Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
8129
H. A. KENDALL
JUNIOR MEMBER AIME GULF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CO.
W. C. GOINS, JR. PITTSBURGH, PA.
MEMBER AIME
ABSTRACT selection of nozzle sizes and by fol- est effect on drilling rate. Papers and
lowing the rules presented, the maxi- data have been presented that show
mum obtainable quantities can be ef- pump horsepower,'o bit hydraulic
fectively utilized from surface to to- horsepower' and jet impact force:
tal depth. each to be the most significant factor
Finally, a simple graphical meth- affecting drilling rate. Examination
od of selecting nozzle sizes and flow of jet-bit programs of the bit com-
rates is presented which can be used panies indicates emphasis on jet ve-
with familiar bit-company hydraulic locity. Only pump horsepower can
tables and calculators to design jet- be eliminated because it can be used
bit programs for maximum bit hy- to produce anyone of the bit effects
draulic horsepower, impact or jet ve- which, a priori, must be more rele-
locity, as desired. These programs vant factors. This contradictory state
make most effective use of the of opinion and practice regarding the
pumps. bit effects is unfortunate, but sev-
Heretofore, there was no method eral published references have been
available for designing field tests concerned with making one or an-
which adequately separated the ef- other of the factors maximum; and,
fects of bit horsepower, impact and because these in each case have given
jet velocity. The programs and pro- results applicable to only intervals
cedures developed in the paper are of the hole drilled, there seems to be
dissimilar and, when used in future ample reason to complete the pre-
field testing, should demonstrate vious efforts. It also is believed that
which program is the most impor- the differences in programs for each
tant in obtaining the fastest drill- effect, where they exist, should be
ing rate. delineated so that future use may de-
termine which hydraulic effect is the
more relevant.
INTRODUCTION
It is the purpose of this paper to:
During the past decade, rig hy- (1) show the theoretical maximum
draulics has come into increasing bit hydraulic horsepower, jet impact
prominence. There has been a defi- force and jet velocity available at
nite trend toward providing higher all depths, taking into consideration
horsepower pumps, jet-type bits have all necessary restrictions on operat-
had increased use, numerous inves- ing conditions; (2.) illustrate proce-
tigators'-U have reported increased dures by which the maximum avail-
drilling rates as a result of increased able horsepower, impact force or
hydraulics, and bit manufacturers velocity may be obtained; and (3)
have provided tables 12- " and calcula- present a graphical method for rapid
tors",'6 that are now commonly used selection of jet-nozzle sizes and flow
to design jet-bit programs. rates to be used with conventional
Original manuscript received in Society of Opinion has varied as to the hy- procedures to design jet-bit programs
Petroleum Engineers office July 13, 1959. Re-
vised manuscript received March 28, 1960. draulic quantity which has the great- for maximum bit horsepower, im-
Paper presented at 34th Annual Fall Meet-
ing of SPE, Oct. 4-7, 1959, ill Dallas. 'References given at end of paper. pact force or velocity as desired.
a:
0
x 400
<.>
Pb = MAX. BIT PRESSURE A'3>.llABLE ::J
::l
<t
am = ~~XM:~?~U~~T~R~~A~b~~LE
Q'm : ~:~'D~iOI~E~ATE PUMP "'">-
:J::
200~
I-
in
I
. ,:,1
--I
._>N
/ / P p • KpO"
~I
I-
I
~~~__-L__~~
Do, Do,
FLOW RATE (a) (GAL/MIN)
FIG. 1~ FLOW RATE VS PIlESSCHE Fon FIG. 2 ~ VARIATION OF BIT HORSEPOWER WITH FLOW RATE AND DEPTH
PUMP AND DIlILL STIlI],;C. (BASED ON TABLE 1).
'"!2 I
Appendix B (Eq. B2) indicates x
0
I
that, in Ranges 1 and 3 and when
Q. is greater than Qm where the
~
0
0:
J
pump pressure and the flow rate are
-.=,
<r
16 ~I
g I
kept constant, the area of the jet u
i't
nozzles must increase as more pipe I-
U
I
is added. When operating in Range 1i:
=!i
2, Eq. B4 shows that, as depth in-
creases, the area of the jet nozzles
must decrease. From Eq. B3, the
optimum flow rate also decreases =_1'"
with depth, causing a corresponding ~Io
decrease in both bit and required iii
surface hydraulic horsepower.
It was assumed in the discussion
(GAL/MIN)
so far that the nozzle sizes could be
continuously varied to utilize all FIG. 4- VARIATION OF JET IMPACT WITH FLOW RATE AND DEPTH
available Pb' By cross plotting the (BASED ON TABLE 1).
"u -'
sure available at that flow rate, P,
..il "
~ (Eq. Cl3). When the pump is op-
0:
t erating at maximum pressure Pm
~ 0
....
0
v
CONV JET PROGRAM - MIN. FLOW -275 GAl/MIN; VEL.-120 FT IMIN
(Q less than Q m), the optimum flow
iii 200 rate occurs when the bit pressure is
35/16" NOZZLES-JET VEL.-380 FT/SEC
49 per cent of the maximum surface
pressure (Eq. C6).
In the 17.5-in. hole (Fig. 4), the
mil1imum annular circulating rate
o 5000 10,000 15,000 20pOO for the illustrative field conditions is
DEPTH (FEET) equal to the maximum flow rate of
FIG, 3-BIT HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER OBTAINED BY MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF EQUIP·
the pump; the fclaximum jet impact
MENT As COMPARED TO A CONVENTIONAL JET PROGRAM (8%-IN. HOLE). a-. ailable is at this flow rate. For the
gU
W
> 200
~
L
I
CONVENTIONAL PRo.GRAM_
200 FT ISEC
I
I
I
, ,
cent of surface pressure when the It)~i !;t
pump is operating at maximum
horsepower. However, the authors ~l ~
have found no previous presentation ~IZ ~I
<t
of the conditions necessary (P. = :; "
°0~----------~--~------~4LOO~---L----~~L--------L~oo-0------~
APPENDIX A hence,
1.9 k pd Qt;;t = k b A "Q'op, (B4)
MAXIMUM HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
CASE 1 APPENDIX C
(0 < Q < Qm; Pm = constant)
HP, = K P.Q = K(P m - Pp)Q JET HYDRAULIC IMPACT
= K(P", - KpQ19)Q = K(PmQ - KpQ' ')
(AI) F, = Wa = W (V, - V,)
(CI)
d(HP.) g g t
d(Q) = K(P", - 2.9 KpQI9) = 0;
where W is the mass flow rate of liquid, a is the ac·
hence, celeration, and g is the constant of gravity. V, - V, is
Pm = 2.9 KpQ~:, = 2.9 P v ovt . (A2) the change in jet velocity normal to the surface in
time t.
Ph opt = Pm - Pp opt = P,,, - 0.34 Pm
Assume
= 0.66 P", _ (A3)
= _ . W . _ rQ' p V' .
HP. opl K P.Q"Pt = K(0.66 PmQovt) V, - 0, t = pQ, Ph - K AY7 = KC' ,
K(0.66 P,/")
(2.9 Kv)"'" = 2.9 K(0.66 KpQ:,:,) hence,
= 0.66 HP, opt (A4) V = K' P hO., where p is constant.
Therefore,
CASE 2
W,n < Q < Q'm ; P ,Q = constant) (C2)
HP. = K P.Q = K(P, - Pp)Q
= K ( ~ - KvQl')Q = K(C
CASE
- K1,Q'''). (A5) (0 < Q < Qm; Pm = constant)
d(HP.) F. = K,Q Pt· = K,Q(P m - Pp)05
d(Q) = K( - 2.9 KvQ") = 0, Q = 0; = K,Q(P,,, - KpQ")05 = K,(PmQ' - K"Q"t'
hence, (C3)
HP. is maximum when Q = 0 (A6) d(F.) K(2P mQ - 3.9 KpQ")
= 0;
d(Q) 2(P m Q' - KpQ''')O''
APPENDIX B hence,
2P mQ'PI = 1.95 KpQ:,:, (C4)
RELATION BETWEEN DEPTH, NOZZLE
SIZE AND FLOW RATES Pm = 1.95 KpQ:,;:, (C5)
Pm or P, = p. + P"
Po opt =:Pm - Pp opt
(Bl)
= K.Q' + KvQ'9 = Pm - 0.51 P'" = 0.49 P'" (C6)
= k.A-'Q' + kv d QU
Also,
(B2) o
-,opt
= (0.51
Kp P"')"" (C7)
The significance of a set of rules creased as the nozzles were de- pear that the quantity to be maxi-
aimed at maximizing either the ve- creased from 3 X 9/16-in. to 3 X mized is the power of the jets; but,
locity, the impact or the power of 1/2 -in. even though the power was as shown previously, power alone
the jets at the nozzle exits depends increased. ) cannot be the complete criterion.
on whether or not these quantities A general idea of the actual cri- The power also should be distributed
are valid as criteria for optimum util- terion, which also puts the velocity, effectively, in such a way that a max-
ization of the rig's hydraulic sys- impact and power "criteria" in their imum fraction of it is used directly
tem and, if so, whether or not it is proper place, may be formed from for the removal of the cuttings. This
possible to select from these quanti- a study of the role of the jets in the optimum condition obviously will ex-
ties the proper one for given operat- drilling mechanism. ist for one specific nozzle size, and
ing conditions. Consider a drilling system where it may be expected to vary with the
Some evidence for the validity of the jet velocity and the total area power of the jets. Therefore, the
the assumption that velocity, impact of the nozzles are the only inde- quantity to be maximized is not just
and power may be critical quantities pendent variables. If it is conceded the power but, rather, is a function
in jet-bit hydraulics is found in the that the jets affect the drilling solely of the power and the nozzle area.
literature on the subject. The data by their capacity to control the ac- The general shape of this function
cumulation of drilled particles at the (z) can be determined from the
show that the drilling rate often in-
creases if anyone of these quanti- bottom of the hole and on the bit knowledge that it must approach
ties is increased and that it may teeth, the work required for the zero for small nozzles, reach a maxi-
reach a maximum coinciding with removal of these drilled particles has mum at a larger nozzle size and then
the maximum of the velocity, im- to be supplied by the kinetic energy decrease as the nozzle size increases
pact or power, depending on the of the jets. To minimize the accumu- (Fig. Dl). As, for a constant nozzle
conditions under which the experi- lation and, thus, improve the pene- size, an increase in power will always
ments are performed. This last qual- tration of the bit in virgin rock, the produce an increase in Z, it follows
ification is important; its omission cuttings have to be removed rapidly. that curves for constant power do
has led to the erroneous conclusion For rapid removal, the work has to not intersect (except at the origin).
that velocity, or impact or power be done at a fast rate; hence, ade- The z-function, which might be
should be "the criterion". It is easy quate power should be available for called a generalized power criterion,
to show, however, that none of the this purpose. Therefore, it would ap- contains the velocity, impact and
three quantities can lay claim to power "criteria". To demonstrate
this title. Suppose, for instance, that this, write these three as special
the power of the jet were "the cri- forms of the generalized power cri-
terion". This would imply that a terion. The "velocity criterion" be-
larger power is always preferable comes z = V = (HP / A )'/', the "im-
z pact criterion" z = AV' = HPI'A'/3
to a smaller power, irrespective of
the manner in which this power is and the "power criterion" z = HP.
made available. The power is pro- These various "criteria" have been
portional to AV', where A is the plotted in Fig. D2, and it becomes
total area of the nozzles and V is evident why different "criteria" seem
the velocity of the jet at the nozzle to govern the problem of jet-bit hy-
exits. A V' could be held constant for draulics. * At small nozzle sizes, the
two different sets of nozzles of dif- actual criterion may appear to the
ferent areas by adjusting the velocity. experimenter as a "velocity criter-
If one such set of nozzles had ex- _A ion", for intermediate nozzles as a
tremely small diameters, it would be FIG. DI-GENERALIZED POWER CRITERION. "In both figures, HP,>HP,>HP,.
illogical to assume that the jets is-
suing from these small nozzles
would affect the drilling rate in ex-
actly the same way as would jets of
~-------------HP3
larger diameter. Hence, the power
criterion cannot be valid for all noz- z z z
zle sizes. The general validity of the f------------H P2
velocity and impact criteria can be
disproved by the same reasoning. 1------------ HP I
The term "extremely small diameter" HP3
HP2
is used loosely, as an illustration. It
does not signify that such nozzles L __
-A
-====== HP I
-A -A
would be outside the range of prac- "VELOCITY CRITERION" "IMPACT CRITERION" "POWER CRITERION"
tical interest. (Ref. 10 shows an ex- FIC. D2 - THE VELOSITY, IMPACT AND POWER "CRITERIA" WHICH
ample where the drilling rate de- COMPRISE THE FUNCTION.
~t~;;;;;::::::2!,r-MAX.
MAX. FLOW AT
PRESSURE (Om)
_ . - MAX. VEL. PROGRAM
- - - MAX. HP. PROGRAM
able under field restrictions, and this
is an inevitable result of attempts to
use jet bits without selection of some
- - MAX. IMPACT PROGRAM
arbitrary criterion upon which to
base pump loading.
t) ~MIN. FLOW 12t IN. (Oa) For example, take the suggestion
w
(f)
......
of the discussor, wherein either
f-
u.. pump pressure or power would be
maximized and flow rate varied un-
':400 til the maximum drilling rate was
f-
t) found. The pump could be loaded
o...J only by selecting one nozzle size,
W
> producing loading at some arbitrar-
f-
W
ily selected flow rate. Flow rate could
-:> not be increased without increased
power and pump overloading; and,
MIN.
if flow rate were decreased, jet ve-
200 locity and flow rate would be rapidly
reduced. Probably the fastest drill-
400 SOo 800 ing rate would occur at the arbitrar-
FLOW RATE, (GAL/MIN) ily selected flow rate.
FIG. IA - FLOW RATES AND JET VELOCITIES OF MAXIMIZED PROGRAMS. Therefore, program design in-