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INTRODUCTION
Numerous design cases require the calculation of the
amount of reinforcement necessary to resist shear transfer
across an interface between two concrete members that can
slip relative to each other. The interface can be susceptible to
a potential crack or can be cracked due to previous conditions
such as external tension and shrinkage, and can be a cold
joint. The interface between a precast girder and a cast-in-
place deck slab, and the bearing zones in precast girders,
corbels, and horizontal construction joints in walls, are
examples of shear-transfer cases. Refer to Fig. 1(a).
The design for shear transfer has been largely based on
empirical and semi-empirical methods that were developed
using the experimental results from pushoff specimens and
composite beam specimens. Figure 1(b) shows a typical
pushoff specimen similar to that used in the early tests by
Hofbeck et al.1 The applied compressive forces create
shearing stresses (v) along the critical plane, which could be
either precracked or uncracked. The shearing stresses at
ultimate conditions are typically assumed to be constant
along the interface plane, and an average shearing strength
along the plane is calculated. These shearing stresses act in
combination with compressive stresses (Fig. 1(b)).
There has been a considerable amount of experimental Fig. 1—(a) Examples of shear transfer in reinforced concrete
tests on pushoff specimens,1-8 which led to the development structures; and (b) typical pushoff specimen and state of
of numerous models.9-17 The well-known “shear-friction” stress along shear transfer plane.
model of the ACI Code17 is based on the assumption that a
crack exists along the shear plane before the load is applied. but not greater than (0.2fc′ ) or 5.5 MPa (800 psi), where ρy is
The failure occurs by sliding along the shear plane and the the ratio of clamping reinforcement (in the y-direction), fy – y
opening of the crack around the aggregates. The clamping is the yield strength of clamping reinforcement (in the
steel is stressed to its yield strength and a friction force
proportional to the clamping yield force is activated. The
ACI Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 4, July-August 2010.
ACI nominal shear strength is given by MS No. S-2009-105.R3 received July 24, 2009, and reviewed under Institute
publication policies. Copyright © 2010, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved,
including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
vACI = ρy fy – y μ (1) Pertinent discussion including author’s closure, if any, will be published in the May-June
2011 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received by January 1, 2011.
v
----n- = ωx ωy 1 f c′
(7) - ( in MPa )
κ = --- – -------- (8)
f c′ 3 900
In the remaining three zones of Fig. 3(b), the concrete where κ is the upper limit on shear strength (and amount of
contribution is considerable, and is built-in in the calculated usable reinforcement index). The coefficient 900 is in MPa,
ultimate shear strength vn. and is replaced by (130,500) if fc′ is in psi.
Figure 3(a) shows that Eq. (7) adequately calculates the The effects of in-plane normal stresses were accurately
strength of fully under-reinforced elements, but overestimates the accounted for in SMCS 18,19,21 using the concept of
strength of partially under-reinforced and fully over-reinforced superposition of reinforcement. Using the concept of
elements. It also shows that the additional strength obtained superposition and introducing the upper limit on the
by increasing the amount of steel beyond the “balanced” amount of usable reinforcement gives
level is limited. To maintain the simplicity of the model, the
strength provided by reinforcement in excess of the balanced ρx f y – x – σ x ρy f y – y – σ y
values is neglected and, hence, the amount of usable reinforce- - ≤ κ ; ω y = --------------------------
ω x = -------------------------- -≤κ (9)
ment is limited to this value. In Fig. 3(b), the upper limit on f c′ f c′
The 16 specimens of Series 2, 3, and 4 were cracked, and parallel to the shear transfer interface, and a test of the
their average fc′ was 26.6 MPa (3850 psi). The variable adequacy of the SMCS and the other methods.
amount of y-reinforcement was achieved by changing the Substituting the average ωx and κ in Eq. (10) reduces it to
number of the 9.5 mm (No. 3) bars in Series 2 and by the following
changing the size of the bars while maintaining their number
constant in Series 3. Series 4 was similar to Series 2 but the
clamping reinforcement had a larger yield strength. The v n = ( 0.24 f c′ ) ρy f y – y ≤ 0.22f c′ (15a)
average provided ωx was 0.66 and, hence, the usable value
was limited to the upper limit κ = 0.302. The results of the Substituting the value of the average fc′ reduces it further to
comparison are shown in Fig. 4(b). The specimens of Series
5 had a relatively lower concrete strength, with an average fc′
vn = 2.43 ρy f y – y MPa (29.3 ρy f y – y psi) (15b)
of 17.5 MPa (2540 psi), and the amount of y-reinforcement
was varied. The usable ωx was limited to κ = 0.314. The
results of the comparison are shown in Fig. 4(c). with an upper limit of 22.6 MPa (3280 psi). Equation (15)
The comparisons in Fig. 4 and Table 1 show that the SMCS gives only 36% of the strength calculated using Mau and
captures the trends observed in the tests and that the results were, Hsu's equation (Eq. (3)), approximately 40% of that by the
in general, similar to those of the other methods. On the other Loov and Patnaik equation (Eq. (4)), approximately 87% of
hand, the ACI calculations were more conservative but less that by Birkeland’s equation (Eq. (13)), and 78% of that by
accurate than the other methods. Raths (Eq. (14)).
Figure 5 compares the experimental with the calculated
Importance of reinforcement parallel strength. All methods described in the Introduction section
to transfer plane are included in the comparison to test their adequacy to this
Nagle and Kuchma8 tested 18 large-scale high-strength case of low ωx index. The reported values of the clamping
concrete specimens with the shear transfer steel inclined at stress and the experimental shear strength were adjusted by
angles of 25 and 35 degrees to the shear transfer plane. The Nagle and Kuchma8 for the inclination of the clamping steel.
precracked specimens modeled the shear transfer along diagonal The results show an inadequacy of the methods proposed by
cracks in large-scale bridge girders. The concrete compressive Mau and Hsu,14 Walraven et al.,6 and Loov and Patnaik.15
strength ranged from 93 to 121 MPa (13,500 to 17,550 psi) The calculations of all 18 specimens were severely
and the average was 104 MPa (15,080 psi). unconservative, with calculated strength in some cases
In all of these tests, the ratio of x-reinforcement ρx was exceeding three times the observed strength. The Walraven
approximately 0.0123, which was only 22% of the ρx = et al.6 method was developed based on specimens with a
0.057 used in the Hofbeck et al.1 tests. The x-direction concrete compressive strength below 70 MPa (10,150 psi).
reinforcement index ωx was, on average, 0.0567 and, hence, Even if such a conservative value is taken as a limit for the
was not limited to the upper limit of κ = 0.218 calculated applicability of the method, the results remained severely
using an average fc′ of 104 MPa (15,080 psi). These experimental unconservative, as shown in Fig. 5. The same is true for the
results offer a test of the importance of considering the steel Mau and Hsu14 and for the Loov and Patnaik15 methods. The
This Appendix provides detailed listing of the analyzed specimens and the results from three of the models
(SMCS, ACI code and Mattock16 Method).
Table A1: Properties of Test Specimens and Results of SMCS, ACI and Mattock16 Methods
Type ID f’c y fy-y x fy-x y vexp vSMCS vMat vACI vexp vexp vexp
of
test (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) vSMCS vMat v ACI
1.1A 27.0 1.54 5.17 3.55 3.46 2.15 1.46 1.49 2.40
1.1B 29.9 1.46 5.82 3.62 3.28 2.04 1.61 1.78 2.85
1.2A 26.5 3.08 6.90 4.98 5.11 4.31 1.39 1.35 1.60
1.2B 28.8 2.91 6.76 5.03 5.21 4.08 1.34 1.30 1.66
1.3A 26.5 4.62 7.59 6.09 6.34 5.30 1.24 1.20 1.43
1.3B 27.0 4.37 7.38 5.99 6.20 5.41 1.23 1.19 1.36
1.4A 31.1 6.15 9.38 7.56 8.03 5.50 1.24 1.17 1.71
1.4B 26.6 5.83 8.83 6.86 7.32 5.32 1.29 1.21 1.66
1.5A 31.1 7.69 9.66 8.45 9.26 5.50 1.14 1.04 1.76
1.5B 28.0 7.28 9.54 7.85 8.41 5.50 1.22 1.13 1.74
1.6A 29.7 9.23 9.88 8.93 8.92 5.50 1.11 1.11 1.80
1.6B 27.9 8.74 9.79 8.44 8.38 5.50 1.16 1.17 1.78
2.1 21.4 1.54 4.07 3.19 3.37 2.15 1.28 1.21 1.89
2.2 21.4 3.08 4.69 4.51 4.60 4.28 1.04 1.02 1.10
2.3 26.9 4.62 5.79 6.14 6.38 5.38 0.94 0.91 1.08
Push-off 1
2.4 26.9 6.15 6.90 7.09 7.61 5.38 0.97 0.91 1.28
2.5 28.8 7.69 17.7 0 8.97 8.17 8.65 5.50 1.10 1.04 1.63
2.6 28.8 9.23 9.55 8.69 8.65 5.50 1.10 1.10 1.74
3.1 27.9 0.34 1.66 1.70 0.78 0.48 0.97 2.13 3.43
3.2 27.7 1.56 3.59 3.62 3.52 2.19 0.99 1.02 1.64
3.3 21.4 3.08 4.69 4.51 4.60 4.28 1.04 1.02 1.10
3.4 27.9 5.21 7.09 6.62 6.95 5.50 1.07 1.02 1.29
3.5 27.9 7.25 7.94 7.82 8.36 5.50 1.02 0.95 1.44
4.1 28.1 2.01 4.86 4.12 4.41 2.81 1.18 1.10 1.73
4.2 28.1 4.01 6.76 5.83 6.02 5.50 1.16 1.12 1.23
4.3 29.9 6.02 8.14 7.35 7.81 5.50 1.11 1.04 1.48
4.4 29.9 8.02 9.66 8.49 8.98 5.50 1.14 1.08 1.76
4.5 23.4 10.03 9.10 7.19 7.01 4.68 1.27 1.30 1.95
5.1 16.9 1.54 3.52 2.86 2.92 2.15 1.23 1.20 1.63
5.2 18.1 3.08 4.83 4.17 4.27 3.61 1.16 1.13 1.34
5.3 16.4 4.62 5.59 4.89 4.93 3.29 1.14 1.13 1.70
5.4 17.8 6.15 5.48 5.58 5.34 3.56 0.98 1.03 1.54
5.5 18.1 7.69 6.97 5.66 5.42 3.61 1.23 1.28 1.93
10.7 27.7 6.63 2.67 9.97 8.39 8.32 5.50 1.19 1.20 1.81
Push-
off 2
10.8 27.7 6.79 § 0.00 7.69 7.55 8.21 5.50 1.02 0.94 1.40
10.1 40.0 2.15 5.61 9.72 9.47 10.21 5.50 1.03 0.95 1.77
E1C 26.6 3.74 0.00 6.08 5.50 5.65 5.24 1.10 1.07 1.16
E2C 29.1 3.77 -0.69 6.41 5.19 5.37 4.31 1.23 1.19 1.49
E3C 27.3 3.81 -1.12 4.92 4.71 4.88 3.76 1.05 1.01 1.31
Push-off 3
E4C 26.3 3.65 -1.38 4.64 4.26 4.45 3.18 1.09 1.04 1.46
16.6#
E5C 27.7 3.78 -2.07 3.63 3.79 3.85 2.39 0.96 0.94 1.52
E6C 27.5 3.68 -2.76 2.54 2.76 2.06 1.28 0.92 1.23 1.98
F1C 29.1 5.43 0.00 6.81 6.90 7.25 5.50 0.99 0.94 1.24
F4C 26.8 5.56 -1.38 5.79 5.83 6.03 5.37 0.99 0.96 1.08
F6C 28.6 5.60 -2.76 5.54 4.95 5.14 3.98 1.12 1.08 1.39
A1 41.5 1.57 5.24 4.32 3.52 2.19 1.21 1.49 2.39
A2 41.5 3.13 5.52 6.11 6.66 4.38 0.90 0.83 1.26
A3 40.1 5.05 7.93 7.65 8.05 5.50 1.04 0.98 1.44
Push-off 4
N3 27.6 4.76 24.3 6.62 6.30 6.56 5.50 1.05 1.01 1.20
0
N4 28.6 6.18 24.3 7.93 7.30 7.81 5.50 1.09 1.02 1.44
N5 27.1 7.72 24.3 8.10 7.97 8.14 5.43 1.02 1.00 1.49
N6 28.4 7.72 24.3 8.21 8.57 8.52 5.50 0.96 0.96 1.49
110208t 30.5 2.43 5.08 4.71 5.00 3.40 1.08 1.02 1.49
110208 26.1 2.43 5.50 4.39 4.55 3.40 1.25 1.21 1.62
110208g 25.0 2.43 5.08 4.31 4.44 3.40 1.18 1.14 1.49
110408 26.1 4.86 6.44 6.21 6.50 5.22 1.04 0.99 1.23
110608 26.1 7.29 7.39 7.61 7.83 5.22 0.97 0.94 1.42
110808h 25.0 9.72 8.39 7.64 7.50 5.00 1.10 1.12 1.68
110808hg 25.0 9.72 8.58 7.64 7.50 5.00 1.12 1.14 1.72
110706 26.9 5.58 7.19 6.75 7.16 5.39 1.06 1.00 1.33
210204 31.1 1.06 3.22 3.14 2.39 1.48 1.03 1.35 2.17
210608 31.1 7.29 9.72 8.23 8.94 5.50 1.18 1.09 1.77
210216 31.1 10.12 9.25 9.29 9.33 5.50 1.00 0.99 1.68
210316 31.1 15.17 10.11 9.29 9.33 5.50 1.09 1.08 1.84
210808 21.4 9.72 7.97 6.63 6.43 4.28 1.20 1.24 1.86
120208 25.1 2.43 5.36 4.31 4.45 3.40 1.24 1.20 1.58
Push-off 6
120408 25.1 4.86 6.53 6.10 6.40 5.02 1.07 1.02 1.30
120608 25.1 7.29 9.45## 0 6.78 7.47 7.52 5.02 0.91 0.90 1.35
120808 25.1 9.72 7.31 7.66 7.52 5.02 0.95 0.97 1.46
120706 24.8 5.58 6.92 6.51 6.95 4.96 1.06 1.00 1.39
120216 24.8 10.12 6.53 7.59 7.45 4.96 0.86 0.88 1.32
230208 47.7 2.43 6.72 4.79 5.47 3.40 1.40 1.23 1.98
230408 47.7 4.87 10.83 6.78 8.66 5.50 1.60 1.25 1.97
230608 47.7 7.29 12.56 8.30 10.60 5.50 1.51 1.18 2.28
230808 47.7 9.72 14.19 9.58 12.54 5.50 1.48 1.13 2.58
240208 16.9 2.43 4.65 3.60 3.64 3.38 1.29 1.28 1.37
240408 16.9 4.86 6.04 5.09 5.07 3.38 1.19 1.19 1.79
240608 16.9 7.29 6.55 5.32 5.07 3.38 1.23 1.29 1.94
240808 16.9 9.72 6.29 5.32 5.07 3.38 1.18 1.24 1.86
250208 32.5 2.43 6.83 4.79 5.19 3.40 1.43 1.32 2.01
250408 32.5 4.86 8.69 6.78 7.14 5.50 1.28 1.22 1.58
250608 32.5 7.29 9.65 8.30 9.08 5.50 1.16 1.06 1.75
250808 32.5 9.72 9.94 9.55 9.74 5.50 1.04 1.02 1.81
10 99.0 3.33 6.30 8.58 7.49 4.66 0.73 0.84 1.35
11 99.0 6.67 11.20 12.14 10.84 5.50 0.92 1.03 2.04
Push-off 7
glsl_2_13_25 92.7 1.12 2.01 2.44 2.28 1.42 0.82 0.88 1.41
glsh_4_13_35 92.7 2.03 5.84 0 3.70 3.12 3.74 2.33 1.19 0.99 1.59
glsl_2_13_35 92.7 1.01 2.53 2.20 1.87 1.16 1.15 1.35 2.17
g2sh_4_16_25 97.6 4.28 5.62 4.76 8.60 5.43 1.18 0.65 1.04
g2sl_2_16_25 97.6 2.77 3.96 3.83 5.64 3.51 1.03 0.70 1.13
g2sh_4_16_35 97.6 3.86 3.85 4.30 7.11 4.42 0.90 0.54 0.87
g2sl_2_16_35 97.6 2.50 3.24 3.46 4.61 2.87 0.94 0.70 1.13
g3sh_4_13_25 114.4 3.26 5.52 4.15 6.65 4.14 1.33 0.83 1.34
g3sl_4_13_25 114.4 2.17 4.36 3.39 4.43 2.75 1.29 0.99 1.58
g3sh_4_13_35 114.4 2.95 4.92 3.76 5.44 3.38 1.31 0.90 1.45
g3sl_4_13_35 114.4 1.97 3.96 3.07 3.62 2.25 1.29 1.09 1.76
g4sh_4_16_25 114.4 6.28 8.88 5.77 10.05 5.50 1.54 0.88 1.61
g4sl_4_16_35 114.4 5.79 7.62 5.26 9.29 5.50 1.45 0.82 1.39
g5sh_2_10_25 120.6 0.81 1.80 2.07 1.65 1.02 0.87 1.09 1.76
g5sh_2_10_35 120.6 0.73 1.57 1.87 1.35 0.84 0.84 1.16 1.87
g6sh_4_16_25 93.0 3.20 6.37 4.11 6.52 4.06 1.55 0.98 1.57
g6sh_4_16_35 93.0 2.82 4.90 3.67 5.20 3.23 1.33 0.94 1.52
1 37.4 4.36 7.76 6.90 7.23 4.36 1.13 1.07 1.78
2 34.9 1.66 4.27 4.13 3.74 2.80 1.03 1.14 1.53
3 30.5 2.73 6.82 4.99 5.23 3.44 1.37 1.30 1.98
4 34.7 6.03 8.10 7.85 8.29 5.50 1.03 0.98 1.47
5 34.8 1.63 5.54 4.09 3.67 2.78 1.36 1.51 1.99
Composite Beam 15