Proper Waste

Management: An
Answer to
Environmental
Dilemma
Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the reviewed related literature that gave significant insights to this
present study.

Classification of Wastes

The classification of wastes varies and depends country by country. Waste can be divided into
many different types. The most common method of classification is by their physical, chemical,
and biological characteristics.

.1. Solid Waste. Solid waste is broadly defined as including non-hazardous industrial,
commercial land domestic refuse including household organic trash, street sweepings, hospital
and institutional garbage, and construction wastes; generally sludge and human waste are
regarded as a liquid waste problem outside the scope of MSW (Zerbock, 2003).These are waste
materials that contain less than 70% water. Example of this type of waste are the domestic or
household garbage, some industrial wastes, some mining wastes, and oil field wastes such as
drill cuttings.
2. Liquid Waste. These are usually wastewaters that contain less than 1%. This type of waste
may contain high concentration of dissolved salts and metals. Liquid wastes are often classified
into two broad types: sewage and toxic wastes. Generally, there are various types of liquid
waste generated in urban centers: human excreta, domestics wastes produced in households,
hospital wastes, industrial effluents, agricultural liquid wastes a n d n u c l e a r w a s t e s .
When improperly handled and disposed of, liquid wastes pose a serious
threat to human health and the environment because of their ability to
e n t e r watersheds, pollute ground water and drinking water (US EPA, 2009).3. Sludge. It is a
class of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3%and 25% solid, while
the rest of the material is dissolved water.4. Hazardous Waste Hazardous wastes are wastes
which, by themselves or after coming into contact with other wastes, have characteristics, such
as chemical reactivity, toxicity,corrosiveness or a tendency to explode, that pose a risk to
human health or theenvironment. Hazardous wastes are generated from a wide range of
industrial,commercial, and agricultural.

Research Design extent, domestic activities. They may take the form of solids, liquids or
sludges, and can pose both acute and chronic public health and environmental risks by lining
and contouring the fill, compacting and planting the uppermost cover layer, diverting drainage,
and selecting proper soil in sites not subject to flooding or high groundwater levels. The best soil
for a landfill is clay because clay is less permeable than other types of soil.

Materials disposed of in a landfill can be further secured from leakage by solidifying them
in materials such as cement, fly ash from power plants, asphalt, or organic polymers(Bassis,
2005)Landfills can also be shifted to another use after their capacities have been reached. The
city of Evanston, Illinois, built a landfill up into a hill and the now-complete “Mt. Trashmore” is a
ski area. Golf courses built over landfillsites are also increasingly common (Montgomery,
2000).B ) R e c y c l i n g o r t h e 3 R ’ s A n o t h e r m e t h o d , w h i c h s e t s o f f b e f o r e
w a s t e d i s p o s a l i s w a s t e reduction through recycling or often coined as the
3 R’s: reuse, reduce, and recycle.On the local or regional level, reducing wastes is
accomplished through these methods by source separation and subsequent material recovery.
Currently, the United States recycles about 10% of its glass and 25%of its paper wastes; in
countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands, the proportion in the glass recycled
approaches to 50% while Japan recycles 50%of its paper wastes (Montgomery, 2000).

Some countries, on the other hand, manage most of their solid waste through

Incinerators.Incineration, or the controlled burning of waste at high temperatures to produce

steam and ash, is another waste disposal option and an alternative to landfilling (US
Environmental Protection Agency, 2009).

Incinerators aredesigned for the destruction of wastes and are commonly employed in
developednations who could afford the costs of the burning facilities, plus its operation
andmaintenance (Mc Cracken, 2005).This type of waste disposal is the second largest disposal
method in mostdeveloped countries and ranks next to landfills in the United States and the
United Kingdom. In the UK, approximately 5% of household waste, 75 % of commercial lwaste
and 2% of industrial waste is disposed of through this method (Baker,2005)

A further benefit of incineration can be realized if the heat generated thereby is recovered. For
years, European cities h a v e g e n e r a t e d electricity using waste-disposal
incinerators as sources of heat (Montgomery, 2000).There are negative issues, however,
in the use of this burning method and much of that circulate around its safety for the
environment and to the human health. It is argued that the combustion process
creates air pollution, ash, and waste water, all of which must be properly managed using
technical monitoring,containment, and treatment systems. Harmful pollutants are
released into the environment whenever these by -products are not controlled (US
EPA, 2009).Operators of these facilities must be well -trained and certified to
ensure proper management.(http://www.scribd.com/doc/24935162/Review-of-related-
literature-waste-and-waste-managment)

Waste Prevention and Minimization

Prevention means eliminating or reducing the quantity of waste which is produced in the first
place, thus reducing the quantity of waste which must be managed. Prevention can take the
form of reducing the quantities of materials used in a process or reducing the quantity of harmful
materials which may be contained in a product.

Prevention can also include the reuse of products. Prevention is the most desirable waste
management option as it eliminates the need for handling, transporting, recycling or disposal of
waste. It provides the highest level of environmental protection by optimizing the use of
resources and by removing a potential source of pollution.Minimization includes any process or
activity that avoids, reduces or eliminates waste at its source or results in re-use or recycling. It
can be difficult to draw a clear distinction between the terms quot;Prevention quot; and
quot;Minimization quot;.Waste prevention and minimization measures can be applied at all
stages in the life-cycle of a product including the production process, the marketing, distribution,
or utilization stages, up to discarding the product at the end- of life stage. By examining each
stage in the life cycle of a product, it may be possible that the quantities of waste produced at
each stage can be reduced.

During the design stage of a product, consideration can be given to the types of materials to be
used, the quantity of materials and the recyclability of the product once it reaches its end of life.
The use of efficient processes in terms of energy and material requirements during the
manufacture of a product are other important considerations. Consideration can also be given to
minimizing the packaging for the product.
((http://www.globenet.org/preceup/pages/ang/chapitre/capitali/cas/nepal.htm)

Garbage Disposal System For Proper Waste Management

Actually, the solid wastes we throw in our garbage bins everyday can be classified into groups,
this is called segregation. If you want to reduce, reuse and recycle, then it would be better for
you to identify those wastes that can still be used from real garbage that needs to be thrown
away.

Garbage are decomposable food wastes, these are excess foods, ingredients, etc., that are has
no use for human consumption anymore. If you have a lawn and garden, making a compost pit
can be a good way to make use of these wastes. This can be a good fertilizer for your garden
plants.Proper waste disposal is very important in making sure that your place and environment
is free from any waste that can cause health risks. If you want a clean and healthy environment,
then you have to constantly clean your area, and put some tools and equipments like a garbage
disposal to help you in keeping that area clean and free from harmful bacteria.

One place in our house that usually accumulates smelly wastes is our kitchen. Usually, garbage
from excess food ingredients, rotten food, etc., goes straight to your kitchen's wastes bins, but
this waste bins most of the time contains all things that cause bad odor in our kitchen. What is
bad about this waste bins are that its bad smell can spread all over your house, and that would
be really unsanitary.

Bad waste disposal in our kitchen can direct the waste straight into our plumbing system,
causing a bigger trouble for you and your family. If you want to keep your house free form the
bad smell of food waste and garbage, then it would be wise for you to have a proper garbage
disposal.(http://ezinearticles.com/?Garbage-Disposal-System-For-Proper-Waste-
Management&id=4432903)

Composting It is a natural process in which plant and other organic wastes are broken down
biologically to produce a nutrient-rich material. At home, put yard and kitchen waste such as
leaves, grass clippings, and fruit and vegetable scraps in a bin. This will
eventually decompose and produce a mixture that can be used for soil improvement in
individual gardens. Municipalities can treat waste in the same way. Recycling Recycling is one
of the best ways of waste management. It helps in reducing pollution, saving natural resources
and conserving energy. Recycling newspapers, plastics, glass and aluminum also helps in
saving money. Recycling other materials such as tires, batteries, asphalt, motor oil, etc. reduces
pollution (otherwise these would end up in landfill or incinerator). In order to reduce trash, it is
necessary to encourage and implement recycling at all levels of society.

Burning Waste

In cities that do not have enough land available for landfills, controlled burning of waste at high
temperatures to produce steam and ash is a preferred waste disposal technique. Combustion
reduces the volume of waste to be disposed significantly. Moreover, solid waste can provide for
a continuously available and alternative source for generating energy through combustion. This
energy can be channeled into useful purposes. (http://www.ehow.com/way_5701500_proper-
waste-disposal.html)
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Chapter II

LEGAL BASES, REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains some related studies and related literature having bearing on the study.
This gave important concepts and ideas for the development of the study.

LEGAL BASES

Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous
institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and
other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner
that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes.
Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities
which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing,
treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not
harm the environment.

Article 4 Recycling Program Section 26 of R.A 9003 Inventory of Existing Markets for
Recyclable Materials. The DTI shall within six (6) months from the effectively of this Act and in
cooperation with the Department, the DILG and other concerned agencies and sectors, publish a
study of existing markets for processing and purchasing recyclable materials and the potential
steps necessary to expand these markets. Such study shall include, but not be limited to, an
inventory of existing markets for recyclable materials, product standards for recyclable and
recycled materials, and a proposal, developed in conjunction with the appropriate agencies, to
stimulate the demand for the production of products containing post-consumer and recovered
materials.

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid
waste into or in a land.
Section 25 of R.A 9003. Guidelines for Transfer Stations. Transfer stations shall be designed
and operated for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with environmental
standards and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations: Provided, That no waste
shall be stored in such station beyond twenty-four (24) hours. The siting of the transfer station
shall consider the land use plan, proximity to collection area, and accessibility of haul routes to
disposal facility. The design shall give primary consideration to size and space sufficiency in
order to accommodate the waste for storage and vehicles for loading and unloading of wastes.

RELATED LITERATURE
Solid waste management
In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid wastes generated by
human activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster, such as general
domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials; human faeces disposed of in
garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency
supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and
allen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other specialist wastes, such as
medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt with
urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note (World Health Organization, 2011).

The Municipal Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste management also known
as “Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.”The ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage
anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage facilities; dumping of unclean and
unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility; discharging of human feces along the
creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and
establishments; and burning of garbage particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires
residents to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles,
plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly
segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will
be brought to the material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be
disposed in coordination with concerned government agencies according to prescribed methods.
The local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable
waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them to the recycling
centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes
is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

3R’s (Reduce Reuse Recycle)

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach for managing
solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount material headed for final
disposal. They are in order of importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid waste.Don't
create waste in the first place! Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily
packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy the
largest size package for those items that you use are often. REUSE, the better way to manage
solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they are completely worn out. RECYCLE,
the good way to manage solid waste.Recycle means taking something old and making it into
something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live in a single family home can recycle
right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or condominiums can drop
off their recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic bottles,
green, clear and brown glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled at the
curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's very simple and very worthwhile.
Not only does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural resources (Seminole
County Government, 2012).

Australia may be a large country, but we live in a throw-away society that is rapidly filling
it with our waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable technology and consume
over-packaged products has continued unabated for decades. At the same time however, there
has been a trend away from both burning waste in incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste
management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its generation and by
reusing and recycling. This book reveals the extent of our growing waste problem and examines
the waste and recycling practices of households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse
and recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste
(Healey, 2010).

DISPOSAL

There are many stringent regulations governing the treatment and disposal of waste in the UK,
both onshore and offshore, and in most other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste transfer
and treatment require licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities require the proper kind
of training that goes with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if not handled properly.
Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond quickly to emergency situations. By
their very nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to occur. For that reason
emergency response teams need to be on standby every hour of every day, and every day of every
year. Waste management disposal and treatment can originate from both domestic and industrial
sources (Rose, 2009).

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign studies
A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with sources,
quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal solid
waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to SWM in Mysore was obtained through questionnaire,
individual field visit, interacting with people and authentic record of municipal corporation.
Photographic evidences were also made about generation, storage, collection, transportation,
treatment and disposal of MSW. This study reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore
City is not satisfactory based on Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000
(Chandra, et al., 2009).

Another case study across North America conducted by Whoilistic Environmental Consulting
(WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all the ordinary garbage we throw
away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is almost equally divided between yard waste
(32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and food scraps (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then
there's all the other organic stuff that could be composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made
of organic fibers, plus wood, old furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83 million tons
accounts for another 30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures are
available, over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and composted, as was 54.5%
of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost heap.

Local studies
The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a barangay (village) in
Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered through an interview with household
members using open-ended questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage collectors as
well as scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste
per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes,
papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and
yard/garden wastes. The respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other
waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning
of waste is not done by the respondents. The households rely on garbage collection by the
government. Collection is done twice daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their
garbage when the garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-
designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped garbage becomes a breeding
ground for disease-causing organisms. Some household respondents said that it is possible that the
dumping in certain areas caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers
and household helpers are responsible for household waste management. Scavengers generally look
for recyclable items in the dumped garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of income,
which is generally not enough for their meals. Most of the respondents said that garbage collection
and disposal is the responsibility of the government. The results of the study showed that RA 9003,
also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, is not fully implemented in
Metro Manila (Bernardo, 2008).

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid waste
management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their compliance with the Republic
Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The study was
conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007. The findings of this study served as basis in
developing a handbook on solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the implementation of its Solid
Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen here took at one-day seminar-workshop on the
program. The activity was held at the Legislative Building here last Wednesday, August 29.Motiong
Mayor Francisco M. Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his municipality attended said seminar-
workshop sponsored by the town government conducted Municipal Planning and Development
Officer, Engr. NicasioPermejo. Langi said all the barangay chairmen were educated on the provisions
of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2003 so that they would be acquainted with and help
implement the law in their respective barangays and propagate environmental preservation. He said
the town government will strictly implement the “no segregation, no collection policy” in all of
Motiong’s barangays and urged the barangay officials to put up a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
where they can segregate bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste materials. Such materials can
be turned into a livelihood as, according to Langi, “there is money in junk” (Abrematea, 2012).