Solid State Physics JEST 2012-2016

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Solid State Physics
JEST-2016
2π
Q1. If k is the wavevector of incident light ( k = , λ is the wavelength of light) and G is
λ
a reciprocal lattice vector, then the Bragg’s law can be written as:
(a) k + G = 0 (b) 2k .G + G 2 = 0
(c) 2k .G + k 2 = 0 (d) k .G = 0
Ans. : (b)
Solution: By means of Eward construction we can write the Bragg’s law in B
vector form K
A G
G = OB, K ′ = AO
K
For diffraction it is necessary that vector K ′ + G , that is vector AB O
be equal in magnitude to the vector K or
(K + G) = K 2 ⇒ 2K ⋅ G + G 2 = 0
2
Q2. The number of different Bravais lattices possible in two dimensions is:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Five Bravais lattices in 2D are:
(i) square lattice
(ii) Rectangular ( P ) lattice
(iii) Rectangular ( C ) lattice
(iv) Hexagonal lattice

(v) Oblique lattice

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JEST-2015
Q3. For a 2 - dimensional honeycomb lattice as shown in the figure 3, the first Bragg spot
occurs for the grazing angle θ 1 while sweeping the angle from 0 o . The next Bragg spot is
obtained at θ 2 given by A
⎛3 ⎞ a 120 o
(a) sin −1 (3 sin θ1 ) (b) sin −1 ⎜ sin θ1 ⎟ 120 o
⎝2 ⎠ B
120 o
⎛ 3
(c) sin −1 ⎜⎜
⎞
sin θ1 ⎟⎟ (
(d) sin −1 3 sin θ1 )
⎝ 2 ⎠
Ans: (c)
Solution: According to Bragg’s law, the condition for first Bragg spot and second spot is
2d1 sin θ1 = nλ and 2d 2 sin θ 2 = nλ
⎛d ⎞
∴2d1 sin θ1 = 2d 2 sin θ 2
⇒ θ 2 = sin −1 ⎜ 1 sin θ1 ⎟
⎝ d2 ⎠
For 2 - dimensional honeycomb lattice, the lattice constant ‘ a ’ and interplanar spacing
‘ d ’ is linked as
2
⎛a⎞ a2 3 a
d = a − ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ d1 = a −
1
2 2 2
= a and d 2 = a d1
⎝2⎠ 4 2
0
60
⎛ 3 ⎞
∴θ 2 = sin ⎜⎜ sin θ1 ⎟⎟
−1 a
⎝ 2 ⎠
−L L
Q4. A particle of mass m is confined in a potential well given by V ( x ) = 0 for <x<
2 2
L/2 and V ( x ) = ∞ elsewhere. A perturbing potential H ′( x ) = ax has been applied to the
system. Let the first and second order corrections to the ground state be E 0(1) and E0(2 ) ,
respectively. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) E 0(1) < 0 and E 0(2 ) > 0 (b) E 0(1) = 0 and E 0(2 ) > 0
(c) E 0(1) > 0 and E (02 ) < 0 (d) E0(1) = 0 and E (02) < 0
Ans: (d)





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⎧0 − L / 2 < x < +L / 2
Solution: V ( x ) = ⎨ and H ′ ( x ) = α x
⎩∞ elsewhere
2 πx
For ground state φ0 = cos
L L
φ0 H ′ φ0 2 L/2 πx
E0(1) = = α ∫ x cos 2 =0
φ0 φ0 L − L/2 L
2
φm H ′ φ0
E0 = ∑
( 2)
⇒ E0( ) < 0 ∵ E00 < Em0
2
m≠0 E −E
0
0
0
m
⎛ ka ⎞
Q5. Given the tight binding dispersion relation E (k ) = E 0 + A sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ , where E 0 and A are
⎝ 2⎠
constants and a is the lattice parameter. What is the group velocity of an electron at the
second Brillouin zone boundary?
a 2a a
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
h h 2h
Ans: (a)
1 dE
Solution: Group velocity is defined as vg =
dk
⎛ ka ⎞ dE ⎛ ka ⎞ ⎛ ka ⎞ aA
since E = E0 + A sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ = aA sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ = sin ka
⎝ 2⎠ dk ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
In one dimension, the Brillouin zone boundary is
π
The 1st Brillouin zone boundaries lie at ±
π 2π
− 2aπ − πa
a 0
2 π K a a
The 2nd Brillouin zone boundaries lie at ±
a
Thus, the group velocity at the second Brillouin zone boundary is
aA ⎛ 2π ⎞ aA
vg 2π = sin ⎜ × a⎟ = sin 2π ⇒ vg = 0
±
a 2 ⎝ a ⎠ 2





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+ −
Q6. The total number of Na and Cl ions per unit cell of NaCl is,
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Ans: (d)
Solution: Total number of Na + and Cl − ions per unit ( d ) is
1 1 1
N Cl− = nc + n f , N Na
+
= ne + 1 × ni
8 2 4
where nc = number of ions at corner
n f = number of ions at face
ne = number of ions at edges
ni = number of ions inside
1 1 1 Cl −
N =N +N −
Cl
+
Na = × 8 + × 6 + × 12 + 1× 1 = 1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 8 Na +
8 2 4
JEST-2014
Q7. Circular discs of radius 1 m each are placed on a plane so as to form a closely packed
triangular lattice. The number of discs per unit area is approximately equal to
(a) 0.86 m −2 (b) 0.43 m −2 (c) 0.29 m −2 (d) 0.14 m −2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For closely packed hexagonal
1 1
a = 2r , r = 1 neff = × nC + × n f + 1 × nl
6 2
1 1
⇒ neff = × 3 + 0 × + 1 × 0 ⇒ neff = 0.5
6 2
neff × π r 2
Occupancy = (∵ a = 2r )
A
Closely packed hexagonal
0.5 × π r 2 0.5 × π
⇒ = = 0.9064
3 3
× ( 2r )
2
4
0.9064
Now number of disc per unit area will be = .302 ≈ 0.29
3





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Q8. An ideal gas of non-relativistic fermions in 3-dimensions is at 0K. When both the number
density and mass of the particles are doubled, then the energy per particle is multiplied by
a factor
(a) 21 / 2 (b) 1 (c) 21 / 3 (d) 2 −1 / 3
Ans.: (d)
2
h 2 ⎛ 3n ⎞ 3
Solution: E F = ⎜ ⎟ at T = 0 K
2m ⎝ 4π ⎠
2 2 2
−1
h2 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 3 h ⎛ 3n ⎞ 3 1 3 h ⎛ 3n ⎞ 3
2 2 2
∵ n ′ = 2n and m′ = 2m ⇒ EF′ = ⎜ × 2 n ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ × × 2 = ⎜ ⎟ × 2 3
4m ⎝ 4π ⎠ 2 m ⎝ 4π ⎠ 2 2 m ⎝ 4π ⎠
Q9. When two different solids are brought in contact with each other, which one of the
following is true?
(a) Their Fermi energies become equal
(b) Their band gaps become equal
(c) Their chemical potentials become equal
(d) Their work functions become equal
Ans.: (c)
JEST-2013
Q10. A flat surface is covered with non-overlapping disks of same size. What is the largest
fraction of the area that can be covered?
3 5π 6 π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
π 6 7 2 3
Ans.: (d)
1 1 1
Solution: neff = nC + n f + 1× ni = × 6 + 1 = 3 a = 2r
3 2 3
neff × A 3 × πr 2 π
Now largest fraction of area i.e. packing fraction = = =
× (2r )
3 3 2 3
6× × a2 6×
2
4 4





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Q11. A metal suffers a structural phase transition from face-centered cubic ( FCC ) to the
simple cubic ( SC ) structure. It is observed that this phase transition does not involve any
change of volume. The nearest neighbor distances d fc and d SC for the FCC and the SC
⎛ d fc ⎞ 1
structures respectively are in the ratio ⎜ ⎟ [Given 2 3
= 1.26 ]
⎝ SC ⎠
d
(a) 1.029 (b) 1.122 (c) 1.374 (d) 1.130

Ans. 1: ()
Solution: Nearest neighbour in SC → a → C.N = 6
a
Nearest neighbour in FCC → → C.N = 12
2
a
dFCC 1 1
= 2 = = = 0.707
dSC a 2 1.414
JEST-2012
Q12. A beam of X-rays is incident on a BCC crystal. If the difference between the incident and
scatered wavevectors is K = xˆ + kyˆ + lzˆ where xˆ , yˆ , zˆ are the unit vectors of the
associated cubic lattice, the necessary condition for the scattered beam to give a Laue
maximum is
(a) h + k + l = even (b) h + k + l = even
(c) h, k, l are all distinct (d) h + k + l = odd
Ans.: (a)
⎛1 1⎞
Solution: In BCC basis (0, 0, 0), ⎜ ,
1
, ⎟
⎝2 2 2⎠
Crystal structure factor F
neff
F = f (S ) ⇒ S = ∑e
2π i ( hun + kVn + lωn )
n =1
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
F = f ⎢e 2π i (0) + e 2π i ⎜ ⎟⎥[h + k + l ]
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦





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π i( h+ k +l )
F = f ⎡⎣1 + e ⎤
⎦
now for plane (1 1 0 )
F110 = f (2) ⇒ I = 4 f 2
F111 = 0
F200 = 2 f ⇒ I = f 2
i.e h + k + l = even then plane will be present and if h + k + l = odd then plane will be
absent.
Q13. The second order maximum in the diffraction of X-rays of 0.20 nanometer wavelength
from a simple cubic crystal is found to occur at an angle of thirty degrees to the crystal
plane. The distance between the lattice planes is
(a) 1 Angstrom (b) 2 Angstrom (c) 4 Angstrom (d) 8 Angstrom
Ans.: (c)
Solution: 2d sin θ = nλ
2d sin θ = 2λ
2 × d × sin 30 o = 2 × 0.2 × 10 −9 m
d = 2 × 0.2 × 10 −9 m
d = 0.4 × 10 −9 m ⇒ 4 × 10 −10 m = 4 A o
Q14. The Dulong –Petit law fails near room temperature (300 K) for many light elements (such
as boron and beryllium) because their Debye temperature is
(a) >> 300 K (b) ~ 300 K (c) << 300 K (d) 0 K
Ans.: (a)






Solid State Physics JEST 2012-2016

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be equal in magnitude to the vector K or

(iii) Rectangular ( C ) lattice

(iv) Hexagonal lattice

(a) 1.029 (b) 1.122 (c) 1.374 (d) 1.130

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