CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Cell Biology - Microorganism

Bacillus (rod)
 Zacharias Janssen come up with the first
Coccus (spherical)
compound microscope along with the first
telescope. Spirilla (spiral)

 In 1665, Robert Hooke was able to observe Virus

in a piece of cork specimen structures - Infectious agent that needs host
which appear as tiny compartments similar
to small rooms that are fitted to each other. 5 Kingdoms of Life
He coined the word cell. He thought that Kingdoms Characteristics Examples
plants and fungi were the only ones made 1. Monera Prokaryotic Bacteria
up of cells. Archaebacteria (no nucleus)
-extreme
 In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek published environment Unicellular
his observations on tiny living organisms Eubacteria
“animalcules”. He was first to observe -living with us
under his microscope the structure of a red 2. Protista Eukaryotic Protozoa
blood cell of different animals as well as (with nucleus) Algae
sperm cell. Multicellular Slime molds
3. Fungi Heterotrophic Yeast
 Louis Pasteur’s experiment disproved the Eukaryotic Molds
Mushroom
theory that maggot and flies exist from
4. Plantae Autotrophic Vascular
rotting meat.
Eukaryotic (produce
seeds) and
 Robert Brown in 1831 compare diverse Non
kinds of plant specimens under the Vascular
microscope. One common thing about (does not
them - they are all composed of cells, and produce
inside the cell is a dark dense spot seeds) Plants
(nucleus). 5. Animalia Heterotrophic Vertebrates
Eularyotic and
 Matthias Schleiden (1838) a German Invertebrates
botanist concluded that all plant parts are
made of cells. Types of Cell

 Theodor Schwann (1839), stated that all Unicellular Prokaryotic

animal tissues are composed of cells. -one cell -without nucleus
Multicellular Eukaryotic
 In 1858 Rudolf Virchow concluded that all -many cells -with nucleus
cells come from pre-existing cells. Animal Plant
Cell Cell
Classification of Bacteria & Virus Somatic
and Sex
Composition: Cell
- Protein coat
- Nucleic Acid The Cell Theory
Bacteria
The cell theory is universal for all living things, no
matter how simple or complex, tiny or huge it is.
1. All living organisms are composed of one
or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
Unicellular
A single-celled organism can perform all the
essential functions which it enable it to grow,
survive, and reproduce.
Multicellular
Multicellular organisms are more complex in
structure and function but the mechanism on
how it is able to live is still the same with the
simple life forms.
Cell Organelles
Cell is the building block of life, which is able to
control and execute several functions in all
types of organisms.
Cell structures are separated into numerous
membranous compartments called organelles
(little organs).
Since the organelles are compartmentalized,
one system does not interfere with functions of
other systems but their roles are independent.
Advantages of Compartmentalization
1. Separating the cell into different parts
allows for the creation of specific
microenvironments within a cell. That
way, each organelle can have all the
advantages it needs to perform to the
best of its ability.
2. It allows several functions to happen all
at once.
3. It establishes specific locations for which
processes should occur.
4. It separates the DNA material of the
nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast.
5. It increases the surface area volume ratio
of cell.
6. Allows eukaryotic cells to be larger than
prokaryotic cells
Cell membrane
It encloses the cell and separates it from
external environment. It actively regulates the
kind of substance that goes in and out of the
cell. The cell membrane consists of a bilayer of
phospholipid with integral (embedded) and
peripheral (attached) proteins, as well as
enzymes, receptor proteins and glycoproteins.
Cell membrane is known for its fluidity. Irregularly
arranged proteins (fluid mosaic). It is permeable
to H2O, CO2 and O2. It prevent polar molecules
and ions to enter or exit the cell freely.
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like substance which is mainly
composed of water with dissolved substances
such as salt and proteins. It is responsible for the
fluid nature of the cell’s internal environment
that allows the organelles to suspend
dynamically.
Nucleus
The control center of the cell, enclosed in a
double membrane which selectively permits
certain materials or compounds (e.g., mRNA) to
exit.
Chromatin Strand
A long strand of DNA molecule which wounds
around histone proteins to form a helical
structure. It stores genetic information.
Nucleolus
It creates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for release in
the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. It
sends mRNA to ribosome to make proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
It is a membranous system of interconnected
tubules which served as the transport system of
the cell.
Rough ER (ribosomes are attached)
It is responsible in the production of secretory
proteins such as glycoproteins. It forms transport
vesicles for transporting proteins.
Smooth ER (no ribosomes attached)
Metabolism of carbohydrates, protein synthesis
and detoxification of drugs, chemicals, and
poisons.
Golgi Bodies
Consist of stacks or piles of flattened sacs called
cisternae. Its function is packaging, sorting and
refining of products that the cells are making.
Vacuole
It is for storing essential organic and inorganic
compounds. It is also a disposal site for
substances that are not needed by the cell or
that could harm the cell.
Endosymbiotic Theory
An evolutionary theory of the origin of
eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic organism
(mitochondria and chloroplast were once a
prokaryotic cell)
First postulated by Lynn Margulis in 1967
Endo- within symbiotic- mutual relationship
Endosymbiosis
Cells are engulfed but not digested cells live
together in a mutually benefiting relationship
The theory states that a prokaryotic cell was
consumed or engulfed by a larger cell.
Evidences
1. Prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and
chloroplasts have their own DNA
2. They are almost the same size (1-10
microns)
3. They replicate through binary fission
Lysosome
It is an exclusive organelle for animal cells which
carries out intracellular digestion. It contains
hydrolytic enzymes used to digest all kinds of
macromolecules. It recycles intracellular
materials through autophagy for cell repair,
maintenance and making necessary cellular
components.
Mitochondrion
The powerhouse of the cell where cellular
respiration takes place. Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) is the usable form of energy for the cell to
perform its functions. It is generated by
metabolizing sugars, fats, and other energy
sources with the presence of oxygen.
Chloroplasts
Only found in plant cell. It is a site for food
production. By capturing solar energy, it
converts it to organic compound such as sugar
from CO2 and H2O. It is composed of thylakoids
each stack is called granum. Stroma is the fluid
outside thylakoid.
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules (25nm)
- Made up of tubulin
- Structural support and transportation
Intermediate Filaments (8-10nm)
- Made up of various proteins
- Provide mechanical support
Microfilament (7-8nm)
- Made up of actin
- Elongation and contraction
Cilia and Flagella Stratified - A kind of arrangement of epithelial
tissue
Squamous
Used for movement of cell over a surface. - Multi-layered and regenerates
Epithelial quickly
Flagella create a propelling motion while cilia Tissue - For protection
beat back and forth to move the cell. Simple - A kind of arrangement of epithelial
tissue
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Squamous
- Plate-like cells
Epithelial - For diffusion
Eu means true while karyon mean nucleus Tissue
Pseudo- - A kind of arrangement of epithelial
Pro means before stratified tissue
- Single layer of cells with varying
Columnar height
Epithelial - Lining of respiratory tract, lined with
Tissue cilia-sweeps the mucus

Connective Tissue

Connective - Made up of loose connective

tissue found in the skin and fibrous
Tissue
connective tissue made up of
Proper collagenous fibers found in
(CTP) tendons and ligaments.
- Ex. Adipose tissue
Cartilage - Collagenous fibers in chondroitin
sulfate (cells that secrete collagen
and chondroitin sulfate)
Blood - Made up of plasma (water, salt,
Animal Tissue and Cell Modifications dissolved proteins, erythrocytes,
leukocytes and platelets).
Nervous - A type of animal tissue Bone - Mineralized connective tissue
- Composed of nerve cells that made by cells called osteoblast
Tissue Connective
support cells which deposit collagen (Ca, Mg, P
Tissue O 3−)
Connective - A type of animal tissue
- Tissue that connects, supports,
Tissue
binds or separates tissues or organs
- Typically have few cells Muscle Tissue
embedded in an amorphous
matrix Cardiac - Striated with intercalated disk for
Muscle - Composed of long cells that allow synchronized contraction
Muscle
the body to move voluntary and - Involuntary
Tissue Tissue
involuntary
- A type of tissue Skeletal - Striated
Epithelial - Voluntary movements
Tissue - Commonly seen outside the body Muscle
as covering/lining of organs and Tissue
cavities
- Closely joined cells with tight
junctions
Nervous Tissue

Axon - Part of neuron where the impulse is

Epithelial Tissue transmitted to other neurons
Dendrite - Part of neuron that receives impulses
Simple - A kind of arrangement of epithelial
tissue
Columnar
- Brick shaped cells
Epithelial - For secretion and active absorption Microvilli
Tissue
Cuboidal - A kind of arrangement of epithelial - Tiny finger-like projections on membranes of
tissue certain cells
Epithelial
- Used for secretion
Tissue - Increase surface area for absorption
- Collectively form a brush border
Cilia proteins to make
glycoproteins;
- Short, hair-like fibers that move in a wave-like produces new
membrane
motion to carry materials along the surface
Golgi Stacks of Modification of
of the cell to move single-celled organisms flattened proteins,
apparatus
through fluid. Made up of proteins. membranous carbohydrates
sacs; has polarity on proteins, and
Summary (Campbell) (cis and phospholipids;
transfaces) synthesis of many
 All cells are bounded by a plasma polysaccharides;
sorting of Golgi
membrane. products, which
 Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei and other are then
membrane-enclosed organelles, while released
in vesicles
eukaryotic cells have internal membranes
Lysosome Membranous sac Breakdown of
that compartmentalize cellular functions. of hydrolytic ingested
 The surface-to-volume ratio is an important enzymes (in substances,
parameter affecting cell size and shape. animal cells). cell
Formed in Golgi macromolecules,
 Plant and animal cells have most of the bodies and damaged
same organelles: a nucleus, endoplasmic organelles for
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and recycling
Vacuole Large Digestion,
mitochondria. Chloroplasts are present only membrane- storage, waste
in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes. bounded vesicle disposal, water
balance, cell
Cell Structure Function growth, and
Component protection
Surrounded by Houses Mitochondrion Bounded by Cellular
Nucleus
nuclear chromosomes, double respiration
envelope(double which are membrane;
membrane) made of inner membrane
perforated by chromatin (DNA has infoldings
nuclear pores; and proteins); Chloroplast Typically two Photosynthesis
nuclear contains nucleoli, membranes (chloroplasts are
envelope where ribosomal around fluid in cells of
continuous with subunits are stroma, which photosynthetic
endoplasmic made; pores contains eukaryotes,
reticulum (ER) regulate entry thylakoids including plants)
and exit of stacked into
materials grana
Two subunits Protein synthesis Peroxisome Specialized Contains
Ribosome
made of metabolic enzymes that
ribosomal RNAs compartment transfer H atoms
and proteins; can bounded by from substrates to
be free in cytosol a single oxygen,
or bound to ER membrane. producing H2O2
Extensive network Smooth ER: Peroxides, fatty (hydrogen
Endoplasmic
of membrane- synthesis of lipids, acids. peroxide), which
reticulum (ER) is converted to
bounded tubules metabolism of
and sacs; carbohydrates, H2O.
membrane Ca2+ storage, toxic, transport,
separates lumen detoxification of secrete
from cytosol; drugs and
continuous with poisons
nuclear Rough ER: aids in The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that
envelope synthesis of organizes structures and activities in the cell
secretory and
other proteins on  The cytoskeleton functions in structural
bound
ribosomes; adds support for the cell and in motility and signal
carbohydrates to transmission.
 Microtubules shape the cell, guide organelle
movement, and separate chromosomes in
dividing cells. Cilia and flagella are motile
appendages containing microtubules.
Primary cilia also play sensory and signalling
roles. Microfilaments are thin rods that
function in muscle contraction, amoeboid
movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and
support of microvilli. Intermediate filaments
support cell shape and fix organelles in
place.

Extracellular components and connections

between cells help coordinate cellular activities

 Plant cell walls are made of cellulose fibers

embedded in other polysaccharides and
proteins.
 Animal cells secrete glycoproteins and
proteoglycans that form the extracellular
matrix (ECM), which functions in support,
adhesion, movement, and regulation.
 Cell junctions connect neighboring cells.
Plants have plasmodesmata that pass
through adjoining cell walls. Animal cells
have tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap
junctions.
References:
General Biology 1
Campbell Biology 11th Edition
BioPPTQuizbee
Cell Structure and Function PPT (Ms. Ivy)