OSHA Academy - USA

Hearing Conservation Program

The Occupational Noise Exposure Standard
Introduction:
Occupational noise exposure is the most significant health hazard present
in the modern industrial workplace.
Noise is generally defined as unwanted or undesired sound we are all
expose to noise every day at home, at work and in traffic.
If the noise level gets high enough it can cause problems - including loss
of hearing.
The Occupational Noise Exposure Standard is located in the code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) , title 29, part 1910.95.

Purpose:
Conservation of hearing is an important preventive measure. To reduce
occupational hearing loss, all employees, who work in potentially noisy
areas, are provided hearing protection, training and annual hearing tests.

Function of the Human Ear:

The human ear is an extremely complex organ, it consists of three parts,

the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

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1- The Outer Ear:
It gathers the sound waves (vibrations) and passes them through the
auditory canal to the ear drum.

2- The Middle Ear:

Consists of three small bones (Hammer , Anvil and Stirrup). The hammer
is connected to the eardrum and the stirrup is connected to the inner ear.
The eardrum is affected by the sound vibration and those three bones
(hammer, anvil, and stirrup) passes these vibrations to the inner ear. The
middle ear is connected to the mouth by Eustachian tube which allows
air-pressure on both sides of the eardrum to equalize.

3- The Inner Ear:

It consists of the semicircular canals and Cochlea which are connected to
the acoustic nerve (which transmits chemically generated electrical
impulses to the brain.

The cochlea contains tiny nerves which communicate with the brain. And
it is the part of human ear which is the most vulnerable to permanent
injury by noise levels.
Within this area the nerves cells are damaged and finally destroyed by
continual subjection to high noise levels.

Sound Measurements:
Sound pressure levels are measured in Decibels (commonly abbreviated
to dB) which is a logarithmic measure of sound pressure levels. It is a
scale of ratios and not units of measurements.
Sound level meters measure the sound pressure waves in decibels, and to
relate this to the hearing response of the human ear, a filter is introduced
to compensate for natural protection factor found in the organs of the
against low and high frequencies.
An (A) weighted filter is that which most closely resembles the human
ear responses, and it is now accepted practice to express industrial noise
levels in dB(A)'s.
OSHA identifies 90 decibels based on an eight - hour time weighted
average (TWA) as the absolute "safe" level of noise exposure. (PEL).
OSHA also recognizes an 85 dB TWA as its action level.

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Permissible Noise Exposures:

Duration Per Day, Sound Level dBA

Hours
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
¾ 107
½ 110
¼ 115

When the daily noise exposure is composed of 2 or more periods of noise

exposure of different levels, their combined effect shall be considered,
rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum of these fractions:
C1/T1 + C2/T2 + ……. +Cn/Tn exceed unity (1), then the mixed exposure
shall be considered to exceed the limit.
(C: time of the exposed noise) & (T: time of the same noise level from
the table)

Decibel Values For Some Typical Sound:

Decibels Example
20 Studio for sound pictures
30 Soft whisper (5 feet)
40 Quiet office
50 Average residence
60 Conversation speech (3 feet)
70 Freight Train (100 feet)
74 Average automobile (30 feet)
80 Very noisy restaurant
80 Average factory
90 Subway
90 Printing press plant
100 Looms in textile mill
100 Electric furnace area
110 Woodworking
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120 Hydraulic press
120 50 hp siren (100 feet)
140 Jet plane
180 Rocket launching pad

Hearing Conservation Program

Introduction:
Exposure to high levels of noise causes hearing loss and may cause other
harmful health effects as well. The extend of damage depends primarily
on the intensity of the noise and the duration of the exposure. Noise-
induced hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. Temporary hearing
loss results from short term exposures to noise, with normal hearing
returning after a period of rest. Generally, prolonged exposure to high
noise levels over a period of time gradually causes permanent damage.

OSHA's hearing conservation program is designed to protect workers

with significant occupational noise exposures from suffering material
hearing impairment even if they are subject to such noise exposures over
their entire working lifetimes.

The following summarizes the required component of OSHA's hearing

conservation program:

Monitoring:
The hearing conservation program requires employers to monitor noise
exposure levels in a manner that will accurately identify employees who
are exposed to noise levels at or above 85 decibels (dB) averaged over 8
working hours, or an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).
The exposure measurement must include all continuous, intermitted, and
impulsive noise within an 80 dB to 130 dB range and must be taken
during a typical work situation.
Two basic types of instruments are available to monitor noise levels:
Sound Level Meters and Noise Dosemeters.
Sound Level Meters: are direct reading instruments that provide a "snap
shot" measurement of noise levels at a particular time. They do not
average noise levels to provide the eight-hour TWA on which OSHA
bases its exposure levels.

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Noise Dosemeters: measure employee's TWA exposure, they are
physically worn by employees for an entire work shift in order to record
exposure levels.
Instruments used for monitoring employee exposures must be carefully
checked or calibrated to ensure that measurements are accurate.
After the initial noise monitoring, OSHA requires that additional
monitoring be performed whenever there is a change in the production
process that may increase noise exposure.

Audiometric Testing:
Should the noise level monitoring determine that employees are being
subjected to levels equaling or exceeding a TWA of 85 dBA, the next
step is to establish an audiometric testing program for those exposed at no
cost to the employee.
The important elements of an audiometric testing program include
baseline audiograms, annual audiograms, training, and follow up
procedures.

Baseline Audiograms:
The baseline audiogram is the reference audiogram against which future
audiograms are compared. Baseline audiograms must be provided within
6 months of an employee's first exposure at or above an 8-hour TWA of
85 dBA.
Baseline audiograms must be preceded by 14 hours without exposure to
workplace noise.

Annual Audiograms:
After a baseline audiogram has been taken, each employee exposed to
noise at the 85 dBA TWA level or above shall have an annual
examination.
Annual audiogram must be conducted within 1 year of the baseline. It is
important to test hearing on an annual basis to identify deterioration in
hearing ability so that protective measures can be initiated before hearing
loss progresses.
Annual audiograms must be routinely compared to baseline audiograms
to determine whether an employee has experienced any recordable
hearing loss. This hearing loss is referred to in the OSHA standard as a
standard threshold shift (STS).
OSHA defines an STS as "a change in hearing threshold relative to the
baseline audiogram of an average of 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000, and
4000 Hz in either ear".
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If a STS has occurred, employees must be fitted with adequate hearing
protectors, shown how to use them, and required to wear them.
Employees must be notified within 21 days, the employee may be
retested within 30 days if the professional determines that their test
results are questionable or if they have an ear problem of a medical nature
that is thought to be caused or aggravated by wearing hearing protectors.
If the suspected medical problem is not thought to be related to wearing
hearing protection, employees must be informed that they should see a
physician. If subsequent audiometric tests show that the STS identified on
a previous audiogram is not persistent, employees whose exposure to
noise is less than a TWA of 90 dBA may discontinue wearing hearing
protectors.

Control:
The standard states that if the 90 dB PEL is being exceeded, "feasible
administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls
fail to reduce sound levels within the permissible limits, personal
protective equipment shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels.

Administrative Controls:
Are defined as, " Methods of controlling employee exposures by job
rotation, work assignment, or time periods away from the hazard.

Engineering Controls:
Are defined as, "Methods of controlling employee exposures by
modifying the source or reducing the quantity of contaminants released
into the workroom environment".
Examples: installing noise-absorbing acoustical foam or baffles to capture
and deaden reverberating noise.

Hearing Protectors:
Hearing protectors shall be made available and shall be worn by all
employees exposed to an 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA or greater.
1- Ear muffs
2- Ear plugs
3- Ear canal

Hearing protectors will always have an assigned Noise Reduction

Rating (NRR), which should be printed on the packaging for each
hearing protector.

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NRR is the amount of decibels by which a given device will reduce noise
exposure, by subtracting the NRR value from the noise exposure levels.
OSHA requires that 7 dB must be subtracted first from the NRR and the
remaining figure will be subtracted from the noise exposure level.

Training:
Employees training is very important. All employees exposed to noise at
a TWA of 85 dBA or greater shall participate in a hearing conservation
training program.

Recordkeeping:
An accurate records shall be maintained of all employee exposure
measurements.

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Wagdi F. Seffain OSHA - Academy - USA Authorized Trainer