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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Plastic have become an essential part of our day to day life since their
introduction over hundred years ago. It is one of the most commonly used
materials in the world today. We use plastic daily. Whether plastic water
bottles, plastic bags, toothbrushes, plastic cups, or plastic eating utensils,
plastic pervades our environment. We all practically live in a plastic world,
whether we notice it or not. Although plastic provides us many benefits, it
hurt us and our environment. Plastic manufacturers and giant corporations
may or may not know just how much plastic is entering our oceans, causing
considerable damage while also harming marine life.
People litter the streets with sachet wrappers and plastic bottles.
Sachet wrappers can hold just about anything from instant coffee to
shampoo. For a developing country, such as the Philippines, people prioritize
price because they have a limited income. As a result, most companies
make their products more accessible and thus more profitable by selling.
Plastic pollution is without a doubt toxic.

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As such, it should be of great concern in the short and long term for its
environmental and economic harm. They endanger marine life and other
animals, because they can mistake a piece of plastic for food when it isn’t. In
addition, because of the food chain, even human beings can consume
plastic from the fish they eat without even knowing it. Even if the animals that
first ate the plastics live, they can get eaten, thus endangering their
predators, such as humans.
The purpose of this study is to show that conservation/recycling efforts
are made by the waste disposing facilities to maximize their image of quality,
service, environmental concern, and public relations as a profit motive,
determine the perception of plastic disposal by means of shredding to solve
the solid waste problem, review of the alternative methods of plastic disposal
by shredding and identify the need for public pressure as a drive toward
society's sustainability in our country.
So one way to lessen those problems is to utilize those plastic waste
products, instead of dumping them, and make them reusable. We therefore
conclude to study on how to create a product out of shredded plastic that will
help create building materials as such Hollow Blocks or Bricks with high
sustainability by means of shredded plastics.

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Objectives of the Study
General Objectives
This study aims to prevent water pollution that causes flood, by collecting
and shredding plastic bottles or wrappers in making hollow blocks/bricks, to
build not only houses, but entire communities in the future with this
sustainable innovation and to prove that plastics can be recycled into
reusable hollow blocks/bricks and help environment by lessening the plastic
waste.
Specific Objectives
1. Determine if the any kind of plastic material will be shredded.
2. Evaluate how much plastic material can be shred.
3. Test the amount weight mixer can be mix by loading of cement, sand,
and shredded plastics.
4. Examine the strength of the eco blocks made from different ratio of
cement, sand, and shredded plastics.
Significance of the Study
Plastic were one of the most and common used material nowadays
for improving the quality of products (gadgets, appliances, furniture etc.) to
improve the quality of life. And because of improper disposal of garbage it all
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end up in drainage, sea wages, that causes floods in a low land areas even if
it’s a normal rain fall and occurs a tragic event during a storm which causes
a heavy rainfall. It is also affects our oceans.
The Philippines was ranked the 3rd top source of plastic leaking into
oceans in a February 2015 study. The country generates 2.7 million metric
tons of plastic garbage each year, 20% or 521,000 tons of which ends up in
the oceans. Thus study will help to lessen the amount of plastics that kept
being recycled in other ways that also becomes a garbage that causes the
clog of our drainages at our oceans to be polluted, because in this study the
plastics that’s going to be shred will be used to mix with cement and become
a blocks that can use to build house or structures. The study aims to benefit
the following:
Students in this study can be a reference for mechanical subjects and
boost the youth’s consciousness about our environment particularly in
recycling the plastics produce by the people.
Society and Environment this study help our waste management by
shredding this plastic into fined pieces that can used to create new product
such as blocks and helps our landfill site in narrowing the spaces.
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Infrastructure and Construction Industry in this study they can benefit
in both ways because this study helps to lessen the plastic garbage that
could clog in their drainage and those plastics can be made to blocks that
they can use to build their housing projects and units.
Businesses in this prototype will help the community to recycle the
shredded plastic turns to useful, so that they can sell the output. Those
shredded plastic can be convert to a fuel, hollow blocks, and substitute to the
gravel in the construction.
Future researchers the prototype may an inspiration for those who want
to make a better environment, by collecting plastic wrappers as well as other
plastic waste and use or turn them into hollow blocks to help the
environment. This project can prove useful in homes, commercial
establishment and etc. The lesser the waste means the lesser the pollution
in the environment.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study cover subjects in the field of Mechanical Engineering, such
as Machine Design and Engineering Materials. Given that plastic is our
medium; we include different types of plastic such as Polyethylene

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Terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and also
crushing mechanisms for different objects that may enter the system.
The study will not cover natural energy concepts, given the fact that
the system needs big amount of power. We also have to bear with plastic
materials that has high amount of hardness. Like High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), and
AcryIonitrite Butadiene Styrene (ABS) that are type plastic material are hard
to crush.
This kind of plastic can actually damage the shredder unit that is used
when this plastic are mixed up with the easy to crush plastic materials. The
researcher delimits the amount of volume that will be simultaneously crushed
for the machine may not be able to overpower large amount of plastics.
Definition of Terms
For clarification of the presentation, the following terms are defined
according to its use in the study:
AcryIonitrite Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a type of plastic used for
appliance housing, automotive interior parts, luggage, pipe fittings and other
electronic equipment cases.

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High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a type of plastics used for
detergent bottle, motor oil bottles, milk jugs, juice containers, and trash bins.
Landfill is a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by
burying it and covering it over with soil.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a type of plastic used for
dispensing bottles, wash bottles, plastic grocery bags, and trays.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a type of plastic used for soft drink
bottles, mineral water, fruit juice container and cooking oil bottle.
Polypropylene (PP) is a type of plastic used for margarine containers,
yogurt pots, syrup bottles and prescription bottles.
Polystyrene (PS) is a type of plastic used for disposable coffee cups,
plastic food boxes and packing foam.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a type of plastic used for all kinds’ pipes
and tiles, but is most commonly found in plumbing pipes.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related of literature and studies after the
thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers. This will also present
the history, theoretical and working principle of the P2B - Garbage Recycling
Machine.
History of Shredder
The year was 2.560 B.C. when man in his desperate search for
means of expression created papyrus. Before that his irresistible urge to
express himself manifested mostly on cave walls or clay tablets or other
difficult to impossible to shred mediums. Papyrus changed all of that. With
the invention of papyrus, man felt for the first time in history the need to rip
into pieces something that he created to imprint certain information.
This first papyrus shred to pieces could be of a painting or a poem
gone horribly wrong. Or of symbols that articulated emotions or desires for
the future. It could be a list of financial assets or a text of religious
significance. The owner of the papyrus could have destroyed it. There could
be a reason for doing it or there could be no specific reason at all but it was
done by someone.
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And after the first man, there were many more that followed a similar
course of action because they could do it. The Chinese discovered paper,
and as centuries passed, humans kept finding new reasons to destroy.
Gutenberg discovered the printing machine and the mass paper media was
born. Reading was not anymore a privilege of the aristocracy. In 1806 a man
called Henry Fourdinier created the Fourdinier machine. These were steam-
driven papermaking machines that could make paper with fibers from wood
pulp. Great quantities of paper could be made in great speed.
And then, in 1909, almost 6.000 years after the invention of papyrus,
103 years after the creation of the Fourdinier machine, a man from the
United Stated of America called Abbot Augustus Low had a simple but
glorious idea. In a world dominated by paper, he had a simple idea. He
thought: “What if I created a machine that shreds paper?” And thus, he filed
a patent for what he called a “waste – paper receptable”. The first shredding
machine came into existence. A creation meant to destroy. It could change
the course of history.
According to him, his invention related “to the provision of improved
means for disposing of waste paper and is designed more particularly for use
in offices and other places where not only the collection and storage of waste
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paper is desirable, but also its cancellation or mutilation in such manner as to
render it unavailable or unintelligible for re-use or for information”. The
invention consisted “of a receptacle having a cutting or cancelling device
interposed between it and a receiving hopper, whereby the papers are
disintegrated and rendered useless as such before they enter the body of the
receptacle, in which latter the fragments are stored temporarily in a suitable
bag to be removed from time to time for the disposition of the waste”.
Augustus didn’t just invent the device but knew of the advantages it
could hold for banks and other organizations “where the practical destruction
of correspondence, memoranda, liquidated bonds, accounts, books, and the
like is a desideratum, since the particles of paper are useless for
identification, information, or fraudulent purposes of any character” However,
not many shared his enthusiasm. And as it is often the case with all those we
come to admire as genius, it took society quite a long time to understand the
necessity of such a device.
In reality, there was no demand for a paper shredder; no market. And
how could there be such a demand when most of the people didn’t feel the
need to shred their documents using a device. And while it was probable that
US intelligence agencies might have understood its importance the simple

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fact is that the concept of identity theft or data protection was not very
common; not common enough for the “common people”.
Now, all this has changed. In the 21st century, “information
destruction” is a multi-billion business and shredding machines are at the
center of it. Shredding machines have evolved and are becoming more and
more sophisticated. They will destroy from paper to DVDs and CDS or hard
drives. Anything that can hold data of any kind can be destroyed and
recycled. Everyone is using them. From small offices to big corporations,
from government agencies, to schools and hospitals; in some countries it
has become a requirement of the law to shred specific documents using
shredding machines.
Precious Plastics
Precious Plastic is an open-source project that was started in 2013 by
Dutch designer Dave Hakkens. The idea was to make a series of machines
that were to decrease the problem of plastic waste throughout the world by
reshaping it into new products on a local basis. Hakkens suggested that
people all over the world could build their own production line and pay the
local citizens a small fee according to the weight of the raw material they
bring to the workshop.

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Version 1.0 was merely a proof of concept for his graduation project at
Design Academy in Eindhoven. More people got involved to help develop
version 2.0 to make them easier to build using basic materials that are
available worldwide. The blueprints and instructions were then shared freely
at his website and he made a forum to form a community of machine
developers that give feedback and help each other with problems that may
arise during the construction phase and as a source of inspiration for further
uses. The machine that was built and developed in this thesis is based on
this version. (R. Ekman, 2018)
Waste Shredding Machines
Waste shredding machines, waste shredding systems, solid waste
shredding, industrial waste shredder, waste shredders, and municipal solid
waste shredder. The shredders are useful machines for the volume reduction
of bulky waste such as reams of paper, paper materials, bumpers, tires,
refrigerators and the shredding of different materials such as scrap iron,
aluminum, copper, plastic as well as municipal solid waste and industrial
waste. The application of shredders is essential for eco-centers, landfills,
wrecking and all the organizations that work in the field of waste
management and recycling. Great efficiency and performance, sturdiness

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are the design features. They are indicated in the treatment of any type of
solid waste and come in a full range of models able to satisfy the different
production requirements. The low number of turns allows reaching very high
torques with very low fuel consumption. The use of special steels for the
blades guarantees particularly long life cycles, with considerable savings on
spare parts. The unique blade allows optimal use of upstream sorting
facilities or in the treatment of MSW or R.A.E.E. The technology allows you
to make the most of each processing stage to obtain homogeneous products
suitable for transport and undergo further processing: ideal for recycling
resources, materials and energy.
There are shredders designed to support material reduction across a
range of recycling applications, including plastic recycling, e-waste recycling,
scrap metal, tire recycling, and wood recycling. The shredding process
produces raw material to be re-introduced into manufacturing, as well as
finished products such as landscape mulch. Various terminologies is used to
describe size reduction equipment, including grinders, chippers, granulators
and hammer mills. Overall, their main function is to reduce the size of a
given material. (Coparm, 2015)

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Consumer Shredder versus Industrial Shredder
Based on the purpose of use, shredders can be categorized as
consumer shredders and industrial shredders. Thus, a paper shredder
normally falls into the category of consumer shredder as it is mostly used by
consumers. Industrial shredders are typically heavy-duty and high volume
systems used to process such recycling material streams as e-waste, plastic,
wood, and paper. Industrial shredders are equipped with different kinds of
cutting systems such as vertical shaft design, horizontal shaft design, single
shaft, two shaft, three shaft and four shaft cutting systems.
Shredder in Waste Management
In waste management, industrial shredders for waste products play a
very crucial role. The benefits of using mega-shredders in large-scale waste
disposal systems recycling centers and municipal landfills are related to
material reduction. Asphalt, rubber, wood, plastics and similar materials can
be quickly condensed to a mere fraction of their original size. Also of note,
bio-degradable waste decomposes faster when shredded. If properly
shredded, the materials that are buried in landfills take much less space.
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Shredders in Recycling
In today’s economic environment, communities and businesses are
always looking for new ways of cutting costs and use of shredders provides
new strategic options. There are two main purposes of shredding materials
in a recycling process. Firstly, by reducing the volume of material through
reduction, transportation and storage costs may be decreased. Secondly,
automated shredders, particularly in e-waste recycling, also liberate
materials for recycling.
Many options are available, depending upon the specific application.
Before making an investment, potential buyers should understand such
factors as: 1. Assortment of items to be recycled. 2. Volume of throughput.
3. Requirements of residual buyers in terms of such parameters as particle
size. A flat incline belt is often used to feed materials into the shredder. The
material can be placed on the belt through a variety of methods, depending
on the particular operation. Material handling equipment assigned to perform
this task can include grappling devices, front-end loaders, forklifts and drop-
bottom containers.
Shredding solutions of choice typically involve low speed, high torque
units that slowly tear material apart, minimizing problems such

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as embedding metal in plastic during the shredding process. Where large
items are to be shredded versus a stream of only smaller items, a larger
primary breakdown unit may be required. A second pass can be then made
with a secondary shredder or granulator to further reduce particle size and
facilitate the liberation of recyclable materials. Sizing screens are utilized to
ensure a uniformly sized product. A variety of sorting machines can be used
to sort material for maximum recovery. (R. LeBlanc, 2016)
Plastic Recycling
Plastic recycling refers to the process of recovering waste or scrap
plastic and reprocessing the materials into functional and useful products.
This activity is known as the plastic recycling process. The goal of recycling
plastic is to reduce high rates of plastic pollution while putting less pressure
on virgin materials to produce brand new plastic products. This approach
helps to conserve energy and diverts plastics from landfills or unintended
destinations such as oceans.
Plastics are durable, lightweight and inexpensive materials. They
can readily be molded into various products which find uses in a wide
assortment of applications. As a result, the production and uses of plastics
have increased in the last few decades. Every year, more than 100 million
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tons of plastics are manufactured across the globe. Around 200 billion
pounds of new plastic material is thermoformed, foamed, laminated and
extruded into millions of packages and products. (R. LeBlanc, 2018)
Polystyrene Concrete
Polystyrene concrete is a relatively new building material that
has broad applications and solves many problems of traditional concrete
blocks. It is made from a combination of different materials to create a
product that is durable, lightweight and offers lots of architectural design
potential. Different manufacturers have different combinations of materials,
polystyrene concrete is generally made from a mix of cement silica
aggregate, recycled polystyrene granules and modifying agents such as
setting accelerators.
The end result is a product that offers both construction and insulation
properties. The polystyrene bricks can be used solely as an insulation
system for new or existing buildings, or it can be used as a construction
material in a variety of ways. Because the bricks are lightweight they reduce
the labor required for construction of masonry walls, and at the same time,
increase the speed of construction.

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The product uses two water products in its composition. First, it
uses fly ash from thermal power stations. This by-product of the plants is
captured by electrostatic precipitators. It contains high levels of silica which
contributes to the polystyrene bricks thermal properties. The bricks also
contain recycled polystyrene. Polystyrene bricks are just one alternative
product to traditional clay or concrete bricks. Alternative bricks and
masonry options are continually being explored by construction research and
innovation companies to find solutions that offer fast and easy construction
combined with materials that offer stability and excellent thermal properties.
(L. Cowin, 2017)
Building Blocks made of Recycled Plastic
There is little doubt as to the negative effects plastic is having on our
oceans and waterways. It is estimated that by 2050, for example, plastic
products could outnumber fish in our oceans. This 100% modular technology
can convert all types of plastic waste found in our ecosystem into a building
block called “Replast”. Key to the innovation is the variety of different plastics
that can be used. “By Fusion” explains that there are actually seven different
types of plastic in common circulation. However, as a result of toxicity, high
processing costs and safely, only three types are typically processed and
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recycled. But even these three types must be sorted and cleaned before
being processed, which is of course labor intensive.
By contrast, the “By Fusion” process can work with all seven types of
plastic waste, whether clean, contaminated or mixed. Offering considerable
design flexibility, the Replast blocks are produced in sizes and dimensions of
typical concrete cinder blocks, as well as in different colors. They can be
used for applications in architecture, infrastructure and landscape thanks to
their durability to the elements. Additional material benefits include 95%
lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions during their production than that produced
by concrete, as well as better thermal and sound insulating capabilities than
a concrete block. Furthermore, Replast requires no glues or insulations and
can help contribute towards USGBC LEED certification. (Materia, 2016)
These studies will be helpful on our research since the amount of
solid waste increasing and rise in the cost of landfill management; it is
becoming extremely difficult to manage such a vast quantity of waste
effectively and economically. In this scenario, the shredded and compacted
waste is easier and cheaper to transport for land-filling. Also, separating out
of materials from the solid waste that can be reclaimed and recycled can
increase the productivity of landfill and generate revenue as a means to

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decrease the processing and disposal cost of solid waste. Since the study is
to minimize the waste, we could also use same principle of mechanism that
was used in the design to our prototype.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter will cover the details explanation of methodology that is
being used to make this project complete and working well. It also includes
the design and the materials used on developing the Prototype. It will also
discuss the function and purpose of this study.
Project Design Narrative
Plastic is one of the most common used materials in the world today,
but they cause serious environmental pollution and exhaustion of landfill
space. The development of technology has brought many comforts to the
ever increasing world population. Such progress, however, has also
increased the demand for energy and, as a consequence, created massive
environmental damage.
A further danger to the environment is the growth of the consumer
society, typified by convenience and disposability. The popularity of the
plastic water bottle illustrates the escalating problems of consumption and
waste. Nowadays, people face no more critical trouble than the need to save
weakening environment, mainly in urban areas, where waste are uselessly
dumped. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to

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reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the
plastics industry today. Plastic materials can be recycled in a variety of ways
and the ease of recycling varies among polymer type.
This prototype presents a method of reducing the amount of plastic
waste by recycling plastic bottles in to eco blocks. The plastic place in the
inside the shredder, the shredder unit compose a two (2) hp induction motor
drive a 2 inches of pulley connected to 6 inches pulley by using v-belt. The
pulley is attached to the two small pulleys, the small pulleys drives the two
big pulleys that attached to the driver of the sprocket connected to the driven
sprocket that attached to the shredder.
After shredding the shredded plastic will mix to cement, sand, and
water into the mixer. The mixer is consisting of the one-fourth (1/4)
horsepower gear-motor coupled to the mixing drum. The speed of the motor
is about 60 revolutions per minute. The time of the mixing is about 10-30
minutes. The output mixture of mixer place to an eco-block molder, the eco-
block molder is the standard size of the hollow blocks used in construction of
houses. The molded eco-block should expose to air for drying the eco-block.
The curing time of the eco-block is about 15-20 days.

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Design Parameters
1. Power developed by the 2 HP motor attached to the shredder
shafting.
2. Theoretical torque required to rotate all the components attached
with the shredder shafting.
3. Mechanical Power losses.
4. Required rotative speed (rpm) of the motor to produce power.
5. Volume of the plastics loaded to shredder unit.
Materials and Specifications
As shown in Table 3.1 the materials to be used in the
construction and measurement component parts of the prototype.
Table 3.1 Materials and Description
Material Description
Square Tube (Steel) Dimensions: 2in. x 2inx 36in
Circular Tube (Steel) Dimension: Ø1.75in x 26in
Square Tube (Steel) Dimensions: 2in x 2in x 48in
Steel Plate Dimensions: 48in x 34in x 1/4in

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Mold footings (Aluminum) Dimensions: 24in x 2in x 1in
Molder Post Circular Tube, Ø 3/2in x 24in
Mold Lifter (Steel) Dimensions: 24in x 1in x 1/2in
Angle Bar Dimensions: 1.5in x 1.5in x 36in
Shredder Machine Dimensions: 16in. x 11in. x 6in.
Mold Handle Circular Tube,Ø1.5in x 16.5in
For sand, plastic& cement, Ø23in

Circular Drums/Container
x 36in,
Estimated Cost: Php 55,000.00
The Table 3.1 is the materials to be used for construction of the
shredder and mixer with a certain dimensions.
Table 3.2 Mechanical Components
Mechanical Section
Components Functions
For mixing the sand, water, cement,
Mixer and shredded plastics for final
molding
Eco Brick Molder Last terminal of the mixed materials
Frame The main frame of the design
Shreds the plastics in decomposable
Shredder machine
size/ bits
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Chain and Sprocket To drive the shredder
Pillow Block Supports the shafting of the shredder
This Table 3.2 is the mechanical and components and its function
used in the prototype.
Table 3.2 Electrical Components
Electrical Section
Components Functions
To run the mixer at 60 revolutions per
¼ HP Gear-Motor
minute (rpm)
To run the shredder at 80 revolutions
2 HP Induction Motor
per minute (rpm)
Breaker
Switch can forward and reverse the
Toggle Switch shredder movement of the shredder
blades
This Table 3.2 shows the electrical components of the prototype and
its function.
Design Specifications & Components
This study views the design prototype as shown in Figure 3.1, a
miniature model of the P2B - Plastic Recycling Machine and its components.
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Fig 3.1 Isometric View of the P2B – PRM

The Fig 3.1 shows the main components of P2B – Plastic Recycling
Machine; the plastic shredder (Fig 3.2), the mixer (Fig 3.3), and eco block
molder (Fig. 3.4). The plastic shredder machine was based on open-source
blueprints from the Precious Plastic machine series, a non-profit project by
Dave Hakkens to reduce plastic waste. Its purpose is to shred common
plastic waste so that the shreds can be re-melted to create new products by
students in the subsequent machines of the series.

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The main goals of the project were to build the shredder at minimum
cost and to develop an improved version after testing it. The plastic shredder
worked as intended but caused some difficulties during assembly. The
design addressed this issue as well as increased the rate of cutting action by
modifying the knives and counter knives. Due to lack of time and restricted
funds, an actual version of this design was never built and tested, so we
redesign the actual design.
Figure 3.2 Plastic Shredder Machine

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In Fig 3.2 the researchers change the gear motor to an induction
motor and the coupling to pulley and chain and sprocket to reduce speed of
induction motor. The shafting of the actual shredder is hexagonal the
researcher change to square shaft. Even the Researcher focused on the
shredder because it is most critical machine in the P2B – Plastic Recycling
Machine.
Figure 3.3 Mixer Machine
In this Fig 3.3 the design of mixer machine with dimension and
measurement. The researcher designed is for mixing the water, cement,
sand, and the output of the plastic shredder machine. It helps the community
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to create a hollow block with shredded plastics. They can sell the output or
used for construction of their houses. It eliminates the time of mixing and
work.
Fig. 3.4 Eco Block Molder
This Fig 3.4 the molder of the mixtures (cements, sand, water, and
shredded plastic). This is the standard size of making hollow blocks.

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Phases of Construction
The study will follow a step by step procedure in constructing the
design prototype.
a. Design of Prototype
This is the preliminary design prototype which covers the actual
dimensions such as length, width and height of every machine
components to be assembled together.
b. Canvassing of Materials
This shows the selection of right materials and costs of every
components of the design prototype.
c. Measurement of Production of Eco Blocks
This covers the volume of the shredded plastic bottles, the
process of mixing of cement and the quality of the eco blocks.
This study is very important for the researchers to calculate
and analyze the precise dimensions of the eco blocks.
d. Testing of Prototype
This part of the research will run the prototype if it is working or
not. If not, the researchers will go back to the previous steps to
make sure the functionality of the prototype.

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Testing / Evaluation
The researchers need to examine the effectiveness of the plastic
shredder in shredding different sizes of plastic bottles and different types of
plastics, determining the hardness of the hollow blocks by the use of drop-
test method, to know the time of shredding per plastic bottles.
Table 3.4 Shredding Different Materials
Object Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter shows the results of the testing conducted by the
prototype and the eco block as well as the analysis and interpretation of the
data gathered.
Objective No. 1: Determine if the any kind of plastic material will be
shredded.
The table below is the list of plastic material will be shred in shredding
machine. Note: The threaded head of the bottle will be separate.
Table 4.1 Checklist of Material Shredded
Plastic Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Figures
Materials Yes No Yes No Yes No
Plastic Cups   
Plastic
  
Wrapper/Sachet
Plastic Utensil   
Microwavable
  
Container
Plastic Water
  
Bottle
Legends:
Yes 
No 
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The result of Table 4.1 shows the shredder can shred plastic cups,
plastic wrapper/sachet, and plastic utensil. However, the researchers
decided to cut the bottle into half and cut the head or the thread part of the
bottle because the threaded head of bottle is tough.
Objective No. 2: Evaluate how much plastic material can be shred.
The Table 4.2 shows the different plastic material will be shred, the
time of shredding the plastic, and the output mass of shredded plastic. Note:
The threaded head of the bottle will be separate from the body.
Table 4.2 Mass of Shredded in different Plastic Material
Time of Mass of
Trial Plastic Material Operation Shredded
(min) (kg)
Plastic
1 30 0.25 kg
Wrapper/Sachet
2 Plastic Cups 30 0.75 kg
3 Plastic Bottle 30 2 kg
Based from the result obtained in Table 4.2, this objective was
achieved since the prototype able to know the mass of the shredded plastic.
The mass of plastic wrapper/sachet is lesser the weight of mass of the
plastic cups and plastic bottle.

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Objective No. 3: Test the amount weight mixer can be mix by loading of
cement, sand, and shredded plastics.
This Table 4.3 is the test of the cement mixer by loading the total
mass of the combined mixture of water, cement, sand, and shredded plastic.
Table 4.3 Test of Mixer by the capable to mix
Total mass of Mixing the Load

Cement,
Mixing Time Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Sand, and
per Trial
Shredded
(min)
Plastic Yes No Yes No Yes No
(kg)
5 10   
10 10   
15 10   
Legends:
Yes 
No 
The mixer is tested if it is capable to mix the different mass in total of
thirty 30 minutes of mixing. At first trial, the total mass of cement, sand, and
shredded plastic is 5 kilogram and the mixing time is 10 minutes. The
researchers add 10 minutes for the second trial and third trial. The result is
the sand, cement, and shredded are well mixed.

35
The test repeated the in second time but the total mass added by 5
kilograms. All the trials are added 10 minutes. The results are same as the 5
kilograms. The last trial has a total mass of 15 kilograms and every trial
added by 10 minutes. The result obtained from the last testing for the load of
15 kilogram same as the 5 kilograms and 10 kilograms.
Objective No. 4: Examine the strength of the eco blocks made from
different ratio of cement, sand, and shredded plastics.
Table 4.4 Drop testing of different ratios
Ratio of Drop Test

cement, Height 1ft Height 3ft Height 5ft
sand, and
Low High Low High Low High
shredded
Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength
plastic
1:7:2
1:4:2
Legends:
Low Strength 
High Strength 
36
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter discusses the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations obtained from the entire experimental research. The aim
of this chapter is to analyze the performance of P2B – Plastic Recycling
Machine and provide possible solutions to develop the project
Summary of Findings
The findings of this study were as follows:
1. The researcher found out the plastic bottle does not fit to the
shredder that causes to jump out and threaded head in the
plastic bottle is can’t shred.
2. The researcher found out the plastic cups and plastic
wrappers/sachets are easy to shred than the plastic bottle.
3. The researcher found out the maximum mass considerable to a
mixer is 10 kilogram from the result of Table 4.3, because the
last trial was untidy and the mixtures are getting out of the
mixer.
37
Conclusions
These are the following conclusions established from the results of
tests conducted:
1. The researchers conclude that shredder machine can shred
the smaller pieces of LDPE and HDPE.
2. The researchers conclude that the mass of plastic bottle is
heavier than the plastic cups and wrappers.
3. The mixing time of mixtures should be 10-20 minutes.
Recommendations
Based from the findings and results of the tests conducted, these are
the following recommendations presented by the researchers:
1. The researchers recommend adding more shredder blades,
torque and power to shred the threaded head of the plastic
bottle.
2. The researchers recommend a fully automated system and
auto-reverse if the plastic material will stock from the shredder
blades.
3. The researchers recommend the mixer to be an automatic
loaded and unloaded of mixtures.

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

bottles, plastic bags, toothbrushes, plastic cups, or plastic eating utensils,

plastic pervades our environment. We all practically live in a plastic world,

whether we notice it or not. Although plastic provides us many benefits, it

hurt us and our environment. Plastic manufacturers and giant corporations

considerable damage while also harming marine life.

shampoo. For a developing country, such as the Philippines, people prioritize

price because they have a limited income. As a result, most companies

Plastic pollution is without a doubt toxic.

predators, such as humans.

The purpose of this study is to show that conservation/recycling efforts

service, environmental concern, and public relations as a profit motive,

determine the perception of plastic disposal by means of shredding to solve

society's sustainability in our country.

So one way to lessen those problems is to utilize those plastic waste

products, instead of dumping them, and make them reusable. We therefore

sustainability by means of shredded plastics.

Objectives of the Study

and shredding plastic bottles or wrappers in making hollow blocks/bricks, to

sustainable innovation and to prove that plastics can be recycled into

reusable hollow blocks/bricks and help environment by lessening the plastic

1. Determine if the any kind of plastic material will be shredded.

2. Evaluate how much plastic material can be shred.

and shredded plastics.

cement, sand, and shredded plastics.

Significance of the Study

for improving the quality of products (gadgets, appliances, furniture etc.) to

a heavy rainfall. It is also affects our oceans.

Students in this study can be a reference for mechanical subjects and

boost the youth’s consciousness about our environment particularly in

recycling the plastics produce by the people.

Society and Environment this study help our waste management by

Infrastructure and Construction Industry in this study they can benefit

they can use to build their housing projects and units.

Businesses in this prototype will help the community to recycle the

gravel in the construction.

to make a better environment, by collecting plastic wrappers as well as other

environment. This project can prove useful in homes, commercial

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study cover subjects in the field of Mechanical Engineering, such

as Machine Design and Engineering Materials. Given that plastic is our

medium; we include different types of plastic such as Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and also

materials that has high amount of hardness. Like High-Density Polyethylene

(HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), and

researcher delimits the amount of volume that will be simultaneously crushed

For clarification of the presentation, the following terms are defined

according to its use in the study:

AcryIonitrite Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a type of plastic used for

electronic equipment cases.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a type of plastics used for

Landfill is a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by

burying it and covering it over with soil.

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a type of plastic used for

dispensing bottles, wash bottles, plastic grocery bags, and trays.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a type of plastic used for soft drink

Polypropylene (PP) is a type of plastic used for margarine containers,

yogurt pots, syrup bottles and prescription bottles.

Polystyrene (PS) is a type of plastic used for disposable coffee cups,

plastic food boxes and packing foam.

and tiles, but is most commonly found in plumbing pipes.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES