29

CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a summary of the experimental work

conducted in the present investigation. The main objective of the
experimental work is to examine the behaviour and mode of failure of cold
formed lipped I-beam with trapezoidal corrugated web under two point
loading.

3.2 TEST SECTIONS

The programme involved fabrication of different groups of varying

parameters of cold formed lipped I-beam with trapezoidal corrugation in web.
The different of parameters are:

Web slenderness (hw/tw).

Length of the specimen.

Flange width to thickness ratio(bf/tf).

In this study, 61 specimens were investigated. Seventeen specimens

were investigated by varying the aspect ratio in three series of lengths
1800mm, 3000mm, 3600mm. Eleven specimens were investigated by
 30

varying corrugation angle in two series of length 3000mm and 3600mm.

Twenty one specimens were investigated by varying web slenderness in four
series of length 1800mm, 2000mm, 3000mm and 3600mm, Eight specimens
were investigated by varying length of specimen in two series of depth
400mm and 500mm. Eight specimens were fabricated by varying flange
width to thickness ratio(bf/tf) in two series of length 1050mm and 1800mm.
All the specimens were experimented under two point loading with simply
supported end condition.

3.3 FABRICATION OF TEST SPECIMENS

The specimens were fabricated from locally available cold formed

sheets. CFS sheets of 2mm thick were used for flanges and 1.2mm for web.
The flanges with lip of 15mm on both sides and corrugation of web were
made by cutting the sheets to desired length and formed by pressing and
bending. Flanges and web were connected by spot welding at the nodal
points. To avoid the bearing failure and to distribute the load uniformly,
stiffeners of 3 mm thick were provided at the loading points and supports.

Figure 3.1a and Figure 3.1b show the details of the lipped cold
formed I- hw
bf bl tf
tl o centre of the upper and lower flanges;
d d
a
b c
tw
dmax
 31

(a) Centre line diagram of the cold-formed steel beam

(b) Cross section of the beam (c) Corrugation profile

Figure 3.1 Details of lipped I-beam with corrugated web

 32

Labeling of Specimen is given below

TCAR - Trapezoidal corrugated web by varying Aspect ratio

TCA - Trapezoidal corrugated web by varying Corrugation

angle

TCDW - Trapezoidal corrugated web by varying depth of web

(web slenderness)

TCFW - Trapezoidal corrugated web by varying flange width

(bf/tf)

TCL - Trapezoidal corrugated web by varying length of

specimen

For example in TCAR-3000-300-100-1, 3000 indicates length, 300

indicates depth of web, 100 indicates flange width and 1 indicates specimen
identification number.

Aspect ratio is the ratio between horizontal panel to the inclined

panel of trapezoidal corrugation and the Corrugation angle is the angle made
by the inclined panel with horizontal panel. Details of the specimens
investigated are shown in Table 3.1 to Table 3.5.
 a b c d t h b t b t L Aspect Ratio
Sl. No Specimen ID
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
1 TCAR-3000-300-100-1 60 80.00 113.10 40.00 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 0.5
2 TCAR-3000-300-100-2 60 60.00 84.85 30.00 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 0.7
3 TCAR-3000-300-100-3 60 40.00 56.60 20.00 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 1.1
4 TCAR-3000-300-100-4 60 20.00 28.30 10.00 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 2.1
5 TCAR-3600-400-150-1 60 84.85 120.0 42.42 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 0.5
6 TCAR-3600-400-150-2 60 42.42 60.00 21.21 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0
7 TCAR-3600-400-150-3 60 28.28 40.00 14.14 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.5
8 TCAR-3600-400-150-4 60 21.21 30.00 10.61 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 2.0
9 TCAR-1800-200-100-1 20 28.28 40.00 14.14 45 1.2 200 100 2 15 2 1800 0.5
10 TCAR-1800-200-100-2 40 28.28 40.00 14.14 45 1.2 200 100 2 15 2 1800 1.0
11 TCAR-1800-200-100-3 40 14.14 20.00 7.07 45 1.2 200 100 2 15 2 1800 2.0
12 TCAR-1800-200-100-4 60 14.14 20.00 7.07 45 1.2 200 100 2 15 2 1800 3.0
13 TCAR-1800-300-100-1 60 84.85 120.00 42.42 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 1800 0.5
14 TCAR-1800-300-100-2 60 42.42 60.00 21.21 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 1800 1.0
15 TCAR-1800-300-100-3 60 21.21 30.00 14.14 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 1800 2.0
16 TCAR-1800-300-100-4 180 42.42 60.00 21.21 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 1800 3.0
33

17 TCAR-1800-300-100-5 240 42.42 60.00 21.21 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 1800 4.0
 Aspect
Sl. a b c d t h b t b t L
Specimen ID Ratio
No. mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

1 TCA-3000-300-100-1 60 57.95 60.00 7.76 15 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 1.0

2 TCA-3000-300-100-2 60 51.9 60.00 15.00 30 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 1.0
3 TCA-3000-300-100-3 60 42.42 60.00 21.21 45 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 1.0
4 TCA-3000-300-100-4 60 30.00 60.00 25.95 60 1.2 300 100 2 15 2 3000 1.0
5 TCA-3600-400-150-1 60 -- -- -- 0 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 --
6 TCA-3600-400-150-2 60 57.95 60.00 7.76 15 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0
7 TCA-3600-400-150-3 60 51.90 60.00 15.00 30 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0
8 TCA-3600-400-150-4 60 42.42 60.00 21.21 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0
9 TCA-3600-400-150-5 60 30.00 60.00 25.95 60 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0
10 TCA-3600-400-150-6 60 15.52 60.00 28.98 75 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0
11 TCA-3600-400-150-7 60 0.00 60.00 30.00 90 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0
34
35
 Aspect
Sl. a b c d t h b t b t L b /t
Specimen ID Ratio
No. mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Ratio
1 TCFW-1800-150-60-1 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 150 60 1.2 15 1.2 1800 1.0 50
2 TCFW-1800-150-75-2 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 150 75 1.2 15 1.2 1800 1.0 62.5
3 TCFW-1800-150-90-3 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 150 90 1.2 15 1.2 1800 1.0 75
4 TCFW-1800-150-105-4 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 150 105 1.2 15 1.2 1800 1.0 87.5
5 TCFW-1050-100-70-1 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 100 70 1.2 15 1.2 1050 1.0 58.33
6 TCFW-1050-100-80-2 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 100 80 1.2 15 1.2 1050 1.0 66.67
7 TCFW-1050-100-100-3 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 100 100 1.2 15 1.2 1050 1.0 83.33
8 TCFW-1050-100-120-4 40 28.28 40 14.14 45 1.2 100 120 1.2 15 1.2 1050 1.0 100

Aspect
Sl. a b c d t h b t b t L b /t
Specimen ID Ratio
No. mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Ratio
1 TCL-1000-400-150-1 60 42.42 60 21.21 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 1000 1.0 75
2 TCL-2000-400-150-2 60 42.42 60 21.21 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 2000 1.0 75
3 TCL-3000-400-150-3 60 42.42 60 21.21 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3000 1.0 75
36

4 TCL-3600-400-150-4 60 42.42 60 21.21 45 1.2 400 150 2 15 2 3600 1.0 75

 37

3.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL SHEET

Tensile specimens were taken from the steel sheets and tested
according to IS 1663 1960 part I.

3.4.1 Tension Coupon Test

IS 1608 2005 part I prescribes the method of conducting tensile

test on steel sheet strip less than 3 mm and not less than 0.5 mm thick. The
tensile specimens were taken according to the dimensions given below in
Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Dimensions of Tensile Coupon

3.4.2 Coupon Test

Totally six specimens were fabricated (Figure 3.3). Tensile test was
conducted in a universal tensile machine of 400 kN capacity. Test setup is
shown in the Figure 3.4. Stress Vs Strain plots are drawn (Figure 3.7 to Figure
3.12). The test results are presented in Table 3.6.
 38

Figure 3.3 Specimens for Coupon Test Figure 3.4 Tensile Test Setup

Figure 3.5 Specimen before Test Figure 3.6 Specimen after Test

Figure 3.7 Stress Vs Strain curve for 1.2mm thickness plate C-1.2-1
 39

Figure 3.8 Stress Vs Strain curve for 1.2mm thickness plate C-1.2-2

Figure 3.9 Stress Vs Strain curve for 1.2mm thickness plate C-1.2-3
 40

Figure 3.10 Stress Vs Strain curve for 2.0mm thickness plate C-2-1

Figure 3.11 Stress Vs Strain curve for 2.0mm thickness plate C-2-2
 41

Figure 3.12 Stress Vs Strain curve for 2.0mm thickness plate C-2-3

From the plotted graphs, the average yield stress and Y

modulus are presented in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6 Tension Test Result on Steel sheet

Average
Average
Specimen Yield Stress
Modulus Yield Stress
Details Modulus
2 2
( N/mm ) ( N/mm ) (N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 )
C-1.2-1 1.99 × 105 269
C-1.2-2 1.97 × 105 240 2.04 × 105 252.00
C-1.2-3 2.15 × 105 247
C-2-1 2.03 × 105 262
C-2-2 1.98 × 105 238 2.11 × 105 247.00
C-2-3 2.31 × 105 241

3.5 TEST SETUP AND INSTRUMENTATION

The experimental investigation was carried out in a 100 kN

capacity loading frame for depth of web lesser than 200 mm and for all the
specimens whose depth was greater than 200 mm, the test was performed in a
 42

500 kN loading frame. The test set up and schematic diagram are shown in
Figure 3.13 and Figure 3.14 respectively. A load cell was used to monitor the
applied load. Two point loads were applied at l/3 distance from each end. To
avoid the lateral displacement and tilting of the specimen, lateral clamping of
web was made at the supports of the specimen. The beams were tested with
hinged support at one end and roller support at the other end. To measure the
displacements, , at mid span, at loading point under bottom flange,
and at mid span of top flange laterally on the lip, were positioned. The load

specimens were loaded till the specimen became unstable and load started
decreasing. The results are presented in Table 3.7 to Table 3.11.

Figure 3.13 Experimental set up

 43

Figure 3.14 Schematic Diagram

Figure 3.15 Tested Specimens

 44

3.6 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.6.1 Moment Capacities of TCAR Series Specimen

The test results for TCAR series are presented in Table 3.7. In the
TCAR series aspect ratio is varied. Aspect ratio is the ratio between
horizontal panel to the inclined panel of trapezoidal corrugation.

Table 3.7 Experimental Test Results for TCAR Series Beams

Test Aspect MExp

Specimen ID Failure Mode
No. ratio kNm
1 TCAR-3000-300-100-1 0.5 14.06 Local Buckling + Lateral buckling
2 Local Buckling + Lateral Torsional
TCAR-3000-300-100-2 0.7 14.91
Buckling
3 Local Buckling nearer to loading point +
TCAR-3000-300-100-3 1.1 16.82
Lateral Buckling
4 Local Buckling at both the loading point
TCAR-3000-300-100-4 2.1 15.62
+ Lateral Buckling
5 Local Buckling + Lateral Buckling of
TCAR-3600-400-150-1 0.5 27.56
Compression Flange
6 Local Buckling + Lateral Buckling of
TCAR-3600-400-150-2 1.0 28.71
Compression Flange
7 Local Buckling + Lateral Buckling of
TCAR-3600-400-150-3 1.5 26.54
Compression Flange
8 Local Buckling + Lateral Buckling of
TCAR-3600-400-150-4 2.0 25.99
Compression Flange
9 TCAR-1800-200-100-1 0.5 11.67 Local Buckling + Flexural Buckling
10 TCAR-1800-200-100-2 1.0 12.07 Local Buckling + Flexural Buckling
11 TCAR-1800-200-100-3 2.0 11.62 Local Buckling + Flexural Buckling
12 TCAR-1800-200-100-4 3.0 11.37 Local Buckling + Flexural Buckling
13 TCAR-1800-300-100-1 0.5 15.70 Lateral Buckling of Compression flange
14 Local buckling +Lateral cum Flexural
TCAR-1800-300-100-2 1.0 16.48
Buckling
15 Local Buckling at support + Lateral
TCAR-1800-300-100-3 2.0 15.94
Buckling
16 Local buckling at loading point + Lateral
TCAR-1800-300-100-4 3.0 15.86
Buckling of Compression flange
17 Local buckling at loading point + Lateral
TCAR-1800-300-100-5 4.0 15.43
Buckling of Compression flange
 45

For TCAR-3000-300-100 series, the aspect ratio varies from 0.47

to 2.1. The moment carrying capacity is more when the aspect ratio is nearer
to 1. TCAR-3000-300-100-1 specimen failed by initiation of local buckling in
the top flange nearer to the loading point in the shear zone and finally failed
by lateral buckling of the compression flange. TCAR-3000-300-100-2 and
TCAR-3000-300-100-3 specimens failed by local buckling in the top flange
nearer to the one of the loading points in pure bending zone and led to lateral
torsional buckling at failure. TCAR-3000-300-100-4 specimen failed by
initiation of local buckling in top compression flange nearer to two of the
loading points in shear zone simultaneously and led to lateral buckling of the
top compression flange at failure. Load Vs mid span deflection curves are
plotted for the TCAR-3000-300-100 series specimen (Figure 3.16). The
failure shapes are shown in Figure 3.17to Figure 3.20.

40

30
Load (kN)

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCAR-3000-300-100-1 TCAR-3000-300-100-2
TCAR-3000-300-100-4 TCAR-3000-300-100-3

Figure 3.16 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCAR-3000-

300-100 series
 46

Figure 3.17 TCAR-3000-300-100-1Figure 3.18 TCAR-3000-300-100-2

Figure 3.19 TCAR-3000-300-100-3Figure 3.20 TCAR-3000-300-100-4

For TCAR-3600-400-150 series, the aspect ratio varied from 0.5 to

2.0 with an increment of 0.5. The moment carrying capacity is higher when
the aspect ratio is 1. TCAR-3600-400-150-3 specimen failed initially by local
buckling in top compression flange in shear zone and finally lateral buckling
of compression flange occurred at failure. Remaining three specimens in
TCAR-3600-400-150 series failed by initiation of local buckling in top
compression flange in the middle of the pure bending zone and finally failed
with interaction of lateral buckling of top compression flange. Load Vs mid
span deflection curves are plotted for the TCAR-3600-400-150 series
specimen (Figure 3.21). The failure shapes are shown in Figures 3.22 to 3.25.
 47

60

50

40
Load (kN)
30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCAR-3600-400-150-1 TCAR-3600-400-150-2
TCAR-3600-400-150-4 TCAR-3600-400-150-3

Figure 3.21 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCAR-3600-

400-100 series

Figure 3.22 TCAR-3600-400-150-1 Figure 3.23 TCAR-3600-400-150-2

Figure 3.24 TCAR-3600-400-150-3 Figure 3.25 TCAR-3600-400-150-4

 48

For TCAR-1800-200-100 series, the aspect ratio varied from 0.5 to

2.0 with an increment of 0.5. The moment carrying capacity is higher when
the aspect ratio is 1. TCAR-1800-200-100-3 specimen failed by initiation of
local buckling in top compression flange and led to flexural buckling at
failure. Remaining TCAR-1800-200-100-series specimens failed by initiation
of local buckling of the web in shear zone and led to flexure buckling at
failure. Load Vs mid span deflection curves are plotted for the TCAR-1800-
200-100 series specimen (Figure 3.26). The failure shapes are shown in
Figures 3.27 to 3.30.

50

40

30
Load (kN)

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCAR-1800-200-100-1 TCAR-1800-200-100-2
TCAR-1800-200-100-3 TCAR-1800-200-100-4

Figure 3.26 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCAR-1800-

200-100 series
 49

Figure 3.27 TCAR-1800-200-100-1Figure 3.28 TCAR-1800-200-100-2

Figure 3.29 TCAR-1800-200-100-3 Figure 3.30 TCAR-1800-200-100-4

For TCAR-1800-300-100 series, the aspect ratio varied from 0.5 to

4.0. The moment carrying capacity is higher when the aspect ratio is1. In this
series, all the specimens failed by initiation of local buckling near the each
loading point in top compression flange and followed by the lateral buckling
of the top compression flange. In TCAR-1800-300-100 series, all the five
specimens failed by mixture of local buckling and lateral buckling
combination. Load Vs mid span deflection curves are plotted for the TCAR-
1800-300-100 series specimen (Figure 3.31). The failure shapes are shown in
Figures 3.32 to 3.36.

It is found that when the aspect ratio is 1, the moment capacity is

maximum. When the aspect ratio is less than or greater than one, the (un
stiffened) flange out-stand width on one side of the web is more while
comparing with the section with the aspect ratio one. Hence, the local
 50

buckling of the flange occurs earlier in that zone. But, when the aspect ratio is
1, the inclined panel and the horizontal panel width are same and the flange
out-stand area is the least and the flange is more stiffened than the other, the
effective width is more and the local buckling in the compression flange is
delayed. From the Load versus mid span deflections of all TCAR series, it is
observed that when the aspect ratio is 1, it has more stiffness.

60

50

40
Load (kN)

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCAR-1800-300-100-2 TCAR-1800-300-100-3
TCAR-1800-300-100-4 TCAR-1800-300-100-1
TCAR-1800-300-100-5

Figure 3.31 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCAR-1800-

200-100 series

Figure 3.32TCAR-1800-300-100-1 Figure 3.33TCAR-1800-300-100-2

 51

Figure 3.34 TCAR-1800-300-100-3 Figure 3.35 TCAR-1800-300-100-4

Figure 3.36 TCAR-1800-300-100-5

3.6.2 Moment Capacities of TCA Series Specimen

The test results for TCA series are given in Table 3.8. In the TCA
series corrugation angle is varied. Corrugation angle is the angle made by the
inclined panel with horizontal panel. For TCA-3000-300-100 series, the
corrugation ratio varies from 15º to 60º with an increment of 15º. TCA-3000-
300-100-1 specimen failed under local buckling in top flange nearer to the
loading point in shear zone and finally interaction between local and flexure
buckling occurred. TCA-3000-300-100-2 and TCA-3000-300-100-3
specimens failed with a initiation of local buckling of top flange nearer to
loading in the pure bending zone and then led to lateral buckling of top flange
at failure.
 52

Table 3.8 Experimental Test Results of TCA Series Beams

Corrug
Test ation MExp
Specimen ID Failure Mode
No. angle in kNm
degrees
Local Buckling in the top compression
1 TCA-3000-300-100-1 15º 14.90 flange near the loading point+ Flexural
buckling
Local Buckling in top compression
2 TCR-3000-300-100-2 30º 16.20 flange nearer to the loading point +
Lateral Buckling
Local Buckling nearer to loading point
3 TCR-3000-300-100-3 45º 16.82 in top compression flange + Lateral
Buckling
Local Buckling nearer to loading point
4 TCR-3000-300-100-4 60º 18.05 in top compression flange + Lateral
Buckling
Local Buckling in the web at shear
5 TCR-3600-400-150-1 0º 25.06
Zone + Lateral Buckling
Local Buckling in middle of top
6 TCR-3600-400-150-2 15º 26.24 compression flange + Lateral Buckling
of Compression Flange
Local Buckling in middle of top
7 TCR-3600-400-150-3 30º 27.14 compression flange + Lateral Buckling
of Compression Flange
Local Buckling in top compression
8 TCR-3600-400-150-4 45º 28.71 flange nearer to loading point + Lateral
Buckling of Compression Flange
Local Buckling in top compression
TCR-3600-400-150-5 60º 31.32 flange nearer to loading point + Lateral
9
Buckling of Compression Flange
Local Buckling in top compression
flange at middle of the shear zone +
10 TCR-3600-400-150-6 75º 32.36
Lateral Buckling of Compression
Flange
Local Buckling at top compression
11 TCR-3600-400-150-7 90º 32.89 flange nearer to the support + Flexural
Buckling of Compression Flange
 53

TCA-3000-300-100-4 specimen failed under local buckling in top

flange nearer to the loading point in shear zone and then led to lateral
buckling of top flange at failure. The significant increase in moment capacity
was noted with increase in corrugation angle. Load Vs mid span deflection
curves are plotted for the TCA-3000-300-100 series specimen (Figure 3.37).
The failure shapes are shown in Figures 3.38to 3.41.

40
35
30
25
Load (kN)

20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCA-3000-300-100-1 TCA-3000-300-100-2
TCA-3000-300-100-3 TCA-3000-300-100-4

Figure 3.37 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCA-3000-

300-100series

Figure 3.38 TCA-3000-300-100-1 Figure 3.39 TCA-3000-300-100-2

 54

Figure 3.40 TCA-3000-300-100-3 Figure 3.41 TCA-3000-300-100-4

For TCA-3600-400-150 series, the corrugation angle varies from 0º

to 90º with an increment of 15º. The moment capacity increases with increase
in corrugation angle. TCR-3600-400-150-1specimen failed with initiation of
local buckling of the web in shear zone addition to the wave formation of top
flange and finally the top compression flange buckles laterally. TCR-3600-
400-150-2, TCR-3600-400-150-3 and TCR-3600-400-150-5 specimens failed
with initiation of local buckling in top flange in the middle of the pure
bending zone and led to lateral buckling of the top flange. TCR-3600-400-
150-4 specimen failed with local buckling of the top flange nearer to one of
the loading point in shear zone and top flange laterally buckles out at failure.
TCR-3600-400-150-6 specimen failed with local buckling of the top flange at
the middle of the shear zone with a local buckling in the web and finally ledto
lateral buckling of top flange. TCR-3600-400-150-7 failed due to local
buckling of the top flange nearer to one of the loading points in shear zone
below this local buckling of the web also occurred and finally led to lateral
buckling of top flange. Increase in corrugation angle shows a significant
increase in moment capacity.But,when thecorrugation angle is more than 60º,
it shows less increase in moment capacity. This is because the increase in
 55

corrugation angle increases the flange out-sand on one side which decreases
the effective width of the flange. Therefore, further improvement in moment
capacity is less. So, increase in corrugation angle beyond 60º does not show
any notable increase in the moment capacity. The increase in corrugation
angle increases the depth of corrugation or the flange out-stand on one side,
which in turn increases the moment of inertia about the minor axis(I y). This
increase in moment of inertia about the minor axis (Iy) increases the resistance
to the lateral torsional buckling;that is why, the moment capacity increases
with increase in corrugation angle. Load Vs mid span deflection curves are
plotted for the TCA-3000-300-100 series specimen (Figure 3.42). The failure
shapes are shown in Figures 3.43 to 3.49.

60

50

40
Load ( kN)

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)
TCA-3600-400-150-3 TCA-3600-400-150-4 TCA-3600-400-150-2
TCA-3600-400-150-1 TCA-3600-400-150-5 TCA-3600-400-150-6
TCA-3600-400-150-7

Figure 3.42 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCA-3600-

400-150 series
 56

Figure 3.43 TCA-3600-400-150-1 Figure 3.44 TCA-3600-400-150-2

Figure 3.45 TCA-3600-400-150-3 Figure 3.46 TCA-3600-400-150-4

Figure 3.47 TCA-3600-400-150-5 Figure 3.48 TCA-3600-400-150-6

 57

Figure 3.49 TCA-3600-400-150-7

3.6.3 Moment Capacities of TCDW Series Specimen

The test results for TCDW series are given in Table 3.9. In the
TCDW series, web slenderness is varied. Web slenderness is the ratio
between depth of web hw to thickness of web tw. For TCDW-1800 series, the
web slenderness (h w/tw ratio) varies from 104.17 to 166.67. TCDW-1800-125-
100-1 and TCDW-1800-150-100-2 specimens failed with initiation of local
buckling in top flange in pure bending zone and finally failed under flexure
buckling. TCDW-1800-175-100-3 and TCDW-1800-200-100-4 specimen
failed initially with local buckling in top flange in the middle of the pure
bending zone and finally led to lateral buckling of the top flange. The
specimen without corrugation TCDW-1800-200-100-5 specimen failed
initially with local buckling of web in shear zone and finally failed with
lateral buckling of compression flange. It is found that the moment carrying
capacity of corrugated web is 20 % more than flat web. It is known that as
the depth of web increases, the moment of inertia also increases. Hence, there
was a significant increase in moment capacity was noted with increase in web
slenderness.

Table 3.9 Experimental Test Results for TCDW Series Beams
Test hw/tw
Specimen ID
No. ratio
1 TCDW-1800-125-100-1 104.17
2 TCDW-1800-150-100-2 125.00
3 TCDW-1800-175-100-3 145.83
4 TCDW-1800-200-100-4 166.67
5 TCDW-1800-200-100-5 166.67
6 TCDW-2000-200-100-1 166.67
7 TCDW-2000-250-100-2 208.33
8 TCDW-2000-300-100-3 250.00
9 TCDW-2000-350-100-4 291.67
10 TCDW-3000-200-100-1 208.33
11 TCDW-3000-300-100-2 250.00
12 TCDW-3000-350-100-3 291.67
13 TCDW-3000-400-100-4 333.33
58
MExp
Failure Mode
kNm
Local Buckling in the middle of top
5.03 compression flange + Flexural
Buckling
Local Buckling in the middle of top
6.15 compression flange + Flexural
Buckling
Local Buckling in the middle of top
7.19 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
8.15 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local Buckling in web shear zone +
6.78
Lateral buckling
Local buckling at loading point +
14.69 Lateral Buckling of Compression
flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
15.99 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
16.91 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local buckling at loading point +
17.70 Lateral Buckling of Compression
flange
Local buckling at nearer to loading
12.77 point in top compression flange +
Flexural Buckling
Local Buckling in the middle of top
14.84 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
17.18 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
21.38 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
 59

Table 3.9(Continued)

Test hw/tw MExp

Specimen ID
No.
14 TCDW-3000-450-100-5 375.00
15 TCDW-3000-500-100-6 416.67
16 TCDW-3000-550-100-7 458.33
17 TCDW-3000-600-100-8 500.00
18 TCDW-3600-400-100-1 333.33
19 TCDW-3600-500-100-2 416.67
20 TCDW-3600-600-100-3 500.00
21 TCDW-3600-700-100-4 583.33
Failure Mode
ratio kNm
Local Buckling in the middle of top
24.35 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local buckling at nearer to loading
point in top compression flange +
26.49
Lateral Buckling of compression
flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
28.50 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local buckling at nearer to loading
point in top compression flange +
30.34
Lateral Buckling of compression
flange
Local buckling at nearer to loading
point in top compression flange +
31.71
Lateral Buckling of compression
flange
Local buckling at nearer to loading
point in top compression flange +
35.79
Lateral Buckling of compression
flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
40.06 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
Local Buckling in the middle of top
38.40 compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange

Stiffness of corrugated web is more than the flat web. Load Vs mid
span deflection curves are plotted for the TCDW-1800 series specimen
(Figure 3.50). The failure shapes are shown in Figures 3.51 to 3.55.
Figure 3.50 shows that as the depth of the web increases, the initial stiffness
of the member also increases.
 60

30

25

20
Load (kN)
15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCDW-1800-125-100-5 TCDW-1800-150-100-4
TCDW-1800-175-100-3 TCDW-1800-200-100-2
TCDW-1800-200-100-1

Figure 3.50 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCDW-1800 series

Figure 3.51 TCDW-1800-125-100-1Figure 3.52 TCDW-1800-150-100-2

Figure 3.53 TCDW-1800-175-100-3Figure 3.54 TCDW-1800-200-100-4

 61

Figure 3.55 TCDW-1800-200-100-5

For TCDW-2000 series, the web slenderness (hw/tw ratio) varies

from 166.67 to 291.67. All the specimens in TCDW-2000 series failed due to
initiation of local buckling in top flange nearer to the loading point and then
led to lateral buckling of top flange. Load Vs mid span deflection curves are
plotted for the TCDW-1800 series specimen (Figure 3.56). The failure shapes
are shown in Figures 3.57to Figure 3.60. From Figure 3.56, it was observed
that as the depth of the web increases, the stiffness of specimen also increases.
Due to this, there was a significant increase in moment capacity with increase
in web slenderness.

60

50

40
Load (kN)

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCDW-2000-200-100-1 TCDW-2000-250-100-2
TCDW-2000-300-100-3 TCDW-2000-350-100-4

Figure 3.56 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCDW-2000 series
 62

Figure 3.57 TCDW-2000-200-100-1Figure 3.58 TCDW-2000-250-100-2

Figure 3.59 TCDW-2000-300-100-3 Figure 3.60 TCDW-2000-350-100-4

For TCDW-3000 series, the web slenderness (hw/tw ratio) varies

from 208.67 to 500. TCDW-3000-200-100-1 specimen failed initially with
local buckling in top flange nearer to loading point in shear zone and then led
to flexure buckling. TCDW-3000-500-100-6 and TCDW-3000-600-100-8
specimens failed due to initiation of local buckling in the top flange nearer to
loading point in shear zone and finally failed with lateral buckling of top
flange. Remaining specimens in this series failed due to initiation of local
buckling in top flange in the middle of the pure bending zone and then led to
lateral buckling of top flange. In this series also, there was a significant
increase in moment capacity with increase in web slenderness. Load Vs mid
span deflection curves are plotted for the TCDW-3000 series specimen
(Figure 3.61). The failure shapes are shown in Figures 3.62to 3.69. From
Figure 3.61, it was found that as the depth of the web increases, the stiffness
of specimen also increases gradually; as a result moment capacity also
increases with increase in web slenderness.
 63

For TCDW-3600 series, the web slenderness (hw/tw ratio) varies

from 333.33 to 583.33. TCDW-3600-600-100-3 specimen failed initially with
local buckling in top flange nearer to loading point in shear zone and led to
flexure buckling. Remaining specimens in this series failed due to initiation of
local buckling in top flange in the middle of the pure bending zone and led to
lateral buckling of top flange.

70

60

50
Load (kN)

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCDW-3000-200-100-1 TCDW-3000-300-100-2
TCDW-3000-350-100-3 TCDW-3000-400-100-4
TCDW-3000-450-100-5 TCDW-3000-500-100-6
TCDW-3000-550-100-7 TCDW-3000-600-100-8

Figure 3.61 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCDW-3000 series

Figure 3.62 TCDW-3000-200-100-1 Figure 3.63 TCDW-3000-300-100-2

 64

Figure 3.64 TCDW-3000-350-100-3Figure 3.65TCDW-3000-400-100-4

Figure 3.66 TCDW-3000-450-100-5Figure 3.67 TCDW-3000-500-100-6

Figure 3.68 TCDW-3000-550-100-7Figure 3.69 TCDW-3000-600-100-8

In this series, when the web slenderness (h w/tw ratio) increases

beyond 500, the moment carrying capacity decreases which is due to slender
web which behaves like a column. Load Vs mid span deflection curves are
plotted for the TCDW-3600 series specimen (Figure 3.70). The failure shapes
are shown in Figures 3.71to 3.74. From Figure 3.70 it was observed that the
as the web slenderness increases, the stiffness of the specimen also increases;
 65

but after 500, the stiffness of the specimen is lesser compared to the specimen
with web slenderness 583.33.

80
70
60
50
Load (KN)

40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCDW-3600-400-100-1 TCDW-3600-500-100-2
TCDW-3600-600-100-3 TCDW-3600-700-100-4

Figure 3.70 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCDW-3600 series

Figure 3.71 TCDW-3600-400-100-1Figure 3.72 TCDW-3600-500-100-2

 66

Figure3.73 TCDW-3600-600-100-3 Figure 3.74 TCDW-3600-700-100-4

3.6.4 Moment Capacities of TCFW Series Specimen

The test results for TCFW series are given in Table 3.10. In the
TCFW series flange width to thickness ratio (b f/tf) is varied.

Table 3.10 Experimental Test Results for TCFW Series Beams

Test bf/tf MExp

Specimen ID Failure Mode
No. ratio kNm
1 TCFW-1050-100-70-1 58.33 4.14 Local Buckling in web shear zone +
Flexural Buckling
2 TCFW-1050-100-80-2 66.67 5.28 Local Buckling in web shear zone +
Flexural Buckling
3 TCFW-1050-100-100-3 83.33 5.84 Local Buckling in web shear zone +
Flexural Buckling
4 TCFW-1050-100-120-4 100 6.29 Local Buckling in web shear zone +
Flexural Buckling
5 TCFW-1800-150-60-1 50 3.32 Local Buckling in the middle of top
compression flange + Flexural
Buckling
6 TCFW-1800-150-75-2 62.5 3.71 Local buckling at loading point +
Lateral Buckling of Compression
flange
7 TCFW-1800-150-90-3 75 4.15 Local Buckling in the middle of top
compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
8 TCFW-1800-150-105-4 87.5 4.32 Local Buckling in the middle of top
compression flange + Lateral
Buckling of compression flange
 67

For TCFW-1050-100 series, the flange width to thickness ratio

(bf/tf) varies from 58.33 to 100. In this series all the specimen failed due to
local buckling in the corrugated web folding and then led to flexure buckling.
It is known that as the flange width increases, the moment of inertia also
increases. Hence, there was significant increase in moment capacity with
increase in flange width ratio. Load Vs mid span deflection curves are plotted
for the TCDW-1050 series specimen (Figure3.75). The failure shapes are
shown in Figures 3.76 to 3.79. Figure 3.75 shows that as the flange width
ratio increases, the initial stiffness of the member also increases.

25

20

15
Load (kN)

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)
TCFW-1800-150-60-1 TCFW-1800-150-75-2
TCFW-1800-150-90-3 TCFW-1800-150-105-4

Figure 3.75 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCFW-1800 series
 68

Figure 3.76TCFW-1050-100-70-1 Figure 3.77TCFW-1050-100-80-2

Figure 3.78TCFW-1050-100-100-3 Figure 3.79TCFW-1050-100-120-4

For TCFW-1800-150 series, the flange width to thickness ratio

(bf/tf) varies from 50 to 87.5. TCFW-1800-150-60-1 specimen failed with
initiation of local buckling in top flange nearer to one of the loading points in
the shear zone and then led to lateral torsional buckling. All other, specimens
in this series failed due to initiation of local buckling in the middle of the top
flange in bending zone and led to flexure buckling. Load Vs mid span
deflection curves are plotted for the TCFW-1800-150 series specimen
(Figure 3.80). The failure shapes are shown in Figures 3.81 to 3.84. From the
Figure 3.80 it was observed that as the flange width increases, the stiffness of
specimen also increases. Due to this, there was a significant increase in
moment capacity with increase in flange width ratio. When the flange width
ratio is 50, specimen fails with lateral buckling of top flange due to less area
in top flange or value of Iy is lesser, which leads to smaller resistance to
 69

lateral buckling. As the flange width ratio increases, the flange area increases
or value of Iy also increases. Due to this, lateral buckling of top compression
flange is eliminated and moment capacity also increases with increase in
flange width ratio.

30

25

20
Load (kN)

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCFW-1050-100-80-2 TCFW-1050-100-100-3

TCFW-1050-100-120-4 TCFW-1050-100-70-1

Figure 3.80 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCFW-1050 series

Figure 3.81 TCFW-1800-150-60-1 Figure 3.82 TCFW-1800-150-75-2

 70

Figure 3.83 TCFW-1800-150-90-3Figure 3.84 TCFW-1800-150-105-4

3.6.5 Moment Capacities of TCL Series specimen

The test results for TCL series are given in Table 3.11. In the TCL
series, length of the beam is varied from 1000 to 3600. TCL-1000-400-150-1
and TCL-2000-400-150-2 specimens failed due to initiation of local buckling
in top flange in the mid span of pure bending zone and led to flexural
buckling.TCL-3000-400-150-3 specimen failed due to initiation of local
buckling in top flange in middle of the pure bending zone and then led to
lateral buckling of top flange.

Table 3.11 Experimental Test Results for TCL Series Beams

Test Length MExp

Specimen ID Failure Mode
No. mm kNm

1 Local Buckling in top flange +

TCL-1000-400-150-1 1000 22.11
Flexural Buckling
2 Local Buckling in top flange +
TCL-2000-400-150-2 2000 22.41
Flexural Buckling
3 Local Buckling in top flange in pure
TCL-3000-400-150-3 3000 23.48
bending zone +Lateral Buckling
4 23.71 Local Buckling in top flange nearer
TCL-3600-400-150-4 3600 to loading point in shear zone +
Lateral Buckling
 71

TCL-3600-400-150-4 specimen failed due to initiation of local

buckling in top flange nearer to one of the loading point in the shear zone and
then led to lateral buckling of top flange. Moment is almost same due to same
cross section. But as the length increases the load carrying capacity decreases.
Load Vs mid span deflection curves are plotted for the TCL series specimen
(Figure 3.85). The failure shapes are shown in Figures 3.86 to 3.89.

140

120

100
Load (kN)

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20
Midspan Deflection (mm)

TCL-2000-400-150-2 TCL-3000-400-150-3

TCL-3600-400-150-4 TCL-1000-400-150-1

Figure 3.85 Load Vs Deflection curves at mid span for TCL series

Figure 3.86 TCL-1000-400-150-1 Figure 3.87 TCL-2000-400-150-2

 72

Figure 3.88 TCL-3000-400-150-3 Figure 3.89 TCL-1000-400-150-4

3.7 COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS WITH PREDICTIONS

FROM THE CURRENT DESIGN STANDARDS

3.7.1 Design Standards

The moment capacities have also been predicted using the current
specifications of the Australian/New Zealand standard AS/NZS-4600:2005
for cold-formed steel structures and North American Specification AISI-
S100:2007 for the design of Cold-Formed steel structural members
specifications

Indian Standard specification (IS-801:1975) for calculating the

moment carrying capacity of the flexure member is based on the effective
width method. The present Indian code of practice for design of cold formed
steel members is under revision.

3.7.2 Discussion of Results and Comparison

Table 3.12 compares the moment capacity from the tests and
various design standards. The mean and Standard deviation for the ratios of
test results to the predicted results were also calculated.

A comparison was carried out between the test results (MExp) and
the predicted moment capacity using IS method (IS-801:1975) (MIS). The
mean and standard deviation of the experiment to IS moment capacity are
 73

0.56 and 0.13 respectively. The moment capacity predicted by IS method

(Appendix-I) is highly unconservative. Revision of IS: 801 is in progress.
Hence, IS code comparison is not shown in Table 3.12. However experiment
results are compared with recent International codes like Australian/New
Zealand standard AS/NZS-4600:2005 for cold-formed steel structures
(Appendix-I) and North American Specification AISI-S100:2007 for the
design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural members Specifications (Appendix-I).

Table 3.12 Comparison of Moment Capacity from Tests with various

Design Standards

MExp MAISI MAs/Nz MExp/ MExp/

Sl.No. Specimen ID
kNm kNm kNm MAISI MAs/Nz
1 TCAR-3000-300-100-1 14.06 16.14 15.92 0.87 0.88
2 TCAR-3000-300-100-2 14.91 15.67 15.47 0.95 0.96
3 TCAR-3000-300-100-3 16.82 17.24 17.08 0.98 0.98
4 TCAR-3000-300-100-4 15.62 14.88 14.81 1.05 1.05
5 TCAR-3600-400-150-1 27.56 30.85 29.68 0.89 0.93
6 TCAR-3600-400-150-4 28.71 30.16 28.97 0.95 0.99
7 TCAR-3600-400-150-3 26.54 29.99 28.82 0.88 0.92
8 TCAR-3600-400-150-4 25.99 29.92 28.78 0.87 0.90
9 TCAR-1800-200-100-1 11.67 13.97 13.94 0.84 0.84
10 TCAR-1800-200-100-2 12.07 13.97 13.95 0.86 0.87
11 TCAR-1800-200-100-3 11.62 13.94 13.94 0.83 0.83
12 TCAR-1800-200-100-4 11.37 13.94 13.94 0.82 0.82
13 TCAR-1800-300-100-1 15.7 19.19 19.19 0.82 0.82
14 TCAR-1800-300-100-2 16.48 19.19 19.06 0.86 0.86
15 TCAR-1800-300-100-3 15.94 19.19 18.95 0.83 0.84
16 TCAR-1800-300-100-4 15.86 19.19 19.11 0.83 0.83
17 TCAR-1800-300-100-5 15.43 19.19 19.12 0.80 0.81
18 TCA-3000-300-100-1 14.9 15.63 23.25 0.95 0.64
19 TCA-3000-300-100-2 16.2 16.79 23.25 0.96 0.70
20 TCA-3000-300-100-3 16.82 17.03 23.25 0.99 0.72
21 TCA-3000-300-100-4 18.05 18.74 23.25 0.96 0.78
22 TCA-3600-400-150-1 25.06 31.07 41.67 0.81 0.60
23 TCA-3600-400-150-4 26.24 32.76 43.13 0.80 0.61
24 TCA-3600-400-150-3 27.14 32.69 43.13 0.83 0.63
25 TCA-3600-400-150-4 28.71 32.6 43.13 0.88 0.67
26 TCA-3600-400-150-5 31.32 32.49 43.13 0.96 0.73
 74

Table 3.12 (Continued)

MExp MAISI MAs/Nz MExp/ MExp/

Sl.No. Specimen ID
kNm kNm kNm MAISI MAs/Nz
27 TCA-3600-400-150-6 32.36 32.79 43.13 0.99 0.75
28 TCA-3600-400-150-7 32.89 33.79 44.13 0.97 0.75
29 TCDW-1800-125-100-1 5.03 5.22 5.22 0.96 0.96
30 TCDW-1800-150-100-2 6.15 6.21 6.2 0.99 0.99
31 TCDW-1800-175-100-3 7.19 7.25 7.24 0.99 0.99
32 TCDW-1800-200-100-4 8.15 8.04 8.04 1.01 1.01
33 TCDW-1800-200-100-5 6.78 7.01 7.16 0.97 0.95
34 TCDW-2000-200-100-1 14.69 13.69 13.63 1.07 1.08
35 TCDW-2000-250-100-2 15.99 16.23 16.15 0.99 0.99
36 TCDW-2000-300-100-3 16.91 18.64 18.53 0.91 0.91
37 TCDW-2000-350-100-4 17.7 20.94 20.81 0.85 0.85
38 TCDW-3000-200-100-1 12.77 13.41 13.3 0.95 0.96
39 TCDW-3000-300-100-2 14.84 15.29 15.12 0.97 0.98
40 TCDW-3000-350-100-3 17.18 17.73 17.67 0.97 0.97
41 TCDW-3000-400-100-4 21.38 22.87 22.17 0.93 0.96
42 TCDW-3000-450-100-5 24.35 25.97 25.21 0.94 0.97
43 TCDW-3000-500-100-6 26.49 27.35 27.35 0.97 0.97
44 TCDW-3000-550-100-7 28.5 29.43 29.43 0.97 0.97
45 TCDW-3000-600-100-8 30.34 31.49 31.49 0.96 0.96
46 TCDW-3600-400-100-1 31.71 32.84 32.62 0.97 0.97
47 TCDW-3600-500-100-2 35.79 36.83 36.17 0.97 0.99
48 TCDW-3600-600-100-3 40.06 41.05 40.57 0.98 0.99
49 TCDW-3600-700-100-4 38.4 39.11 38.73 0.98 0.99
50 TCFW-1800-150-60-1 4.14 4.22 4.85 0.98 0.85
51 TCFW-1800-150-75-2 5.28 5.35 5.51 0.99 0.96
52 TCFW-1800-150-90-3 5.84 5.96 6.17 0.98 0.95
53 TCFW-1800-150-105-4 6.29 6.32 6.84 0.99 0.92
54 TCFW-1050-100-70-1 3.32 3.7 3.48 0.90 0.95
55 TCFW-1050-100-80-2 3.71 4.04 3.77 0.92 0.98
56 TCFW-1050-100-100-3 4.15 4.15 4.06 1.00 1.02
57 TCFW-1050-100-120-4 4.32 4.38 4.65 0.99 0.93
58 TCL-1000-400-150-1 22.11 23.55 23.51 0.94 0.94
59 TCL-2000-400-150-2 22.41 23.55 23.51 0.95 0.95
60 TCL-3000-400-150-3 23.48 23.55 23.51 1.00 1.00
61 TCL-3600-400-150-4 23.71 23.55 23.51 1.01 1.01
Average 0.93 0.90
Standard Deviation 0.07 0.12
 75

The moment capacity from test is compared to the unfactored

design moment capacity calculated using the Australian/ New Zealand
Standards (AS/NZS-4600:2005) for cold-formed steel structures, as shown in
Table 3.12. In the experimental investigation, the moment capacity obtained
is ultimate moment capacity. For designing a section a factor of safety of the
material is used and a factored moment capacity will be calculated, which will
be less than the experimental ultimate moment capacity. Hence the
experimental results are to be reduced(factored) and compared withthe codal
values (design values). The ratios of the moment capacity from test to
unfactored design moment capacity predicted using the Australian/New
Zealand (4600-2005) are also shown. The mean values of the experimental to
Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS-4600:2005) predictions of moment
capacity are 0.93 with the corresponding standard deviation of 0.07.

The comparison of experimental moment capacity of test (MExp)

and unfactored design moment capacity calculated using (M AISI) North
American Specification AISI-S100:2007 for the design of Cold-Formed steel
structural members specifications for all the tested specimens are shown in
Table 3.12. The mean values of MExp/ MAISIratio are 0.90 and the standard
deviation of 0.12.

From Table 3.12, it can be seen that the ultimate moment capacity
calculated using the AS/NZ specification and AISI specification are
unconservative for all specimens except TCAR-3000-300-100-4, TCDW-
1800-200-100-4, TCDW-2000-200-100-1, TCFW-1050-100-100-3 and TCL-
3600-400-150-4. The ultimate moment capacity calculated using the IS-
801:1975 specification is unconservative for all series and also it is more
unconservative thanAS/NZ specification and AISI specification.

Comparisons with experiment to IS 801-1975 design strength are

more unconservative for all the test series. Furthermore, AS/NZS-
 76

4600:2005&AISI-S100:2007appeared to be more unconservative (not

acceptable) in predicting the moment capacities of I-section with trapezoidal
corrugated web.

3.8 CONCLUSION

An experimental investigation of I-beam with trapezoidal

corrugated web has been described in this chapter. A total of 61 flexure tests
by varying the parameters like, aspect ratio, corrugation angle, depth of web,
flange width and length were conducted. Therefore, this study extended on
the parametric studies on I-section with trapezoidal corrugated web.

The experimental moment capacity of I-section with trapezoidal

corrugated web are compared to the design moments predicted by the
Australian / New Zealand standard for cold-formed steel structures AS/NZS-
4600:2005, North American Specification AISI-S100:2007 for the design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structural members Specifications and IS-801:1975 Cold-
formed steel specifications. The comparative study shows that all the codal
provisions are unconservative. IS code predictions are very unconservative.