Dr.

BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY,

AURANGABAD (M.S.)

“EMBEDDED WEB SERVER”

Submitted by
Pratik R. Adhal
Rakhi Kumari
Krishna Kumar Gupta

Under the guidance of

Prof. Mr. Hemant K. Waghmare

In partial fulfillment of the award of

Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Communication Engg.)
Department of Electronics & Communication Engg
Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
[2010-2011]
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar/project report entitled “Embedded Web Server ”,

submitted by “Pratik R. Adhal”, “Rakhi Kumari”, “Krishna Kumar Gupta” is the bonafied

work completed under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfilment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Communication Engg) of Dr. Babasaheb

Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S.).

Place: Aurangabad
Date:

Prof. Mr. H. K. Waghmare Prof. Mrs. V. M. Kulkarni

Guide Head of Department
Dept.of Electronics & Communication Engg Dept.of Electronics & Communication Engg

Prof. Dr. S. G. Tated

Principal
Marathwada Institute of Technology
Aurangabad (M.S.) – 431 005
 CONTENTS

List of Symbols i
List of Figures ii
List of Graphs iii
List of Tables iv
Synopsis v

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Need for Introduction 1
1.2 Any Other Topic 2
1.3 Organization of Report 3
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 Literature Survey 4
3. SYSTEM MODELING 5
3.1 Sub Heading in Title Case 5
3.1.2 Sub-sub heading in sentence case 5
4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 6
4.1 Performance of System 6
5. CONCLUSIONS 7
5.1 Conclusions 7
5.2 Future Scope 8
References
Acknowledgement
Appendix – A

List of Symbols

Symbol Illustration
Φ Pressure Angle Radian
 τ Shearing Stress N/mm2

List of Figures

Figure Illustration Page

1.1 Block daigrom 2
2.1 Blockwise circuit diagram 5
 2.2 Complete diagram 6

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Home / Office Automation

1.1 Home Automation

1.2 Functions
1.3 Objectives of Home Automation
1.4 The Real Benefits of Home Automation

Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 Basic Idea

2.2 Telnet
2.3 Block Diagram

Chapter 3 Block Diagram

3.1 Block diagram
3.2 Components

Chapter 4 Telnet

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ports for Different Purposes
4.3 Telneting to your account through the Control Panel
4.4 Telneting to your account through other software
4.5 General Considerations
4.6 The Network Virtual Terminal
4.7 Standard Presentation of Control Functions

Chapter 5 TCP/IP

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structure of TCP/IP
5.3 Main Features of TCP/IP
5.4 Operation
5.5 Model of Operation
5.6 Header Format
5.7 Functional Specification

Chapter 6 Microcontroller ARM 7

6.1 Microcontroller ARM 7

6.2 Important Features And Applications
6.3 Memory Architecture
6.4 Basic Registers
6.5 Addressing Mode
6.7 Interrupts
6.8 Timers
6.9 Serial port Operation

Chapter 7 Level Converter MAX 232

7.1 Introduction

Chapter 8 Home Automation Appliances

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Different Home Automation Appliances

Chapter 9 Conclusions

9.1 Topic Background

9.2 Project Scope
9.3 Objective of System
9.4 Functionality of System

CHAPTER 1
HOME / OFFICE AUTOMATION
1.1 Home / Office Automation

Automation is the process of automatically performing everyday functions around the home

to save you time, energy, money and at the same time offering improved security.

The automation’ is performed by a central controller. This can be either a standalone unit or a

piece of software on a PC. Both options have their advantages. The controller can carry out a

number of functions:

1.2 Functions

Send signals to switch lights and appliances on or off. Open and close contacts to operate

high and low voltage devices. Schedule and initiate events, such as watering the garden Issue

and accept infra red commands Interface with other systems, i.e. X 10, telephone, computer,

heating etc.

Home automation is anything that gives you remote or automatic control of things in &

around the home. The systems that you can control include: Lighting, Appliances, Heating

and cooling, Security and monitoring systems, Entertainment (home audio and video),

Communications (telephones and intercoms, internet), Lawn sprinklers, Curtain movements,

Pool filter pump, Spa heater, Filtration unit, Gate/garage door motor, Shade motor control,

Roof sprinklers, Electric strikes, Keyless entry etc.

This central controller can be accessed and controlled through interfaces like keypad, wired

or wireless touch-screens (with/without video), universal remotes, mobile devices. Home

automation provides a more convenient & elegant atmosphere for the family to compliment

and match the lifestyle. Everyone in the family experiences the comfort of automation with

added convenience through integrated control of scheduled common lifestyle activities

performed every day. An automated home can provide security, temperature, lighting, and

audio control for comfort, convenience, and safety. It creates reliable and coordinated

controls to operate home devices automatically for simplifying operations.

Home automation saves your time and effort by controlling you home automatically for

performing routine functions such as watering your grass, or turning off all lights, setting the

thermostat to economy mode, control scheduled appliances operation and arming the security

system when you retire for the night

Home automation provides you with the comfort of whole home audio/video integration so

that any source could be placed anywhere in a home and still be enjoyed everywhere in a

home.

Home automation provides you pro-active home security so that you can look in on your

home remotely from anywhere in the world, or that your home will phone you if it finds

anything suspicious, or that a fire will alert your home to wake you, shut down the gas and

ventilation system, turn on a lighting path for your escape, and automatically phone the

fire/police department. In other words it integrates your alarm system with other home

systems for a response to intrusion that meets your needs of enhanced Safety.

The term 'home automation' is now acknowledged as covering most I.T., automation,

communication and wiring aspects of our homes. Most of these functions can be installed

independently of each other, but the real benefits of the automated home are realized when

these different aspects communicate with each other. For example, having two PC’s

networked together in the home, giving both users access to the internet may seem like the

forefront of technology, but imagine if they were tied into our house wiring and could turn

lights and appliances on and off automatically when we are away from home, even via the
internet. Imagine that the PC was networked into our security system and could display

images from our home security cameras onto our computer screen at work. Imagine that your

security system was tied into your telephone and could ring your mobile in the event of a

burglary, you could even talk to visitors to your door from anywhere in the world.

1.3 Objectives of Home Automation

Home Automation Saves Money by lowering your monthly utility bills with the remote &

scheduled control of lights, appliances, sprinklers and your air conditioning

 Never walk into a dark home again.

 Have the porch light automatically turn on when you open the front door after

dark. Lighting and audio controls can make a vacant home look and sound occupied.
 You could set your Omni home control system to automatically call you at

work when your child comes home from school and keys in his security code into

the security system.

 Call your home control system over the phone to make changes to your

system.
 Log into your home control system over the Internet via Snap-Link or Web-

Link II and change your temperature settings.

 Set the temperature setting on your Omni state to automatically turn up when

the security system is armed in the morning. It is then automatically turned down

one-half hour before you normally get home in order for you to arrive home to a

comfortable house.
 If you are leaving early from work, you can call into your home control

system to manually set the temperature to where you want it to be when you get

home.
1.4 The Real Benefits of Home Automation

Most controllers will offer all of the above plus more. When you use controllers connected in

the appropriate fashion, you can realize all sorts of benefits, limited primarily by your

imagination.

For example:-

When on holiday or working late, have the lights come on automatically and draw the

curtains.
Set room moods, i.e. one button push to switch off the main light, dim the perimeter lights

and switch the surround sound system on ready to play a movie.

At dusk, check that the garage door is closed.
Switch on the electric blanket whilst you're sitting on your sofa.

The controller can be either standalone or combined into a security system to give additional

benefits.

Security

There are real benefits to having your automation controller and security system combined in

one unit. You have the advantage of infra red detectors from the alarm system being available

to perform/trigger automation tasks. You can also benefit from the alarm system knowing

whether you’re at home or not (i.e. whether the alarm is set or not). This can give numerous

benefits, for example we could set the system so that if no movement is detected in the home

for a given period, say 16 hours, then it rings a mobile telephone and conveys a message to

the recipient. This can be particularly relevant when you have concerns about ailing relatives

having accidents around the home etc.

Needless to say, if the alarm system forms the basis of our automation system, then it needs

to be of a particularly high standard, able to expand to suit all requirements. You should be

able to connect smoke detectors in to the system and when triggered, automatically switch on

lights to illuminate the exit route whilst at the same time dialing the fire brigade with a pre

recorded message. For further information, see details of our Comfort System.

PC Networking

Who remembers the time when having our own PC in the home seemed like a dream that

could never happen?

Who sees a future when PC’s have a function in most rooms in our home?

Many families already have more than one PC in the home, the kids want one each, dad has

one for business use, but they only have one printer and one internet access line.

Network

Networking involves tying all of your computers together so that you can pass information

easily between them, and also share devices such as printers and internet access. This is

traditionally done with interface cards and cable although several manufacturers now offer a

wireless solution. Systems offering network connections via the existing in house power lines

are now starting to emerge. Using cable gives higher data transfer rates and greater reliability

at a more affordable price, but wireless solutions are neater and easier to install especially

where running cables would prove difficult or messy. Tying your PC into your automation

system generally requires installing a serial cable between the two.

Convenience
An automated home is about the convenience of saving your time and effort by having your

home automatically do routine functions such as watering your grass (but only if it has not

rained recently), or turning off all lights, setting the thermostat to economy mode and arming

the security system when you retire for the night.

CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Basic Idea

 Basic idea of Home automation using Telnet is conceived from router

configuration. As we use a remote terminal to access router instead of console to configure it,

we have used the same way to control our controller instead of router to control our Home

Appliances. The controller ARM 7 which is programmed such as that when it receives the

command through Telnet it processes on it and turns ON or OFF the appliance as per

command receive.

Telnet server is used for interfacing. Server connects controller with telnet remote PC through

serial port i.e. DB9 and connects controller with remote pc through internet medium i.e.

TCP/IP.

2.2 Telnet
 Telnet is a terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks such as the Internet.

 The Telnet program runs on your computer and connects your PC to a server on

the network.
 We can enter commands through the Telnet program and they will be executed as

if you were entering them directly on the server.

 To start a Telnet session, you must log in to a server by entering a valid username

and password.
 Telnet is a common way to remotely control Web servers.
2.3 Block Diagram
 Home Automation
Server

Central Controller Internet Medium

Remote PC
TCP/IP

Home Appliances

CHAPTER 3
 COMPONENTS DATA AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.1 Circuit Diagram

a- Control And Display Section

3.2 Circuit Components

MAX-232
Microcontroller ARM 7
LCD 2*16
LM7805
2SC1383
Push Buttons
Crystal 11.0592MHZ

CHAPTER 4
 TELNET

4.1 Introduction

The purpose of the TELNET Protocol is to provide a fairly general, bi-directional, eight-bit

byte oriented communications facility. Its primary goal is to allow a standard method of

interfacing terminal devices and terminal-oriented processes to each other. It is envisioned

that the protocol may also be used for terminal-terminal communication and process-process

communication (distributed computation).

Telnet is a way to connect to a machine and run commands. Using Telnet, you can connect to

you Telnet or Telecommunication Network is a network protocol which is mostly used to

connect to remote machines over a local area network or the internet. Let us dive into

knowing more about telnet through this basic tutorial for beginners.

Telnet was developed in 1969 to aid in remote connectivity between computers over a

network. Telnet can connect to a remote machine that on a network and is port listening. Most

common ports to which one can connect to through telnet are:

4.2 Ports For Different Purposes

Port 21 - File Transfer Protocol

Port 22 - SSH Remote Login Protocol

Port 23 - Telnet Server

Port 25 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Port 53 - Domain Name Server (DNS)

Port 69 - Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

Port 70 - Gopher

Port 80 - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Port 110 - Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

4.3 Telneting to your account through other software

 Connect to your local Internet Service Provider.

 Open your Telnet program.

There are many popular shareware programs on the web available for download. If

you're running Windows 3.x/95/98 you already have a telnet program installed on

your system called telnet.exe. To run it, click on the "Start" button on your taskbar,

highlight "Run" on the menu, and then type in the command "telnet" in the window

that appears.
 Connect to the server.

Once the programming is running, you'll need to tell the program where to connect to.

Look for a selection called "Connection", "Make New Connection", or "Remote

System". Enter www.yourdomain.com and press "OK" or "Connect". You'll see a

screen very similar to the one shown above, with a "login" prompt and possibly a

blinking cursor.
 Type in your login name and press enter, then enter your password when prompted

and press enter. (Your login and password are the same ones that you use to FTP to

your account.)
 If you entered the information correctly, then you're in! If the server gives you a login

or password incorrect error, just re-enter your login and password.

  Terminal Type

If you see the line "TERM = (vt100)", just press enter and you're ready to start

entering commands.
 Enter commands.

At this point you can start typing in Unix commands. A description of some common

ones can be found in the "About Telnet" page of your Control Panel, and we've also

gathered some in our Unix Commands page. Type in the commands and hit enter.
 Disconnect.

To end your telnet session, simply type in the command "exit" or "logout" and then hit

enter.

4.4 General Considerations

A TELNET connection is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection used to

transmit data with interspersed TELNET control information.

The TELNET Protocol is built upon three main ideas: first, the concept of a "Network

Virtual Terminal"; second, the principle of negotiated options; and third, a symmetric view of

terminals and processes.

1. When a TELNET connection is first established, each end is assumed to originate and

terminate at a "Network Virtual Terminal", or NVT. An NVT is an imaginary device which

provides a standard, network-wide, intermediate representation of a canonical terminal.

2. The principle of negotiated options takes cognizance of the fact that many hosts will wish

to provide additional services over and above those available within an NVT, and many users

will have sophisticated terminals and would like to have elegant.

3. The symmetry of the negotiation syntax can potentially lead to non terminating

acknowledgment loops -- each party seeing the incoming commands not as acknowledgments

but as new requests which must be acknowledged. To prevent such loops, the following rules

prevail:

Transmission of data
Although a TELNET connection through the network is intrinsically full duplex, the NVT is

to be viewed as a half-duplex device operating in a line-buffered mode. That is, unless and

until options are negotiated to the contrary, the following default conditions pertain to the

transmission of data over the TELNET connection:

1) Insofar as the availability of local buffer space permits, data should be accumulated

in the host where it is generated until a complete line of data is ready for transmission, or

until some locally-defined explicit signal to transmit occurs. This signal could be generated

either by a process or by a human user.

2) When a process has completed sending data to an NVT printer and has no queued

input from the NVT keyboard for further processing (i.e., when a process at one end of a

TELNET connection cannot proceed without input from the other end), the process must

transmit the TELNET Go Ahead (GA) command.

4.6 Standard Representation Of Control Functions

As stated in the Introduction to this document, the primary goal of the TELNET protocol is

the provision of a standard interfacing of terminal devices and terminal-oriented processes

through the network. Early experiences with this type of interconnection have shown that

certain functions are implemented by most servers, but that the methods of invoking these

functions differ widely. For a human user who interacts with several server systems, these

differences are highly frustrating. TELNET, therefore, defines a standard representation for

five of these functions.

The Telnet "SYNCH" Signal

Most time-sharing systems provide mechanisms which allow a terminal user to regain control

of a "runaway" process; the IP and AO functions described above are examples of these

mechanisms. Such systems, when used locally, have access to all of the signals supplied by

the user, whether these are normal characters or special "out of band" signals such as those

supplied by the teletype "BREAK" key or the IBM 2741 "ATTN" key. This is not necessarily

true when terminals are connected to the system through the network; the network's flow

control mechanisms may cause such a signal to be buffered elsewhere, for example in the

user's host.
To counter this problem, the TELNET "Synch" mechanism is introduced. A Synch signal

consists of a TCP Urgent notification, coupled with the TELNET command DATA MARK.

The Urgent notification, which is not subject to the flow control pertaining to the TELNET

connection, is used to invoke special handling of the data stream by the process which

receives it. In this mode, the data stream is immediately scanned for "interesting" signals as

defined below, discarding intervening data. The TELNET command DATA MARK (DM) is
the synchronizing mark in the data stream which indicates that any special signal has

already occurred and the recipient can return to normal processing of the data stream.

CHAPTER 5

TCP/IP

5.1 Introduction
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is intended for use as a highly reliable host-to-host

protocol between hosts in packet-switched computer

communication networks, and in interconnected systems of such networks.

The functions to be performed by the Transmission Control Protocol, the program that

implements it, and its interface to programs or users that require its services.

5.2 Structure of TCP/IP

The TCP fits into a layered protocol architecture just above a basic Internet Protocol

which provides a way for the TCP to send and receive variable-length segments of

information enclosed in internet datagram "envelopes". The internet datagram provides a

means for addressing source and destination TCPs in different networks. The internet

protocol also deals with any fragmentation or reassembly of the TCP segments required to

achieve transport and delivery through multiple networks and interconnecting gateways. The

internet protocol also carries information on the precedence, security classification and

compartmentation of the TCP segments, so this information can be communicated end-to-end

across multiple networks.

Protocol Layering

higher-level
TCP
internet protocol
internet protocol
 Figure 1

Some computer systems will be connected to networks via front-end computers which house

the TCP and internet protocol layers as well as network specific software. The TCP

specification describes an interface to the higher level protocols which appears to be

implementable even for the front-end case, as long as a suitable host-to-front end protocol is

implemented.

5.3 Main Features of TCP/IP

The following are main features of TCP/IP

Scope
The TCP is intended to provide a reliable process-to-process communication service in a

multinetwork environment. The TCP is intended to be a host-to-host protocol in common use

in multiple networks.

Interfaces
The TCP interfaces on one side to user or application processes and on the other side to a

lower level protocol such as Internet Protocol. The interface between an application process

and the TCP is illustrated in reasonable detail. This interface consists of a set of calls much

like the calls an operating system provides to an application process for manipulating files.

For example, there are calls to open and close connections and to send and receive data on

established connections. It is also expected that the TCP can asynchronously communicate

with application programs. Although considerable freedom is permitted to TCP implementers

to design interfaces which are appropriate to a particular operating system environment, a

minimum functionality is required at the TCP/user interface for any valid implementation.

The interface between TCP and lower level protocol is essentially unspecified except that it is

assumed there is a mechanism whereby the two levels can asynchronously pass information

to each other. Typically, one expects the lower level protocol to specify this interface. TCP is

designed to work in a very general environment of interconnected networks. The lower level

protocol which is assumed throughout this document is the Internet Protocol.

5.4 Operation
The primary purpose of the TCP is to provide reliable, securable logical circuit or connection

service between pairs of processes. To provide this service on top of a less reliable internet
communication system requires facilities in the following areas:

Basic Data Transfer

Reliability
Flow Control
Multiplexing
Connections
Precedence and Security

Basic Data Transfer:

The TCP is able to transfer a continuous stream of octets in each direction between its users

by packaging some number of octets into segments for transmission through the internet
system. In general, the TCPs decide when to block and forward data at their own

convenience.
Sometimes users need to be sure that all the data they have submitted to the TCP has been

transmitted. For this purpose a push function is defined. To assure that data submitted to a

TCP is actually transmitted the sending user indicates that it should be pushed through to the

receiving user. A push causes the TCPs to promptly forward and deliver data up to that point

to the receiver. The exact push point might not be visible to the receiving user and the push

function does not supply a record boundary marker.

Reliability:
The TCP must recover from data that is damaged, lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order

by the internet communication system. This is achieved by assigning a sequence number to

each octet transmitted, and requiring a positive acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiving

TCP. If the ACK is not received within a timeout interval, the data is retransmitted. At the

receiver, the sequence numbers are used to correctly order segments that may be received out

of order and to eliminate duplicates. Damage is handled by adding a checksum to each

segment transmitted, checking it at the receiver, and discarding damaged segments.

As long as the TCPs continue to function properly and the internet system does not become

completely partitioned, no transmission errors will affect the correct delivery of data. TCP

recovers from internet communication system errors.

Flow Control:

TCP provides a means for the receiver to govern the amount of data sent by the sender. This

is achieved by returning a "window" with every ACK indicating a range of acceptable

sequence numbers beyond the last segment successfully received. The window indicates an

allowed number of octets that the sender may transmit before receiving further permission.

Multiplexing:
To allow for many processes within a single Host to use TCP communication facilities

simultaneously, the TCP provides a set of addresses or ports within each host. Concatenated

with the network and host addresses from the internet communication layer, this forms a

socket. A pair of sockets uniquely identifies each connection. That is, a socket may be

simultaneously used in multiple connections.

The binding of ports to processes is handled independently by each Host. However, it proves

useful to attach frequently used processes (e.g., a "logger" or timesharing service) to fixed

sockets which are made known to the public.

These services can then be accessed through the known addresses. Establishing and learning

the port addresses of other processes may involve more dynamic mechanisms.

Connections:

The reliability and flow control mechanisms described above require that TCPs initialize and

maintain certain status information for each data stream. The combination of this

information, including sockets, sequence numbers, and window sizes, is called a connection.

Each connection is uniquely specified by a pair of sockets identifying its two sides.When two

processes wish to communicate, their TCP's must first establish a connection (initialize the
status information on each side). When their communication is complete, the connection is

terminated or closed to free the resources for other uses.

Since connections must be established between unreliable hosts and over the unreliable

internet communication system, a handshake mechanism with clock-based sequence numbers

is used to avoid erroneous initialization of connections.

Precedence and Security:

The users of TCP may indicate the security and precedence of their communication.

Provision is made for default values to be used when these features are not needed.

5.5 Model of Operation

Processes transmit data by calling on the TCP and passing buffers of data as arguments. The

TCP packages the data from these buffers into segments and calls on the internet module to

transmit each segment to the destination TCP. The receiving TCP places the data from a

segment into the receiving user's buffer and notifies the receiving user.
The TCPs include control information in the segments which they

use to ensure reliable ordered data transmission.

The model of internet communication is that there is an internet

protocol module associated with each TCP which provides an interface to the local network.

This internet module packages TCP segments inside internet datagrams and routes these

datagrams to a destination internet module or intermediate gateway. To transmit the

datagram through the local network, it is embedded in a local network packet.

The Host Environment
The TCP is assumed to be a module in an operating system. The users access the TCP much

like they would access the file system. The TCP may call on other operating system

functions, for example, to manage data structures. The actual interface to the network is

assumed to be controlled by a device driver module. The TCP does not call on the network

device driver directly, but rather calls on the internet datagram protocol module which may in

turn call on the device driver. The mechanisms of TCP do not preclude implementation of the

TCP in a front-end processor. However, in such an implementation, a host-to-front-end

protocol must provide the functionality to support the type of TCP-user interface described in

this document.

Interfaces
The TCP/user interface provides for calls made by the user on the TCP to OPEN or CLOSE a

connection, to SEND or RECEIVE data, or to obtain STATUS about a connection. These

calls are like other calls from user programs on the operating system, for example, the calls to

open, read from, and close a file.

The TCP/internet interface provides calls to send and receive
datagrams addressed to TCP modules in hosts anywhere in the internet system. These calls

have parameters for passing the address, type of service, precedence, security, and other

control information.

Relation to Other Protocols

The following diagram illustrates the place of the TCP in the protocol Hierarchy:
Telnet, FTP, Voice Application Level
TCP, RTP Host Level
Internet Protocol & ICMP Gateway Level
Local Network Protocol Network Level

Figure 2. Protocol Relationships

Connection Establishment and Clearing

To identify the separate data streams that a TCP may handle, the TCP provides a port

identifier. Since port identifiers are selected independently by each TCP they might not be

unique. To provide for unique addresses within each TCP, we concatenate an internet address

identifying the TCP with a port identifier to create a socket which will be unique throughout

all networks connected together.

Data Communication

The data that flows on a connection may be thought of as a stream of octets. The sending

user indicates in each SEND call whether the data in that call (and any preceding calls)

should be immediately pushed through to the receiving user by the setting of the PUSH flag.
A sending TCP is allowed to collect data from the sending user and to send that data in

segments at its own convenience, until the push function is signaled, then it must send all

unsent data. When a receiving TCP sees the PUSH flag, it must not wait for more data from

the sending TCP before passing the data to the receiving process.
 There is no necessary relationship between push functions and segment boundaries. The

data in any particular segment may be the result of a single SEND call, in whole or part, or of

multiple SEND calls.

The purpose of push function and the PUSH flag is to push data through from the sending

user to the receiving user. It does not provide a record service.

5.6 Header Format

TCP segments are sent as internet datagrams. The Internet Protocol header carries several

information fields, including the source and destination host addresses [2]. A TCP header

follows the internet header, supplying information specific to the TCP protocol. This header,

supplying information specific to the TCP protocol.

TCP Header Format

0 1 2 3
01234567890123456789012345678901
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port | Destination Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Acknowledgment Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Data | |U|A|P|R|S|F| |
| Offset| Reserved |R|C|S|S|Y|I| Window |
| | |G|K|H|T|N|N| |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Urgent Pointer |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

TCP Header Format

Source Port: 16 bits

The source port number.
Destination Port: 16 bits
The destination port number.
Sequence Number: 32 bits
The sequence number of the first data octet in this segment (except when SYN is present). If

SYN is present the sequence number is the initial sequence number (ISN) and the first data

octet is ISN+1.

Acknowledgment Number: 32 bits

If the ACK control bit is set this field contains the value of the next sequence number the

sender of the segment is expecting to receive. Once a connection is established this is always

sent.

Data Offset: 4 bits

The number of 32 bit words in the TCP Header. This indicates where the data begins. The

TCP header (even one including options) is an integral number of 32 bits long.

Reserved: 6 bits

Reserved for future use. Must be zero.

Control Bits: 6 bits (from left to right):
URG: Urgent Pointer field significant
ACK: Acknowledgment field significant
PSH: Push Function
RST: Reset the connection
SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers
FIN: No more data from sender

Window: 16 bits
The number of data octets beginning with the one indicated in the acknowledgment field

which the sender of this segment is willing to accept.

Checksum: 16 bits
The checksum field is the 16 bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of all 16 bit

words in the header and text. If a segment contains an odd number of header and text octets

to be check summed, the last octet is padded on the right with zeros to form a 16 bit word for

checksum purposes. The pad is not transmitted as part of the segment. While computing the

checksum, the checksum field itself is replaced with zeros. The checksum also covers a 96 bit

pseudo header conceptually

Urgent Pointer: 16 bits
This field communicates the current value of the urgent pointer as a positive offset from the

sequence number in this segment. The urgent pointer points to the sequence number of the

octet following the urgent data. This field is only be interpreted in segments with the URG

control bit set.

5.7 Functional Specification

There are essentially three cases:

Case 1: Local user initiates the close

In this case, a FIN segment can be constructed and placed on the outgoing segment queue.

No further SENDs from the user will be accepted by the TCP, and it enters the FIN-WAIT-1

state. RECEIVEs are allowed in this state. All segments preceding and including FIN will be

retransmitted until acknowledged. When the other TCP has both acknowledged the FIN and

sent a FIN of its own, the first TCP can ACK this FIN. Note that a TCP receiving a FIN will

ACK but not send its own FIN until its user has CLOSED the connection also.

Case 2: TCP receives a FIN from the network

If an unsolicited FIN arrives from the network, the receiving TCP can ACK it and tell the user

that the connection is closing. The user will respond with a CLOSE, upon which the TCP can

send a FIN to the other TCP after sending any remaining data. The TCP then waits
until its own FIN is acknowledged whereupon it deletes the connection. If an ACK is not

forthcoming, after the user timeout the connection is aborted and the user is told.

Case 3: both users close simultaneously

A simultaneous CLOSE by users at both ends of a connection causes FIN segments to be

exchanged. When all segments preceding the FINs have been processed and acknowledged,

each TCP can ACK the FIN it has received. Both will, upon receiving these ACKs, delete the

connection.
CHAPTER 7
LEVEL CONVERTER MAX 232

7.1 Introduction

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to

signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual

driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ±7.5V) from a single +5V supply

via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-

232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0V to +5V range, as power

supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this

case.

The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as ±25V), to standard 5V TTL

levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5V.
The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at

higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors – 0.1μF in place of the 1.0μF

capacitors used with the original device.

Voltage levels

It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC receives a

TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL

Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL.

TTL Voltage to/from

RS232 Line Type & Logic Level RS232 Voltage
MAX232

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0 +3V to +15V 0V

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1 -3V to -15V 5V

Control Signals
-3V to -15V 5V
(RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0

Control Signals
+3V to +15V 0V
(RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1
 CHAPTER 8

HOME / OFFICE AUTOMATION APPLIANCES

8.1 Introduction

A major appliance, or domestic appliance, is usually defined as a large machine which

accomplishes some routine housekeeping task, which includes purposes such as cooking,

food preservation, or cleaning, whether in a household, institutional, commercial or industrial

setting. An appliance is differentiated from a plumbing fixture because it uses an energy input

for its operation other than water, generally using electricity or natural gas/propane. An object

run by a watermill would also be considered an appliance. Major appliances are differentiated

from small appliances because they are large, difficult to move, and generally fixed in place

to some extent. They are often considered fixtures and part of real estate and as such they are

often supplied to tenants as part of otherwise unfurnished rental properties. Another frequent

characteristic of major appliances is that they may have substantial electricity requirements

that necessitate special electrical wiring to supply higher current than standard electrical

outlets can deliver. This limits where they can be placed in a home.
Home automation may designate an emerging practice of increased automation of household

appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic means that

allow for things impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible in recent past

decades. The term may be used in contrast to the more mainstream "building automation,"

which refers to industrial settings and the automatic or semi-automatic control of lighting,

climate doors and windows, and security and surveillance systems. The techniques employed

in home automation include those in building automation as well as the control of home

entertainment systems, houseplant watering, pet feeding, "scenes" for different events (such

as dinners or parties), and the use of domestic robots.

Home automation has been around since World War I. A television remote was first patented

in 1950 and a remote control device was first used by the Germans in World War I to control

motorboats. From there, the evolution of controllers and automation has been growing and

still continue to grow to this day.

In advanced installations, rooms can sense not only the presence of a person but know who

that person is and perhaps set appropriate lighting, temperature, music or television levels

taking into account the day of the week, the time of day, and other factors.

Other automated tasks may include setting the air conditioning to an energy saving setting

when the house is unoccupied, and restoring the normal setting when an occupant is about to

return. More sophisticated systems can maintain an inventory of products, recording their

usage through an RFID tag, and prepare a shopping list or even automatically order

replacements.

8.2 Different Home / Office Automation Appliances

1- Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning solutions include temperature and humidity control

(climatic). This is generally one of the most important aspects to a homeowner. An Internet-

controlled thermostat, for example, can both save money and help the environment, by

allowing the homeowner to control the building's heating and air conditioning systems

remotely.

2- Lighting

Lighting control systems involves aspects related to controlling electric lights.

 Extinguished general of all the lights of the house

 Automation of switched off / ignition in every point of light
 Regulation of the illumination according to the level of ambient luminosity

3- Natural lighting

Natural lighting control involves controlling window shades, LCD shades, draperies and

awnings. Recent advances include use of RF technology to avoid wiring to switches and

integration with third party home automation systems for centralized control.

4- Audio

Major companies associated with Audio Distribution include: There are three components

that allow the consumer to listen to audio throughout your home, or business:

o Cat 5e/CAT 6 cable from Audio central unit.

o 2 sets of speaker cabling (4ply from amplifier, and 2 ply from key pad to

ceiling or wall speakers).

 o A keypad to control your volume and sources.

This category includes audio switching and distribution. Audio switching determines the

selection of an audio source. Audio distribution allows an audio source to be heard in one or

more rooms. This feature is often referred to as 'multi-zone' audio.

5- Video

This includes video switching and distribution, allowing a video source to be viewed on

multiple TVs. This feature is often referred to as 'multi-zone' video.

Integration of the intercom to the telephone, or of the video door entry system to the

television set, allowing the residents to view the door camera automatically.

6- Security

Control and integration of security systems.

With Home Automation, the consumer can select and watch cameras live from an Internet

source to their home or business. Security cameras can be controlled, allowing the user to

observe activity around a house or business right from a Monitor or touch panel. Security

systems can include motion sensors that will detect any kind of unauthorized movement and

notify the user through the security system or via cell phone.

This category also includes control and distribution of security cameras

 Detection of possible intrusion

o sensors of detection of movement
o sensors of magnetic contact of door/window
o sensors of glass breaking
 o sensors of pressure changes
 Simulation of presence.
 Detection of fire, gas leaks, water leaks (see fire alarm and gas alarm)
 Medical alert. Teleassistance.
 Precise and safe closing of blinds.

7- Intercoms

An intercom system allows communication via a microphone and loud speaker between

multiple rooms.

 Ubiquity in the external control as much internal, remote control from the Internet,

PC, wireless controls electrical equipment.

 Transmission of alarms.
 Intercommunications.

Using special hardware, almost any device can be monitored and controlled automatically or

remotely.

8 - Plant Watering

 Pool pump(s) and heater, Hot tub and Spa

 Sump Pump (need info and links)
 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION

9.1 Topic Background

This project is developed for Houses, small, Large, Medium size national and multinational

organizations which keeps large amount of money in their office and want 100% security.

Their main requirements were they wanted a system that could alert them when burglary

takes place at the time when office is closed. These organizations are very big and have many

employees; most of the employees do overtime and stay at office for late nights. Supervisor is

responsible to switch off the electric lights, other appliances and lock the office after

everyone leaves but the main problem was this supervisor had to stay with employees for

long time until they finish their work, so we proposed this system to these organizations that

can solve out their problems. Now supervisor can monitor the employees from their houses

using live web cams, turn off lights and doors when everyone is gone.

9.2 Project Scope

The system being developed will focus an automating security and electronic appliances for

homes and offices. This involves providing the feature of tracking the status of appliances

and manipulating them accordingly. It also involves monitoring and remotely the security

related events. The scope is also consists of sending remote messages to the user by any

means. The proposed security and home/office automation system will also focus on user

remote system connectivity so that it can be manage by the user when he/she is outside.
It also comes in boundary of the system, to detect unwanted motions through different

intruder devices and maintain passed activities and event logs. The system will target on

controlling other home and office processes which are being perform manually, controlling
doors can be one of those processes and also will target on modern connectivity technologies

to minimize the failure chance. The proposed system will also subject on controlling home

and office electricity flow remotely from different locations.

9.3 Objective Of System

The main objective of the system is to automate all home/office and security processes. It is

an objective of the proposed security system to monitor unwanted intruder activities through

attached security device i.e. PIR motion detectors, Glass-break sensors and etc and inform the

user on real time using SMS services and alarms. The objective of the system is to enable the

user to monitor his property when he is not present there using security cameras and also to

provide facility to the user to track passed activities and events logs by accessing web-based

reports, tracking current status of the system from anywhere in the world using pocket paces,

laptops and other devices is also a part of an objective of the system. An objective of the

proposed system is also to enable user to manage other important home/office features like

i.e. controlling curtains, controlling door/gates and etc. Providing feature to the user to

manage electricity appliances automatically when he/she is outside using timer settings also

comes under the boundary of an objective of the proposed system.

9.4 Functionality of System

Main Functionality
Core
• Online real-time house watch through security cameras
• Wireless Connectivity.
• Real-time picture capture from remote location
• Timer to automatically switching (on/off) electronic appliances.
• Control Door Locks
• Control room curtains
• Video/Audio recording when system is triggered.

Switch ON/OFF Electronic Appliances (Desktop/Web Based)

This system have many special features controlling the electricity of the building is one of the

feature which enables the user to control the electronic appliances of his/her building from

within the building boundary or anywhere in the world using web based system.

Timer To Automatically Switching (ON/OFF) Electronic Appliances

Timer feature automatically switch on or switch off the electricity of the building on the set

time. User can change its time and set it according to his need. User doesn’t have to go

physically outside and open the lights, now simply set the required time and the system will

switch on and off the electric flow itself.

Loud Alarm To Alert About Danger

When any unwanted activity is detected by the system, it immediate activates a loud alarm

siren to alert the user and people around about the danger.
Live Streaming Videos Of House Through Online Security Cameras

Special feature of live streaming videos enable the user to view live online web cam location

to remote location from anywhere in the world. Now when unwanted activity is detected at

user’s premises user can simply log onto the website and view live videos of every area of the

building.

Captures Pictures Of Remote Location

User can capture pictures of remote location from anywhere in the world using his/her

cellular, laptop or PDA. Now whenever user is informed about the burglary, he/she may go

on the website view the remote web cameras and if he/she finds anyone in camera. User can

capture pictures for evidence.

Control Electronic Door Locks

Now user can control his/her door locks using his cellular. If anyone arrives and gives bell,

User may check on the gate camera and if she/he knows the person. He/She can open the

door from the cell phone.

Control Room Curtains By PC

This system has a feature to control the curtains of the room using cellular. Now opening and

closing the curtains of room is on your fingertip. User doesn’t need to go physically and

open/close curtains.