatima Jinnah[30]
National poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal[20]
Official map by Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy[20]
National language Urdu[20]
National flower Common Jasmine[20]
National tree Deodar[20] (Himalayan Cedar)
National animal Markhor[20] (Himalayan Goat-Antelope)
National bird Chukar[20] (Red-legged Partridge)
National game Field hockey[31]
National mosque Faisal Mosque[32][33]
National Mausoleum Mazar-e-Quaid
National monument Bab-e-Pakistan[34][35][36] (Urdu)
National monument Pakistan Monument[37][38]
National Library National Library of Pakistan
 Ganda Singh Wala (Urdu: ‫)گنڈا سس نگھ وال‬, (Shahmukhi: ‫ گن دا س نگھ وال‬Gurmukhi: ਗਗੰ ਡਡ ਸਸਗੰ ਘ ਵਡਲਡ) is a

village in Kasur District in the West Punjab (Pakistan).

 The village was named after the soldier Ganda Singh Dat (1830–1903).
 It lies on the border with Eastern Punjab (India), opposite the Eastern Punjab village of

Hussainiwala, near Firozpur.

 The border crossing is now closed.

 In the 1960s and 1970s it was the principal road crossing between India and Pakistan, [1] but was

replaced by the border crossing at Wagah, a little further north. In 2005 there were proposals to

reopen the border,[2] but it remained closed.

 More recently the Chief Minister of Punjab Shahbaz Sharif proposed the reopening of the border

when he visited Attari in India.[citation needed]

 Since 1970 there has been a daily Retreat Ceremony at the border crossing, similar to the Wagah

border ceremony.[3]

 With the construction of a new road from Lahore to Kasur road the village, now 45 minutes drive

from Lahore, has gained economic importance. A nearby village named Burj Naamdaar is noted for

the cultivation of bamboo. Burj Bamboo Company is the leading producer of bamboo in Pakistan.

[citation needed]

 The Sutlej River flows by Ganda Singh Wala, and the area is prone to flooding. [

ਸੈ ਨੀਵਡਲਡ, Hindi: हहस्ससैननीववालवा) is a village in Ferozepur district in Punjab

55. Hussainiwala (Punjabi: ਹਹੁਸਨ

state, India. It lies near the banks of the Sutlej river.

56. The village is on the border with Pakistan, opposite the Pakistani village of Ganda Singh Wala.

57. The town is named after Imam Hussain grandson of the Prophet Muhammad

58. Munabao is a village in the Barmer district in Rajasthan in India bordering Pakistan
59. Wagah (Punjabi (Gurmukhi): ਵਡਘਡ, Hindi: ववाघवा, Urdu: ‫ )واہگہ‬is the only road border crossing between

Pakistan and India,[1] and lies on the Grand Trunk Road between the cities of Amritsar, Punjab, India

and Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

60. Wagah, named Wahga in Pakistan, is a village through which the controversial Radclife Line, the

boundary demarcation line dividing India and Pakistan upon the Partition of India, was drawn.[2]

61. The village was divided by independence in 1947. Today, the eastern half of the village remains in

the Republic of India while the western half is in Pakistan.

62. It is particularly known for the elaborate Wagah border ceremony that happens at the border gate

before sunset each day.

63. The Durand Line (Pashto: ‫د ډیورنډ کرښه‬, Urdu: ‫ )ڈیورنڈ لئان‬refers to the 2,640 kilometers (1,640 mi)

long porous border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

64. It was established after an 1893 agreement between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan

Amir Abdur Rahman Khan for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence.

65. It is named after Mortimer Durand who was the Foreign Secretary of colonial British India at the

time. The single-page Durand Line Agreement, which contains seven short articles was signed by

Durand and Abdur Rahman Khan, agreeing not to exercise interference beyond the frontier Durand

Line.[1]

66. A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some 800 miles

of the border.[2][3]

67. The resulting line later established the "Great Game" bufer zone between British and Russian

interests in the region.[4] The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas, dividing ethnic

Pashtuns and Baloch who live on both sides of the border.

68. It demarcates Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of

western Pakistan from the eastern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. From a geopolitical and

geostrategic perspective,

69. it has been described as one of the most dangerous borders in the world. [5][6][7][8] Although shown on

maps as the western international border of Pakistan, it remains unrecognized by the Government

of Afghanistan

70. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) (Pashto: ‫ منځنۍ پښتونخوا‬،‫ ;وسطي قبایلي سیمې‬Urdu: ‫قبائالی‬

‫ )علقققہ جققات‬are a semi-autonomous tribal region in northwestern Pakistan, bordering Pakistan's

provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to the east and south, and Afghanistan's

provinces of Kunar, Nangarhar, Paktia, Khost and Paktika to the west and north.

71. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas comprise seven tribal agencies (districts) and six frontier

regions, and are directly governed by Pakistan's federal government through a special set of laws

called the Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR).

72. The territory is almost exclusively inhabited by the Pashtuns, who also live in the neighboring

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and eastern Afghanistan and are Muslim by faith.

73. Afghanistan claims the territory as its own. Afghanistan was the only country to vote against

Pakistan’s accession to the United Nations after Pakistan's independence because of Kabul’s claim

on the Pashtun territories located on Pakistan's side of the Durand Line.[3]

74. Main towns of the territory are Parachinar, Miranshah, Razmak, Kaniguram, Wana, Kalaya, Landi

Kotal, Ghalanai and Khaar

 The Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) are Pakistani administrative subdivisions

designated in the Article 246(b) of the Constitution of Pakistan.

 No Act of Provincial Assembly can be applied to PATA whereas the Governor of the respective

province has mandate parallel to the authority President of Pakistan has over Federally

Administered Tribal Areas.

 Provincially Administered Tribal Areas as defined in the Constitution include four former princely

states as well as tribal areas and tribal territories in districts:

 Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

o Chitral District (former Chitral state)

o Dir District (Upper Dir and Lower Dir, former Dir state)
o Swat District (former Swat state including Kalam)
o Tribal Area in Kohistan District
o Malakand District

Tribal Area adjoining Mansehra District (Battagram, Allai and Black Mountain of Hazara, Upper

Tanawalormer) and former Amb state.

 Balochistan

 Zhob District
 Loralai District (excluding the Duki Tehsil)
 Dalbandin Tehsil of Chagai District
 Kohlu District (former Marri Tribal Territory in Sibi District)
 Dera Bugti District (former Bugti Tribal Territory in Sibi District)
1. The modern Olympic Games (French: les Jeux olympiques, JO[1]) is the leading international sporting

event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes participate

in a variety of competitions.

2. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than

200 nations participating.[2]

3. The Olympic Games are held quadrenially, (every four years) with the Summer and Winter Games

alternating, meaning they each occur every four years but two years apart.

4. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece,

from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International

Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with

the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority

5. The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter.

6. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and

represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (Africa, America, Asia, Oceana, Europe).

7. The colored version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the

Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its

national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer

Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.

8. It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games.[102]

9. The Olympic moto, Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning "Faster, Higher, Stronger"

was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924. The motto was

coined by Coubertin's friend the Dominican priest Henri Didon OP, for a Paris youth gathering of

1891
10. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), also known as the coalition forces, is a NATO-led

security mission in Afghanistan that was established by the United Nations Security Council in

December 2001 by Resolution 1386,[1] as envisaged by the Bonn Agreement.[2]

11. Its main purpose is to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in

rebuilding key government institutions but is also engaged in the 2001-present war with insurgent

groups.

12. ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and

factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration

headed by Hamid Karzai.[3]

13. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout

Afghanistan,[4] and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of

the country.[5]

14. From 2006 to 2011, ISAF had been involved in increasingly more intensive combat operations in

southern and eastern Afghanistan

Pashto writing: ‫( کمک او همکاری‬Komak

Moto aw Hamkāri—"Help and

Cooperation")
15. Joseph F. Dunford, Jr. (born 1955) is a four-star general in the United States Marine Corps and

current commander of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S.

16. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A).[2] Prior to that, served as the 32nd Assistant Commandant of the

Marine Corps.[3]

17. He has commanded several units, and is noted for leading the 5th Marine Regiment during the 2003

invasion of Iraq.
18. The term Line of Control (LOC) refers to the military control line between the Indian and Pakistani-

controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which, to this day, does

not constitute a legally recognized international boundary but is the de facto border.

19. Originally known as the "Cease-fire Line", it was redesignated as the "Line of Control" following the

Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

20. The part of the former princely state that is under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu

and Kashmir.

21. The two parts of the former princely state that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit–

Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK).

22. Its northernmost point is known as the NJ9842.

23. Another cease-fire line, one that separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from

the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin, lies further to the east and is known as the Line of

Actual Control (LAC). It has been referred to as one of the most dangerous places in the world.[1][

24. The Line of Actual Control (LAC)(also known as the MacCartney-MacDonald Line) is the efective

border between India and People's Republic of China (PRC).

25. The LAC is 4,057-km long and traverses three areas of northern Indian states: western (Ladakh,

Kashmir), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal).[1] Chinese Prime

Minister Zhou Enlai first used the phrase in a letter addressed to Indian Prime Minister Nehru dated

24 October 1959.

26. Golf is a precision club and ball sport in which competing players (or golfers) use many types of

clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes.
27. Golf is defined, in the rules of golf, as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the

hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."

28. It is one of the few ball games that does not require a standardized playing area.

29. Instead, the game is played on a "course", generally consisting of an arranged progression of either

9 or 18 "holes".

30. Each hole on the course must contain a "tee box" and a "putting green" with the actual hole, and

there are various other standardized forms of terrain in between such as the fairway, rough, and

hazards, but each hole on a course and indeed among virtually all courses is unique in its specific

layout and arrangement.

31. Golf competition is generally played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known

simply as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes during a complete round by

an individual or team, known as match play.

32. Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at virtually all levels of play, although variations of

match play such as "skins" games are also seen in televised events.

33. Polo (Persian: ‫چوگان‬, Chōwgān), is a team sport played on horseback in which the objective is to

score goals against an opposing team.

34. Sometimes called "The Sport of Kings", it was started by Persians, and was popular in Iran until

1979, after which its popularity there declined sharply due to the Iranian Revolution. Players score

by driving a small white plastic or wooden ball into the opposing team's goal using a long-handled

mallet.

35. The traditional sport of polo is played at speed on a large grass field up to 300 yards long by 160

yards wide, and each polo team consists of four riders and their mounts.
36. Field polo is played with a solid plastic ball, which has replaced the wooden ball in much of the

sport. In arena polo, only three players are required per team and the game usually involves more

maneuvering and shorter plays at lower speeds due to space limitations of the arena.

37. Arena polo is played with a small air-filled ball, similar to a small soccer ball.

38. The modern game lasts roughly two hours and is divided into periods called chukkas (occasionally

rendered as "chukkers"). Polo is played professionally in 16 countries. It was formerly, but is not

currently, an Olympic sport.

39. Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field, at the centre of

which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch.

40. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields,

trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team.

41. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of

the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting

and fielding at the end of an innings.

42. In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six bowling deliveries per side

to Test cricket played over five days.

43. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone

Cricket Club (MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day

Internationals.[1]

44. Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it

had developed into the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket

being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held.
45. The ICC, the game's governing body, has 10 full members.[2] The game is most popular in Australasia,

England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa.

46. Buzkashi is the Afghan national sport but also played among the south Central Asians such as the

Uzbeks, Hazaras, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Turkmens and Pashtuns.

47. The Turkic name of the game is Kökbörü; Kök = "blue", börü = "wolf", denoting the grey wolf—the

holy symbol of the Turkic people. Other Turkic names of the game are Ulak Tartish, Kuk Pari, Kök

Berü, and Ulak Tyrtysh.

48. In the West, the game (Turkish: Cirit) is also played by Kyrgyz Turks who migrated to Ulupamir village

in the Van district of Turkey from the Pamir region.

49. Buzkashi is often compared to polo. Both games are played between people on horseback, both

involve propelling an object toward a goal, and both get fairly rough.

50. However, polo is played with a ball, and buzkashi is played with a headless goat carcass.

51. Polo matches are played for fixed periods totaling about an hour; traditional Buzkashi may continue

for days, but in its more regulated tournament version also has a limited match time.

52. In western China, there is not only horse-back Buzkashi, but also yak Buzkashi among Tajiks of

Xinjiang.[citation

53. Nishan-e-Haider or Nishan-e-Hyder (Urdu: ‫نشششان حیششدر‬, translated as "Emblem of Haider, where

Haider is the epithet of Hazrat Ali and means Lion", abbreviated as NH) is the highest military

decoration given by Pakistan (it is the equivalent to the Victoria Cross and the Medal of Honor

under the British Honours System and the United States Honors System respectively).

54. It was established in 1957 after Pakistan became a Republic, however, it was instituted

retrospectively from Independence in 1947.

55. It is awarded to military personnel, regardless of rank, for extraordinary bravery in combat.[3]

56. The award is considered to be the highest military award and has only been awarded to those who

have sacrificed their life for the country.

57. Its exclusivity may be gauged by the fact that since it was established only 11 awards have been

made, along with one equivalent award.

58. To date all awards have been made posthumously. However, death of the individual during the act

of extreme courage is not mandatory for qualification for Nishan-e-Haider.

59. Of the 11 recipients, 10 have been from the Pakistan Army, one has been from the Pakistan Air

Force and no one from Pakistan Navy

 To date, no living person has received the award.

o Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed (1910–July 27, 1948), 2/1st Punjab

o Major Muhammad Tufail Shaheed (1914–August 7, 1958), East Pakistan Rifles

o Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed (1928–September 10, 1965), 17 Punjab

o Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed (1938–1971), 4 FF

o Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed (1951–August 20, 1971), PAF Training Squadron

o Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed (1943–December 6, 1971), 6 FF

o Sawar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed (1949–December 10, 1971), 20 Lancers

o Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed (1944–December 17, 1971), 15 Punjab

o Captain Karnal Sher Khan Shaheed (1970–July 5, 1998), 12 NLI

o Havildar Lalak Jan Shaheed (1967–July 7, 1999), 12 NLI

o Naik Saif Ali Janjua is also considered as a Nishan-e-Haider award recipient because he got

Hilal-e-Kashmir from the government of Azad Kashmir. Hilal-e-Kashmir is equivalent to

 Nishan-e-Haider. Therefore total eleven persons are considered to be the recipient of

Nishan-e-Haider.

 Raja Muhammad Sarwar Khan Bhati (1910–27 July 1948) (Urdu: ‫ )محمد سرور‬was born in Singhori

village, Tehsil Gujar Khan, District of Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Muhammad Sarwar[1] was a

captain in the newly formed Pakistani Army. Commissioned: 1944, Punjab Regiment. In 1947, he

volunteered to take part in the battalion organised by the Pakistani Army that entered Kashmir on

the order of the then Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah with the object of taking over

Kashmir.[citation needed]
His regiment managed to outflank the unorganized Indian troops and forced

them to retreat out of the parts which are now known as Northern Areas in one of the battles of the

First Kashmir War. He was killed by machine gun fire while advancing through a barbed wire

barricade.

60. During the Kashmir Operations soon after the birth of Pakistan, as Company Commander[citation needed]

of the 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment, Captain Sarwar launched an attack causing heavy

casualties against a strongly fortified enemy position in the Uri Sector under heavy machine gun,

grenade and mortar fire. But on 27 July 1948, as he moved forward with six of his men to cut their

way through a barbed wire barrier, he died when his chest was riddled by a burst of heavy machine

gun fire.

61. In recognition for his valor, Sarwar was postmumously awarded the Nishan-E-Haider, Pakistan's

highest military decoration.[2][3]

62. In addition Sarwar Shaheed College was named after his honor.

63. Tufail Mohammad (Urdu: ‫ ;طفیل محمد‬c. 1914 – 7 August 1958) was born in Hoshiarpur, Punjab.

64. Mohammad was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award and

is the only person to win the award for an action outside the Indo-Pakistan Wars. In 1958, Major
 Tufail Muhammed was posted to East Pakistan as the Company Commander of a battalion of East

Pakistan Rifles (a Para military force for border security). During his command, Indian troops

violating international borders captured a village in the area of Laskhmipur of East Pakistan. On

August 7, 1958 Major Tufail launched an assault to force withdrawal of Indian troops from the

village; He divided his men into three groups and attacked Indian troops during the dark hours of

August 7. Their groups was able to reach the enemy without being detected but as the firefight

started, the group came under heavy fire and Major Tufail received three bullets in his stomach.

Despite being shot in stomach, he kept moving and was able to silence the incoming fire from

machine gun. By tactically using grenades, Major Tufail was able to destroy key enemy posts. When

he saw an enemy commander inflicting heavy casualties to his men he crawled towards enemy

posting and engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand battle which resulted in the killing of a commander

of the Indian Army. He killed him by hitting him with his steel helmet on the face. He continued the

operation with his men which resulted in the withdrawal of Indian forces. Despite being heavily

injured, he called his junior officer “I have completed my duty; the enemy is on the run.” He was

rushed to hospital but he embraced shahadat.

65. Major Muhammed Tufail was buried with full military honors in his native city Burewala. His native

town has been named after him and is now known as Tufailabad. Major Muhammed Tufail was

posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider and he is the only person to get this award for an

action outside the Indo-Pakistani wars.

66. Major Raja Aziz Bhat (1928 - September 10, 1965) [1] (Punjabi, Urdu: ‫ )عزیز بھٹی‬was a Hong Kong-

born Pakistan Army's Staf officer who received Pakistan's highest award for valor. He was born in

Hong Kong in 1928.[2][3] He moved to Pakistan before it became independent in 1947, living in the

village of Ladian, Kharian, Gujrat. There he enlisted with the newly formed Pakistani Army and was

commissioned to the Punjab Regiment in 1950

67. On 6 September 1965, as a Company Commander in the Burki area of the Lahore sector, Major Raja

Aziz Bhatti choose to stay with his forward platoon under incessant artillery and tank attacks for five

days and nights in the defence of the strategic BRB Canal. Throughout, undaunted by constant fire

from enemy small arms, tanks and artillery. He was reorganizing his company and directing the

gunners to shell the enemy positions. In order to watch every move of the enemy, he had to place

himself in an elevated position, where he was exposed to Indian fury. He led his men from the front

under constant attack from Indian Artillery batteries. Although he tried to counter every Indian

ofensive in his area, he was hit by an enemy tank shell in the chest while watching the enemy's

moves, and embraced martyrdom on 11 September 1965.[4]

68. He is buried at his village in Ladian in the Gujrat district.

69. Each year, Major Bhatti is honoured in Pakistan on 6 September, also known as Defence Day of

Pakistan. Major Raja Aziz Bhatti was awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, the nation's highest military

award for gallantry for the exemplary courage he displayed.

70. Major Muhammad Akram (Urdu: ‫ ;محمد اکرم‬c. 1938–1971), was a Pakistan Army officer who was

posthumously awarded Pakistan military's highest decoration, the Nishan-e-Haider, for his actions

during the 1971 Indo-Pak War. Akram was sent on several missions in the India-Pakistan War, and

was killed in 1971 at the Battle of Hilli

71. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, the 4th FF Regiment, which Akram commanded, was

placed in the forward area of the Hilli Municipality (under Hakimpur Upozila, Dinajpur District), in

what was then East Pakistan.[citation needed] The regiment came under continuous and heavy air, artillery

and armor attacks from the Indian Army. Despite enemy superiority in both numbers and firepower,

Akram and his men repulsed many attacks, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. [2] Called the

hero of Hilli,[citation needed]

Major Muhammad Akram (N.H) was buried in the village of Boaldar,

Thana/Upozila-Hakimpur (Banglahilly), District-Dinajpur. There is a monument, Major Akram

 Shaheed Memorial, in the midst of Jhelum city. Anjum Sultan Shahbaz, the famous writer and

historian, has referred to Akram in his books Tareekh-e-Jhelum and Shohdai Jhelum.

72. Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas or Rashid Minhas Shaheed, NH, (Urdu: ‫( )راشد منہاس‬February 17, 1951 –

August 20, 1971) was a Pilot Officer in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) during the 1971 Pakistan-India

War. Minhas, a newly commissioned officer at that time, is the only PAF officer to receive the

highest valour award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He is also the youngest person and the shortest-serving

officer to have received this award. He is remembered for his death in 1971 in a jet trainer crash

while struggling to regain the controls from a defecting pilot: Matiur Rahman

73. Having joined the air force, Minhas was commissioned on March 13, 1971, in the 51st GD(P) Course.

He began training to become a pilot. On August 20 of that year, in the hour before noon, he was

getting ready to take of in a T-33 jet trainer in Karachi, his second solo flight in that type of aircraft.

Minhas was taxiing toward the runway when a Bengali instructor pilot, Flight Lieutenant Matiur

Rahman, signalled him to stop and then climbed into the instructor's seat. The jet took of and

turned toward India.

74. Minhas radioed PAF Base Masroor with the message that he was being hijacked. The air controller

requested that he resend his message, and he confirmed the hijacking. Later investigation showed

that Rahman intended to defect to India to join his compatriots in the Bangladesh Liberation War,

along with the jet trainer. In the air, Minhas struggled physically to wrest control from Rahman; each

man tried to overpower the other through the mechanically linked flight controls. Some 32 miles

(51 km) from the Indian border, the jet crashed near Thatta. Both men were killed.[2]

75. Minhas was posthumously awarded Pakistan's top military honour, the Nishan-E-Haider, and

became the youngest man and the only member of the Pakistan Air Force to win the award.

Similarly, Rahman was honoured by Bangladesh with their highest military award, the Bir Sreshtho.[3
76. Major Shabbir Sharif Rana (Urdu: ‫ ;شبیر شریف رانا‬born April 28, 1943) was a Pakistani officer who

received both the Sitara-e-Jurat and Nishan-e-Haider for his bravery

77. Sharif was born April 28, 1943 in Kunjah, Gujrat District) to Major(r) Muhammad Sharif.[1]

Completed his O Levels from St. Anthony's High School, Lahore and while he was at Government

College Lahore that he received a call to join Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) Kakul. He was

commissioned in Pakistan Army on April 19, 1964 and after successfully completing his training,

including a receipt of Sword of Honor, he was posted to the 6th Battalion of the Frontier Force

Regiment.

78. Sawar Muhammad Hussain Janjua (Urdu: ‫ )محمد حسین‬was born in Janjua family of Dhok Pir Bakhsh

(now Dhok Muhammad Hussain Janjua named after him in commemoration of his Gallantry) near

Jatli in Gujar Khan on June 18, 1949. He joined Pakistan Army as a driver on September 3, 1966 at a

very young age of 17 years [citation needed]

. Although he was only a driver he always yearned to

participate in active battle

79. Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed was born in Pind Malikan (now Mahfuzabad) in

Rawalpindi District on October 25, 1944. Muhammad Mahfuz joined Pakistan Army on October 25,

1962 as an infantry soldier

80. At the time of India-Pakistan War of 1971, Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was serving in Company

“A” of 15 Punjab Regiment deployed on the Wagah-Attari Sector. On the night of December 17–18,

his company was assigned the task of occupying Phul Kanjri village located in the same sector. Lance

Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was assigned to Platoon No. 3, which was designated as the forward unit

in the assault. Thus this Platoon had to face torrential volleys of enemy fire from concrete Pill boxes.

When the entire Company “A” was about 70 yards from the Indian position, it was pinned down by

an unceasing frontal and cross fire from automatic weapons. On top of that the enemy artillery also

opened up its fire with the break of dawn. Mahfuz, whose machine-gun was destroyed by an enemy
 shell, charged towards the Indian defences. Muhammad Mahfuz advanced towards an enemy

bunker whose automatic fire had inflicted heavy casualties. Even though wounded in both legs by

shell splinters, when he reached the bunker he stood up and pounced on the enemy, in the

encounter he was hit with a bayonet. Although unarmed, he got hold of the enemy but sufered

another bayonet wound while trying to strangle an Indian soldier. Due to serious injuries he died on

the night of 17 December 1971.

81. For his supreme courage, Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed was awarded Nishan-i-Haider,

the highest Military award of Pakistan.

82. Karnal Sher Khan (1970–1999) (Urdu: ‫ )کرنل شیر خان‬was a Pakistan Army officer who is one of only

eleven recipients of Pakistan's highest gallantry award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He was a Captain in the

27 Sindh Regiment of the Pakistan.

83. Captain Sher Khan was posthumously awarded Pakistan's highest gallantry award, the Nishan-e-

Haider, for his actions during the Kargil Conflict with India in 1999.
84. The following is the official statement by the Pakistan Army: [1]
85. "Captain Karnal Sher Khan emerged as the symbol of mettle and courage during the Kargil conflict

on the Line of Control (LoC). He set personal examples of bravery and inflicted heavy losses on the

enemy. He defended the five strategic posts, which he established with his Jawan's at the height of

some 17,000 feet at Gultary, and repulsed many Indian attacks. After many abortive attempts, the

enemy on July 5 ringed the post of Capt. Sher Khan with the help of two battalion and unleashed

heavy Mortar firing and managed to capture some part of the post. Despite facing all odds, he lead

a counter-attack and tried to re-capture the lost parts. But during the course he was hit by the

machine-gun fire and embraced Shahadat or martyrdom at the same post. He is the first officer

from the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province to be awarded with Nishan-e-Haider."

86. Havaldar Lalak Jan Shaahed (Urdu: 7 – 1967 ;‫ للاک جان‬July 1999) was born in Yasin, in the Ghizer

District, of the Northern Areas of Pakistan (now called Gilgit-Baltistan). After school he joined the

Pakistan Army, and reached the rank of Havaldar

87. As a junior officer in the Northern Light Infantry, Jan fought against India in the Kargil War of 1999.

88. Tiger Hill in the Kargil Sector had been occupied by around 130 men of 12th NLI (Northern Light

Infantry) unit of the Pakistan Army. These men were under the command of Subedar Sikander, who

was given the responsibility to capture Indian territory (which was under Indian control after the

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971). Havaldar Major Lalak Jan was his 2IC (second in command). The men

of 12th NLI were ordered by the Subedar to change their positions while firing back at the Indian

forces

89. Lalak Jan put a bag of explosives on his back, and while shouldering an AK-47 descended Tiger Hills

for the second time, again amidst heavy Indian shelling. Managing to avoid being seen by the Indian

forces, and utilizing his knowledge of the surrounding hills to take cover, he located the secret

bunker and threw the explosives inside the bunker.

90. The bunker, which incidentally was also an ammunition dump, blew up in a very big blast. Lalak Jan

managed to take cover, and the Indian Army lost 16 men inside and nearby the bunker. The other

Indian soldiers saw Lalak Jan and opened fire on him. Surrounded from all sides by Indian fire, Lalak

Jan made a valiant efort to resist and returned fire.

91. He sustained grave injuries, especially as a result of heavy mortar shelling

92. On 15 September 1999, the commanding officer of 12th NLI sent two Special Service Group

Comando groups to Tiger Hills to recover the body of Lalak Jan. The two forces were designated

'Ababeel' and 'Uqaab'(Eagle). Ababeel provided the fire cover while Uqaab went into the destroyed

enemy bunker to retrieve the body of Lalak Jan. When his body was found, Havaldar Lalak Jan had

his AK-47 firmly clenched to his chest.

93. Pakistan awarded him the Nishan-i-Haider, Pakistan’s highest military award, for extraordinary

gallantry. Only ten soldiers have ever received this honour. Jan was the first person from the

Northern Areas of Pakistan to receive the award

94. Naik Saif Ali Janjua Pakistan Army Azad Kashmir Regiment (Sher-e-Riasti Battalion) was a platoon

commander during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He received the Hilal-e-Kashmir from the

government of Azad Kashmir, which is equal to Nishan-e-Haider, the highest military award given by

Pakistan. He fought in the Kashmir sector during the 1948 War and was killed there.

95. Janjua and his few jawans defended his post and repulsed many aggressive ventures by the Indians

and imposed colossal losses on them. The enemy used every mean to capture the post with two

companies attack and heavy artillery bombardment, but was unsuccessful. During the course of

action, despite being hit in the chest by artillery fire, Janjua retained his position and frustrated the

Indian assault. Due to severe injuries he died on 26 October 1948.

96. On 14 March 1949, the Defence Council of Azad Jammu and Kashmir adorned him with Hilal-e-

Kashmir (posthumous) and on 30 November 1995, the Government of Pakistan initiated the gazette

notification to declare his Hilal-e-Kashmir equivalent to Nishan-e-Haider.

97. The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the

enemy" to members of the armed forces of various Commonwealth countries, and previous British

Empire territories.[3]

98. It takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals.

99. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command.

100. The VC is usually presented to the recipient or to their next of kin by the British monarch at

an investiture held at Buckingham Palace.

101. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts of valour

during the Crimean War.

102. Since then, the medal has been awarded 1,356 times to 1,353 individual recipients. Only 13

medals, nine to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army, have been awarded

since the Second World War.

103. The traditional explanation of the source of the gunmetal from which the medals are struck

is that it derives from Russian cannon captured

104. at the siege of Sevastopol. Recent research has thrown doubt on this story, suggesting a

variety of origins for the material actually making up the medals themselves. [4

105. The Medal of Honor is the United States of America's highest military honor, awarded for

personal acts of valor above and beyond the call of duty.

106. The medal is awarded by the President of the United States in the name of Congress to US

military personnel only.

107. There are three versions of the medal, one for the Army, one for the Navy, and one for the

Air Force. Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy Medal of Honor.

108. The Medal of Honor is usually presented by the President at the White House in a formal

ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the American people, with posthumous

presentations made to the primary next of kin. [4][5] In 1990, Congress designated March 25 annually

as "National Medal of Honor Day".[6]

109. Due to its prestige and status, the Medal of Honor is aforded special protection under U.S.

law against any unauthorized adornment, sale or manufacture, which includes any associated

ribbon or badge.[7]
110. Although the medal is sometimes referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor, the

original and official name is simply the "Medal of Honor". [1][8

111. The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest military decoration awarded for the highest

degree of valour or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy.

112. It can be, and often has been, awarded posthumously.

113. The PVC was established on 26 January 1950 (the date of India becoming a republic), by the

President of India, with efect from 15 August 1947 (the date of Indian independence).

114. It can be awarded to officers or enlisted personnel from all branches of the Indian military. It

is the second highest award of the government of India after Bharat Ratna (amendment in the

statute on 26 January 1980 resulted in this order of wearing).

115. It replaced the former British colonial Victoria Cross (VC), (see List of Indian Victoria Cross

recipients).

116. Provision was made for the award of a bar for second (or subsequent) awards of the Param

Vir Chakra. To date, there have been no such awards. Award of the decoration carries with it the

right to use P.V.C. as a postnominal abbreviation.

117. The Ashoka Chakra is the peace time equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra, and is awarded for

the "most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent valour or self-sacrifice" other than in

the face of the enemy.

118. The decoration may be awarded either to military or civilian personnel and may be awarded

posthumously.
119. Subedar Major Bana Singh of the Eighth Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry was the only

serving personnel of the Indian defence establishment with a Param Vir Chakra till the Kargil

operations.

 The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains at about

120. 35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E35.421226°N 77.109540°E, just north-east of the point NJ9842 where

the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.[4] At 70 km (43 mi) long,

121. it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.

[5]

122. It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col on the

China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its terminus.

123. The Siachen Conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict

between India and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.

124. A cease-fire went into efect in 2003. The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful

Operation Meghdoot during which it wrested control of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and not

demarcated area).

125. India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all

of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of

the glacier—Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La.

126. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge. [5][6] According to

TIME magazine, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km 2) of territory because of its

military operations in Siachen.[

127. Gwadar Port is located at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the mouth of the Persian Gulf,

approximately 460 km (290 mi) west of Karachi, 75 km (47 mi) east of Pakistan's border with Iran

and 380 km (240 mi) km northeast of the nearest point in Oman across the Arabian Sea.

128. It is situated on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped Peninsula protruding into

the Arabian Sea from the coastline.

129. Gwadar Port is situated near the strategic Strait of Hormuz and its busy trading and oil

shipping lanes.

130. The surrounding region is home to around two-thirds of the world's oil reserves. It is also the

nearest warm-water seaport to the landlocked, but energy rich, Central Asian Republics and

landlocked Afghanistan.[1]

131. A river delta is a landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into

an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir.

132. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves

the mouth of the river.

133. Over long periods of time, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a

river delta.

134. The Indus River Delta (Sindhi: ‫)سنڌو ٽٽڪِور‬, forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian

Sea in Pakistan.

135. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 square miles), and is approximately

210 km across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is 6,000 km² in area.
136. The climate is arid, the region only receives between 25 and 50 cm of rainfall in a normal

year. The delta is home to the largest arid mangrove forests in the world,[1] as well as many birds,

fish and the Indus Dolphin.

137. The Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) refers to the current position that divides Indian

and Pakistani troops in the Siachen Glacier region. The line extends from the northernmost point of

the LOC (Line of Control) to Indira Col.

138. The Siachen Glacier and the bordering Saltoro Range first saw military action in 1984 when

the Indian Army occupied the glacier and the Saltoro range to pre-empt a Pakistani action to do the

same.

139. This operation was codenamed Operation Meghdoot (Divine Messenger of the clouds).

There have been several minor changes to the held positions, however the Indian Armed forces

have held onto the heights of the Saltoro range.

140. This line runs across the edge of the Saltoro range which is a mountainous plateau with

peaks which have heights in excess of 8,000 meters.

141. The Indian soldiers hold onto the heights on the plateau, preventing the Pakistani soldiers

from climbing up the Saltoro range.

142. The current position of the AGPL follows the general line:

143. Indira Col - Sia La pass - Saltoro Kangri 1 - Bilafond La pass - K12 - Gyong La pass - NJ9842[1]

144. The Siachen Conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict

between India and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.
145. A cease-fire went into efect in 2003. The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful

Operation Meghdoot during which it wrested control of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and not

demarcated area).

146. India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all

of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of

the glacier—Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La.

147. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge. [5][6]

148. During her tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Ms Benazir Bhutto, visited the area west of

Gyong La, making her the first premier from either side to get to the Siachen region.

149. On June 12, 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister

to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem.

150. In 2007, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area.

151. The Chief of Staf of the US Army, General George Casey on October 17, 2008 visited the

Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General Deepak Kapoor.

152. The US General visited for the purpose of "developing concepts and medical aspects of

fighting in severe cold conditions and high altitude

153. The Cuban missile crisis—known as the October crisis in Cuba and the Caribbean crisis

(Russian: Kарибский кризис, tr. Karibskiy krizis) in the USSR—was a 13-day confrontation between

the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side, and the United States on the other, in October 1962. It is

one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, and is generally regarded as the moment in which

the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict.[2] It is also the first documented
 instance of the threat of mutual assured destruction (MAD) being discussed as a determining factor

in a major international arms agreement

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations began in August 1947 after British India was partitioned into the Republic of
India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan and Afghanistan are usually described as inseparable
states due to their historical, religious, cultural, linguistic, and ethnic ties, as well as their multiple trade and
economic ties.[1] Both neighbouring states are Islamic republics and part of the South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation. However, the relationship between the two countries has been afected by the
Durand Line, the issues of Pashtunistan and Baluchistan, the 1980s Soviet war, the rise of the Taliban, the
2001-present war, and the growing influence of India in Afghanistan.

History

Further information: History of Pakistan and History of Afghanistan

Arachosia and the Pactyans during the 1st millennium BCSouthern and eastern Afghanistan is
predominately a Pashto-speaking region, like the adjacent Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered
Tribal Areas, and northern Balochistan regions in Pakistan. This entire area is inhabited by the indigenous
Pashtuns who belong to diferent Pashtun tribes.[2] The Pashtuns have lived in this region for thousands of
years, since at least the 1st millennium BC.[3][4][5]

Border dispute

Main articles: Durand Line and Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes

The Durand Line border was established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between Mortimer Durand
of colonial British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan for fixing the limit of their respective
spheres of influence. The single-page agreement which contains seven short articles was signed by Durand
and Khan, agreeing not to exercise interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and what
was then colonial British India.[6] Pakistan inherited this agreement after its partition from India in 1947
but there has never been a formal agreement or ratification between Islamabad and Kabul. The Afghan
government still refuses to recognize the poorly-marked Durand Line as the international border between
the two states, claiming that the Durand Line Agreement has been void in the past due to violations by
Pakistan as well as other reasons.[7] Pakistan, on the other side, issued a warning to Afghanistan in 2008
that it would not "tolerate any violations of its borders". Pakistani Prime Minister, Yusuf Raza Gilani,
explained that the Durand Line border was too long to police.[8] Relations have continued to be strained,
as several top Afghan officials stated that they are weary of Pakistan's negative influence in the country. The
Afghan government often accuses Pakistan of using its spy network, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), in
aiding Taliban and other militants. Pakistan has denied the allegations but has said that it does not have full
control of the actions of the ISI. Relations became even more strained as the United States supports an
Afghan invasion of rogue tribal regions.[9] There have been many reports in the last decade about the Pak-
Afghan border skirmishes, which usually occur when army soldiers are in hot pursuit chasing insurgents
who cross the border back and forth for their own advantages. This leads to tensions between the two
states, especially after hearing reports of civilian casualties which is the result of carelessness of the
soldiers on the front line.[10]

Other contemporary issues

Further information: Afghan civil war and Afghans in Pakistan

Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the Pakistani government played a vital role in
supporting the Mujahideen and assisting Afghan refugees. Pakistan absorbed an estimated 3 million
refugees and provided shelters to them at various regugee camps, mainly around Peshawar in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa.[11] After the Soviet withdrawal in February 1989, Pakistan, with cooperation from the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), continued to host the refugees. In 1999, the
United States provided approximately $70 million in humanitarian assistance to Afghan refugees in
Pakistan, mainly through multilateral organizations and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs).Afghan
President Hamid Karzai with U.S. President Barack Obama and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari during a
US-Afghan-Pakistan Trilateral meeting at the White House in Washington, DC.Pakistani strategists view
Afghanistan as providing "strategic depth" to develop greater access and links to Central Asia and in the
event of a war with neighboring India. In the event that the Indian Army crosses into Pakistan, the Pakistan
Army would temporary locate supplies in Afghanistan and prepare for a counter-ofensive. Furthermore,
many Pakistanis see in Afghanistan and Afghans a common bond based on religion, history, culture,
language and ethnic ties. At various times, Pakistan backed the mujahedeen against the Soviets,
mujahedeen against each other and the Taliban against the Iranian-backed Northern Alliance.The
overthrow of the Taliban regime in November 2001 has seen somewhat strained relations between
Pakistan and Afghanistan. The present Karzai administration feels that the remnants of the former Taliban
government are being supported by factions within Pakistan for the same above reasons. However,
Pakistan has said the government cannot control all elements of its intelligence agency, the ISI, which the
United States and others accuse of contributing to the instability in Afghanistan. In 2006 Afghan President
Hamid Karzai warned that "Iran and Pakistan and others are not fooling anyone" when it come to
interfering in his country. “If they don’t stop, the consequences will be … that the region will sufer with us
equally. In the past we have sufered alone; this time everybody will sufer with us.… Any efort to divide
Afghanistan ethnically or weaken it will create the same thing in the neighboring countries. All the
countries in the neighborhood have the same ethnic groups that we have, so they should know that it is a
diferent ball game this time."

—Hamid Karzai, February 17, 2006

Hamid Karzai sitting with Pakistani Prime Minister, Yusuf Raza Gilani, in Islamabad, Pakistan.

Many prominent Afghan figures were assassinated in 2011, including Burhan Uddin Rabbani, Ahmad Wali
Karzai, Jan Mohammad Khan, Mohammed Daud Daud, Ghulam Haider Hamidi and others.[12] Also in the
same year, many large scale attacks by the Pakistani based Haqqani network took place around the country.
After the September 2011 attack in Kabul, the United States warned Pakistan of a possible military action
against the Haqqanis in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.[13] The U.S. blames Pakistan's
government, mainly Pakistani Army and its ISI agency, for many of the attacks inside Afghanistan.[14]"In
choosing to use violent extremism as an instrument of policy, the government of Pakistan, and most
especially the Pakistani army and ISI, jeopardizes not only the prospect of our strategic partnership but
Pakistan's opportunity to be a respected nation with legitimate regional influence. They may believe that by
using these proxies, they are hedging their bets or redressing what they feel is an imbalance in regional
power. But in reality, they have already lost that bet."[15]

—Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staf

U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan, Cameron Munter, told Radio Pakistan that "The attack that took place in
Kabul a few days ago, that was the work of the Haqqani network. There is evidence linking the Haqqani
Network to the Pakistan government. This is something that must stop."[16] Other top U.S. officials such as
Hillary Clinton and Leon Panetta made similar statements.[17][14] Despite all of this, Afghan President
Hamid Karzai labelled Pakistan as Afghanistan's "twin brother".[18] Such words in diplomatic talks mean
that Afghanistan cannot turn enemy against the state of Pakistan to please others.

[edit] Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement

Main article: Transit Trade Agreement

Afghan Foreign Minister, Zalmai Rassoul, and his Pakistani counterpart, Hina Rabbani, signing the Afghan-
Pak Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) in June 2011, as Hamid Karzai, Yusuf Raza Gilani, Rehman Malik and
others stand to witness the historic ceremony.

In July 2010, a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) was reached between Pakistan and Afghanistan for
the Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA), which was observed by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton. The two states also signed a MoU for the construction of rail tracks in Afghanistan to connect with
Pakistan Railways (PR)[19], which has been in the making since at least 2005.[20]In October 2010, the long-
awaited Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) between the two states was finally inked. The
landmark agreement was signed by Pakistani Commerce Minister Makhdoom Amin Fahim and Anwar ul-
Haq Ahady, Afghan Ministry of Commerce. The ceremony was attended by Richard Holbrooke, U.S. Special
Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan, and a number of foreign ambassadors, Afghan
parliamentarians and senior officials.[1] It would allow each nation's shipping trucks into the others; Afghan
trucks will be allowed to drive through Pakistan to the Wagah border with India, including to the port cities
of Karachi and Gwadar.[21]In November 2010, the two states formed a joint chamber of commerce to
expande trade relations and solve the problems traders face.[22][23] The APTTA agreement has taken
efect after several Afghan trucks delivered fruits from Afghanistan to the Wagah border with India in June
2011. With the completion of the APTTA, the United States and other NATO member states are planning to
revive the Silk Road. This is to help the local economy of Afghanistan, as well as Pakistan, by connecting
South Asia with Central Asia and the Middle East.[24]

China Pakistan Economic Corridor:

Economic, Political and Security Perspectives

Distinguished participants,

I am greatly honored to deliver the Keynote address at this international seminar organized by the
Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies on the Economic, Political and Security Perspectives of the China
Pakistan Economic Corridor.
I should start with the disclaimer that I am not an expert on this subject. Nor am I privy to the finer
details of the agreements and the MOUs signed by the two sides. As such, I would request you to overlook
and correct any errors of fact or judgement on my part.
The CPEC is a part of the vision articulated by President Xi Jinping of China to create linkages and
connectivity among the nations of the world through the implementation of the ‘One Belt One Road’
concept, which would include the revival of the age old Silk Route and also establish a maritime Silk Route
in the Indian Ocean.
Economic:
 Let us look at the economic aspects of the CPEC project first. It has been widely reported that 51
MOUs and agreements worth a total of $ 46 billion were signed between the two sides during the visit of
the President Xi Jinping to Pakistan in April this year. A cursory glance at this list of 51 agreements and
MOUs reveals that more than twenty of these agreements are on programmers and projects which have no
bearing on either the Economic Corridor or the Energy projects. .
Among the 51 MOUs there are only four projects for which the Chinese government has ofered
concessional loans. These are:
Gwadar Airport;
Gwadar East Bay Expressway of around 19kms;
Sukkhar-Multan Motorway; and
KKH expansion project Phase-2.
I understand that the total commitment of the Chinese government for these projects may come to
around $ 12 billion spread over the next few years.
The CPEC is expected to have three routes i.e. the Eastern, the Central and the Western, merging
into one road at Havelian where the KKH begins. China is only committed to building the Sukkhar-Multan
Motoway on the Eastern Route. The Chinese President in his remarks at the signing ceremony in April 2015,
also clearly stated that the Central and the Western routes were medium and long term projects. China
probably believes that the Cargo traffic in the next few years will not be sufficiently large to warrant the
simultaneous completion of all three routes leading to the KKH. It would follow that if the government of
Pakistan wishes to give priority to the Western and the Central routes, following the consensus reached at
the All Parties Conference, it has to find the money to complete the routes from its own cofers.
It is worth noting that as far as China is concerned the carrying capacity of the CPEC for Chinese
imports and exports will only be equal to the carrying capacity of KKH, since that will be the only road
leading into China from Pakistan.
It is significant that the agreements so far relate only to the building of the road and the
infrastructure at Gwadar. Unlike the grand original concept of the Corridor, with the road, railways and
pipelines running parallel to each other there is no mention in the agreements of either the laying of any
pipeline or the building of a railway linkage to China. These may, perhaps, be considered at a later stage
depending on their economic feasibility and the cost-benefit analysis by China.
There is also some confusion about the total outlays from the Chinese side for the CPEC. Even some
Chinese economic analysts are said to be somewhat bemused by the figure of $ 46 billion that have been
tossed about by our side and are said to be wondering at how we have arrived at this figure. The confusion
perhaps arises out of the fact that we have chosen to lump under the rubric of CPEC, the envisaged official
loans for the Corridor with a large number of private sector Energy projects that are to be undertaken by
Chinese Corporations, and perhaps some ongoing projects, which have no bearing on the Corridor.
Trade Diversion:
Now let us look at the issue of usage of the corridor. CPEC, as I stated earlier will become a single
artery at the KKH which will limit the amount of Cargo that can travel to China. I am not aware of any
research organization in Pakistan having done any calculations about the tonnage that can annually be
transported over the widened KKH, which will finally determine the number and the capacity of routes
needed from Gwadar to KKH. We need to work out the capacity of the KKH to carry cargo to and from
China. How many trucks will be loaded at Gwadar and Karachi every day to undertake the long and difficult
journey through high mountains to Western China? What will be the transit fees accruing to Pakistan? In
my limited readings on the subject I have not come across such studies. Perhaps some of the experts will
provide more information on these issues.
It is my view that the CPEC is not being established to fulfil the needs of China. It is primarily meant
to promote economic growth in Pakistan. I say this because the diversion of Chinese exports from and
imports into western China through Gwadar/Karachi and the CPEC is going to be a slow process. China has
been catering to the import and export requirements of Western China through the existing sea lanes. The
CPEC will indeed reduce transport time and costs and provide an alternative route for transport of goods.
But all said and done only a small percentage of Chinese worldwide trade or even the requirements of
Western China can or will pass through Gwadar and CPEC.
Duty Free Economic Zones and Industrial Parks:
The new infrastructure of roads which will run through many underdeveloped areas with little or no
facilities available can become viable only if there are large and humming industries producing goods for
exports which need the road to carry the goods to the ports. While there is talk about Industrial Parks and
Free Economic Zones etc. there is no indication yet of where the investors are coming from. Perhaps we are
hoping that as China moves up the technological ladder some of the basic Chinese industries can be shifted
to Pakistan. This may or may not happen. I believe that we must persuade our own entrepreneurs,
businessmen and the rich that instead of siphoning of their financial resources – ill-gotten or otherwise –
to foreign lands, they should invest in the industrial parks and economic zones etc. to be established along
the CPEC.
Energy:
Let us now talk about the energy projects where the bulk of the money is to be spent and which
may be the first priority of the government in order to win the next elections.
The energy related projects are expected to cost more than 30 billion dollars and are being financed
by Chinese Corporations. These include Solar and Wind energy parks, Coal fired power plants, nuclear
power plants and two Hydel power projects at Suki Kinari and Karot. While the Chinese government is
ofering soft and concessionary loans for the CPEC, the energy companies of China are investing in Pakistan
for profits. They are not philanthropic agencies seeking their recompense in the hereafter.
 The government of Pakistan has argued that the energy projects being financed by Chinese
Corporations are not loans being incurred by the Government and would not add to our debt burden. This
is factually correct, as long as the government does not provide sovereign guarantees for these projects.
But it is also a fact that private investors expect to make sizeable profits on their investment and repatriate
the profits out of the country for many years after having recouped their initial investment in the first few
years of their operations. Whether the Government pays interest on loans in foreign exchange or private
investors repatriate profits in foreign exchange the result is the same - a drawdown of our somewhat
meagre FE reserves.
I mention this not because I am against foreign private investment since FDI is essential for growth
but only because we are not known for safeguarding our national interests in our negotiations and
agreements with foreign or even local investors. Whether it is the IPPs or the Rental Power projects or the
more recent LNG terminal, the privatization of PTCL, KESC, Banks and other assets, or a host of other
projects, the interests of the business corporations and investors have invariably taken precedence over the
interests of the people of Pakistan. We can only hope that the same pattern is not being repeated with the
Chinese investors and the rates of return on their investment will be attractive but reasonable.
Furthermore, some analysts argue, validly, that the country has enough installed energy production
capacity but that the line losses due to faulty transmission lines, theft of electricity, non-payment of bills by
the government departments and the influential class, and the free provision of electricity to hundreds of
thousands of workers in the energy sector and perhaps their relatives are the major culprits in the
shortages being faced by the country. Producing more energy without addressing these crucial issues will
only compound the losses to the exchequer because the government will be paying to the energy
producers whether the energy is used or not. At a minimum, we must install new transmission lines with
the capacity to distribute the additional energy production and to minimize line losses which alone run to
more than 20% of the production. I have found only one MOU in the list of 51 which deals with the
transmission issue.
In any event it is my view that our energy requirements will continue to surge in the future and the
additional electricity production will certainly reduce shortages, give a fillip to our industry and production
lines and hopefully enhance our exports.
Problem areas:
Now let us look at some of the problems confronting the CPEC.
Provincial disharmony:
The controversy over the route of the CPEC has the potential of creating inter-provincial disharmony
and feeding the feeling, particularly in Balochistan, of discrimination by the federal government and
Punjab. Although the Prime Minister had, at an All Parties Meeting, given the assurance that the western
corridor would be given priority over the Eastern corridor which passes through Punjab, it has been
claimed by the politicians belonging to KPK and Balochistan that no money had been allocated for the
construction of the Western route. Meanwhile, as noted earlier, China has committed to build only the
Sukkher-Multan motorway as part of its CPEC contribution.
In a report issued by the government of Balochistan on 26 th July, titled the CPEC: The Route
Controversy, it is alleged that ‘despite denials (by the federal Government) the route has been changed to
pass through central Punjab.’ Unless the grievances of KPK and Balochistan are addressed quickly and
visibly the sense of deprivation and resentment will be strengthened which would not bode well for the
federation.
Capacity:
I understand that there are also capacity problems which might hinder the completion of the civil
works required for the projects on time. Even the regular and assured supplies of basic requirements like
Sand, Cement, Bajri and electricity are not assured. When the Chinese raise these issues they are assured
that everything will be arranged. When they ask who will make the arrangements there are no satisfactory
answers.
Bureaucracy at work:
The bureaucracy in Pakistan is better known for throwing spanners in the works and impeding work
rather than facilitating foreign investors. There are already some stories doing the rounds about how some
bureaucrats in order to curry favour with their political masters are presenting ‘innovative ideas’ to ‘reduce
costs’. Committees are established to examine the proposals. The Committees proceed to undertake visits
to China to discuss the ‘new ideas’ and enjoy Chinese hospitality. The innovations instead of reducing costs
result in delaying the implementation of the projects and cost escalation.
Militancy and Security threats:
There are some internal threats to the safety and security of the CPEC and those working on it from
some terrorist organisations and insurgents. As such the CPEC will require security since, when it becomes
functional, thousands of heavy vehicles and trucks are expected to ply over it on a daily basis. Which
agency will provide security to the Corridors? Will it be the army or the police? The COAS has announced
the raising of a 10,000 strong force to provide security to the Chinese while they work on the projects
undertaken by them. The Balochistan Chief Minister has announced that he will ask the centre to provide
two billion rupees to raise a new special force of 1,100 for the Gwadar Safe City Project. Will the provinces
be expected to provide security to the parts of the road that run through each province? Have any
informed estimates been made of the number of security personnel required to patrol the entire length of
the three pronged CPEC? I believe that there should be a central mechanism for the security of the
Corridors.
 The same applies to the security to the more than 30 billion dollars worth of energy projects in
various parts of the country. I understand that some private security companies are also in the process of
being hired to provide security to the Chinese workers, engineers and others involved in the projects.
Political:
I have already spoken about possibility of disharmony among the provinces over the route of the
CPEC.
I personally do not believe that the project causes too much concern in the outside world.
There is India, of course, which has made no secret of its opposition to the CPEC. It spuriously
claims that the CPEC will traverse through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir which is under the illegal
occupation of Pakistan. India has lodged a protest with China also in this regard. But in practical terms we
can discount its opposition as a political restatement of the Indian position and its discomfort over the
possibility of economic progress in Pakistan, which hopefully will not translate into any physical threat.
There are those in Pakistan who believe that the United States would be upset and unhappy at this
turn of events which is likely to bring China and Pakistan even closer. However, to my knowledge the United
States has given no indication of any apprehensions or reservations over the project, which will improve
Pakistan’s road network and help the Pakistani economy through meeting its energy shortages without any
financial burden on the United States.
Our other neighbours namely Iran and Afghanistan should clearly have no problems with better
roads and improved electricity production in Pakistan.
In recent days, however, the Prime Minister, the COAS as well as the Chief Minister of Punjab have
declared that they will not allow any impediments in the implementation of the CPEC. It is not clear
whether they are warning the native trouble makers or some foreign powers.
Conclusion:
Pakistan needs to follow the Chinese example and develop an export oriented economy based on
production of industrial and value added goods. The services sector will not be our saviour. Over the years
our imports have shot up while our exports have become stagnant. According to the latest figures this year
our exports have actually gone down. This is an unsustainable situation.
Increasing remittances from Pakistanis working abroad and the low prices of oil have provided
partial relief from our huge trade deficits. But remittances can be a fickle source of foreign exchange and
could go down for a number of reasons. Similarly, oil prices may rise again. We need to diversify, value-add
and enlarge the base of export goods and that can be done only through the establishment of export
oriented industries.
China has like a true friend provided Pakistan with the means to improve its road infrastructure as
well as to overcome its energy shortages. Both are vital for economic progress and can have a multiplier
efect on the economy by creating jobs as well as by increasing production and output.
 At a time when many Pakistani businessmen are taking their capital out of the country to invest
elsewhere, China has given us a life line. We should admire the Chinese leaders who have stepped in to
help a friend despite the economic and security risks.
There may be some who, are not happy about and are critical of Chinese investment in Pakistan.
One hopes that their criticism is not at the behest of some outsiders to besmirch China and is meant in the
spirit of constructive suggestions. They should, instead of being critical of Chinese investments, bring
alternative investors to Pakistan who ofer better terms and match the quantum of Chinese investments.
There can be no doubt that the Chinese leadership and particularly President Xi Jinping are
committed to make the CPEC and the related energy projects a success. Encouraged by and following their
government’s lead Chinese private sector Banks and Corporations are making large investments in Pakistan.
This is a lifetime opportunity for us.
A huge responsibility now rests on the shoulders of the government, opposition politicians, the
bureaucracy, the entrepreneurs and the people of Pakistan to lay their diferences and concerns aside and
make this huge and daring enterprise a success. Only time will tell whether as a nation we have the ability
to rise to the occasion.
Allow me to conclude by recalling that the great Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping is reported to have
said: ‘Foreign investors are like sparrows. You gather them by putting out food for them. Gaining their trust
is a difficult and delicate process which takes time. To scatter them you just have to throw one pebble at
them and they will all fly away and may never return because you have lost their trust.’
I hope we will not be throwing too many pebbles.
Thank you.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

1. Establishment of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was first proposed by Chinese Premier Li
Keqiang during his visit to Pakistan in May 2013. The proposed project of linking Kashgar in northwest
China with Gwadar Port on Arabian Sea coastline in Baluchistan was approved on July 5, 2013 during the
visit of PM Nawaz Sharif to Beijing, which included construction of 200 km long tunnel.
China’s Investments

2. In December 2013, China committed $6.5 billion for the construction of a major nuclear power
project in Karachi. In May 2014, another agreement was signed to supplement Orange Line metro train
project in Lahore worth $1.27 billion. In November 2014, the two countries signed 19 agreements related
to CPEC. In addition, Chinese firms started work on six mega power projects in Gilgit-Baltistan such as
Dassu, Phandar, Bashu, Harpo, Yalbo to tackle Pakistan’s energy crisis.

Quest for Warm Waters3. Mindful of the under development of its western provinces which are its soft belly
and ongoing Uighur movement, China wants speedy 50modernizations of Xingjiang and other under developed
provinces to bring them at par with eastern provinces. For the accomplishment of these dreams, China needs access
to warm waters in Arabian Sea through Gwadar since this route to world markets is the shortest and the cheapest.
This access was never granted to Russia.

Visit of Xi Jinping
4. With this objective in view, President Xi Jinping visited Islamabad on April 20-21, 2015 and raised
the level of investment from $ 26 billion to $ 46 Billion. He signed 51 agreements/MoUs worth $28 billion,
with $17 billion in pipeline spread over 15 years.
His visit achieved the milestone of the groundbreaking of historic 3,000 km-long strategic CPEC.
Projects in Hand
5. It includes $ 33 billion worth energy projects such as coal, solar, hydroelectric power projects which
will inject 10,400 MW electricity in the national grid by 2017/18, and hydro power projects. Other projects
are fibre optic cable from Xingjiang to Rawalpindi, 1240 km long Karachi-Lahore motorway, metro and bus
service in six major cities, up gradation of 1300 km long Karakorum Highway, oil/gas pipelines to connect
Kashgar to the seaport of Gwadar, 1,800-km railway line, commercial sea-lanes, special economic zones,
dry ports and other infrastructure.
Routes
6. Three routes have been marked:-
a. Western route originating from Gwadar will pass through Turbat, Panjgur, Naag, Basima,
Sohrab, Kalat, Quetta, Qila Saifullah, Zhob DIK, Mianwali, Hasanabdal, Isbd.
b. Central route will originate from Gwadar, Quetta, and reach DIK via Basima, Khuzdar, Sukkar,
Rajanpur, Liya, Muzafargarh, Bhakkar, DIK.
c. Eastern route will include Gwadar, Basima, Khuzdar, Sukkar, RYK, Bwp, Multan, Lahore/Fsbd,
Isbd, Mansehra.

Importance of Gwadar.
7. Gwadar is one of the least developed districts in Baluchistan province. It sits strategically near the
Persian Gulf and close to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 40 per cent of the world’s oil passes. Work on
Gwadar deep-seaport had started in 2002 with China’s investment. In 2013, management of the seaport
which was in the sloppy hands of Singapore PSA International was handed over to China’s Port Holdings. It
is planned to develop Gwadar into free trade zone with a modern airport on the model of Singapore or
Hong Kong and a gateway to CPEC. It will be largest, deep seaport, overshadowing Chahbahar and Dubai
seaports.
Analysts’ Views 8. Some analysts perceive Gwadar seaport turning into China’s naval base in the Indian Ocean,
enabling Beijing to monitor Indian and American naval activities and thus frustrating their ambition to convert the
ocean into exclusive Indian lake. Modernization of Pak Navy by China is seen as a step in that direction.

9. Analysts say the projects conceived under CPEC will ease Pakistan’s energy shortages and make a
substantial diference in the long term. Experts opine this initiative can bring greater cohesion in South
Asia, one of the world’s least economically integrated regions. It is also feared that clashing geo-economic
interests may lead to unhealthy competition.
Gains for China
10. While the CPEC may be ‘monumental’ for Pakistan, for China it is part of more ambitious plans to
beef up the country’s global economic muscle. Chinese officials describe the corridor as the “flagship
project” of a broader policy — “One Belt, One Road” — which seeks to physically connect China to its
markets in Asia, Africa, Europe and beyond. The New Silk Road will link China with Europe through Central
Asia and the Maritime Silk Road to ensure a safe passage of China’s shipping through the Indian Ocean and
the South China Sea. CPEC will link China with nearly half of the population of the world.

11. Access to Indian Ocean via Gwadar will enable China’s naval warships and merchant ships to bypass
Malacca Strait and overcome its “Malacca Dilemma”.
Development of Gwadar seaport and improvement of the infrastructure in the hinterland would help
China sustain its permanent naval presence in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.

12. At the same time, the new silk roads are bound to intensify ongoing competition between India and
China –and to a lesser extent between China and the US – to invest in and cultivate influence in the broader
Central Asian region.

Indian Concerns
13. Modi is at the horns of dilemma; whether to bow to RSS agenda of Hindutva and remain captive to
entrenched interest groups and lobbies in India with hardened mindset who are doggedly resisting any
paradigm shift in relations with rising China and cling to the myth of Mahabharat. The dice of connectivity
loaded by China has left India confused and bewildered, whether to remain tied to the aprons of declining
super power which is not in a position to make big investments, or to hitch the bandwagon of ascending
power which promises a lot.
14. Modi’s position will become more vulnerable when Pakistan starts politically stabilizing and
economically shining and Lahore turning into a regional capital and he unable to fulfill the development
agenda.
15. India is also concerned about China’s huge investment in Pakistan, particularly its recent decision to
fund a new batch of nuclear reactors. Pakistan plans to add four new nuclear plants by 2023, funded by
China, with four more reactors in the pipeline (adding up to a total power capacity of 7,930 MW by 2030).
China is helping Pakistan in producing plutonium at Chinese built Khushab reactor and will also sell 8
submarines worth $5 billion, which will give a quantum jump to Pak Navy’s sea capability.
16. Possibility of India making another somersault after finding the dicey US Asia-Pacific pivot less
attractive and China’s policy of peace and friendship more beneficial cannot be ruled out. However, this
strategic shift will take place only when China agrees to give preference to India over Pakistan (as had
happened in 1990 when the US ditched Pakistan and befriended India).
Pakistan’s Travails

17. Pakistan has remained under a dark star for a long period. It has bravely sailed past the period of
trials and tribulations but at a very heavy cost. Pakistan has acted as the frontline state against the Soviets
and against global terrorism and sufered enormously, but in the process it allowed China 35 free years to
develop and prosper unobtrusively.

Changing Geo-Political Environment

18. Geo-political scenario is fast changing and things are brightening up for Pakistan after its long rocky
journey. China has entered into a new era of geo-economic relationship with Pakistan and plan to boost
two-way trade from current $12 billion to $20 billion. Pak-Afghan relations have dramatically improved. ISI
and NDS have inked intelligence sharing agreement. Afghanistan and China no more listen to India’s song of
terrorism emanating out of Pakistan.
19. Pakistan wisely deciding not to take part in Yemen war has helped in improving Pak-Iran relations.
Possibility of revival of IPL project and its extension up to China has brightened up after gradual lifting of US
sanctions on Iran. Russia is warming up to Pakistan and establishing military ties with it. China and Russia
are strategic partners and boosting their respective strategic ties with Iran. Pakistan is likely to be inducted
as member of the SCO and possibly member of BRICS.
20. Internally, Pakistan economic indicators and GDP are improving; foreign exchange reserves are rising
and inflation is down. Railway has gone in profit for first time. Energy crisis is being tackled earnestly. The
leaders and the led are on one page to deal with scourge of terrorism on war footing. The world is fast
changing its negative opinion about Pakistan and it is now being looked at with respect. Pakistan flags are
being routinely hoisted in occupied Kashmir; IDPs are returning to South and North Waziristan, and so are
Afghan refugees.
21. China has risked investing so much of amount in Pakistan since it is convinced of the genuineness of
the Pakistani claim of a paradigm shift in its approach to terrorist groups. This change has come as a
consequence to across the board Operation Zarb-e-Azb in FATA and spectacular successes achieved against
terrorists of all hues including the Uyghur.
22. The Silk Road Economic Belt will not only connect and develop China and Pakistan but also the
regional countries for the first time and promote peace. This phenomenon will be against India’s aggressive
chemistry.
Pakistan’s Expected Gains
23. Following are Pakistan expected gains:
a. CPEC has opened vista of great opportunities for Pakistan and will greatly help in overcoming
poverty, unemployment, inequities of smaller provinces and help Pakistan in becoming the next Asian tiger.
b. CPEC from all counts will prove a game changer and will make China a real stakeholder in Pakistan’s
stability and security. It is a win-win situation for both. It will greatly expand the scope for the sustainable
and stable development of China’s economic development.
c. Investments by China will boost Pakistan’s $274 billion GDP by over 15 %.
d. Corresponding progress and prosperity in Pakistan and China’s patronage will help Pakistan in
getting rid of the decade old labels of ‘epicentre of terrorism’, ‘most dangerous country’ and a ‘failing
state’.
e. Given the solid foundations of friendship at the people-to-people level between China and Pakistan,
Chinese influence in Pakistan is destined to endure the test of time
f. Pakistan seems to have found a saviour in China, which has promised to stand by the country in its dark
hour. Once Pak-China connectivity strike roots, Pakistan’s geo-strategic security interests whenever
threatened will be guarded by China.
g. China’s investment surpasses all foreign investments in Pakistan in the past. Win-win cooperation is
based on trust, confidence and convergence of interests. The Chinese influence in Pakistan has touched an
unprecedented high level and it has surpassed the US which has remained the most preferred ally since
1954.
h. The US which has repeatedly betrayed Pakistan and is widely disliked by the public will have to
negotiate with Pakistan harder than ever from now onward. The elites under the magic spell of the US are
also inclined to change their western oriented mindset and change their orientation.
i. Pakistan enjoys a more favorable fiscal budget situation compared to India by reducing its budget deficit
to 4.7% of GDP in 2014 (as against India’s 7%) and Pakistan is much cheaper as an emerging market.
j. China’s economic and military assistance will help Pakistan a great deal in narrowing its ever
widening gap in economic-military-nuclear fields with India and in bettering its defence potential.
k. Keeping strategic parity with India has now become an achievable goal for Pakistan.
l. Revival of economy in the coming period is bound to make Pakistan an attractive destination for
foreign investors and will greatly help in removing socio-economic inequities of smaller provinces and in
squeezing the space for anti-Pakistan elements.
m. The success of the Sino-Pak partnership is critically linked to the success of stabilization of the
Afghan situation. China and Pakistan have a shared interest in the stabilization of Afghanistan, because the
main threat to the realization of the “Belt and Road” projects in Pakistan come from the terrorist groups
operating out of the Af-Pak region.
n. Pakistan is far more comfortable with China as a facilitator of the Afghan peace talks than it is with
the US, whose intentions are highly suspect.
o. China’s investment in Pakistan has conveyed a big message to the other South Asian countries
such as Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal to hurry and climb on board the Chinese “Belt and Road Initiative”
to derive growth benefits.
p. Pakistan’s gravitation in the direction of China and Russia at this juncture underscores a strategic
realignment in the making.
q. China is uniquely placed to pull the key regional states – Russia, Iran, Central Asian states to its side.
Efforts to Scutle CPEC
24. Strategic economic moment for Pakistan has arrived and interesting part is that Pakistan has
assumed the position of economic pivot for the whole region. This paradigm shift in circumstances is a
cause of great worry for the enemies of Pakistan both within and outside. India, Iran, UAE, Gulf States,
Israel, US are unhappy. For India, CPEC is a thorn in its paw.
25. They have put their heads together to work out new strategies how to block the forward march.
RAW has opened a special office in Delhi and has been allotted $300 million to disrupt CPEC. Already one
can notice sudden upsurge in acts of terror in the three restive regions and activation of certain NGOs and
think tanks all trying to air misgivings and create fear psychosis.
26. ANP, Baloch nationalists, PkMAP raised serious objections on the routes of CPEC and alleged these
have been changed. Even PTI and JUI-F showed inclinations to climb the bandwagon of anti-CPEC forces.
Objections were being raised despite assurances by the government that no change has been made.
Controversies Raised in CPEC
27. Following controversies are raised:
a. Eastern route is six-lane motorway and benefits Punjab and Sindh and bypasses major
portion of Baluchistan and KP.In their view, western route is original route which is 1-2 lane roads conceived
in 2006 and is shortest. CPEC not transparent and kept under wraps
b. Orange Line Train project is from CPEC allocations.
c. Special Economic Zones are inequitably distributed.
d. Eastern route is unsafe being close to Indian border.
Government’s Stance
a. No original route in existence before 2013.
 b. CPEC project director Maj Gen Zahir Shah stated that no document is in existence showing
original route; hence changing of original route doesn't arise. Western route will be developed as motorway
by extending Kashgar-Karakorum Highway. Work on three routes has started simultaneously.
c. 15-year project has short/mid/long term projects. Govt and China wished to first develop eastern
route due to factors of security, better infrastructure and early completion. Western route will be a long
term project since it is uninhabited, insecure, time consuming. Provincial capitals will be nodes of CPEC.
d. Orange Line project is Punjab project funded by Punjab govt.
e. Proposed 16 industrial zones not yet finalised.
f. Development of backward provinces is high priority of govt.
g. Power projects are more in KP, followed by Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan respectively.
Ramifications
28. Political consensus, security and law and order are pre-requisites for early completion of CPEC.
China has other options to exercise if Pakistan fails to deliver. Pakistan cannot aford to lose this golden
opportunity. Successive Govts will have to remain focused and committed to completion of projects in
hand. Provinces should focus on industrial parks, energy projects instead of routes. Trade routes are not
developed on basis of ethnicity but on basis of convenience and requirements. There is skepticism that
administrative, technical and operational capacity of workforce and staf of Pakistan employed in CPEC may
not match the Chinese efficiency/commitment, and also fail to absorb huge investment productively.
Actions in hand
29. Operations in restive areas have been geared up. Agenda of NAP has been expedited, although not
satisfactorily. 10,000 strong Special Security Division has been created to provide foolproof security. APC
was held on May 13 to remove misgivings on CPEC. Another meeting was held on May 28 and in this
consensus was achieved after PM agreed to develop western route first. Special Parliamentary Committee
has been formed to address complaints. Working groups will be formed in July and economic zones decided
in consultation with provinces. No funds will be transferred from CPEC allocations for Orange Line project.
China will however gift additional funds to complete this project in two years.
Conclusion
30. The CPEC connected to Gwadar has the potential to radically alter the regional dynamics of trade,
development and politics. CPEC is a game changer for the entire region. It will uplift the lives of about 3
billion people across China, Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East.
31. The time and tide is not in favor of the detractors. They will die their death in the hurricane of CPEC
since China is determined to make Pakistan a success story. $46 billion economic package is Chinese gift for
people of Pakistan.
 CPEC – IMPEDIMENTS AND IMPACT ON OUR ECO

Intro

1 Pak has remained under a dark star for a long pd. It has bravely sailed past the pd of trials and tribulations
but at a very hy cost. Pak has acted as a frontline state against the Soviets and against terrorism and
sufered enormously, but in the process it allowed China 35 free yrs to dev and prosper unobtrusively. Geo
– pol scenario is fast changing and things are brightening for Pak after its long and rocky journey. China has
entered into a new era of geo – eco relationship with Pak and plan to boost two-way trade from $12 billion
to $20 billion, a positive shift for the eco growth of Pak.

Aim

2. To analyze CPEC with regards to its impediments and impact on our eco.

3. The seq of the paper will be:

a. CPEC and Pak.

b. Analysis.

c. Recoms.

CPEC and Pak

Now when Pak is in dire need of another maj round of infrastructure (First being Indus Water Treaty), CPEC
can serve the purpose in befitting manner. The $46 billion investment in CPEC against our total res of $17.5
billion makes it a potential game changer for Pak. The world media is declaring that Pak can be the next
Asian tiger after the materialization of CPEC. Now when the China has incl Pak in its larger regional plan
titled “One Belt One Rd”, Pak can serve as a br b/w new Silk rd for Euro Asian connectivity and a Meritime
Silk rd b/w ASEAN ctys. It is a win-win sit for both Pak and China.

For the dev nation like ours this proj with its Early Harvest of $28 billion will soon yield. A gist of the salient
aspects related to Pak is:-

a. By 2017-18, 10,400 MW of elec will be in the national grid sta.

b. Both rd and rly infrastructure will improve immensely.

c. Stra and eco ties with China on the basis of mutual trust and mutual collaboration.

d. Boost to Pak’s eco.

 e. Trg of 2000 Pak in China over a wide rg of tech aspects.

f. Exchange visits of youth.

g. $ 44 million fiber-optic will be laid from China to Pak.

Analysis

CPEC will not only enhance the Pak’s image in intl community but will also have a lasting efect on the
socio-eco growth within cty. It has the potential to dev jobs, infrastructure and provincial harmony.
Provided if the deeds at our end match the imp of the proj.

Security Sit.

CPEC is likely to encounter security hazards because of :-

a. Route from Gawadar to Kashgar is passing through volatile region and it is a long route to be
supervised.

b. Non state actors with the help of other states eg India are likely to sabotage the proj; as the
eco growth / prosperity will hamper mischievous designs of non-state actors

Pol lack of Will. The dilemma of safeguarding own pol interests is hampering the proj. The pol
parties lack the foresight or tend to turn blind to gain cheap popularity. Various talk shows and news
conf have pessimistically hyped the issue.

Involvement of foreign Agencies. Various foreign agencies and Indian in specific have taken this proj
as thorn in her pawn. World media has unveiled the new office in Delhi to counter / disrupt CPEC
with the initial budget of $300 million last month. The salient concerns for the foreign agencies are:-

a. 4 new nuclear reactors in Pak, funded by China.

b. China will sell 8 new submarines of worth $5 billion to Pak.

c. The relations b/w ISI and NDS are improving.

d. Chabahar port overshadowed.

Tech manpower – Void. Owing to the imp of this proj the tech manpower is insufficiently trained /
equipped. This will not only slow the proj but will also result in sub std product.

Huge infrastructure – req Continuous Maint. CPEC is a huge proj. It involves dev of port, rd and rly
infrastructure, dry ports, eco zones, power sector etc, the maint of all this will be a challenge.
 Reservations of Provinces. Provinces first showed their grievances on the route followed by land
and various other minor issues. The fuel was added by the govt by calling these grievances as
“irritants”. For a dev nation like ours, where this proj can be a turning pt for the eco growth these
little issues will cause delay.

Reservations of Masses. Fol the footsteps of their ldrs / pol the masses too showed reservations.
These reservations were mainly because of ignorance and to get undue / extra favour from the govt.

Role of Foreign Office. CPEC is not only a win – win proj for Pak and China but it involves around 60
ctys and half of the world’s population. With this proj running a number of nations will have stakes dir
related to Pak. This is where the role of foreign office comes and without a second thought this role
will be demanding.

Role of Media. Media at first hyped the proj followed by projecting negative side of the proj, by
focusing on a number of reservations pertaining to this proj. Various talk shows and press conf just
added in confusing the masses.

Recoms

Capability of newly raised Div/Enhancement.

c. Entire route be divided amongst the newly raised div.

d. Security agencies and the newly raised div to be well equipped to meet any ctgy / untoward sit.

Estb of Pol will. There can be no altn for the devoted and fair pol. One of the prime factors to
determine the success of CPEC will always be the pol stability. This vital proj is the morale obligation
and as well as the need of time for our pol ldrs. Fol is recomd in this regard:-

e. APC has to be very proactive and all parties to be taken in confidence prior to taking any decision
concerning CPEC.

f. Debates on national lvl incl high ups of all imp facets of life.

g. A bill should be passed in the national assy to streamline / run the proj unhindered.

Proactive role of own Security/Int Agencies. To counter Indian hegemonic designs and to nullify the
efects of foreign agencies u/m is recom:-
h. Special / designated outfit in ISI to have a check and counter Indian eforts to disrupt CPEC.

i. Close coop of ISI with NDS.

j. This special / designated outfit should work under / in coop with the div raised for the
protection of CPEC proj.

Trg of Manpower. For the betterment of this proj we need to train our manpower. This can be
achieved by getting the asst of the Chines tech advice. Moreover the Pak working abroad may be
called by ofering lucrative pay and privileges.

An Org for Maint. The essence of proj will die down or will have the short term efects if we failed
to maint what we will construct. So, there is a need to have outfits which should look after the
infrastructure. These org / outfits should fulfill u/m criteria:-

a. Induction of manpower in these org should be on merit.

b. All the infrastructure ie rds, rly, dry ports, Gawadar port etc should be supervised by the separate
org, with manpower having expertise in respective fd.

c. These org should be audit able.

Provincial Harmony. “United we stand divided we fall”, this saying will be the decisive factor in the
success of CPEC proj. Grievances of provinces must be solved, by incorporating them in planning.
Moreover the provincial assy be briefed by the experts on the impact of the decision taken.

Jobs for Locals. Jobs for the locals will not only help in countering the reservations of the masses but
will also improve the socio – eco condition of the locals. Fol is recom in this regard:-

a. Jobs for locals in the newly raised div.

b. Tech jobs for locals in the org for the maint of the infrastructure.

c. Labour involved in various tires of this proj be taken from the local areas. d. Free trg camps for the
interested manpower to get the best results.
Proactive Foreign Office. Our foreign office has to be very proactive to deal efficiently with the
demanding job ahead. Foreign office should try to get the membership of both SCO and BRICKS,
which will serve as a platform to resolve many issues. Furthermore we should also have cordial
relations with CAR states, Gulf states and ASEAN states as these all states will be directly involved in
this proj; one way or the other.
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17. Which three countries, apart from the former
Cherry.
41. Which shareare theborders
highestwith types of clouds:
Yugoslavia,
64.
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136. Which
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Of what kind eye
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ofvariety?
stratocumulus or cirrus?
pinkeye?
also a
England?
Albania, cartoon's
206. WhichBulgaria, name
explorerTurkey.
discovered Victoris Falls in Africa?
Cirrus.
Shark.
Conjunctivitis
'What's
Kent. for breakfast?'
18. TheLivingstone.
David Palk Strait separates which two countries?
42. Which ancient measure of length was based on the
187.
88.
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and SriisLanka.
the country
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iguana?
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207. Whoof the
was arm
the from
last fingertip
king of to
Egypt? elbow?
which
parallel
Sudan? shuns
after the
World light?
War II?
Cubit.
19. AGa is the symbol for which element?
lizard.
Korea.
Mali.
Farouk.
43. After World War I, Transylvania became part of
Gallium.
89.
66.
whichWhat
112. What,
Which issport
country? the name
politically,
was of does
the Winter
originally UDI Olympics
stand
called event
for? mafia?
‘soccer-in-water’?
Badminton. 208. What is the literal meaning of the word
that combines cross-country skiing
20. In the Greek alphabet, what is the name for the and shooting?
Romania.
211. Which is the shallowest of the Great Lakes? Unilateral
letter
Water O?polo. declaration of independence.
Biathlon.
Bargging.
44. Which sea in Northern Europe is bounded by
Omicron.
Lake Erie. 67.113. Wagga unit Wagga
oflasted is 16
a city
measurement in which Australian
is derived from the
90.
209.Which
severalWhich American
war
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including years
Sweden, writer
longer than
Finland, wrote
its name
Poland
212. What name is given to minute or microscopic 21. What,
state?
Arabic
Fahrenheit
implies?
and in
quirrat,
Germany? the
451? 16th and
meaning seed? 17th century, was a pavana?
animals and plants that live in the upper layers of New
Carat. South Wales.
ARay
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The Bradbury.
Hundred
Baltic.
dance. Year's War.

22.
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opiate
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 George Mallory.
221. What was the former name for Sri Lanka?
fresh and salt water?
Ceylon.
Plankton.
213. Which country was originally named Cathay?
China.
214. Sinhalese is a language spoken in which country?
Sri Lanka.
215. The Sao Francisco river flows through which
country?
Brazil.
216. In which sport do teams compete for the Dunhill
Cup?
Golf.
217. Of
222. Which
whichShakespeare character's
Middle East, country islast words the
Baghdad are:
'The rest is silence'?
capital?
Hamlet.
Iraq.
218. How
223. In economics, whose
many arms doeslaw states
a squid that: 'bad money
have?
drives out good money'?
Ten.
Gresham's
224. Which indoor game is played with a shuttlecock?
219. Who made the first navigation of the globe in the
Badminton.
vessel Victoria?
Magellan.
225. Do stalactites grow upwards or downwards?
220. Which mountaineer on being asked why he
Downwards.
wanted to climb Everest said: 'Because it's there'?
226. What food is also called garbanzo?
Chick-pea. Rabat.
227. What is the quality rating for diesel fuel, similar 234. How many balls are on the table at the start of a
to the octane number for petrol?
game of pool?
Catane number. Sixteen.
228. Which German city and port is at the confluence 235. In which country is the volcano Mount Aso?
of the rivers Neckar and Rhine?
Mannheim. Japan

229. Where in Europe are the only wild apes to be 236. What name is given to inflammation of one or
found? more joints, causing pain, swelling and restriction of
movement?
Gibraltar.
Arthritis.
230. The Brabanconne is the national anthem of
which country? 237. Which mineral is the main source of mercury?
Belgium. Cinnabar.
231. In which country is the River Spey? 238. What A is the national airline of Russia, code
name SU?
Switzerland.
Aeroflot.
232. Which international environmental pressure
group was founded in 1971? 239. What would be kept in a quiver?
Greenpeace.
233. What is the capital of Morocco?
Arrows. 253. What is the technical name for abnormally high
blood presure?
240. What 'ology' is concerned with the study of
unidentified flying objects? Hypertension.
Ufology. 254. What part of eye is responsible for its color?
241. Coal and longtailed are types of which bird The iris.
family?
256. The letter RF on a stamp would indicate it is from
Tit. which country?
242. In the game of darts, what is the value of the
outer bull? France.
Twenty five 257. What is the meaning of the musical term
243. In which part of the human body is the cochlea? cantabile?
Ear. In a singing style.

244. What is the modern name of the rocky fortress 258. San Juan is the capital of which island in the West
which the Moors named Gabel-al-Tarik (the Rock of Indies?
Tarik)? Puerto Rico.
259. Which profession gets its name from the Latin
Gibraltar. word for lead?
245. What was the name of German terrorist Andreas Plumbing.
Baader's female partner? 260. On which part of the body do grasshoppers have
Ulrike Meinhof. their ears?
246. And what was the name of the urban guerrilla Hind legs.
organisation they headed? 261. Who wrote children's stories about the land of
Narnia?
The Red Army Faction.
C.S. Lewis.
247. Which German bacteriologist discovered
Salvarsan, a compound used in the treatment of 262. What is the second planet from the sun?
syphilis, before the introduction of antibiotics? Venus.
Paul Ehrlich. 263. What is the highest mountain in the Alps?
248. Which ancient Roman satirist wrote the 16 Mont Blanc.
Satires?
Juvenal. 264. Of which Caribbean country is Port-au-Prince the
capital?
249. Who became the Queen of Netherlands in 1980? Haiti.
Beatrix. 265. Which German city is asscociated with the legend
250. Who was the last Bristish king to appear in of the Pied Piper?
battle? Hameln, or Hamelin.
George II. 266. What name is given to the wind pattern that
251. What is the art of preparing, stuffing and brings heavy rain to South Asia from April to
mounting the skins of animals to make lifelike models September?
called? Monsoon.
Taxidermy. 267. What is the first book of the New Testament?
252. What is the Beaufort scale used to measure? The Gospel according to Saint Matthew.
Wind speed.
268. What name is given to the time taken for half the Algebra.
atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay?
283. What does the abbreviation RAF stand for?
Half-life.
Royal Air Force.
269. Who was president of Kenya from 1964 to 1978?
284. What name is given to the use of live animals in
Jomo Kenyatta. the experiments?
270. Which German author wrote the anti-war novel Vivisection.
All Quiet on the Western Front?
285. Viti Levu is the largest island of which country?
Erich Maria Remarque.
Fiji.
271. Which country had a police force called the
Tonton Macoutes? 286. The Golden Arrow was a famous train that ran
from Paris to which destination?
Haiti.
Monte Carlo.
272. What would you find in formicary?
287. Which country fought on both sides during World
Ants. War II?
273. Who was the first British sovereign to make Italy.
regular use of Buckingham Palace when in residence
288. What centigrade temperature is gas mark 6 equal
in London?
to?
Queen Victoria.
200 degrees C.
274. Of where is Sofia the capital?
289. In the game of chess, which piece is called
Bulgaria. springer in Germany?
275. What is meant by the musical term andante? Knight.

At a moderate tempo. 290. What is the meaning of the Russian word 'mir'?

276. In a bullfight, what is the mounted man with a

lance called? Peace.
A picador. 291. Who, in World War II, were Axis Power?
277. Which team has a soccer team called Ajax? Germany, Italy. Japan.
Amsterdam. 292. Which scientist used kites to conduct electrical
278. Which Dutch explorer discovered New Zealand? experiments?
Benjamin Frankline.
Abel Tasman.
293. What is the longest river in France?

279. Who became first black world heavyweight Loire.

boxing champion in 1918? 294. Which inventore had a research laboratory at
Jack Johnson. Menlo Park?
280. The name of which city in South America means Edison.
Vale of Paradise? 295. Which birds fly in groups called skeins?
Valparaiso.
Geese.
_____281. Which gas used in advertising signs has the
296. In medicine, which is the most widespread
symbol Ne?
parasitic infection?
Neon.
Malaria.
282. Which branch of mathematics uses symbols to
297. What nationality was the explorer Ferdinand
represent unknown quantities?
Magellan?
Portuguese.
298. Which Italian city is called Firenze in Italian?
Florence.
299. What is Autralia's largest city?
Sydney.
300. Which term meaning 'lightning war' was used to
describe military tactics used by Germany in World
War II?
Blitzkrieg.