Tomasi

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC
CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATIONS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information Electronic

1)
from one place to another. Communication System
The transmission, reception, and processing of

Electronic
2) information between two or more locations using
Communication
electronic circuits.
Are time-varying voltages or currents that are

3) continuously changing such as sine and cosine analog signals
waves.
Are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps

4) digital signals
or levels.
5) In 1837, he invented the first workable telegraph. Finley Breese Morse
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A.

6) Watson were the first to successfully transfer human Telephone
conversation over a crude metallic- wire
communications systems using this device.
In 1894, he successfully transmitted the first wireless

7) Guglielmo Marconi
radio signals through the Earth’s atmosphere.
In 1906, he invented the triode vacuum tube, which

8) provided the first practical means of amplifying Lee DeForest
signals.
The first commercial radio broadcasting station in

1920 that broadcasted amplitude modulated signals
9) KDKA
in Pittsburgh.
1
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
Error in the receiver’s clock which affects the accuracy Clock Bias Error He patented frequency modulation (FM) in 1931 and
49) 10) Howard Armstrong
of the time-difference measurement. was in 1935.
The Navstar control segment. Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure
11) Decibel ( db )
It consists of : ratio.
Operational Control
 Fixed-location ground based monitor
50) System
stations
 Master Control Station Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of
 uplink transmitter 12) a power level with respect to a fixed reference level dBm
(1mW).
It makes standard GPS more accurate. It works by

51) canceling out most of the natural and man-made Differential GPS 13) One-tenth of a decibel. Bel
errors that creep into normal GPS measurements.
A collection of one or more electronic devices or

circuits that converts the original source information
14) Transmitter
to a form more suitable for transmission over a
particular transmission medium.
Provides a means of transporting signals between a

15) Transmission Medium
transmitter and a receiver.
A collection of electronic devices and circuits that

accepts the transmitted signals fro the transmission
16) Receiver
medium and then converts those signals back to their
original form.
Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with

17) System Noise
the information signal.
The process of changing one or more properties of

18) the analog carrier in proportion with the information Modulation
signal.
A system in which energy is transmitted and received

Analog Communication
19) in analog form (a continuously varying signals such as
System
a sine wave).
Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 197 2

A true digital system where digital pulses (discrete An abbreviation for Global Positioning System.
levels such as +5V and ground) are transferred Two levels of service or accuracy: GPS
20) Digital Transmission 40)
between two or more points in a communications  Standard Positioning Service
system.  Precise Positioning Service
The transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers A satellite-based open navigation system which simply
21) between two or more points in a communications digital radio means that it is available to anyone equipped with a
system. GPS receiver.
41) Navstar GPS
Consists of three segments:
A modulation technique where the information signal  a space segment
Amplitude Modulation  a ground control segment
22) is analog and the amplitude (V) of the carrier is
( AM )  user segment
varied proportional to the information signal.
A modulation technique where the information signal It is when was the Navstar declared as fully
Frequency Modulation 42) April 27, 1995
23) is analog and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied operational by the U.S. Air Force Space Command.
( FM )
proportional to the information signal.
It was completed in 1994 and is maintained by the Navstar Satellite System

43)
A modulation technique where the information signal United States Air Force.
24) is analog and the phase () of the carrier is varied Phase Modulation
A positioning and timing service that is available to all Standard Positioning
44) GPS users on a continuous, worldwide basis with Service
A modulation technique where the information signal no direct change.
Amplitude Shift Keying
25) is digital and that amplitude (V) of the carrier is
( ASK )
varied proportional to the information signal.
Sometimes called Space Segment, consists of
24operational satellites revolving around Earth in six Satellite Segment
45)
A modulation technique where the information signal orbital planes approximately 60° apart with four
Frequency Shift Keying satellites in each plane.
26) is digital and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied
( FSK )
It produces highly accurate timing signals for satellites.

46) Cesium Atomic Clock
A modulation technique where the information signal
Phase Shift Keying
27) is digital and the phase () of the carrier is varied
( PSK )
proportional to the information signal. Pseudorandom Noise
47) A unique integer number that is used to encrypt the (PRN) Code Number
signal from that satellite.
A modulation technique where both the amplitude Quadrature Amplitude
28) and the phase of the carrier are varied proportional Modulation A term associated with a table showing the position of Ephemeris
48)
to the information signal. ( QAM ) a heavenly body on a number dates in a regular
sequence, in essence, an astronomical almanac.
3 Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 196

A navigation technique that determines position by Dead Reckoning Modulation is performed in a transmitter by a circuit
28) 29) modulator
extrapolating a series of measured velocity increments. called ________.
The term derived from the word “deduced” and not The reverse process of modulation and converts the
30) Demodulation
29) necessarily from the fate of the people who used the Dead modulated carrier back to the original information
technique.
Demodulation is performed in a receiver by a circuit

31) demodulator
He used dead reckoning successfully in 1927 during his Charles Lindbergh called _______.
30)
historic 33-hour transatlantic journey.
A specific band of frequencies allocated a particular

32) Channel
She attempted to make the first around-the-world in Amelia Earhart service.
31)
1937 using the dead reckoning technique.
Navigation technique wherein the position is deter- Process of converting a frequency or band of
mined by measuring the travel time of an electro 33) frequencies to another location in the total frequency translation
32) magnetic wave as it moves from a transmitter to a Radio Navigation frequency spectrum.
receiver.
The number of times a periodic motion, such as a sine

A radio Navigation system for terrestrial surface 34) wave of voltage or current, occurs in a given period Frequency
33) Decca
broadcast. of time.
Radio Navigation system that provide global coverage Omega 35) Each complete alternation of the waveform. Cycle
34)
and terrestrial surface broadcast.
Is an international agency in control of allocating International

35) Also a terrestrial surface broadcast. LORAN 36) frequencies and services within the overall frequency Telecommunications
spectrum. Union ( ITU )
Navy Transit GPS
36) Low-orbit satellite broadcast, provides global
coverage. In the United States, assigns frequencies and
Federal Communications
37) communications services for free-space radio
Navstar GPS Commission ( FCC )
37) Medium-orbit satellite broadcast also provides global propagation.
coverage.
Means of radio navigation in which receivers acquire Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and include ac
38) Coded signals from two pairs of high-powered, land LORAN power distribution signals (60Hz) and low frequency
Extremely Low
based transmitters whose locations are precisely 38) telemetry signals.
Frequencies ( ELF )
known.
An acronym for Navigation System with Time and Navstar
39)
Ranging.

Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and include A unique binary word that each earth station’s Chip Code
Voice Frequencies 19)
39) frequencies generally associated with human transmissions are encoded.
( VF )
speech.
Correlator
20) It compare two signals and recover the original data.
Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range which include
Very Low Frequencies
40) the upper end of the human hearing
( VLF )
range. It assigns an individual terrestrial channel (TC) to a
Digital non interpolated
particular satellite channel (SC) for the duration
21) Interface
of
Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and are used Low Frequencies the call.
41)
primarily for marine and aeronautical navigation. ( LF )
It assigns a terrestrial channel to a
Digital Speech
Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range and are used 22) satellite channel only when speech energy is present Interpolated Interface
Medium Frequencies
42) primarily for commercial AM radio broadcasting on the TC.
( MF )
(535kHz-1605kHz).
Time-Assignment
A form of analog channel compression that has been Speech Interpolation
23)
Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range and are often used for sub oceanic cables for many years. (TASI)
High Frequencies
43) referred to as short waves. Used for most two-way
( HF )
radio communications.
The art or science of plotting, ascertaining or directing
the course of movements, in other words, knowing Navigation
24)
Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range and are where you are and being able to find your way
used for mobile radio, marine and aeronautical around.
Very High Frequencies
44) communications, commercial FM broadcasting (88
( VHF )
to 108MHz) and commercial TV broadcasting of Ch 2
to 13 (54MHz to 216MHz). It is the most ancient and rudimentary method of
Wandering
25) navigation and simply continuing to travel about until
you reach your destination, assuming of course
Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range and are that you have one.
used by commercial television broadcasting of
channels 14 to 83, land mobile communications Ultrahigh Frequencies Earliest effective means of navigation wherein
45)
services, cellular telephones, certain radar and ( UHF ) direction and distance are determined from precisely
navigation systems, and microwave and satellite 26) timed sightings of celestial bodies, including the stars Celestial Navigation
radio systems. and
moon.
Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and include

the majority of the frequencies used for microwave Method of navigation by means of fixing a position
Super High Frequencies
46) and satellite radio communications systems. and direction with respect to familiar, significant Piloting
( SHF ) 27)
landmarks such as railroad tracks, water towers, barns,
mountains and bodies of water.

Demand-Assignment
Assigning carrier frequency on temporary basis using a Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range and are
9) Multiple Access Extremely High
statistical assignment process. seldom used for radio communications except in very
47) Frequencies
sophisticated, expensive, and specialized
( EHF )
applications.
An acronym for Single-channel-per-carrier PCM SPADE
10)
multiple Access Demand-assignment Equipment.
Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz range and are not
generally referred to as radio waves. Used in heat
48) Infrared
11) SCPC seeking guidance systems, electronic photography,
Stands for Single-Carrier-Per-Channel. and astronomy.
Common Signaling
A time division-multiplexed transmission that is Includes electromagnetic frequencies that fall within
12) Channel 49) Visible Light
frequency division multiplexed. the visible range of humans (0.3PHz to 3PHz).
(CSC)
Light-wave
The predominant Multiple-access method of time- 50) Used for optical fiber systems.
Communications
division multiplexing digitally modulated carriers TDMA
13)
between participating earth stations within a satellite
network through a common satellite transponder. The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic
wave occupies in space
51) Wavelength
(i.e., the distance between similar points in a
An RF-to-RF repeater that simply receives the earth repetitive wave).
station transmissions, amplifies them, and then re-
14) Transponder
transmit them in a downlink beam that is received by
all other participating station. Radio transmitter classifications according to
52) bandwidth, modulation scheme, and type of Emission Classifications
information.
It is where transmissions from all earth stations are Reference Burst
15)
synchronized.
The difference between the highest and lowest
53) Bandwidth
frequencies contained in the information.
Carrier Recovery
It is where all receiving stations recover a frequency
16) Sequence
and phase coherent carrier for PSK demodulation
(CRS) The measure of how much information can be
54) propagated through a communications system and Information Capacity
is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.
An acronym for Conference of European Postal and
CEPT
17) Telecommunications Administrations, is commonly
used TDMA frame format for digital satellite system The most basic digital symbol used to represent
55) Binary Digit / Bit
information.
Sometimes referred to as Spread-Spectrum Code-Division Multiple

18)
Multipleentire allocated bandwidth Access, the Access (CDMA) 56) The number of bits transmitted during one second Bit Rate
transmissions can spread throughout the and is expressed in bits per second (bps).

SATELLITE MULTIPLE ACCESSING

57)
Any undesirable electrical energy that falls within the
Electrical Noise
CHAPTER 26 ARRANGEMENTS
passband of the signal.
Noise present regardless of whether there is a signal # DEFINITIONS TERMS

58) Uncorrelated Noise
present or not.
Also called as Multiple Destination, It implies that more
than one user has access to one or more radio
59) Noise that is generated outside the device or circuit. External Noise channels within a satellite communications channel.
1) Multiple Accessing Arrangement: Multiple Accessing

 Frequency-division multiple accessing
Noise that is naturally occurring electrical
60) Atmospheric Noise (FDMA)
disturbances that originate within Earth’s atmosphere.
 Time-division multiple accessing (TDMA)
 Code-division multiple accessing (CDMA)
Noise consists of electrical signals that originate from
61) outside Earth’s atmosphere and is sometimes called Extra-terrestrial Noise
A given number of the available voice-band channels
deep-space noise. Pre-
2) from each earth station are assigned a dedicated
assignment(dedicated)
destination.
62) Noise generated directly from the sun’s heat. Solar Noise
Demand Assignment
3)
Voice channels are assigned on an as-needed basis.
Noise sources that are continuously distributed
63) Cosmic Noise The method of assigning adjacent channels different
throughout the galaxies.
electromagnetic polarizations and is possible by using
4) Frequency Reuse
orthogonal polarization and spacing adjacent
channels 20 MHz apart.
64) Noise that is produced by mankind. Man-maid Noise
5) Eskimo word meaning “little brother”. Anik
Electrical interference generated within a device or

65) Internal Noise Anik-E communications
circuit.
6) Domestic Satellites operated by Telsat Canada. Satellite
Noise caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes

66) and electrons) at the output element of an Shot Noise
A method of multiple accessing where a given RF FDMA
electronic device. 7)
bandwidth is divided into smaller frequency bands.
Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass

Multiple channel per carrier formats assigned and Fixed-Assignment, Multiple
67) from the input to the output of a device produces an Transit-time Noise
8) remain fixed for a long Period of time. Access (FAMA)
irregular, random variations.

It is when the satellite rotates in path that takes over Associated with the rapid and random movement of
the North and the South poles in an orbit that is close Polar Orbit 68) electrons within a conductor due to thermal Thermal Noise
29)
to earth and passes over and very close to both the agitation.
North and South Poles.
A form of internal noise that is correlated (mutually

The noise power normalized to a 1 Hz bandwidth, or Noise Density 69) related) to the signal and cannot be present in a Correlated Noise
30)
the noise power present in a 1Hz bandwidth circuit unless there is a signal.
It identifies the system parameters and is used to Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are
determine the projected carrier-to-noise ratio and 70) produced through nonlinear amplification (nonlinear Harmonic Distortion
energy Bit-to-noise density ratio at both the satellite mixing).
31) Link Budget
and earth station receivers for a given modulation
scheme.
The generation of unwanted sum and difference
Inter-modulation
71) frequencies produced when two or more signals mix
Distortion
in a nonlinear device.
Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short

72) Impulse Noise
duration in the total noise spectrum.
Noise produced when information signals from one

source produce frequencies that fall outside their
73) Electrical interference
allocated bandwidth and interfere with information
signals from another source.
The ratio of the signal power level to the noise power Signal-to-Noise Power
74)
level. Ratio ( S/N )
A form of external noise and as the name implies it

75) Interference
means to disturb or detract form.
Figures of merit used to indicate how much the

signal- to-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes
Noise Factor ( F )
through a circuit or series of circuits
76) and
Noise Figure ( NF )
Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 191
8
Advantages of Geosynchronous Satellite:
A convenient parameter often used rather than noise It remain almost stationary in respect to a
figure in low noise, sophisticated VHF, UHF, Equivalent Noise given earth station.
77) microwave, and satellite radio receivers. It indicates Temperature
the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio a signal ( Te ) Available to earth within their shadows
undergoes as it propagates through a receiver. 100% of the time.
No need to switch from one geosynchronous

satellite to another as they orbit overhead
The effects of Doppler shift are negligible
Disadvantages of geosynchronous Satellite:
It requires sophisticated and heavy propulsion

device onboard to keep them in a fixed orbit
Much longer propagation delays
Requires higher transmit power and more

sensitive receivers because of the longer
distances and greater path loss.
High precision spacemanship is required.
The angle between the earth’s equatorial plane and

the orbital plane of a satellite measured counter
25) clockwise at the point in the orbit where it crosses the Angle of Inclination
equatorial plane traveling from south to north called
the ascending node.
The point where the polar or inclines orbit
26) crosses the equatorial plane travelling from north to Descending Node
south
The line joining the ascending and descending node

27) Line of Nodes
It is when the satellite rotates in an orbit directl

Equatorial Orbit
28) above the equator, usually in a circular path.
9
It was the first commercial telecommunications

CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND MIXING
satellite. It launched from Cape Kennedy in 1965 and
Intelsat I
17) used two transponders. Also called as Early Birds.It
stands for International Telecommunications Sate- # DEFINITIONS TERMS
llite.
Electrical signals of which amplitude changes
1) continuously with respect to time with no breaks or Analog Signals
Domestic satellite launched by former Soviet Union in Molya discontinuities.
18)
1966. It means “lighting”.
Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their

A German astronomer who discovered the laws Johannes Kepler amplitude maintains constant level for a prescribed
19) 2) Digital Signals
thatgoverns satellite motion. period of time and then it changes to another level
with respect to time with no breaks or discontinuities.
It may be simply stated as:

3) Digital signal with only two levels possible. Binary Signal
The planets move in ellipses with the sun at one
focus
4) Digital signal with four levels possible. Quaternary Signal
The line joining the sun and the planet sweeps
Kepler’s Law
20) out equal intervals of time.
Is the mathematical analysis of the frequency,
5) Signal Analysis
The square of the time of revolution of a planet bandwidth, and voltage level of a signal.
divided by the cube of its mean distance from
the sun gives a number that is the same for all
planets. 6) A signal that repeats at a uniform rate. Periodic Wave
Time-domain
7) A description of signal with respect to time.
Representation
21) The point in an orbit closest to earth Perigee
A time-domain instrument that shows signal

8) Oscilloscope
Apogee waveforms.
22) The point in an orbit farthest from the earth.
It states that the square of the periodic time

The display on the cathode ray tube (CRT) that shows
Harmonic Law 9) Signal Waveform
23) of orbit is proportional to the cube of the mean the shape and instantaneous magnitude of the signal
distance between the primary and the satellite. with respect to time.
High-altitude earth-orbit satellites operating primarily A description of signal with respect to its frequency. Frequency Domain
10)
24) in the 2-GHz to 18 GHz frequency spectrum with orbits Geosynchronous Representation
Satellite 22,300 miles above earth’s surface. Satellite
10
A frequency-domain instrument that shows A type of satellite wherein it simply “bounces” signals
11) Spectrum Analyzer 7) Passive Reflector
amplitude-versus-frequency plot. from one place to another.
Any repetitive wave that is comprised of more than Nonsinusoidal / A natural satellite of Earth, visible by reflection of Moon
12) 8)
one harmonically related sine or cosine wave. Complex Wave sunlight having a slightly elliptical orbit.
Radio Beacon
A mathematical series developed in 1826 by French Used by passive satellites for tracking and ranging
9) Transmitters
13) physicist and mathematician Baron Jean Fourier used Fourier Series purposes.
to analyze complex periodic wave.
Launched by Russia, the first active earth satellite

A mathematical tool that allows us to move back 10) in 1957. It transmitted telemetry for 21 days. Sputnik I
and forth between the time and frequency domains.
14) Fourier Series
It is used in signal analysis to represent the sinusoidal
components of nonsinusoidal periodic waveforms.
A type of satellite capable of receiving, amplifying,
Active Satellite
11) reshaping, regenerating and retransmitting
Waveform comprised of an average dc component information.
15) and a series of harmonically related sine or cosine Periodic Waveform
wave.
Satellite launched by U.S., it transmitted telemetry
12) Explorer I
information for nearly five months.
16) Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic
Satellite launched by NASA in 1958, a 150-pound

Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency conical-shaped satellite. It was the first artificial Score
17) Fundamental Frequency 13)
(repetition rate) of the waveform. satellite used for relaying terrestrial communications.
If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about

18) the vertical axis, it is said to have axes, or even function The first active satellite to simultaneously receive and Telstar I
14)
mirror, symmetry and is called an ________. transmit radio signals.
If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about a Launched in 1963, and was used for telephone
line midway between the vertical axis and the television, facsimile and data transmission and Telstar II
15)
negative horizontal axis and passing through the accomplished the first successful transatlantic
coordinate origin, it is said to have point, or skew, video transmission.
19) odd function
symmetry is called an ______.
Launched in February 1963, was the first attempt to Syncom I

16)
place a geosynchronous satellite into orbit.
11
CHAPTER 25 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS If a periodic voltage waveform is such that the

waveform for the first half cycle repeats itself except
20) half-wave symmetry
with the opposite sign for the second half cycle, it is
# DEFINITIONS TERMS said to have ________.
Satellite
1) A celestial body that orbits around a planet.
The ________ of a waveform consists of all the
frequencies contained in the waveform and their
21) frequency spectrum
respective amplitudes plotted in the frequency
Man-made satellites that orbit earth, providing a domain.
multitude of communication functions to a wide Communications
2) variety of consumers, including military, Satellites
governmental, private and commercial subscriber. The difference between the highest and lowest
frequencies contained in the information. It is also
Bandwidth of an
22) the difference between the highest and lowest
information signal
frequencies that the channel will allow to pass
A satellite radio repeater which a satellite may have through it.
many.
Consists of : The ratio of the active time of the pulse to the period
23) Duty Cycle
of the waveform.
3) Transponder
input Bandlimiting device (BPF)
input low-noise amplifier (LNA)
frequency translator The rate at which energy is dissipated, delivered, or
low level amplifier 24) used, and is a function of the square of the voltage Electrical Power
output bandpass filter or current
It consists of one or more satellite space vehicles, a A fourier transform where a time-domain signal is
25) Discrete Fourier Transform
ground-based station to control the operation of the sampled at discrete times.
system, and a user network of earth stations that
4) Satellite System
provides the interface facilities for the transmission A new algorithm of fourier transform developed by
and reception of terrestrial communications traffic 26) Cooley and Tukey in 1965 where the computing time Fast Fourier Transform
through the satellite system. is proportional to n log 2n rather than n2 .
27) The process of combining two or more signals Mixing

It includes control mechanism that support the Bus
5) payload operation.
Occurs when two or more signals combine in a linear
28) device, such as a passive network or a small-signal Linear Summing
The actual user information conveyed through the amplifier. Also called linear mixing.
system. Payload
6)
29) An amplifier where the output is simply the original Linear Amplifier
input signal amplified by its gain.
12
Occurs when two or more signals are combined in a From Bell Laboratories, he derived formulas for
30) nonlinear device such as a diode or large-signal Nonlinear Mixing calculating the effective improvement achievable by Arvids Vignant
59)
amplifier. vertical space diversity as a function of the spacing
distance, path length, and frequency in June 1970.
Undesired generation of multiples or harmonics of

31) Harmonic Distortion Carrier-to-Noise
that frequency. The ratio of the wideband “carrier” to the wideband
60) Ratio (C/N)
noise power.
Desired generation of multiples or harmonics of that

32) Frequency Multiplication
frequency. Also called Receiver Sensitivity, is the minimum wide
Receiver Threshold
61) band carrier power at the input to a receiver that will
provide a usable baseband output.
The sum and difference of the two original
33) Cross Products
frequencies. Pre-detection Signal to-
62) Noise Ratio
The carrier-to-noise ratio before the FM demodulator.
The generation of any unwanted cross-product
34) frequency when two or more frequencies are mixed Intermodulation Distortion Postdetection Signal-
63)
in a nonlinear device. The carrier-to-noise ratio after the FM demodulator. to-Noise Ratio
Desired cross products produced by mixing in a A ratio of input signal-to-noise ratio to output signal to Noise Factor (F)
35) Modulation 64)
nonlinear device. noise ratio.
The noise factor stated in dB and is a parameter Noise Figure

65)
commonly used to indicate the quality of a receiver.
13
OSCILLATORS, PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS, AND

The portion of the transmit signal that is reflected off CHAPTER 3 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS
51) Earth’s surface and captured by the receive Ground-Reflected Wave
antenna.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
The portion of the transmit signal that is returned back This word means to fluctuate between two states or
Sky Wave 1) Oscillate
52) to Earth’s surface by the ionized layers of earth’s conditions.
atmosphere.
A device that produces oscillations or generates

The loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it 2) repetitive waveform. Converts a dc input voltage to Oscillator
Free-Space Path Loss
53) propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no an ac output voltage.
absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.
A self-sustaining oscillator where the changes in the

A phenomenon wherein electromagnetic energy is 3) waveform are continuous and repetitive; they occur Free-running Oscillator
Spreading Loss
54) spread out as it propagates away from the source at a periodic rate.
resulting in lower relative power densities.
Are oscillators that are not self-sustaining require an

The reduction in signal strength at the Triggered or One-shot
Fading 4) external input signal or trigger to produce a change
55) Oscillators
in the output waveform.
input to a receiver.
An amplifier with a feedback loop or path for energy

The difference between the nominal output power of a 5) Feedback
to propagate from the output back to the input.
transmitter and the minimum input power to a receiver System Gain
56)
necessary to achieve satisfactory performance.
According to this criterion, for a feedback circuit to
sustain oscillations, the net voltage gain around the
6) feedback loop must be unity or greater, and the net Barkhausen Criterion
Sometimes called as Link Margin, is essentially a “fudge phase shift around the loop must be a positive
Factor” included in system gain equations that integer multiple of 360 .
Fade Margin
57) considers the non ideal and less predictable
characteristics of radio wave propagation and terrain
sensitivity.
Is a positive feedback where the positive means that
7) its phase aids the oscillation process and does not Regenerative Feedback
necessarily indicate a positive or negative polarity.
He described ways of calculating outage time due to
fading on a non diversity path as a function of terrain, W.T. Barnett
58) Is a negative feedback and supplies a feedback
climate, path length, and fade margin, in April 1969.
signal that inhibits oscillations from occurring.
8) Degenerative Feedback
14
Is an untuned RC phase shift oscillator that uses both It provides the RF carrier input to the up-converter. It is
positive and negative feedback. The oscillator that called as microwave generator rather than an Microwave Generator
9) Wien-bridge Oscillator 41)
Hewlett and Packard used in their original signal oscillator because it is difficult to construct a stable
generator design. circuit that will oscillate in the gigahertz range.
Added to the circuit to compensate for imbalances It operates in the range 5 MHz to 25 MHz, used to Crystal-controlled
Automatic Gain Control
10) in the bridge and variations in component values 42) provide a base frequency that is multiplied up to the Oscillator
( AGC )
due to heat. desired RF carrier frequency.
Are oscillator circuits that utilize LC tank circuits for the A unidirectional device often made from ferrite
11) LC Oscillators
frequency determining components. material. It used in conjunction with a channel-
Isolator
43) combining network to prevent the output of one
transmitter from interfering with the output of another
12) An LC oscillator that uses a tapped coil. Hartley Oscillator transmitter.
The operation of this oscillator is very similar to that of Stands for Automatic Gain Control, is a circuit in an AGC
44)
13) Hartley except that a capacitive divider is used Colpitts Oscillator IF amplifier.
instead of a tapped coil.
It occurs only when three stations are placed in a

45) Multi-hop Interference
An oscillator circuit identical to the Colpitts except geographical straight line in the system.
14) Clapp Oscillator
with the addition of a small capacitor Cs placed in
series with L1.
It prevents the power that “leaks” out the back and High/Low-Frequency
The ability of an oscillator to remain at a fixed 46) sides of a transmit antenna from interfering with the Scheme
15) Frequency Stability signal entering the input of a nearby receive antenna.
frequency.
Frequency stability affected predominantly by The signal entering the input of a nearby receive Ring around
16) Short-term Stability 47)
fluctuations in dc operating voltages. antenna.
Frequency stability which is a function of component It means that this channels are propagated with V Channels
48)
17) aging and changes in the ambient temperature and Long-term Stability vertical polarization.
humidity.
The line-of-sight directly between the transmit and Free-Space Path

49)
Feedback oscillator circuits where a crystal is used for receive antenna. Also called as the Direct Wave.
the frequency determining component.
18) Crystal Oscillator
Surface Wave
50) It consists of the electric and magnetic fields
associated with the currents induced in earth’s surface.
15
A low-capacity low-power microwave radio that is Auxilliary Channel The study of the form, structure, properties, and
34)
designed to be used for a maintenance channel only. classifications of crystals. It deals with lattices,
19) bonding, and behavior of slices of crystal material Crystallography
that have been cut at various angles with respect to
Reliability Objectives the crystal’s axes.
It is where the number of repeater stations between
35) of the Systems
protection switches depends.
The _______ occurs when oscillating mechanical

Points in the system where baseband signals either 20) stresses applied across a crystal lattice structure Piezoelectric Effect
originate or terminate. generate electrical oscillations and vice versa.
four major sections:
36)  baseband Terminal Stations
 wireline entrance link (WLEL) In this mode the oscillator is tuned at the third, fifth,
 FM-IF 21) seventh, or even the ninth harmonic of the crystal’s Overtone
 RF sections fundamental frequency.
Points in a system where baseband signals may be The direction of frequency change is the same as the Positive Temperature
Repeater Stations 22)
37) reconfigured or where RF carriers are simply temperature change. Coefficient
“repeated” or amplified.
The change in frequency is in the direction opposite Negative Temperature

23)
Stands for WireLine Entrance Link, it serves as the to the temperature change. Coeffiecient
WLEL
38) interface between the multiplex terminal equipment
and the FM_IF equipment.
Is almost a perfect zero-coefficient crystal from
24) freezing to boiling but is useful only at frequencies GT-cut Crystal
A balanced modulator that, when used in conjunction below a few hundred kilohertz.
with a microwave generator, power amplifier, and
Transmod
39) band-pass filter, up-converts the IF carrier to an RF
carrier and amplifies the RF to the desired output A crystal oscillator circuit that has very good
power. 25) Discrete Pierce Oscillator
frequency stability and reasonably simple circuitry.
It must be capable of amplifying very high frequencies A crystal oscillator circuit that has low cost and simple
and passing very wide bandwidth signals for 26) IC-based Pierce Oscillator
digital interfacing capabilities.
microwave radios.
devices used in microwaveamplifiers: A crystal oscillator circuit that has best frequency
Power Amplifiers 27) RLC Half-bridge
40)  Klystron Tubes stability.
 Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs)
 IMPATT (Impact avalanche and transit
time) Consists of a crystal-controlled oscillator and a
28) Crystal Oscillator Module
voltage-variable component such as a varactor
diode.
16
A specially constructed diode whose internal It is more than one receiver for a single radio-frequency
Varactor Diode
capacitance is enhanced when reversed biased, channel. With frequency diversity, it is necessary to also Receiver Diversity
29) or 27)
and by varying the reverse-bias voltage, the use receiver diversity because each transmitted
Varicap
capacitance of the diode can be adjusted. frequency requires its own receiver
An oscillator circuit that generates well-defined, Another form of Hybrid diversity and undoubtly
30) stable waveforms that can be externally modulated Waveform Generator provides the most reliable transmission but most
28) Quad Diversity
or swept over a given frequency range. expensive. It combines frequency, space, polarization
and receiver diversity into one system.
A monolithic function generator integrated circuit

manufactured by EXAR Corporation capable of A specialized form of diversity that consist of a
31) producing high quality sine, square, triangle, rap, and XR-2206 standard frequency diversity path where the two
pulse waveforms with both a high degree of stability transmitter/ receiver pairs at one end of the path are Hybrid Diversity
29)
and accuracy. separated from each other and connected to different
antennas that are vertically separated as in space
diversity.
A free-running oscillator with a stable frequency of
Voltage Controlled
32) oscillation that depends on an external timing
Oscillator
capacitance, timing resistance, and control voltage. Alternate facilities temporarily made to avoid a service
interruption during periods of deep fades or equipment
failures.
Protection Switching
A monolithic voltage controlled oscillator 29) Arrangement
(VCO) integrated circuit featuring excellent types of protection switching arrangements:
frequency stability and a wide tuning range. The  hotstandby
33) XR-2207  diversity
circuit provides simultaneous triangle- and square-
wave outputs over a frequency range of from 0.01 Hz
to 1 MHz.
Each working radio channel has a dedicated backup

30) Hot Standby Protection
A monolithic variable-frequency oscillator circuit or spare channel.
34) featuring excellent temperature stability and a wide XR-2209
linear sweep range.
A single backup channel is made available to as many Diversity Protection
31)
as 11 working channels.
A closed-loop feedback control system in which
either the frequency or the phase of the feedback Phase Locked Loop
35)
signal is the parameter of interest rather than the ( PLL ) In hotstandby protection, it splits the signal power and
Head-End Bridge
magnitude of the signal’s voltage or current. 32) directs it to the working and the spare (standby)
microwave channels simultaneously.
The VCO’s output frequency when the PLL is not Preset/Natural Free-
36) Diversity Protection
locked. Running Frequency 33) It has two working channels, one spare
channel, and an auxiliary channel.
17
The received RF carrier is down-converted to an IF The voltage produced by the phase comparator that
IF Repeater
17) frequency, amplified, reshaped, up-converted to an RF 37) is proportional to the difference in frequency Error Voltage
frequency, and then retransmitted. between the two signals.
Baseband Frequencies
18) Generally less than 9 MHz.
The PLL state when there is no external input
38) Free-Running State
IF frequencies frequency or the feedback loop is open.
19) The range id 60 MHz to 80MHz.
Another name for a Local oscillator, is considerably The state when the PLL is in the process of acquiring
39) Capture State
lower in frequency than either the received or the Shift Oscillator frequency lock.
20)
transmitted radio frequencies.
The state when the VCO output frequency is locked
40) onto (equal to) the frequency of the external input Lock State
Transmission used by microwave systems wherein a signal.
21) direct signal path must exist between the transmit Line-of Site Transmission
receive antennas.
41) The time required to achieve lock. Acquisition Time
A temporary reduction in signal strength which last in Radio Fade

22)
milliseconds for several hours or even days. The band of frequencies centered around the VCO
natural frequency where the PLL can initially establish
42) Capture Range
or acquire frequency lock with an external input
It suggests that there is more than one transmission signal from an unlocked condition. Also known as
Diversity
23) path or method of transmission available a transmitter acquisition range.
and a receiver.
43) The capture range expressed as a peak value. Pull-in Range
It is simply modulating two different RF carrier

Frequency Diversity
24) frequencies with the same IF intelligence, then The band of frequencies centered around the VCO
transmitting both RF signals to a given destination. natural frequency over which a PLL can maintain
44) Lock Range
frequency lock with an external input signal. Also
known as tracking range.
The output of a transmitter is fed to two or more
Space Diversity
25) antennas that are physically separated by an
appreciable number of wavelengths. 45) The lock range expressed as a peak value. Hold-in Range
A single RF carrier is propagated with two different An oscillator with a stable frequency of oscillation
electromagnetic polarizations. It is generally used in that depends on an external bias voltage.
Polarization Diversity Voltage-Controlled
26) conjunction with space diversity. 46)
Oscillator
18
Sometimes called a phase detector which is a Major factor when designing FM Radio systems. It is
47) nonlinear device with two input signals: an external Phase Comparator caused by repeater amplitude nonlinearity in AM, Intermodulation Noise
10)
input frequency and the VCO output signal. while in FM, it is caused by transmission gain and delay
distortion.
The difference in phase between an external input

48) Phase Error
frequency and the VCO output signal. The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier
and may comprise one or more of the following:
The product of the individual gains or transfer  Frequency-division multiplexed voice-

49) Loop Gain band channels Baseband
functions around the loop for the PLL. 11)
 Time-division-multiplexed voice-band
channels
An ultra stable monolithic phase-locked-loop system  Broadcast-quality composite video or
designed by EXAR Corporation for a wide variety of picture phone
applications in both analog and digital  Wideband data
50) XR-215
communications systems. Can operate over a
relatively wide frequency range from 0.5 Hz to 35
MHz. It provides an artificial boost in amplitude to the higher
Preemphasis Network
12) baseband frequencies.
51) PLL that are used to track digital pulses rather than Digital PLL
analog signals, such as in clock recovery circuits.
Frequency modulation index used in the FM deviator.
Low-Index
This word means to form an entity by combining parts 13) Typically, modulation indices are kept between 0.5 and
52) Synthesize 1.
or elements.
Are used to generate many output frequencies FM signal that is produces at the output of the deviator Narrowband FM
14)
through the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and with a low-index frequency modulation.
53) Frequency Synthesizer
division, of a smaller number of fixed frequency
sources.
A receiver and a transmitter placed back to back or in
15) Microwave Repeaters
tandem with the system.
A method of frequency synthesis where multiple
output frequencies are generated by mixing the
Direct Frequency It receives a signal, amplifies and reshapes it, and then
54) outputs from two or more crystal-controlled
Synthesis retransmit the signal to the next repeater or terminal
frequency sources or by dividing or multiplying the
output frequency from a single-crystal oscillator. station down line from it.
Types of Microwave repeaters:
16)  IF Repeater Station
A method of frequency synthesis where a feedback-  Baseband
Indirect Frequency  RF
55) controlled divider/multiplier such as PLL is used to
Synthesis
generate multiple output frequencies.
19
frequencies, microwave radio systems

can carry large quantities of information. The minimum frequency separation between output
56) Resolution
 High frequencies mean short frequencies for a synthesizer.
wavelengths, which require relatively
small antennas.
 Radio signals are more easily propagated An advanced dual-modulus low-power, ECL
around physical obstacles such as water prescaler manufactured by Signetics Company. The
and high mountains 57) NE/SA701
maximum input signal frequency is 1.2 GHz for cellular
 Fewer repeaters are necessary for and other land mobile applications.
amplification.
 Distances between switching centers are
less. A bipolar, single-chip frequency synthesizer
 Underground facilities are minimized. manufactured in SUBILO-N technology (components
 Minimum delays are introduced. 58) laterally separated by oxide). It performs all the TSA6057/T
 Minimal crosstalk exists between voice tuning functions of a PLL radio-tuning system. Also
channels. manufactured by Signetics.
 Increased reliability and less
maintenance are important factors.
Disadvantages of Microwave Radio:

 It is more difficult to analyze and design
circuits at microwave frequencies.
 Measuring techniques are more difficult
to perfect
and implement at microwave
frequencies.
 It is difficult to implement conventional
circuit components at microwave
frequencies.
 Transient time is more critical at
microwave frequencies.
 It is often necessary to use specialized
components for microwave frequencies.
 Microwave frequencies propagate in a
straight line, which limits their use to line-
of-sight applications.
Propagates signals outside the Earth’s atmosphere and

Satellite Systems
8) are capable of carrying signals much farther while
utilizing fewer transmitters and receivers.
It is used in microwave radio systems rather than

Frequency Modulation
9) amplitude modulation because AM signals are more
sensitive to amplitude nonlinearities inherent in wide-
band microwave amplifiers.
20
CHAPTER 4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION TRANSMISSION

CHAPTER 24
MICROWAVE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND
SYSTEM GAIN
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
The process of impressing low-frequency information
1) Modulation
signals onto a high-frequency carrier signal. Electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range Microwaves
1)
from approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more.
The reverse process of modulation where the

2) received signals are transformed back to their Demodulation The wavelengths for microwave frequencies, which is 1 cm and 60 cm slightly
original form. 2)
than infrared energy. longer
The process of changing the amplitude of a relatively The name given to microwave signals, because of their “Microwave” waves
3) high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the Amplitude Modulation 3)
inherently high frequencies, have short wavelengths.
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Each frequency is divided in half with the lower half

Frequencies that are high enough to be efficiently Full-Duplex (Two-way)
4) identified as the low band and the upper half as
4) radiated by the antenna and propagated through Radio Frequencies narrow band.
free space.
Communications system used to carry information for

The modulated output waveform from an AM Short Haul
5) AM Envelope 5) relatively short distances such as between cities with
modulator is? the same state.
6) Sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM. AM DSBFC Microwave systems that is used to carry information for
Long Haul
6) relatively long distances, such as interstate and
backbone route applications.
The band of frequencies between fc – fm(max)
7) Lower Sideband
and fc
It propagate signals through Earth’s
atmosphere between transmitters and receivers often
Any frequency within the lower sideband is called. located on top of tower spaced about 15 miles to 30
8) Lower Side Frequency
miles apart.
Advantages of Microwave Radio: Microwave Radios

7)
The band of frequencies between fc and  Radio systems do not require a right-of
9) Upper Sideband way acquisition between
fc + fm(max)
stations.
10) Any frequency within the upper sideband is called? Upper Side Frequency  Each station requires the purchase or
lease ofonly a small area of land.
 Because of their high operating
21
It describes how users access the The term used to describe the amount of amplitude
106) Network Access Methodologies
communications channel in a LAN. 11) change (modulation) present in an AM waveform Coefficient of Modulation
signal.
Access method used primarily in bus

107) CDMA/CD
topology. The coefficient of modulation stated as a
12) Percent Modulation
percentage.
It two stations transmit at the same time,

108) Collision
________ occurs. The maximum percent modulation that can be
13) 100%
imposed without causing excessive distortion.
The time it takes a signal to travel from a

109) Propagation Delay
source to a destination. The _______ in a transmitter where modulation occurs
14) determines whether the circuit is a low or a high-level Location
transmitter
A base band transmission system
110) designed in 1972 by Robert Metcalfe and Ethernet
David Boggs. The modulation takes place prior to the output
15) Low-Level Modulation
element of the final stage of the transmitter.
Its purpose is to establish clock

111) Preamble
synchronization. The modulation takes place in the final element of
16) the final stage where the carrier signal is at its High-Level Modulation
maximum amplitude.
It is simply a series of two logic 1's
112) Start Frame Delimiter
appended to the end of the preamble.
The amplitude of the output signal depends on the
17) amplitude of the input carrier and the voltage gain Emitter Modulation
Consists of six bytes the corresponds to the of the amplifier.
113) Source Address
address of the station sending the frame.
A class C modulator capable of nonlinear mixing and

18) the modulating signal is applied directly to the Collector Modulator
collector.
Used to translate the low-frequency intelligence

signals to radio-frequency signals that can be
19) Up-converter
efficiently radiated from an antenna and
propagated through free space.
20) Are used for observing the modulation characteristics Trapezoidal Pattern
of AM transmitters.
22
A form of amplitude distortion introduced when the Codes the data information into smaller
96) Broadband Node
positive and negative alternations in the AM packets used by the BISDN network
21) Carrier Shift
modulated signal are not equal (nonsymmetrical
modulation).
A connection between a source and a
97) Virtual Channel
destination, which may entail several ATM
Complex waveforms comprised of two or more links.
22) Nonsinusoidal Signals
frequencies.
Once data have entered the ATM
98) Cells
network, they transferred into fixed time
Are complex waves made up of two or more slots called ________.
Complex Repetitive
23) harmonically related sine waves and include square,
Waveforms
rectangular, and triangular waves. Controls the flow of traffic across the user
99) Generic Flow Control Field (GFC)
network interface (UNI) and into the
network.
A form of AM where signals from two separate
information sources modulate the same carrier The first three bits of the second half of
100) Payload Type Identifier
frequency at the same time without interfering with Quadrature Amplitude byte 4 specify the type of message in cell.
24) each other. The information sources modulate the Modulation
same carrier after it has been separated into two ( QAM )
carrier signals that are 90 out of phase with each Information fields that are designed to
other. accommodate PCM-TDM traffic, which
101) Constant Bit Rate
allows the ATM network to emulate voice
or DSN services.
A portion of a public service provider's

switching system where the service
102) Public ATM Switches
provider could be a local telephone
company or a long-distance carrier.
Provides the most effective and

103) economical means of handling local data Local Area Networks (LAN)
communications field.
A communications system that allows

104) users to send messages to each other E-Mails
through their computers.
105) LAN Topologies. Star, Bus and Ring Topology
23
ISDN should not provide services that

CHAPTER 5 AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION
85) Separating Functions
preclude competitiveness
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Provide private-line and switched services
86) Variety of Configurations 1) The reverse process of AM modulation. AM Demodulation
refers what objectives of ISDN.
ISDN services should not be directly The first stage of the receiver of which primary
87) related to cost and independent of the Addressing Cost-Related Tariffs 2) functions are detecting, band limiting, and RF Section
nature of the data. amplifying the received.
88) Provide a smooth transition while evolving. Migration This section down-converts the received RF Mixer /
3)
frequencies to intermediate frequencies (IFs). Converter
Provide service to low capacity personal

89) Multiplexed Support This section primary functions are amplification and
subscribers as well as to large companies. 4) IF Section
selectivity.
Translation between non-ISDN data
90) protocol and ISDN is performed in this Terminal Adapter
device. This section demodulates the AM wave and converts
5) AM Detector
it to the original information signal.
A boundary to the network and may be
91) Network Termination 1
controlled by the ISDN provider.
This section amplifies the recovered information.
6) Comprises several cascaded audio amplifiers and Audio Section
one or more speakers.
Refers to interfaces between the common
92) carrier subscriber loop and the central U-Reference Point
office switch
A receiver parameter that is used to measure the
7) ability of the receiver to accept a given band of Selectivity
frequencies and reject all others.
The media interface point between an
93) U Loop
NT1 and the central office.
The ratio of the bandwidth 60dB below maximum

8) signal level and bandwidth 3dB below maximum Shape Factor
It is defined by ITU-T as a service that
signal level.
provides transmission channels capable of
94) Broadband ISDN
supporting transmission rates greater than
the primary data rate.
9) The most prevalent form of noise and is directly Thermal Noise
proportional to bandwidth.
Information transfer is primarily from
95) Distribution Services Noise reduction ratio achieved by reducing the
service provider to subscriber 10) Bandwidth Improvement
Bandwidth.
24
The corresponding reduction in the noise figure due A 12 bit binary number that identifies the
Noise Figure
11) to the reduction in bandwidth expressed 74) source and destination users for a given Logical Channel Identifier
Improvement
mathematically in dB. virtual call.
The ________ of a receiver is the minimum RF signal This four bit gives the number of digits that
75) Calling Address Field
level that can be detected at the input to the appear in the calling address filed.
12) receiver and still produce a usable demodulated Sensitivity
information signal.
Also known as receiver threshold. This field is the same as the calling address
field except that it identifies the number of
76) Called Address Length
digits that appear in the called address
Defined as the difference in decibels between the field
minimum input level necessary to discern a signal
13) Dynamic Range
and the input level that will overdrive the receiver
and produce distortion. 77) This field contains the destination address. Called Address
Defined as the output power when the RF amplifier This field is the same as the called address
14) response is 1 dB less than the ideal linear-gain 1-dB Compression Point 78) Calling Address
field except that it contains up to 15 BCD.
response.
79) This field identifies the number of eight bit Facilities Length Field
A measure of the ability of a communication system octets present in the facilities field.
15) to produce, at the output of the receiver, an exact Fidelity
replica of the original source information. This 32 bit field is reserved for the
80) Protocol Identifier
subscriber to insert user level protocol.
Any frequency, phase, or amplitude variations that

16) are present in the demodulated waveform that were Distortion A proposed network designed by the
not in the original information signal. Integrated Services Digital Network
81) major telephone companies in
(ISDN)
conjunction with the ITU-T.
The total phase shift encountered by a signal and

17) can generally be tolerated as long as all frequencies Absolute Phase Shift Customers gain access to the ISDN system
undergo the same amount of phase delay. 82) through a local interface connected to a Digital Pipe
digital transmission medium.
Occurs when different frequencies undergo different

phase shifts and ay have a detrimental effect on a ISDN objectives that ensure universal
complex waveform. 83) System Standardization
18) Differential Phase Shift access to the network.
Said objectives that allow customers to

84) use a variety of protocols and Achieving Transparency
applications
25
64) Operational Mode of SDLC. Normal Response Mode (NRM) Defined as the ratio of the power transferred to a
Insertion Loss
19) load with a filter in the circuit to the power transferred
( IL )
to a load without the filter.
A mode of operation logically equivalent
to a two point private line circuit where
65) Asynchronous Balanced Mode
each station has equal data link A hypothetical value that cannot be directly
Equivalent Noise
responsibilities. 20) measured. A parameter that is used in low-noise,
Temperature
sophisticated radio receivers rather than noise figure.
A switched data communications network

similar to the public telephone network The frequencies generated in the receiver and used
66) Public Switched Data Network (PDN) Coherent /
except a PDN is designed for transferring 21) for demodulation are synchronized to oscillator
Synchronous Receiver
data only. frequencies generated in the transmitter.
It is used when making a standard Either no frequencies are generated in the receiver or
67) telephone call on the public telephone Circuit Switching the frequencies used for demodulation are Noncoherent /
22)
network. completely independent from the transmitter’s carrier Asynchronous Receiver
frequency.
68) Is a form of store and forward network. Message Switching

One of the earliest types of AM receivers and are
23) probably the simplest designed radio receivers Tuned Radio Frequency
69) Hold and Forward Network available today.
Another name for packet switching.
A user interface as the international

70) X.25 A phenomenon at radio frequencies where current
standard for packet network access. 24) Skin Effect
flow is limited to the outermost area of a conductor.
SA logically equivalent to a two point

71) dedicated private line circuit except Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) A technique where TRF receiver’s instability can be
slower. reduced somewhat by tuning each amplifier to a
25) Stagger Tuning
slightly different frequency, slightly above or below
the desired center frequency.
A logically equivalent to making a
telephone call through the DDD network
72) Virtual Call Means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear
except no direct end to end connection is
made. 26) device or to translate one frequency to another using Heterodyne
nonlinear mixing.
Identifies whether the packet is a new call A broad –tuned bandpass filter with an adjustable
73) Format Identifier 27) center frequency that is tuned to desired carrier Preselector
request or a previously established call.
frequency.
26
The most common intermediate frequency used in A flag followed by eight consecutive logic
28) 455 kHz 54) Turnaround Sequence
AM broadcast-band receivers is ________. 0's.
Consists of a series of IF amplifiers and bandpass filters A SDLC subcommand causes all
29) IF Section
and is often called IF strip. 55) previously set functions to be cleared by Clear
the secondary.
Refer to frequencies that are used within a transmitter

or receiver that fall somewhere between the radio A SLDC subcommand causes the
30) Intermediate Frequency
frequencies and the original source information 56) secondary receiving it to turn on or turn Beacon Test
frequencies. off its carrier.
Means that the two adjustments are mechanically A SDLC command causes the addressed
57) Monitor Mode
tied together so that a single adjustment will change secondary station to pace itself into the
31) Gang Tuning
the center frequency of the preselector and, at the monitor mode.
same time, change the local oscillator frequency.
A SDLC command causes a secondary
58) station to loop its transmission directly to its Wrap
When the local oscillator is tuned above High-side Injection / receiver input.
32)
the RF it is? High-beat Injection
A SDLC command causes the

When the local oscillator is tuned below Low-side Injection /
33) 59) Self-Test
the RF it is? Low-beat Injection addressed secondary to initiate a series of
internal diagnostic tests.
The side frequencies undergo a sideband reversal

34) Sideband Inversion
during the heterodyning process called? The transparency mechanism used with
60) Zero Bit Insertion or Zero Stuffing
SDLC.
The ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to

oscillate above or below the selected radio It is used prematurely terminate an SDLC
61) Message Abort
35) frequency carrier by an amount equal to the Tracking frame.
intermediate frequency throughout the entire radio
frequency band.
62) The encoding scheme used in SDLC. Invert-On-Zero Coding
The difference between the actual oscillator

frequency and the desired frequency. Standard that defines the frame structure,
36) Tracking Error delimiting sequence, transparency
63) ISO 3309
mechanism and error detection method
used with HDLC.
27
It is used for the delimiting sequence for Any frequency other than the selected radio
42) the frame and to achieve frame and Flags frequency carrier that, if allowed to enter a receiver
character synchronization. 37) and mix with the local oscillator, will produce a cross- Image Frequency
product frequency that is equal to the intermediate
It is used for polling, confirming previously frequency.
received frames, and several other data
43) Control Field
link management functions
A numerical measure of the ability of a preselector to Image-frequency
38)
Information, Supervisory and reject the image frequency. Rejection Ratio
44) Three frame formats with SDLC.
Unnumbered
A command or a response that is used to Occurs when a receiver picks up the same station at
45) Unnumbered Information (UI) 39) Double Spotting
send unnumbered information. two nearby points on the receiver tuning dial.
A command that places a secondary A high-gain, low-noise, tuned amplifier that, when
46) Set Initialization Mode 40) used, is the first active stage encountered by the RF Amplifier
station into the initialization mode.
received signal.
A response sent by a secondary station to

47) request the primary to send a SIM Request Initialization Mode (RIM) High-performance microwave receivers require a
Low-noise Amplifier
command. 41) ________ as the input stage of the RF section to
( LNA )
optimize their noise figure.
A command that places a secondary into MEsa Semiconductor FET

48) Set Normal Response Mode (SNRM)
the normal response mode. A FET with a metal-semiconductor junction at the
42) Semiconductor FET
gate of the device, called a Schottky barrier.
( MESFET )
A response transmitted from a secondary

station if the primary attempts to send A wideband, unconditionally stable, low-power, dual-
49) numbered information frames to it when Disconnect Mode (DM) 43) gain linear integrated-circuit RF amplifier NE / SA5200
the secondary is in the normal disconnect manufactured by Signetics Corporation.
mode.
This section purpose is to down-convert the incoming

Mixer /
A response sent by a secondary when it 44) radio frequencies to intermediate frequencies
Converter Stage
50) wants the primary to place it in the Request Disconnect (RD) proportional to bandwidth.
disconnect mode.
An affirmative response that indicates The difference between the level of the IF output with
52) compliance to SIM, SNRM or DISC Unnumbered Acknowledgement an RF input signal to the level of the IF output with an
commands 45) IF input signal. Conversion Gain
53) An exchange of frames between the TEST

primary station and a secondary station.
28
A configuration where the mixer excites itself by Developed the first file transfer protocol
46) feeding energy back to the local oscillator tank Self-excited Mixer 31) designed to facilitate transferring data Ward Christiansen
circuit to sustain oscillations noise figure. between two personal computers in 1979.
A low-power VHF monolithic double-balanced mixer Cristiansen's protocol which is relatively

47) with input amplifier, on-board oscillator, and voltage NE / SA602A 32) simple data link protocol intended for low- XMODEM
regulator. speed applications.
Are relatively high-gain amplifiers that are very similar Remote stations can have more than one
Intermediate Frequency ( 33) Synchronous Data-Link Protocols
48) to RF amplifiers, except that IF amplifiers operate over PC or printer.
IF ) Amplifier
a relatively narrow, fixed frequency band.
A group of computers, printers, and other

34) Cluster
The most common technique used for coupling digital devices.
where the voltage that is applied to the primary Inductive or Transformer
49)
windings of a transformer is transferred to the Coupling
secondary windings. A synchronous character-oriented data Binary Synchronous Communications
35)
link protocol developed by IBM. (BSC)
Ability of a coil to induce a voltage within its

50) Inductance
windings. 36) Bisync
Another name for BSC.
51) Ability of one coil to induce a voltage in another coil. Mutual Inductance Another name for enquiry (ENQ)
37) Format or line turn around
character.
52) The ratio of the secondary flux to the primary flux. Coefficient of Coupling
The __________ uses longitudinal
redundancy checking (LRC) with ASCII-
38) Block Check Character (BCC)
The transfer of flux from the primary to the secondary coded messages and cyclic redundancy
53) windings and is directly proportional to the Flux Linkage checking.
coefficient of coupling.
A synchronous bit oriented protocol

The point where the reflected resistance is equal to 39) developed in the 1970's by IBM for use in Synchronous Data-Link Control (SDLC)
54) the primary resistance an d the Q of the primary tank Critical Coupling system network architecture environment.
circuit is halved and the bandwidth doubled.
Three transmission states.
40) Transient, Idle and Active
Is caused by the reactive element of the reflected
55) impedance being significant enough to change the Double Peaking Flag Fields, Address Field, Control Field,
resonant frequency of the primary tuned circuit. 41) SDLC Frame Fields
Information and Frame Check Sequence
Field are __________.
29
The transmitting station sends one The coefficient of coupling approximately 50%
message frame and then waits for an 56) greater than the critical value yields a good Optimum Coupling
22) Stop-and Wait Flow Control
acknowledgement before sending the compromise between flat response and steep skirts.
next message frame.
IF transformers come as specially designed tuned

A source station can transmit several 57) circuits in groundable metal packages IF Cans
23) frames in succession before receiving an Sliding Window Flow Control called _______.
acknowledgement.
A differential cascoded amplifier designed for use in

It refers to imaginary receptacles at the 58) communications and industrial equipment as an IF or CA3028A
source and destination stations with the RF amplifier at frequencies from dc to 120 MHz.
24) Sliding Window
capacity of holding several frames of
data.
The function of this circuit is to demodulate the AM
59) signal and recover or reproduce the original source AM Detector
Primary advantage of sliding window information.
25) Network Utilization
control.
A simple noncoherent AM demodulator using a

Primary disadvantages of sliding window 60) diode. Also called as diode, shape, or envelope Peak Detector
26) Complexity and Hardware Capacity
flow control. detector.
Interpret a frame of data as a group of A distortion in the detection process where the RC
successive bits combined into predefined 61) time constant is too short, the output waveform Rectifier Distortion
27) Character Oriented Protocols
patterns of fixed length, usually eight bits resembles a half-wave rectified signal.
each.
A distortion in the detection process where the RC

Another name for character oriented time constant is too long, the slope of the output
28) Byte-oriented Protocols 62) Diagonal Clipping
protocols. waveform cannot follow the trailing slope of the
envelope.
A discipline for serial by bit information

29) transfer over a data communications Bit Oriented Protocol A circuit that compensates for minor variations in the Automatic Gain Control
63)
channel. received RF signal. ( AGC )
A character-oriented protocols generally It prevents the AGC feedback voltage from reaching
used on two point networks using the RF or IF amplifiers until the RF level exceeds a
30) Asynchronous Data link Protocols 64) Delayed AGC
asynchronous data and asynchronous predetermined magnitude.
modems.
30
Is similar to conventional AGC except that the Specifies means of detecting and
10) Error Control
receive signal is monitored closer to the front end of correcting transmission errors.
65) Forward AGC
the receiver and the correction voltage is fed
forward to the IF amplifiers.
Two fundamental ways that line discipline Enquiry/Acknowledgement(ENQ/ACK)
11) is accomplished in a data and Poll/Select
Its purpose is to quiet a receiver in the absence of a communications network.
66) Squelch Circuit
received signal.
It determines which device on the

Are used to remove sporadic, high-amplitude noise network can initiate a transmission and
Limiters / 12) ENQ/ACK
67) transients of short duration, such as impulse noise in whether the intended receiver is available
Clippers
the audio section of a receiver. and ready to receive a message.
A method of measuring signal strength relative to The initiating station begins a session by
Signal-to-Notched Noise
68) noise strength where an RF carrier modulated 30% by transmitting a frame, block, or packet of
Ratio 13) Enquiry(ENQ)
a 1-kHz tone is applied to the input of the receiver. data called _________, which identifies the
receiving station.
A National Semiconductor Corporation linear

integrated circuit AM radio chip that has an onboard The response of the destination station
14) Positive Acknowledgement (ACK)
RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, and IF amplifier when it is ready to receive.
69) LM1820
stages. An LIC audio amplifier, such as the LM386,
and a speaker are necessary to complete a
functional receiver. The response of the destination station
15) Negative Acknowledgement (NAK)
when it is not ready to receive.
This receivers would need only two external

70) components: a volume control and a station tuning PLL Receivers The best application of the poll/select line
16) Centrally Controlled Data Network
control. discipline.
The ratio of the demodulated signal level at the A solicitation sent from the primary to a
output of the receiver (audio) to the RF signal level at 17) secondary to determine if the Poll
71) the input to the receiver, or the difference between Net Receiver Gain secondary has data to transmit
the audio signal level in dBm and the RF signal level in
dBm.
A set of procedures that tells the
transmitting station how much data it can
Includes all the gains and losses incurred by a signal send before it must stop transmitting and
as it propagates from the transmitter output stage to 21) Flow Control
wait for an acknowledgment from the
72) the output of the detector in the receiver and System Gain destination station
includes antenna gain and transmission line and
propagation losses.
31
DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS AND DATA

CHAPTER 23 COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
The primary goal of __________ is to give

users of a network the tools necessary for
1) Network Architecture
setting up the network and performing
data flow control.
A set of rules implementing and governing

2) an orderly exchange of data between Data-Link Protocol
two layer devices.
The transmitting station in a data link

3) Master Station
protocol.
The receiving station in a data link

4) Slave Station
protocol.
Data link network wherein all stations have

5) Peer-to Peer Network
equal access to the network.
6) Discipline, Flow Control and Error Control. Functions of Data-link Protocol
Coordinates hop-to-hop data delivery

where a hop may be a computer, a
7) Line Discipline
network controller, or some type of
network-connecting device
Determines which device is transmitting

8) Line Discipline
and which is receiving at any point in
time.
Coordinates the rate which data are

9) transported over a link and generally Flow Control
provides an acknowledgement
mechanism.
32
SINGLE – SIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 6 SYSTEMS A new modem standard in 2000 which offers
3 improvements over V.90 that can be achieved
only if both the transmit and receive modems and
the internet Service Provider(ISP) are compliant.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
159) V.92 Recommendation
It offers:
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is AM Single-sideband Full  upstream transmission rate of 48 kbps
1) transmitted at full power but only one of the Carrier  faster call setup capabilities
sidebands is transmitted. ( SSBFC )  incorporation of a hold option
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is AM Single-sideband

2) totally suppressed and one of the sidebands Suppressed Carrier
removed. ( SSBSC )
A form of amplitude modulation in which one

sideband is totally removed and the carrier voltage is AM Single-sideband
3) reduced to approximately 10% of its unmodulated Reduced Carrier
amplitude. Sometimes called single-sideband ( SSBRC )
reinserted carrier.
It is the reinserted carrier in SSBRC for demodulation

4) Pilot Carrier
purposes.
A form of amplitude modulation in which a single AM Independent

5) carrier frequency is independently modulated by two Sideband
different modulating signals. ( ISB )
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier

AM Vestigial Sideband
6) and one complete sideband are transmitted, but
( VSB )
only part of the second sideband is transmitted.
________ is the picture portion of a commercial

7) VSB System
television broadcasting signal.
Are obvious advantages of single-sideband

suppressed- and reduced- carrier transmission over Bandwidth Conservation
8)
conventional double- sideband full-carrier and Power Efficiency
transmission.
Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 41

153) Five bits. Quin bits This ratio determines the degree of intelligibility of a
9) Signal-to-Noise Ratio
received signal.
A technique for full-duplex operation over two wire

Echo Cancellation
154) switched telephone lines. With double-sideband transmission, the two
sidebands and carrier may propagate through the
transmission media by different paths and therefore,
10) Selective Fading
experience different transmission impairments. This
It address asynchronous-to synchronous transmission condition is
conversions and error control that includes both called ________.
155) V.32 Specification
detection and correction. It specifies a new protocol
called Link Access Procedures for Modems.
A condition in double-sideband transmission where
11) Sideband Fading
one sideband is significantly attenuated.
It is the next generation data transmission with data
rates of 28.8 Kbps without compression possible using
V.34. A form of selective fading where there is a reduction
of the carrier level of a 100%-modulated wave that
12) Carrier-Amplitude Fading
V.34 Innovations: will make the carrier voltage less than the vector sum
V.fast
156)  Nonlinear coding of the two sidebands.
 multidimensional coding and
constellation shaping
 Reduced complexity A condition where the relative positions of the carrier
 precoding of data and sideband vectors of the received signal change,
 line probing Carrier or Sideband
13) causing a decided change in the shape of the
Phase Shift
envelope, causing a severely distorted demodulated
signal.
An enhanced standard adopted by ITU in 1996.
It adds 31.2 kbps and 33.6 kbps to the V.34
157) V.34+
specification. A product modulator where the output signal is the
14) AM Modulator
product of the modulating signal and the carrier.
Modulator circuits that inherently remove the carrier

15) DSBSC Modulators
during the modulation process.
Developed by ITU-T in February 1998 during a

meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. It defines an A circuit that produces a double-sideband
asymmetrical data transmission technology where 16) Balanced Modulator
158) V.90 Recommendation suppressed-carrier signal.
the upstream 33.6kbps and downstream of 56kbps.
A balanced modulator that is constructed with

17) diodes and transformers. Sometimes called Balanced Ring Modulator
balanced lattice modulator.

The small carrier component that is always present in 142) Analog to digital converter. ADC
18) Carrier Leak
the output signal of a balanced modulator.
It is a rate of change of signals on the transmission

Baud
The operation of this balanced modulator as the 143) medium after encoding and modulation have
balanced ring modulator, is completely dependent occurred
Balanced Bridge
19) on the switching action of diodes D1 through D4
Modulator
under the influence of the carrier and modulating
signal voltages. Refers to the rate of change of a digital information Bit Rate
144)
signal.
A double-balanced modulator/demodulator that

LM1497 / 1596
20) produces an output signal that is proportional to the 145) It is classified as low-speed voice-band modems Asynchronous Modems
Balanced Modulator IC
product of its input signals.
Synchronous data transported by asynchronous Isochronous Transmission

21) The circuit where the carrier is reinserted. Linear Summer 146)
modems.
Filter, Phase-Shift, and

22) Three methods for single-sideband generation. It uses PSK or quadrature amplitude modulation Synchronous Modems
Third Method 147)
to transport data.
Crystal Lattice,
Ceramic, A special, internally generated bit pattern in transmit
23) Types of single-sideband filters. 148) Training Sequence
Mechanical, modem.
Saw Filters
Located in the transmit section of a modem and

A mechanically resonant transducer that receives 149) Compromise Equalizers
provide pre-equalization
electrical energy, converts it to mechanical
24) Mechanical Filter
vibrations, and then converts the vibrations back to
electrical energy at its output. Located in the receiver section of a modem where
Adaptive Equalizer
150)
they provide post-equalization to the received
Filters that use acoustic energy rather than electro- signals
Surface Acoustic Wave
25) mechanical energy to provide excellent
Filters
performance for precise bandpass filtering.
The first internationally accepted standard fro ITU-T V.29
151)
9600bps data transmission rate.
Reflected energy that cancels and attenuates the
26) Destructive Interference
incident wave energy.
It is intended to provide synchronous data
V.29 Standard
152) transmission over four-wire leased lines.
27) Reflected energy that aids the incident wave energy. Constructive Interference

Used by the DTE to signal the DCE whether it is 6. Terminal in Service A transducer which launches the acoustic wave in
131) 28) Unidirectional Transducer
operational only one direction.
Used by the DTE to request that the DCE switched to Any difference between the transmit and receive
132) 7. Select Standby
standby equipment. 29) local oscillator frequencies produces a _______ in the frequency offset error
demodulated information signal.
Used with a modem at the primary location of a

133) 8. New Signal
multipoint data circuit. Fifty hertz or more offset is distinguishable by a normal
30) tonal variation
listener as a _______.
It was intended to operate at data rates between 20

136) RS-530 Serial Interface
kbps and 2 Mbps using the same DB25 connector A narrowband PLL that tracks the pilot carrier in the
composite SSBRC receiver signal and uses the
31) Carrier Recovery Circuit
recovered carrier to generate coherent local
It is used to interface computers, computer networks oscillator frequencies in the synthesizer.
to analog transmission media
Data Communications
Alternate names:
137) Modem
 datasets An SSB receiver that uses a PLL carrier recovery circuit
 dataphones 32) and a frequency synthesizer to produce coherent Multichannel Pilto Carrier
 modems local and beat frequency oscillator frequencies.
A contraction derived from the words Modulator Systems that provide narrowband voice Amplitude-
and Demodulator. communications for land-mobile services with nearly Compandoring
33)
Primary Block of a Modem: the quality achieved with FM systems and do it using Single-Sideband
 Serial interface Circuit less than one-third the bandwidth. ( ACSSB )
 Modulator Circuit
138) Modem
 Bandpass filter and equalizer circuit
 telco interface circuit The process of combining transmissions from more
 demodulator circuit than one source and transmitting them over a
 carrier and clock generation circuit 34) Multiplexing
common facility, such as metallic or optical fiber
cable or a radio-frequency channel.
A transmission that can be used to combine

Data communications modems designed to operate hundreds or even thousands of narrowband channels Single-Sideband
139) Voice-band Modem
over the limited bandwidth of the PSTN. 35) into single, composite wideband channel without the Suppressed-Carrier
channels interfering with each other. Transmission
140) It is able of transporting higher bit rates. Broadband Modem

Peak Envelope Power
Single-sideband transmitters are rated in ________ and
36) ( PEP ) &
________.
141) Digital to analog converter. DAC Peak Envelope Voltage
( PEV )

CHAPTER 7 ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION It specifies a 37-pin primary connector DB37 and a 9
pin secondary connector DB9 for a total of 46 pins
which provides more functions, faster data
# DEFINITIONS TERMS transmission rates and spans greater distances than
the RS-232.
1) Two forms of angle modulation. FM and PM
Primary goals of RS-449:
 Compatibility with the RS-232
Angle modulation was first introduced in the year interface standard
2) 1931
________ as an alternative to amplitude modulation.  Replace the set of circuit names and
mnemonics
 Provide separate cables and
He developed the first successful FM radio system in 126) connectors RS-449 Serial Interface
1936, and in July 1939, the first regularly scheduled  Reduce crosstalks
3) broad-casting of FM signals began in Alphine, New Major E. H. Armstrong  offer higher data transmission
Jersey. Also developed the superheterodyne  longer distances over twisted pair
receiver. cables
 loopback capable
 improve performance and reliability
A modulation that results whenever the phase angle specify a standard connector
4) Angle Modulation
() of a sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time.
Two categories:
 Category I
Varying the frequency of a constant-amplitude  Category II
Direct Frequency
carrier directly proportional to the amplitude of the
5) Modulation
modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of
( FM )
the modulating signal.
Used by the DTE to request a local loopback from the 10 CIRCUITS IN RS-449
127) DCE.
Varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier 1.Local Loopback
directly proportional to the amplitude of the Direct Phase Modulation
6)
modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of ( PM )
the modulating signal. Used by the DTE to request a remote loopback
128 2.Remote Loopback
from the distant DCE.
The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier Phase Deviation

7) Allows the DTE to select the DCE’s transmit and 3. Select frequency
phase in radians in respect to the reference phase. ( )
receive frequencies.
The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in Frequency Deviation

8) Used by DTE to signal the DCE that a test is in
hertz in respect to its unmodulated value. (F ) 129) 4.Test Mode
progress.
9) The original unmodulated carrier frequency in the Carrier Rests Frequency 5. Receive Common
resultant angle-modulated waveform. 130) Common return wire for unbalanced signals
propagating from the DCE to the DTE

Secondary receive line signal detect, secondary The instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier
Pin 12
112) carrier detect or secondary data carrier detect at a given instant of time and indicates how much Instantaneous Phase
10)
(SRLSD, SCD, or SDCD) the phase of the carrier is changing with respect to its Deviation
reference phase.
Pin 13
113) Secondary clear to send.
Secondary transmit data or secondary send data The precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of
114) Pin 14 11) Instantaneous Phase
time.
Transmission signal element timing or serial Clock Pin 15

115) The instantaneous change in frequency of the carrier
transmit. Instantaneous Frequency
12) and is defined as the first time derivative of the
Deviation
instantaneous phase deviation.
116) Secondary received data Pin 16
The precise frequency of the carrier at a given instant

117) Receiver signal element timing or serial clock receive 13) of time and is defined as the first time derivative of Instantaneous Frequency
Pin 17
the instantaneous phase.
118) Unassigned is used for local loopback signal Pin 18
Are the output–versus-input transfer functions for the

119) Secondary request to send Pin 19 modulators, which give the relationship between
14) Deviation Sensitivities
what output parameter changes in respect to
specified changes in the input signal.
120) Data terminal ready. Pin 20
Is called the modulation index or sometimes index of

15) Peak Phase Modulation
modulation.
121) Signal quality detector. Pin 21
The change in frequency that occurs in the carrier

122) Ring indicator (RI) Pin 22
16) when it is acted on by a modulating-signal Frequency Deviation
frequency.
123) Data signal rate selector (DSRS) Pin 23
17) The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2f). Carrier Swing
Transmit signal element timing or serial clock
Pin 24
124) transmit-DTE
The ratio of the frequency deviation actually
produced to the maximum frequency deviation
Unassigned. It is sometimes used as a control signal
allowed by law stated in percent form.
from the DCE to the DTE to indicate that the DCE is in 18) Percent Modulation
Pin 25
125) either the remote or local loop back mode.

A circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way It converts the internal voltage levels from the DTE Voltage-Leveling Circuits
99)
19) that its instantaneous phase is proportional to the Phase Modulator and DCE to RS-232 values.
modulating signal.
A voltage leveler wherein its output signals onto the

A circuit which the carrier is varied in such a way that 100) cable. Driver
20) its instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral Frequency Modulator
of the modulating signal.
101) It accepts signals from the cable. Terminator

________ of the first kind for several values of
21) modulation index provides the number of side Bessel Function
frequency pairs and their corresponding magnitude. Protective ground, frame ground, or chassis FUNCTIONS OF RS-232 PINS
102) ground. Pin 1
A side frequency is not considered significant unless it

22) has an amplitude equal to or greater than ____ of the 1%
unmodulated carrier amplitude. 103) Transmit data or send data. Pin 2
23) The modulation index is less than 1. Low-index Case 104) Receive data (RD or RxD) Pin 3
24) The modulation index is greater than 10. High-index Case 105) Request to send (RS or RTS) Pin 4
25) Modulation indices greater than 1 and less than 10. Medium Index 106) Clear to send.(CS or CTS) Pin 5
26) Low-index FM systems are sometimes called? Narrowband FM 107) Data set ready or modem ready.(DSR or MR) Pin 6
A rule which is an approximation and gives 108) Signal ground or reference ground. Pin 7
transmission bandwidths that are slightly narrower
27) than the bandwidths. It defines a bandwidth that Carson’s Rule
includes approximately 98% of the total power in the 109) Unassigned and non-EIA specified often held at +12V Pin 8
modulated wave.
Receive line signal detect, carrier detect or data Pin 9

The worst-case modulation index and is equal to the 110)
carrier detect (RLSD, CD or DCD)
maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the
Deviation Ratio
28) maximum modulating-signal frequency.
( DR )
Unassigned and often held at -12 Vdc for test
111) Pin 10
purposes

91) It means “Recommended Standards” RS The FCC has assigned the commercial FM broadcast
29) service a _______ band of frequencies that extends 20 MHz
from 88 MHz to 108 MHZ.
Interface Between Data
Terminal Equipment and
Data Communications The 20–MHz band is divided into 100, ________ wide
30) 200 kHz
92) The official name of the RS-232 interface Equipment Employing channels beginning at 88.1 MHz.
Data Communications
Equipment Employing
Serial Binary Interchange To provide high-quality, reliable music, the maximum
frequency deviation allowed is _______ with a 75 kHz ;
31)
maximum modulating-signal frequency 15 kHz
In, 1969, the third revision which was published and RS-232C of _______.
93)
remained the industrial standard until 1987.
The highest side frequencies from one channel are

Adjacent Channel
Sometimes referred to as the EIZ-232 standard 32) allowed to spill over into adjacent channels,
RS-232D Interference
94) Versions D and E of the RS-232 standard changed producing an interference known as _______.
some of the pin designations.
A _______ wide guard band is usually on either side of

33) 200 kHz
It is a sheath containing 25 wires with a each assigned channel.
DB25P-compatible male connector (plug) on one
end and a DB25S-compatible female connector
(receptacle) on the other end. The noise voltage at the output of an FM
RS-232 Cable
95) 34) demodulator increases linearly with frequency. This is FM Noise Triangle
Two full-duplex channels: called ______.
 Primary data-actual information
 secondary data-diagnostic information
and handshaking signals The high-frequency modulating signals are
35) emphasized or boosted in amplitude in the Pre-emphasis
transmitter prior to performing modulation.
It is designed for transporting asynchronous data 9-pin Version of RS-232
96)
between a DTE and a DCE or between DTEs .
The reciprocal of pre-emphasis that restores the
36) original amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics to De-emphasis
It is designed for transporting either synchronous or 25 pin Version the information signals.
97)
asynchronous data between a DTE and a DCE.
A circuit that provides a constant increase in the

It is designed exclusively for dial-up telephone. amplitude of the modulating signal with an increase
It is used for transporting asynchronous data 37) in frequency. Pre-emphasis Network
98) between a DTE and a DCE when the DCE is EIA-561
connected directly to a standard two-wire
telephone line attached to the public switched
telephone network.

When the frequency of the carrier is modulated by Direct FM Set when a character in the receive buffer register is Receiver Overrun (ROR)
38) 84)
the information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect PM ) written over by another receive character.
Receive Data Available

When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the Direct PM A data character has been received and loaded
39) 85) (RDA)
information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM ) into the receive data register.
Angle modulation in which the frequency of the The difference in time between the beginning of a Detection Error
40) Direct FM 86)
carrier is varied directly by the modulating signal. start bit and when it is detected.
Varactor Diode,
Three common methods for producing direct It is used for synchronous transmission of data
41) FM Reactance,
frequency modulation. between a DTE and a DCE.
Linear IC Modulations
Functions of USRT:
 Serial to parallel and parallel to serial
Direct frequency modulator used for low-index Varactor Diode Direct FM data conversions
42)  Error detection by inserting parity bits in
Applications, such as two-way mobile radio. Modulator
the transmitter and checking parity bits
in the receiver.
A direct FM modulator using a JFET as the active  Insert and detect unique data Universal Synchronous
43) FM Reactance Modulator synchronization (SYN) characters Receiver/transmitter
device. 87)
 Formatting data in the transmitter and (USRT)
receiver.
A complete FM modulator on a single 8-pin DIP  Provide transmit and receive status
44) MC1376 information to the CPU.
integrated circuit chip.
 Voltage-level conversion between the
DTE and the serial interface and vice
versa.
Can generate a direct FM output waveform that is
Linear IC VCO and  Provide a means of achieving bit and
45) relatively stable, accurate, and directly proportional
Function Generators character synchronization.
to the input modulating signal.
Angle modulation in which the frequency of the

46) Direct PM It should provide the ff:
carrier is deviated indirectly by the modulating signal.
 A specific range of voltages for transmit
and receive signal levels
Serial Interface
Varactor Diode and 88)  Limitations for the electrical parameters
Two common methods for producing direct phase
47) Transistor Direct PM of the transmission line.
modulation.
Modulator  Standard cable and cable connectors
 Functional description of each signal
on the interface.
The process of up-converting the frequency of the
48) modulated carrier after modulation has been Frequency Up-Conversion Electronics Industries
In 1962, standardized the interface equipment
performed. 89) Association (EIA)
between data terminal equipment and data
communications equipment.

Data Circuit-terminating Two basic methods of performing frequency up- Heterodyning and
73) Another term for DCE. 49)
Equipment (DCTE) conversion. Frequency Multiplication
A DCE used to interface a DTE to an analog An up-conversion method where a low-frequency

74) telephone circuit commonly called POTS. Data Modem modulated carrier can either be up- or down-
50) Heterodyne Method
converted to a different location in the frequency
spectrum without changing its modulation properties.
It controls data flow between several terminal

75) Cluster Controller
devices and the data communications channel. An up-conversion method where the modulation
51) properties of a carrier can be increased at the same Multiplication Method
time that the carrier frequency is up-converted.
Station Controllers
76) Line control units at secondary stations.
(STACOs)
Transmitters that produce an output waveform in
52) which the frequency deviation is directly proportional Direct FM Transmitters
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/transmitter UART to the modulating signal.
77)
it is designed for asynchronous data transmission.
Asynchronous A circuit that compares the frequency of he non

A special purpose UART chip manufactured by crystal carrier oscillator to a crystal reference Automatic Frequency
Communications
78) Motorola. 53) oscillator and then produces a correction voltage Control
Interface Adapter
(ACIA) proportional to the difference between the ( AFC )
frequencies.
It means that an asynchronous data format is used Asynchronous Data
79) and no clocking information transferred between the Transmission
DTE and the DCE. A frequency-selective device whose output voltage
54) is proportional to the difference between the input Frequency Discriminator
frequency and its resonant frequency.
An n-bit data register that keeps track of the status of Status Word
80)
the UART’s transmits and receive buffer registers.
A voltage added to the modulating signal to
55) automatically adjust the master oscillator’s center dc Correction Voltage
Transmit Buffer Empty frequency to compensate for the low-frequency drift.
Transmit shift register has completed transmission
81) (TBMT)
of data character.
A ________ preceded by a differentiator generates a

56) FM Modulator
PM waveform.
82) Receive Parity Error (RPE)
Set when a received character has a parity error in it.
Receive Framing Error an Transmitters that produce an output waveform in

Set when a character is received without any or with 57) which phase deviation is directly proportional to the Indirect FM Transmitters
83) improper number of stop bits. modulating signal.
(RFE)

Probably the most significant advantage of angle POTS

65) Plain old Telephone system
58) modulation transmission over amplitude modulation Noise Immunity
transmission.
It is comprised of three basic elements:

Allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals transmitter (source)
59) Capture Effect
received with the same frequency.  transmission path (data channel)
Data Communications
 receiver (destination)
66) System
3 fundamental components of endpoints:
 data terminal equipment
 data communications equipment
 serial interface
It can be virtually any binary digital device that

Data Terminal
generates transmits, receives, or interprets data
67) Equipment (DTE)
messages. It is where information originates or
terminates.
Devices used to input, output and display Terminal

68)
information such as keyboards, printers and monitors
Basically a modern-day terminal with enhance

69) Client
computing capabilities
High-powered, high capacity mainframe computers Hosts

70)
that support terminals.
71) It functions as modern-day host. Servers
A general term use to describe equipment that

interfaces data terminal equipment to a transmission
channel, such as a digital T1 carrier or an analog
telephone circuit. It is a signal conversion device, as
Equipment (DCE)
it converts signals from a DTE to a form more suitable
72) Data Communications
to be transported over transmission channel.
Types of DCE:
 channel service units (CSUs)
 Digital service units (DSUs)
 data modems

ANGLE MODULATION RECEPTION

An error-correcting code used for correcting CHAPTER 8 AND FM STEREO
transmission errors in synchronous data streams. Hamming Code
53)
It requires the addition of overhead to the message,
consequently increasing the length of a transmission.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the

54) Inserted into a character at random locations. Hamming Bits
1) audio detector is directly proportional to the FM Receivers
frequency deviation at its input.
The combination of the data bits and the hamming Hamming Code
55)
bits.
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the
2) audio detector is directly proportional to the phase PM Receivers
deviation at its input.
56) It means to harmonize, coincide, or agree in time. Synchronize
The circuits used to demodulate FM and PM signals

Involves identifying the beginning and end of a
57) Character Synchronization 3) are both described under the FM Receivers
character with in a message.
heading ________ .
Its literal meaning is “without synchronism”.

Asynchronous A modulation where the information is impressed
58) In Data Com, it means “without a specific time
4) onto the carrier in the form of frequency or phase Angle Modulation
reference”
variations.
Asynchronous communications is called as such

Start-stop Transmission A method used to remove amplitude variations
59) because each data character is framed between
caused by noise from the composite waveform
start and stop bits. 5) Limiting
simply by clipping the peaks of the envelop prior to
detection.
A condition when the transmit and receive clocks Clock Slippage

60)
are substantially different
The section that rejects the image frequency in FM
6) Pre-selector
receivers.
It occurs when the transmit clock is substantially Under slipping
61)
lower than the receive clock.
The section that establishes the signal-to-noise ratio
7) RF Amplifier
and noise figure in FM receivers.
Occurs when the transmit clock is substantially higher

62) Overslipping
than the receiver clock.
8) The section that down-converts RF to IF. Mixer / Converter
63) Synchronous Data The section that provide most of the gain and
It involves transporting serial data at relatively high 9) IF Amplifiers
selectivity.
speeds in groups pf characters.

The section that removes the information from the The recipient of data sends a short message back to
10) Detector
modulated wave. the sender acknowledging receipt of the last
transmission.
45)
Limiter, Types of acknowledgements:
The envelope (peak) detector common to AM
Frequency Discriminator  Positive Acknowledgement
11) receivers is replaced in FM receivers by a ________,
and  Negative
________, and ________.
De-emphasis Network
The circuit that extracts the information from the A receive station becomes the transmits station such
12) Frequency Discriminator as when acknowledgments are sent or when
modulated wave. 46) Line Turnarounds
retransmission are sent in response to a negative
acknowledgment.
Are frequency-dependent circuits designed to
13) produce an output voltage that is proportional to the FM Demodulators
instantaneous frequency at its input. It uses acknowledgments to indicate the successful Discrete ARQ
47)
or unsuccessful reception of data.
Slope Detector,
Foster-Seely Discriminator, It can be used when messages are divided into
Ratio Detector, smaller lock or frames that are sequentially Continuous ARQ
14) Circuits used for demodulating FM signals. 48)
PLL Demodulator, numbered and transmitted in succession, without
and waiting for acknowledgments between blocks.
Quadrature Detector
The sending station does not receive an

Retransmission Time-Out
Circuits that convert FM to AM and then 49) acknowledgment after a predetermined length of
Tuned-Circuit Frequency time.
15) demodulate the AM envelope with conventional
Discriminators
peak detectors.
The destination station asynchronously requests the
retransmission of specific frame of data and still be
A tuned-circuit frequency discriminator that has Selective Repeat
50) able to reconstruct the entire message once all
16) the most nonlinear voltage-versus-frequency Slope Detector
frames have been successfully transported through
characteristics and, therefore, is seldom used. the system.
Is simply two single-ended slope detectors The error-correction scheme that detects and Forward Error Correction
17) Balanced Slope Detector
connected in parallel and fed 180 out of phase. 51) corrects transmission errors when they are received (FEC)
without requiring a retransmission.
Sometimes called a phase shift discriminator that

Foster-Seeley
18) is a tuned-circuit frequency discriminator whose A mathematician who was an early pioneer in the
Discriminator Richard W. Hamming
operation is very similar to that of a balanced 52) development of error-detection and correction
slope detector. procedures, developed the Hamming Code while
working at Bell Telephone Laboratories.

One that never arrives at the destination or one that Lost message The typical voltage-versus-frequency response
39) 19) S-curve
is damaged to the extent that it is unrecognizable. curve for a Foster-Seeley discriminator.
One that is recognized at the destination but Damaged Message An FM demodulator that is relatively immune to
40) 20) Ratio Detector
contains one or more transmission errors. amplitude variations in its input signal.
It includes enough redundant information with each

This FM demodulator requires no tuned circuits
transmitted message to enable the receiver to
and automatically compensates for changes in
determine hen an error has occurred. 21) PLL FM Demodulator
the carrier frequency due to instability in the
41) Examples: Error-Detecting Codes transmit oscillator.
 Parity bits
 block and frame check characters
 cyclic redundancy characters Sometimes called a coincidence detector that
extracts the original information signal from the Quadrature FM
22)
composite IF waveform by multiplying two Demodulator
quadrature (90 out of phase) signals.
It includes sufficient extraneous information along
with each message to enable the receiver to
determine hen an error has occurred and which bits Special circuits that removes the unwanted
is in error. 23) amplitude variations since with FM, the Limiters
42) Error-correcting Codes
information is contained in frequency variations.
Two primary methods for error correction:
 Retransmission
 Forward Error Correction
The limiter circuit produces a constant-amplitude
Threshold,
output for all input signals above a prescribed
24) Quieting, or
minimum input level, which is often
Capture Level
When a receive station requests the transmit station called the ________.
43) Retransmission
to resend a message when the message is received
in error.
The improvement in the S/N ratio when the
FM Thresholding, FM
peaks of the signal have the limiter so far into
25) Quieting, or
saturation that the weaker noise is totally FM Capture Effect
A two-way radio term which automatically a eliminated.
retransmission f the entire message.
Automatic Repeat
Types of ARQ:
Request (ARQ) or
44) Automatic Retransmission The inherent ability of FM to diminish the effects
 Discrete
Request of interfering signals. Also, the ability to
 Continuous
26) differentiate between two signals received at Capture Effect
the same frequency.

A form of error detection by duplicating each data

Redundancy
Is the minimum dB difference in signal strength 25) unit for the purpose of detecting errors.
Capture Ratio of an FM
27) between two received signals necessary for the
Receiver
capture effect to suppress the weaker signal.
26) An error detection bit. Parity
An improved monolithic low-power FM IF system Vertical Redundancy

manufactured by Signetics Corporation. It is a 27) The simplest error-detection scheme and is generally
Checking (VRC)
28) referred to as character parity.
28) high gain, high frequency device that offers low- NE/SA614A
power consumption and excellent input
sensitivity at 455 kHz.
29) An error detection bit in each character. Parity Bit
A multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage, but 30) The parity bit which is always a 1. Marking Parity
instead of mixing two different frequencies, it
29) Quadrature Detector
mixes two signals with the same frequencies but
with different phases. 31) The parity bit which is not sent or checked Ignored Parity
A low-voltage, high-performance monolithic FM Form of redundancy error checking where each

Checksum
30) IF system similar to the NE/SA614A except with NE/SA616 32 character has a numerical value assigned to it.
the addition of a mixer/oscillator circuit.
Longitudinal
A monolithic integrated-circuit FM radio system A redundancy error detection scheme that uses
Redundancy Checking
manufactured by Signetics Corporation for 33) parity to determine if a transmission error has
31) TDA7000 (LRC)
monolithic FM portable radios. A complete FM occurred with n a message.
radio receiver on a single integrated-circuit chip.
Message Parity
34) An error occurred within a message.
A circuit that is used to reduce the total Block or Frame of Data

35) The group pf characters that comprise a message
32) harmonic distortion (THD) by compressing the IF Frequency-Locked-Loop
Block Check Sequence
frequency swing (deviation).
(BCS) or Frame Check
36) The bit sequence for the LRC. Sequence (FCS)
With this transmission, the information signal is

33) Stereophonic Transmission
spatially divided into two 50-Hz to 15-kHz audio
channels (a left and a right). A convolution coding scheme that is most reliable Cyclic Redundancy
37) redundancy checking technique for error detection. Checking
Used to broadcast uninterrupted music to Subsidiary Almost 99.999% of all transmission errors are detected
private subscribers, such as department stores, Communications
34)
restaurants, and medical offices equipped with Authorization Lost Message Damaged
special receivers; Sometimes cordially refer to as ( SCA ) 38) Types of Error Messages. Message
“elevator music”

Caused by electrical interference from natural The process of placing two or more independent
sources channels next to each other in the frequency Frequency Division
Classification of Data Com Errors: 35) domain (stacking the channels), and then Multiplexing
 single bit modulating a single high-frequency carrier with ( FDM )
 multiple bit Transmission Errors
the combined signal.
17)  burst
Categories of Error Control : The primary audio channel remained at 50 Hz to 60 kHz

 Error Detection 36) 15 kHz, while an additional SCA channel is To
 Error Correction frequency translated to the _______ passband. 74 kHz
Errors with only one bit within a given a given string is Single Bit Errors The SCA subcarrier may be AM single- or double-
18)
in error. 37) sideband transmission or FM with a maximum 7 kHz
modulating-signal frequency of _______.
Errors with two or more non-consecutive bits within a

19) Multiple-bit error
message. The frequency of the pilot carrier of FM stereo
38) 19 kHz
transmission.
Errors when to or more consecutive bits within a

Burst Error
20) given data string are in error. It can affect one or When the phase of the carrier is modulated by Direct PM
more characters within a message. 39)
the information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM )
The theoretical (Mathematical) expectation of the

21) Probability of Error A monolithic FM stereo demodulator that uses
rate at which errors will occur.
40) PLL techniques to derive the right and left audio XR-1310
channels from the composite stereo signal.
The actual historical record of a system’s error perfor-
22) Bit-Error Rate
mance.
Half-duplex, one-to-many radio communications
41) Two-Way Mobile Radio
with no dial tone.
The process of monitoring data transmission and
deter mining when errors have occurred. It neither
23) Error Detection
correct errors nor identify which bits are in error-they Provides 26.96 to 27.41 MHz public, non-
only indicate when an error has occurred. commercial radio service for either personal or Class D Citizens Band
42)
business use utilizing push-to-talk AM DSBFC and ( CB ) Radio
AM SSBFC.
Adding of bits for the sole purpose of detecting errors
Types of redundancy checks:
24)  vertical redundancy checking, Redundancy Checking Cover a broad-frequency band from 1.8 MHz to
 checksum, 43) Amateur ( HAM ) Radio
above 300 MHz. Designed for personal use
 longitudinal redundancy checking
without pecuniary interest.
 cyclic redundancy checking

Omnipresent block and white striped stickers that

Provides 2.8 MHz to 457 MHz. ABS disseminates seem to appear or virtually every consumer item in
Aeronautical 9) Bar Codes
information for the purposes of air navigation the US and most of the rest of the world.
Broadcasting
44) and air-to-ground communications utilizing Service
conventional AM and various forms of AM SSB in ( ABS ) It has spaces or gaps between characters. Each
the HF, MF, and VHF frequency bands.
10) character is independent of every other character. Discrete Code
Full-duplex, on-to-one radio telephone

45) Mobile Telephone Service
communications. It does not include spaces between characters. An
11) Continuous Code
example is Universal Product Code.
Provides worldwide telecommunication service

Personal
using handheld telephones that communicate It stores data in two dimensions in contrasts with
Communications Satellite
46) with each other through low earth-orbit satellite 12) conventional linear bar codes which stores data 2D code
Service
repeaters incorporating QPSK modulation and ( PCSS ) along only one axis.
both FDMA and TDMA.
It uses an alphanumeric code similar to ASCII code. It

Is used extensively for public safety mobile contains 9 vertical elements (5 bars & 4 spaces). It
Two-Way FM Radio consists of 36 unique codes representing the 10 digits
47) communications, such as police and fire
Communications and 26 uppercase letters.
departments and emergency medical services.
13) Code-39
Other Names:
 Code 3 of 9
The maximum frequency deviation for two-way
 3 of 9 code
FM transmitters is typically ________, and the 5 kHz ;
48)
maximum modulating-signal frequency 3 kHz
is ________.
A continuous code since there are no
14) interchangeable spaces. Each UPC label contains a Universal Product Code
Transmissions are initiated by closing a ________ 12-digit number.
Push-To-Talk
49) switch, which turns on the transmitter and shuts
( PTT )
off the receiver.
Start & Stop Guard
It consists of a 101 (bar-soace-bar) sequence, which
15) Pattern
is used to frame the 12 digit UPC number.
It was used as early as 1921 when the Detroit

50) Mobile Radio It separates the left and right halves of the label and Center Guard Frame
Police Department used a mobile radio system 16)
that operated at a frequency close to 2 MHz. consists of two long bars in the center of the label.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF DATA

CHAPTER 22 COMMUNICATIONS It was used rather than a simple mechanical
Electronic
51) switch to reduce the static noise associated with
Push-To-Talk
contact bounce in mechanical switches.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Often used to represent characters and symbols

Transmitters equipped with ________ are
Voice-Operated
such as letters, digits and punctuation marks. automatically keyed each time the operator
52) Transmitter
Another terms: speaks into the microphone, regardless of ( VOX )
Data Communications
1)  character codes Codes whether the PTT button is depressed.
 character sets
 symbol codes
 character languages
Sometimes called the Telex Code, was the first fixed

2) length character developed for machines rather Baudot Code
than forpeople.
A French postal engineer who developed the

3) baudot code in 1875 and named after Emile Baudot, Thomas Murray
an early pioneer in telegraph printing.
4) Fixed-length source code. Fixed Length Block Code
Stands for United States of America Standard Code USASCII

5)
for Information Exchange, better known as ASCII-63.
The standard character set for source coding the

alphanumeric character set that humans understand
6) but computers do not (computers only understand 1s ASCII
and 0s).
It is a seven bit fixed-length character set.
7) Fixed-length source code. Fixed Length Block Code
Extended binary coded decimal interchange-code, EBCDIC

8)
an eight bit fixed length character developed in
1962 by International Business Machines Corporation.

CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL MODULATION The communications point between the access and
115) the core layers that provides routing , filtering, WAN Distribution Layer
access and how data packets are allowed to access
# DEFINITIONS TERMS the core layer.
Is the transmission, reception, and processing of Electronic

1) 116)
information with the use of electronic circuits. Communication Another term for Distribution layer Workgroup Layer
Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is 117) Controls workgroup and individual user access to Access Layer
2) Information
communicated between two or more points. internetworking resources.
118) Another term for Access layer. Desktop Layer

Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals
3) (carriers) between two or more points in a Digital Modulation
communication system.
4) System involving the transmission of digital pulses. Digital Transmission
The information signal is digital and the amplitude (V)

Amplitude Shift Keying
5) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
( ASK )
signal.
The information signal is digital and the frequency (f)

Frequency Shift Keying
6) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
( FSK )
signal.
The information signal is digital and the phase (θ) of

Phase Shift Keying
7) the carrier is varied proportional to the information
( PSK )
signal.
A modulation where both the amplitude and the Quadrature Amplitude

8) phase are varied proportional to the information Modulation
signal. ( QAM )
Performs level conversion and then codes the

9) incoming data into groups of bits that modulate an Pre-coder
analog carrier.
Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 59 Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 148

Developed by Department of Defense, comprise of Is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of
106) TCP/IP Protocol Suite
several interactive modules that provide specific 10) bandwidth to propagate information through Information Theory
functionality. electronic communications systems.
107) Internet layer/

The network layer of TCP/IP.
Internet work Layer Is a measure of how much information can be
Transmission Control 11) propagated through a communications system and Information Capacity
(UDP) is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.
108) Transport layer of TCP/IP. User datagram Protocol
Protocol (TCP)
The most basic digital symbol used to represent Binary Digit /
12)
information. Bit
109) Provides a means of physically delivering data
Network Access Layer
packets using frames or cells.
In 1928, _________ of Bell Telephone Laboratories
13) developed a useful relationship among bandwidth, R. Hartley
110) Contains information that pertains to how data Internet Layer transmission time, and information capacity.
can be routed through the network.
In 1948, mathematician _________ (also of Bell

111) Services the process and internet layers to handle the Telephone Laboratories) published a paper in the Bell
Host-to-Host Layer 14) System Technical Journal relating the information Claude E. Shannon
reliability and session aspects of data transmission.
capacity of a communications channel to
bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
112) Provides applications support. Simply represents a digit that corresponds to the
Process Layer 15) number of conditions, levels, or combinations possible M
for a given number of binary variables.
Refers to the rate of change of a digital information

16) Bit Rate
Defines a three layer logical hierarchy that specifies signal, which is usually binary.
where things belong, how they fit together and what
functions go where.
Cisco Three-Layer
113) Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a
Model
Three layers: 17) transmission medium after encoding and modulation Baud
 Core layer have occurred.
 Distribution layer
 access layer
Sometimes called a symbol and could be encoded
as a change in the amplitude, frequency, or phase.
18) Signaling Element
114) The core of the network as it resides at the top of the
Core Layer
hierarchy and is responsible for transporting large
amounts of data traffic reliably and quickly.
Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 147 Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 60

The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to A multipoint data communications circuit that makes it
19) Nyquist Bandwidth 95)
propagate a signal. relatively simple to control data flow between and Bus Topology
among the computers.
According to ________, binary digital signals can be

propagated through an ideal noiseless transmission A multipoint data communications network where all
20) H. Nyquist 96)
medium at a rate equal to two time the bandwidth stations are interconnected in tandem to form a closed Ring Topology
of the medium. loop or circle.
The carrier is either “on” or “off” which is why 97) Every station has a direct two-point communications
Mesh Topology
21) amplitude- shift keying is sometimes On-Off Keying linkto every other station on the circuit.
referred to as ________.
98) Combining two or more of the traditional topologies to Hybrid Topology

22) A logic 1 frequency (fm) for FSK. Mark form a larger, more complex topology.
Local Area Networks

23) A logic 0 frequency (fs) for FSK. Space 99) Privately own networks in which 10 to 40 compute share
(LANs)
data resources with one or more file server.
The mark and space frequencies are separated

Peak Frequency
from the The mark and space frequencies are A high-speed network similar to a LAN except the are Metropolitan Area
24) Deviation 100)
separated from thecarrier frequency designed to encompass larger areas, usually that of Networks (MANs)
(f)
by the _________ and from each of by 2 f. an entire city.
_______ is the peak frequency deviation of the carrier Provides low-speed, long distance transmission of data
and is equal to the difference between the Wide Area Network
25) f 101)
carrier rest frequency and either the mark or voice, and video information over large and widely WAN)
space frequency. dispersed geographical areas such as country or an
entire continent. It interconnects cities or states.
A type of FSK detection wherein there is no frequency 102) Bit rate of WANs. 1.5 Mbps-2.4 Gbps
involved in the demodulation process that is
26) Noncoherent Detection
synchronized either in phase, frequency, or both with Global Area Network
the incoming FSK signal. 103) Provides connects between countries around the entire
(GANs)
globe.
A type of FSK detection wherein the incoming FSK

signal is multiplied by a recovered carrier signal 104) A network connection that normally carries traffic Building Backbone
27) that has exact same frequency and phase as Coherent Detection between departmental LANs within a single company.
the transmitter reference.
105) A network connection used to carry traffic to and from Campus Backbone
LANs located in various buildings on campus.
82) The facilities used to interconnect computers in a Transmission Media Is binary FSK except the mark and space frequencies Continuous-Phase FSK
28)
network. are synchronized with the input binary bit rate. ( CP-FSK )
83) Data that file servers provide to clients. Shared Data A signal state-space diagram, is similar to a phasor
29) diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn. Constellation Diagram
Shared Printers and Only the relative positions of the peaks of the phasors
84) Hardware resources provided to the users of the other are shown.
network by servers. peripherals
Is a product modulator; the output signal is the
30) Balanced Modulator
product of the two input signals.
An expansion card and prepares and sends data, Network Interface Card
85) receives data and controls data flow between the (NIC)
computer and the network. Detect and regenerates a carrier signal that is both
Coherent Carrier
31) frequency and phase coherent with the original
Recovery Circuit
transmit carrier.
Allows personal computers to access files, print to a Local Operating System
86) local printer and have and use one or more disk and (LOS)
CD drives that are located on the computer. Also known as quadrature PSK that is another form of
Quaternary PSK
32) angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital
( QPSK )
modulation.
A program that runs on computers and servers that Network Operating
87) allows the computers to communicate over a network. System (NOS)
33) A group of two bits. Dibit
88) Peer - to - Peer Client/

One in which all computers share their resources.
Server Network It modulates the carrier that is in phase with the
34) I Bit
reference oscillator.
One computer is designated the server and the rest of Dedicated
90) the computers are clients. Client/Server
Network It modulates the carrier that is 90 out of phase or in
35) Q Bit
quadrature with reference carrier.
91) Describes the layout or appearance of a network. Network Topology

36) Is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel. QPSK Modulator
92) Describes how the network is actually laid out Physical Topology
93) Describes how data actually flow through the network

Logical Topology The highest fundamental frequency present at
the data input to the I or the Q balanced modulator
37) is equal to _______ of the input data rate. ¼
A multipoint data communications network where
94) Star Topology
remote stations are connected by cable segments
directly to a central located computer.

72) Multi-point
It involves three or more stations.
The fastest output rate of change (baud) is also Configuration
38) ½
equal to ________ of the input bit rate.
73) Data transmission is unidirectional where information Simplex
can be sent in only one direction.
The outputs of the product detectors are fed to the
________, where they are converted from parallel I
39) Bit Combining Circuit
and Q data channels to a single binary output 74) Also called Receive-Only, Transmit Only or One-way- Simplex Lines
data stream. only Lines
Is a modified for of QPSK where the bit waveforms on Data transmission is possible in both directions but not at
Offset QPSK
40) the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase the same time.
( OQPSK ) 75) Half Duplex
from each other by one-half of a bit time. Another term:
 two way alternate lines
 either way lines
41) The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ that must Limited Phase Shift
be imparted during modulation.
Transmission are possible in both directions
With ________, three bits are encoded, forming tribits two stations. simultaneously , but they must be between
42) 8 PSK
and producing eight different output phases. same
76) Full Duplex
Another terms;
 Two-way simultaneous
43) Group of 3 bits. Tribit  duplex
 both-way lines
Also known as maximum distance code used to Transmission is possible in both directions at the same
44) Gray Code time but not between the same two stations. It is
reduce the number of transmission errors. 77) Full/Full Duplex
possible only on multipoint circuits.
Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Q, and C Parallel-to-Serial
45) The process of sharing resources between computers Networking
output data streams. Logic Circuit 78)
over a data communications network.
46) Group of 4 bits. Quadbits

79) The manual technique of moving data on disks. Sneaker Net
16-PSK can undergo only a _______ phase shift during

47) 11.25 Computers that hold shared files, programs and the
transmission and still retain its integrity.
80) network operating system. Servers
Is an M-ary encoding technique where M=8. The

output signal from this modulator is not a constant-
48) 8 – QAM Computers that access and use the network and Client
amplitude signal 81)
shared network resources.

60) It provides distributed information services and controls The process of introducing transitions (pulses) into the
Application Layer 49) Scrambling
the sequence of activities within an application. binary signal using a prescribed algorithm.
61) An endpoint where subscribers gain access to Station It uses the same algorithm for scrambling to remove
50) Descrambler
the circuit. the transitions.
Another term of station which is the location of
62) computers, computer terminals, workstations and Node
other digital computing equipment. Is an alternative form of digital modulation where the
Differential Phase-Shift
binary input is contained in the difference between
51) Keying
two successive signalling elements rather than the
63) ( DPSK )
Interconnects digital computer equipment. Facilities absolute phase.
64) Source Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps can be

Provides means to enter data from humans. Trellis Code Modulation
52) achieved, over standard telephone circuits using an
( TCM )
encoding technique called ________.
Encodes a wireless radio system without being
65) Transmitter
converted to analog first.
__________ at IBM Zuerich Research Laboratory
Carries the encoded signals from the transmitter developed TCM, which involves using convolutional
66) Transmission 53) (tree codes, which combines encoding and Dr. Ungerboeck
to the receiver.
Medium modulation to reduce the probability of error, thus
Converts the encoded signals received from the improving the bit error performance.
67) Receiver
transmission medium back to their original form.
Defines the manner in which signal-state transitions
are allowed to occur, and transitions that do not
54) Trellis Coding
It could be a mainframe computer, personal computer follow this pattern are interpreted in the receiver as
68) Destination
workstation or virtually any piece of digital equipment transmission errors.
A type of transmission where all four bits can be Parallel by Bit or The distance between symbols on the constellation
55) Euclidean Distance
69) transmitted simultaneously during the time of a single Serial by Character of the TCM coding scheme on standard QAM.
clock pulse.
Is the ratio of the average carrier power (the

Carrier-To-Noise
Transmission where four clock pulses are required to 56) combined power of the carrier and its associated
70) Serial by Bit Power Ratio
transmit the entire four-bit code. sidebands) to the thermal noise power.
Two-Point Is simply the energy of a single bit of information.

71) It involves only two locations or stations
Configuration 57) Energy Per Bit

Service Access Point

The phase relationship between signalling elements 52) Defines which entity the service is intended. (SAP)
58) for BPSK (i.e., 180 out of phase) is the optimum Antipodal Signaling
signalling format, referred to as ________.
The name for the set of standards for
communicatingamong computers
Noncoherent
( Asynchronous ) Seven OSI layers: Open Systems
59) Two types of FSK systems. And  application Interconnection
Coherant 53)  presentation (OSI)
( Synchonous )  session
 transport
 network
The transmitter and receiver are not frequency or  data link
60) Noncoherent FSK  physical
phase synchronized.
Local receiver reference signals are in frequency and Responsible for the actual propagation of unstructured
61) Coherent FSK 54) Physical Layer
phase lock with the transmitted signals. data bits through a transmission medium.
Responsible for providing error-free communications

55) across the physical link connecting primary and
Data Link Layer
secondary stations within a network.
Provides details that enable data to be routed between

56) devices in an environment using multiple networks, Network Layer
subnetwork, or both.
Controls and ensures the end-to-end integrity of the

57) data message propagated through the network
Transport Layer
between two devices, which provides reliable,
transparent transfer of data between two endpoints.
58) Responsible for network availability. Session Layer
Provides independence to the application processes by

59) addressing any code or syntax conversion necessary to
Presentation Layer
present the data to the network in a common
communications format.

An international professional organization founded in

Institute of Electrical & CHAPTER 10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
the United States and is comprised
42) IEEE)and Electronics
of electronics, computer and communications
Engineers
engineers. # DEFINITIONS TERMS
Is the transmittal of digital signals between two or

1) Digital Transmission
A non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes and Electronics Industry more points in a communications system.
43) recommends industrial standards. Association (EIA)
_________ developed the first digital transmission

system for the purpose of carrying digitally encoded
The leading trade association in the communications Telecommunications 2) AT&T
analog signals, such as human voice, over metallic
44) and information technology industry. Industry Association wire cables between telephone offices.
The primary advantage of digital transmission over

45) The research arm of the Department of Defense Advanced Research 3) Noise Immunity
in 1957. Projects Agency (ARPA) analog transmission.
A large international community of network designers, Digital signals are also better suited than analog
operators, vendors and researches concerned with the Internet Engineering 4) signals for processing and combining using a Multiplexing
46) evolution of the internet architecture and the smooth Task Force (IETF) technique called _____.
operation of the internet.
Is the processing of analog signals using digital

Digital Signal Processing
5) methods and includes bandlimiting the signal with
( DSP )
It promotes research of importance to the evolution of filters, amplitude equalization, and phase shifting.
Internet Research Task
47) the future Internet by creating focused, long term and
Force (IRTF)
small research groups working on topics related to
internet protocols. Digital transmission systems are more resistant to
6) analog systems to additive noise because they Signal Regeneration
use ________ rather than signal amplification.
48) Protocol data Unit
A unit of data.
(PDU)
Consist essentially of sampling analog information
signals and then converting those samples into
49) The process of adding and removing the PDU Encapsulation/ 7) discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from Pulse Modulation
information. decapsulation a source to a destination over a physical
transmission medium.
It means to place in a capsule or other protected
50) Encapsulate
environment.
PWM, PPM, PAM

The four predominant methods of pulse modulation.
Decapsulate 8) And
51) It means to remove from a capsule or other protected PCM
environment.

Sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse A connection process that occurs between two stations
length modulation (PLM), as the width (active portion before any data are actually transmitted.
Pulse Width Modulation
9) of the duty cycle) of a constant amplitude pulse is 33) Another terms: Handshake
( PWM )
varied proportional to the amplitude of the  Sessions
analog signal at the time the signal is sampled.  Virtual circuits
 logical connections
The position of a constant-width pulse within a

Pulse Position Modulation
10) prescribed time slot is varied according to the It refers to the structure or format of the data within the
( PPM ) 34)
amplitude of the sample of the analog signal. message, which includes the sequence in which the Syntax
data are sent.
The amplitude of a constant-width, constant-position

Pulse Amplitude
11) pulse is varied according to the amplitude of the Guidelines that have been generally accepted by the
Modulation
sample of the analog signal. data communications industry. Data Communications
35) Types of standards: Standards
 Proprietary system -open
The analog signal is sampled and then converted to Pulse Code Modulation  open system
12)
a serial n-bit binary code for transmission. ( PCM )
36) Generally controlled and manufactured

Proprietary Standard
__________ is credited with inventing PCM in 1937 by one company.
13) Alex H. Reeves
while working for AT&T at its Paris laboratories.
37) The international organization or standardization on a International Standards

A circuit that periodically samples the analog input wide range of subjects. Organization (ISO)
Sample-and-Hold
14) signal and converts those samples to a multilevel
Circuit
PAM signal.
American National
38) The member of ISO from the United States. Standard
The transmission line ________ are placed at Institute (ANSI)
15) Repeaters
prescribed distances to regenerate the digital pulses.
It is formerly CCITT, one of four permanent parts International

An integrated circuit that performs the PCM Codec 39) is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Telecommunications
16) Union
encoding and decoding functions. ( Coder / Decoder )
The function of a _________ in a PCM transmitter is to 40) Modem interfaces and data transmission over the
V series
periodically sample the continually changing analog telephone lines.
input voltage and convert those samples to a series
17) Sampling Circuit
of constant-amplitude pulses that can more easily be
converted to binary PCM code. 41) Data transmission over public digital Network,
X series
e-mail and directory services.

Any system of computers, computer terminals or The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum
Data Communications 18) Aperture Error
23) computer peripheral equipment used to transmit and introduces an error called _________.
Network
and receive information between two or more l
ocations.
The ________ of the capacitor is called the A/D
19) conversion time because it is during this time that the Storage Time
A set of equipment, transmission media and procedures ADC converts the sample voltage to a PCM code.
24) that ensures that a specific sequence of events occurs
Network Architecture
in a network in the proper order to produce the
intended results. If the input to the ADC is changing while it is
20) Aperture Distortion
performing the conversion, _______ results.
25) Messages are intended for all subscribers on the Broadcasting

network. _________ theorem establishes the minimum sampling
21) Nyquist Sampling
rate (fs) that can be used for a given PCM system.
26) Messages are intended for a specific group of

Multicasting
subscribers. The binary codes used for PCM are _________,
22) N-Bit Codes
where n may be any positive integer greater than 1.
27) Defines the procedures that the systems involved in the Protocols
communications process will use. Most Significant Bit
23) The sign bit in a sign-magnitude code.
( MSB )
28) Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data Data Communications Is the process of converting an infinite number of
within the network or a portion of the network. Protocols possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
24) Quantization
Is the process of rounding off the amplitudes of
flat-top samples to a manageable number of levels.
29) The list of the protocols used by a system. Protocol Stack
A type of code where the codes on the bottom half

30) Layered Network 25) of the table are a mirror image of the codes on the Folded Binary Code
It consists of two or more independent levels.
Architecture top half, except for the sign bit.
Quantization
31) A logical connection is established between the Connection Oriented 26) The magnitude difference between adjacent steps.
Interval or Quantum
endpoints prior to the transmission of data. or Connectionless
If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the highest

quantization interval, ________ (also called peak
They are designed to provide a high degree of limiting) occurs.
32) Connection-Oriented 27) Overload Distortion
reliability for data moving through the network.
Protocol

Quantization Eror
Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are He invented the first practical data communications
(Qe ) 11) Samuel F.B. Morse
28) reproduced when the code is converted back to code which is called Morse Code.
Quantization Noise
analog in the receiver.
(Qn)
1. Sir Charles
12) Allegedly invented the first telegraph in England. Wheatstone
Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the
2. Sir William Cooke
smallest possible magnitude (other than 0V) that
29) Dynamic Ratio In 1874, he invented the telegraph multiplexer
can be decoded by the digital-to-analog converter
in the receiver. which Emile allowed up to six different telegraph machines to
13) be
Emile Baudot
transmitted simultaneously over a single wire.
During times when there is no analog input signal, the
only input to the PAM sampler is random, thermal
30) Idle Channel Noise Telephone
noise also called as __________, that is converted to a 14) It was invented in 1875 by Alexander Graham Bell
PAM sample just as if it were a signa.
15) He succeeded in sending radio telegraph Guglielmo Marconi

A way to reduce idle channel noise wherein the first messages.
Midtread
31) quantization interval is made larger in amplitude than
Quantization
the rest of the steps.
16) The only means of sending information across Telegraph
large spans of water until 1920.
33) Is the process of compressing and then expanding. Companding
17) A German engineer, demonstrated a computing machine Konrad Zuis

-Law and A-law sometime in the late 1930s.
34) Two methods of companding:
Companding
18) J. Presper Eckert
Developed the ENIAC computer on Feb. 14, 1946
Involves compression in the transmitter after the input John Mauchley
sample has been converted to a linear PCM code
35) Digital Companding 19)
and then expansion in the receiver prior to A technique that process one job at a time. Batch Processing
PCM decoding.
20) Built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corp., was the

UNIVAC Computer
First mass-produced electronic computer.
When digitizing speech signals only, special voice
36) Vacoders
encoders/decoders called _______ are often used
A public data communications network used by
21) Internet
millions of people all over the world to exchange
A _________ coder extracts the most significant business and personal information.
portions of speech information directly from the time
waveform rather than from the frequency spectrum
37) Linear Predictive
as with the channel and formant vocoders. Private data communications networks used by
22) Intranet
many companies to exchange information
among employees and resources.

INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 21 AND NETWORKING 38)
_________ modulation uses a single-bit PCM code to
Delta
.chieve digital transmission of analog signals
# DEFINITIONS TERMS Two problems associated with delta modulation that Slope Overload and
39)
do not occur with conventional PCM. Granular Sudivision
Information that is stored in digital form.
1) Information that has been processed, organized and Data
stored. With ________, the difference in the amplitude of two
Differential PCM
40) successive samples is transmitted rather than the
( DPCM )
Information actual sample.
2) Knowledge or intelligence.
41) The secondary lobes are called __________. Ringing test

3) The transmission, reception, and processing of digital Data Communications
information.
_________ causes crosstalk between channels
It is to transfer digital information from one place to Data Communications Inter symbol interference
4) 42) that occupy adjacent time slots in a time-division-
another. Circuit ( ISI )
multiplexed carrier system.
5) A set of devices interconnected by media links. Network Special filters called _________ are inserted in the
transmission path to “equalize” the distortion for al
43) Equalizers
frequencies, creating uniform transmission medium
Systems of interrelated computers and computer reducing transmission impairments.
Data Communications
6) equipment and can be as simple as a personal
Networks
computer connected together through the PTN
7) Automatic teller machine ATM A ________ is simply the superposition of a series of

44) Pulse Modulation
harmonically related sine waves with specific
amplitude and phase relationships.
When was one of the earliest means of communicating
8) 1753
electrically coded information occurred?
The decision levels for the regenerator are

45) Crosshairs
In 1833, he developed an unusual system based on a five-by- represented by
9) five matrix representing 25 letters. The idea Carl Friedrich Gauss
was to send message over a single wire.
The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing
(clock) recovery circuit and, if excessive, may
46) Jitter
The first successful data communications that was significantly degrade the performance of cascaded
10) Telegraph
invented in 1832. Dots and Dashes regenerative sections.

CHAPTER 11 DIGITAL T-CARRIERS AND MULTIPLEXING defining L band frequency sharing for subscriber
units in the 1616 MHZ to 1626.5 MHz band.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
98) L-band subscriber-to-satellite voice links. 1.616 GHz to 1.6265 GHz
Transmission of information from one or more source
1) To one or more destination over the same Multiplexing
transmission medium (facility).
99) Ka-band gateway downlinks.
19.4 GHz to 19.6 GHz
Unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply 100) Ka-band gateway uplinks

29.1 GHz to 29.3 GHz
constitutes propagating signals from different sources Space-Division
2)
of different cables that are contained within the Multiplexing 101) Ka-intersatellite cross-links 23.18 GHz to 23.38 GHz
same trench.
3) Considered as transmission medium. Trench
Form of phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to

4) date channels (the I and Q) modulate the same QPSK
carrier frequency that has been shifted 90◦ in phase.
5) Modulates a sine wave carrier. I – Channel Bits
6) Modulates a cosine wave carrier. Q – Channel Bits
Time-Division
Multiplexing;
Three most predominant methods of multiplexing Frequency-Division
7)
signals. Multiplexing;
Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing
Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the

8) Time-Division Multiplexing
same but not on the same time.
Most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM

9) PCM
digital signals.
Prepared By : JENNIFER F. DOCOT 136

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 71
Use an 8-kHz sample rate and an eight-bit PCM

Absolute Radio-Frequency 10) DS-O Channel
The available forward and reverse frequency code, which produces a 64 kbps PCM line speed.
91) Channel Numbers
bands are subdivided into 200 KHz wide voice
(ARFCN)
channels.
Simply an electronically controlled digital switch with
11) Multiplexer
two inputs and one outputs.
It provides the vehicle for a new generation of
Mobile Satellite Systems
92) wireless telephone services called Personal
(MSS)
Communications Satellite System (PCSS) 12) One eight-bit PCM code from each channel TDM Frame
(16 total bits).
It uses low earth-orbit (LEO) and medium earth 13) Time it takes to transmit one TDM frame. Frame Time
orbit and MEO thar communicates diretly with
small, low-powered mobile telephone units.
key providers in PCSS market: A communications system that uses digital pulses
 American Mobile Satellite 14) Digital Carrier System
rather than analog signals to encode information.
Communications (AMSC)
 Celsat
Personal Communications
 Comsat Specifies a digital carrier system using PCM encoded
93) Satellite System (PCSS) 15) TI or Transmission One
 Constellation Communications (ARIES) analog signals.
 Ellipsat (Ellipso)
 INMARSAT
 LEOSAT
16) Voice band channel bandwidth. 300 Hz to 3000 Hz
 Loral/qualcomm (global star)
 TMI communications
 TWR (Odysse)
17) Special conditioned cables. TI Lines
 Iridium LLC
Used to maintain frame and sample synchronization

An international consortium owned by a host of 18) Framing Bit
between TDM transmitter & receiver.
94) prominent companies, agencies and Iridium LC
governments.
PCM encoders & decoders with a seven-bit

19) Digital Channel Banks
magnitude.
The largest commercial venture undertaken in the
95) Iridium Project
history of the world.
Supervision between telephone offices, such as on

A satellite based wireless personal 20) Signaling
hook, off hook, dial pulsing, and so forth.
communications network designed to permit a
Iridium
96) wide range of mobile telephone services,
including voice, data, networking,facsimile and
paging. 21) Only seven-bit resolution. Signaling Frame
97) Extended Super Frame

FCC issued a report and order Dockett # 92-166 October 14, 1994 22)
Consist of 24 193 bit frames, totaling 4632 bits, of Format
which 24 are framing bits.

Stands for Qualcom 9600bps Code-Excited Linear
CRC-6 Predictive coder.
84) QCELP
23) Used for an error detection code. ( Cyclic Redundancy
Checking )
24) Signaling bit in frame 6. A Bit The concept is to break the message into fixed
85) sized blocks of data with each block transmitted Frequency Hopping
in sequence except on a different carrier.
25) Signaling bit in frame 12. B Bit
high bit pseudorandom code is added to a low-

26) Signaling bit in frame 18. C Bit bit rate information signal to generate a high bit
86) rate pseudorandom signal closely resembling Direct-Sequence
noise that contains both the original data signal
27) Signaling bit in frame 24. D Bit and the pseudo random code must be known.
Digital interface that provides the physical Data Service Unit / It is a study group which is sometimes referred to
28) as Pan-European cellular system. This is now
connection to a digital carrier network. Channel Service Unit
known as the Global System for Mobile
Communications.
Classification of GSM telephone services:
Upgrade from one level in the hierarchy to the next Multiplexers /
29)  Bearer Services Groupe Special Mobile
higher level. Demultiplexers
87)  teleservices (GSM)
 supplementary services
Provides a convenient place to make patchable
Three primary subsystem of GSM:
30) inter connects and perform routine maintenance & Digital Cross Connect
 Base Station Subsystem
trouble shooting.
 Network Switching Subsystem
 Operational Support Subsystem
Provides frequency shifting for the master group

31) Signal Processor
signals.
Integrated Services
88) All-digital data Network.
Digital Network (ISDN)
Low quality video transmission for use between non-

32) Picturephone
dedicated subscribers.
Sometimes known as radio subsystem, provides
Base Station SUbsystem
89) and manages radio frequency transmission paths
(BSS)
between mobile units and the mobile switching
Identify when transitions occur in the data and center (MSC)
33) Three-Bit Code
whether that transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa.
It manages switching functions for the system and Network Switching
90)
allows MSCs to communicate with other Subsystem (NSS)
34) First bit of the code. Address Bit telephone networks.
Carries digital voice information and consists of 35) Converting standard logic levels. Digital Line Encoding
RDTC and FDTC. Digital Traffic Channel
75)
(DTC)
Involves the transmission of only a single nonzero
36) Unipolar
voltage level.
It consists of an eight bit digital voice color code Coded Digital Verification Two nonzero voltages are involved ( a positive
76)
number between 1 and 255 appended with four Color Code 37) voltage for a logic 1 and an equal-magnitude Bipolar
negative voltage for a logic 0 or vice versa).
77) Mobile-assisted handoff. MAHO 38) Categorize the type of transmission. Duty Cycle
A blank-and burst type of transmission that 39) Maintained the entire bit time. Nonreturn to Zero
replaces
Fast Associated Control
78) digitized speech information with control and
Channel (FACCH)
super 40) Less than 100% of the bit time. Return to Zero
vision messages with in a subscriber’s time slot.
Produces a condition in which a receive may lose its

Vector sum exciter linear 41) amplitude reference for optimum discrimination DC Wandering
79) A special speech coder.
predictive (VSLP) between received 1’s & o’s.
A special microprocessor that is implemented on Digital Signal Processor Popular type of line encoding that produces a strong
80)
the telephone handset. (DSP) 42) timing component for clock recovery and does not Digital Biphase
cause dc wandering.
They are transmitted when a mobile unit begins

81) Shortened Burst
operating in a larger diameter cell. Uses one cycle of a square wave at 0◦ phase to
43) represent a logic 1 and one cycle of a square wave Biphase
at 180◦ phase to represent a logic 0.
An access method used with standard analog
AMPS which use frequency channelization
82) approach to FDMA Used for encoding SMPTE(Society of Motion Picture
frequency spectrum management. 44) and Tele vision Engineers) time-code data for Biphase M
recording on videotapes.
It allows users to differentiate from one another by Commonly called the Manchester Code and
Code Division Multiple
83) a unique code rather than a frequency or time 45) specified in IEEE standard 802.3 for Ethernet local Biphase L
Accessing (CDMA)
assignment. area networks.

Forms of delay-modulated codes where a logic 1 SMS point-to-point

condition produces a transition in the middle of the It is used to transmit information from base stations Paging and access
66)
46) clock pulse, and a logic 0 produces no transition at Miller Codes to specific mobile stations. response
the end of the clock intervals unless followed by Channel (SPACH)
another logic 0.
It is dedicated to delivering pages and orders.

Used for the transmission of PCM-encoded time- It transmit :
47) T Carriers
division multiplexed digital signals.
 paging messages
67) Paging Channel (PCH)
 message-waiting messages
Filters and shapes the incoming digital signal and  user alerting messages
Amplifier /  call history count updates
48) raise its power level so that the regenerator circuit
Equalizer  shared secret data updates
can make a pulse-no pulse decision.
Recovery circuit reproduces the cocking information A logical subchannel of SPACH used to carry
Access Response Channel
from the received data and provides the proper 68) assignments to another resource or other
(ARCH)
49) timing information to the regenerator so that samples Timing Clock responses to the mobile station’s access attempt.
can be made at the optimum time, minimizing the
chance of an error occurring.
It is used to deliver short point-to-point
69) SMS Channel (SMSCH)
messages to a specific mobile station.
A threshold detector that compares the sampled
50) voltage received to a reference level and Regenerative Repeater
It refers to : F-BCCH, E-BCCH and S-BCCH logical
determines whether the bit is a logic 1 or a logic 0. 70) Channel (BCCH)
sub channels.
51) Different version of T carriers used in Europe. E-Lines Broadcasts digital control channel structure Fast Broadcasts Control
71)
parameters. channel (F-BBCH)
Used for frame alignment pattern and for an alarm

52) Time Slot 0
channel.
Extended Broadcasts
Carries less critical broadcast information than F-
72) Control Channel (E-BBCH)
BCCH intended for mobile units.
Added-Digit Framing
Robbed-digit framing
53) Digital carrier frame synchronization. Added-channel framing
Statistical framing Individual mobile units.
SMS Broadcasts Control
Unique-line code framing 73) A logical channels used for sending short
channel (F-BBCH)
messages.
Methods of Interleaving PCM transmissions: Bit Interleaving

54)
Word Interleaving 74) Stands for Digital speech interpolation. DSI

area, such as whether the unit is on or off

Used more often for the transmission of data when
Statistical Time-Division
55) they are called asynchronous TDM, intelligent TDM, or
Multiplexing
Technique used that allows more mobile-unit simply stat muxs.
58)
subscribers to use a system at virtually the Time-Sharing Channels
Same time within a given geographical area.
Large-scale integration (LSI) chip designed for use in
It stands for Electronics Industries 56) the telecommunications industry for private branch CODEC
59) Association and Telecommunications EIA/TIA exchanges.
Industry Association.
Analog Sampling;
It specifies that a mobile station complying 57) Three functions of codec. Encoding / Decoding;
with the IS-54 standard must be capable of Dual Mode Digital Companding
60)
operating in either the analog AMPS or the
digital (USDC) mode for voice transmissions.
Used to gate the PCM word onto the PCM highway
58) Time Slot Strobe Buffer
when an external buffer is used to drive the line.
It is often called North American Time
61) IS-136.2
Division Multiple Accessing.
Data are input and output for a single channel in a
59) Burst Mode
short burst.
It was introduced to provide PSK rather than
FSK on dedicated USDC control channels to in
crease the control data rates and provide Allows for a flexible data input and output clock Variable-Data-Rate
62) IS-54 Rev.C 60)
additional specialized services such as frequency. Mode
paging and short messaging between
private mobile user groups.
Data from the PCM highway are clock into the
61) codec on the next eight consecutive negative Shift Register Mode
Allows for brief paging-type messages and transitions of DCLKR.
Short e-mail messages that can be read on Short Message Service
63)
the mobile phone’s display and entered
using the keypad. Multiple sources that originally occupied the same
Frequency Division
62) frequency spectrum are each converted to a
Multiplexing
different frequency.
It was developed to provide a host of new
64) features and services, positioning itself in a IS-136
competitive within the newer PCS systems. Process is accomplished without synchronization
63) Stacking
between stations.
It is used by mobile units to request access

Random Access Channel Short Haul;
to the cellular telephone system. It is a 64) AT&T’s communications network is subdivided into 2:
65) (RACH) Long Haul
unidirectional channel specified for
transmissions from mobile-base units only.
65) Message Channel
Basic building block of the FDM Heirarchy.
The PCS equivalent of caller ID.

Separate signals with different wavelengths in a
Demultiplexers /
66) manner similar to the way filters separate electrical
Splitters
signals of different frequencies.
Similar to regular multiplexers and demultiplexers Add / Drop All calls except those specified by the sub
67) except they are located at intermediate points in the Multiplexers / scriber are automatically forwarded to a for
49) Private Mode
system. Demultiplexers warding destination without ringing the
subscriber’s handset.
Direct signals of a particular wavelength to a specific

68) destination while not separating all the wavelengths WDM Routers No calls are allowed to pass through to the
50) Unavailable Mode
present on the cable. subscriber.
Enable more efficient utilization of the transmission 51) PCS operating in the 1900 MHz range. PCS 1900
69) capabilities of optical fibers by permitting different WDM Couplers
wavelengths to be combined and separated.
Interference avoidance scheme which uses
52) voice companding to provide synthetic Interference (MRI)
Diffraction Grating ; voice channel quieting.
70) Three basic types of WDM couplers: Prism ;
Dichroic Filter
A narrowband AMPS system that increased
53) the capacity of the AMPS system in large N-AMPS
Multiplexing system similar to conventional time Synchronous Optical cellular market.
71)
division multiplexing. Network
It is developed with the intent of supporting

United States Digital
72) Has a 51.84-Mbps synchronous frame structure. STS-1 54) a higher user density within a fixed
Cellular
bandwidth frequency spectrum.
73) Second level of SONET multiplexing. OC-48

Cellular telephone systems that use digital
55) Digital cellular
modulation.
Allows one mobile unit to use a channel at

Time-division Multiple
56) the same time by further dividing
Accessing (TDMA)
transmissions within each cellular channel.
Visitor Location Register

57) A database that stores information about
(VLR)
subscriber in a particular MTSOserving

CHAPTER 12 METALLIC CABLE TRANSMISSION MEDIA
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
A family of mobile or portable radio comuni
cations services which provides servIces to Provides a conduit in which electromagnetic signals Guided Transmission
1)
the individuals and business and is integra are contained. Media
ted with a variety of competing networks. Personal Communications
41) Differences in PCS and cellular telephone System (PCS) Unguided Transmission
2) Emitted then radiated through air or a vacuum.
system: Media
 Smaller Size
 all digital Used to propagate electromagnetic signals between Cable Transmission
3)
 additional features two locations in a communications system. Medium
Acronym for Personal Communications Most common means of interconnecting devices in Cable Transmission
42) PCN 4)
Network. local area networks. Systems
It is assigned to everyone which is stored the Personal Telephone Metallic conductor system used to transfer electrical
43)
on the SS7 network. Number 5) energy from one point to another using electrical Transmission line
current flow.
It determines where and how the call should be Artificial Intelligence longitudinal and
44) 6) Two basic kinds of waves.
directed. Network (AIN) transverse
7) The rate at which the periodic wave repeats. Frequency

A database that stores information about the
Home Location
user,including home subscription information
45) Register (HLR)
and what supplementary services the user is Currents that flow in opposite directions in a
subscribed to. 8) Metallic circuit currents
balanced wire pair.
9) Currents that flow in the same direction. Longitudinal currents

A database that stores information pertaining to
Equipment Identification
46) theidentification and type of equipment that 10) Cancellation of common mode signals. Common mode rejection
Registry (EIR)
exists in the mobile unit.
One wire is at the ground potential, whereas the Single-ended or

It allows all calls to pass through the network 11)
other is at signal potential. unbalanced
47) to the subscriber except for a minimal Available Mode
number of telephone numbers that can be blocked.
A circuit device used to connect a balanced
12) transmission line to an unbalanced load. balun
48) Screen Mode

receiver to instantly acquire synchronization.

Most common metallic cables used to interconnect Parallel-conductor
14) data communications systems and computer transmission lines and
networks. coaxial transmission lines.
It controls or command mobile units to do a Mobile Station Control
34) particular task when the mobile unit has not Messages
Formed by twisting two insulated conductors around been assigned a voice channel.
15) Twisted-pair
each other.
Unshielded twisted pair It is used to indicate the current status of the

16) Types of twisted pair. 35) Busy-idle Bits
and Shielded twisted pair reversecontrol channel.
Coupling that takes place when a transmitted signal It contains the following:
17) is coupled into the received signal at the same end Near-end crosstalk  System parameter overhead
of the cable. messages
 global action overhead messages
Pair 1: blue/white stripe  control filter messages
and blue
Pair 2: orange/white 36) Typical mobile-unit control messages: Overhead Message
Standard color code specified by the EIA for CAT-5 stripe and orange  Initial voice channel designation
18) messages
cable. Pair 3: green/white strip[e
and green  directed retry messages
Pair 4: brown/white stripe  alert messages
and brown  change power messages
19) Woven into a mesh. Braid Transmitted at a 10-kbps rate.

Control data includes:
 page responses Control Data
37)
Name given to the area between the ceiling and the  access request
root in a single-story building or between the ceiling  registration requests
20) Plenum
and the floor of the next higher level in a multi-story
building.
38) Transmission of voice. Blank
Used for high data transmission rates to reduce losses

21) Coaxial 39) Data transmission. Burst
and isolate transmission path.
Refers to the woven stranded mesh that surrounds The entity of SS7 interoffice protocol that
22) Shielding distinguishes the physical components of the
some types of coaxial cables.
switching network.
Intelligent Network
40)
One layer of foil insulation and one layer of braided Switching Network:
23) shielding. Dual shielded  Signal Service Point
 Signal Control Point
 Signal Transfer Point
Rigid air-filled; solid

23) An acronym for Network Interface Card. 24) Types of coaxial cables.
NIC flexible
A four bit code which indicates whether the 26) Uniformly distributed throughout the length of the line. Distributed parameters
24) terminal has access to all 832 AMPS channel Station Class Mark (SCM)
or only 666.
27) Transmission characteristics of a transmission line. Secondary constants
A 15 bit binary code used by FCC

25) to an operating company when it issues it a license System Identifier (SID) 28) Impedance seen looking into an infinitely long line. Surge impedance
To provide AMPS
Expressed the attenuation and the phase shift per

It is one of the three analog frequencies 29) Propagation constants
unit length of a transmission line.
(5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, or 6030 Hz) that helps mo Supervisory Audio Tone
26)
bile system distinguish one base station from (SAT)
a neighboring base station. Ratio of the actual velocity of propagation of an
30) electromagnetic wave through a given medium to Velocity factor.
the velocity of propagation through a vacuum.
One of four binary codes, also helps mobile
27) system distinguish one base station from a Digital Color Code (DCC)
neighboring base station. 31) Relative permittivity of a material. Dielectric constant
Conductor loss, radiation

One set of channels dedicated for exchanging loss, dielectric heating
28) control information between mobile units and Control Channels 32) Several ways in which signal power is lost.
loss, coupling loss and
base stations. corona
Voltage that propagates from the source toward the

Also termed as Voice channel, used for 33) Incident voltage
load.
29) propagating actual voice conversations or User Channel
subscriber data.
Voltage that propagates that propagates from the
34) Reflected voltage
load toward the source.
Another name of control channels.
30) Setup or Paging Channel
35) Transmission line with no reflected power. Flat or non resonant line
31) Sometimes called as Camped. Locked

Vector quantity that represents the ratio of reflected
36) voltage to incident voltage or reflected current to Reflection coefficient
32) A sequence of alternating 1s and 0s. Dotting Scheme incident current.
33) Synchronization Word

A unique sequence of 1s and 0s that enables the 37) Incident power is absorbed by the load. Matched line

Unmatched or
38) Incident power returned (reflected) to the source.
mismatched line A special device used in each mobile unit to allow
11) simultaneous transmission and reception on Duplexer
duplex channels.
39) Two travelling waves set up an interference pattern. Standing wave
12) Transmissions from base station to mobile units. Forward Links

Ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum
40) voltage or the maximum current to the minimum Standing-wave ratio
current of a standing wave on a transmission line. 13) Transmissions from mobile units to base stations. Reverse Links
Used to matched transmission lines to purely resistive 14) Another name for forward links. Down Links
Quarter-wavelength
41) loads whose resistance is not equal to the
transformers
characteristic impedance of the line.
15) Another term for reverse link. Uplink
A technique that can be used to locate an Time domain

42)
impairment in a metallic cable reflectometry (TDR) Additional frequencies of 10 MHz to the original40
16) MHz band which increased the number of simplex Expanded Spectrum
channels by 166 for a total of 832 (416 Full duplex)
43) Return signal. Echo
Cellular Geographic
Simply a flat conductor separated from a ground 17) Specified frequencies in a small geographic area.
44) Microstrip Serving Areas (CGSA)
plane by an insulating di-electric material.
Defines geographic areas used by marketing Standard Metropolitan

Simply a flat conductor sandwiched between two 18)
45) Stripline agencies. Statistical Area
ground planes.
A technique used by standard telephone Frequency Division

19)
subscriber to access the AMPS system. Multiple Access
A 34 bit binary code which in the U.S. represents Mobile Identification

20)
the standard 10-digit telephone number. Number (MIN)
A 34 bit binary code permanently assigned to Electronic Serial

21)
each mobile unit. Number (ESN)
22) VIN
Stands for Vehicle Identification Number.

CHAPTER 20 CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 13 OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION MEDIA
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Stands for Standard Cellular Telephone
1) CTS
Service
Optical communications
1) Uses light as a carrier of information.
system
An acronym for Personal Communications

2) PCS
System. Electronic communications system is directly Information-carrying
2)
proportional to bandwidth. capacity
Stands for Personal Communications Satellite

3) PCSS Bandwidth of an analog communications system as
System. 3) bandwidth utilization ratio
a percentage of its carrier frequency.
An acronym for Advanced Mobile Telephone

4) AMPS Device constructed from mirrors and selenium
System.
4) detectors that transmitted sound waves over a beam Photophone
of light.
Bell Telephone
5) Proposed the cellular telephone concept in 1971.
Laboratories
5) Experimented with an apparatus called photophone. Alexander Graham Bell
A standard cellular telephone service (CTS) initially

6) AMPS
placed into operation on Oct. 13, 1983.
6) Used extensively in medical field. Flexible fiberscope
It was used by AMPS cellular telephones with a

Laser (light amplification
usable audio-frequency band from 300 Hz to 3 KHz Narrowband Frequency 7) Invented in 1960.
7) by stimulated emission of
and a maximum frequency deviation of + 12 KHz Modulation (NBFM)
radiation)
for 100% modulation.
1. wider bandwidth and
greater information
Correspond to an approximate bandwidth of 30 capacity
8) Carson’s Rule
KHz. 2.immunity to crosstalk
3. immunity to statistic
interference
8) Advantages of Optical Fiber cables. 4. environmental
A transmission with simultaneous transmission in Full Duplex (FDX) immunity
9)
both direction. or Duplexing 5. safety and
convenience
6. lower transmission loss
10) It is used in AMPS and occurs when two distinct Frequency-division 7. security
frequency bands are provided to each user. Duplexing 8. durability and reliability
Prepared By : JENNIFER F. DOCOT 125 9. economics
1. interfacing cost The actual voice channel where mobile users

communicate directly with either mobile and wireline
2. strength 65) User Channel
subscribers through a base station.
3. remote electrical
power
9) Disadvantages of Optical Fiber cables. It is used for transferring control and diagnostic
4. optical fiber cables are
nformation between mobile users and a central
more susceptible to losses
cellular telephone switch through a base station.
introduced by bending
the cable
Transmit on base station:
 forward control channel
5. specialized tools,
 forward voice channel
equipment, and training
66) Receive on base stations: Control Channel

Reduces the possibility of the occurrence of a
10) Stress corrosion
detrimental phenomenon.  reverse control channel
 reverse voice channel
12) Protective coating. Buffer jacket types of calls:

 Mobile to wireline
 mobile to mobile
Increases the tensile strength of the over all cable  wireline to mobile
14) Strength member
assembly.
Process of decaying from one energy level to Spontaneous decay or

15)
another energy level. spontaneous emission
Science of measuring only light waves that are visible

16) Photometry
to human eye.
Measures the rate at which electromagnetic waves

17) Optical power
transfer light energy.
18) Spectral separation of white light. Prismatic refraction
Simply the ratio of velocity of propagation of a light

19) Refractive index
ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of a
light ray in a given material.

The process where a mobile unit notifies a serving Angle at which the propagating ray strikes the
20) Angle of incidence
MTSO of its presence and location through a base interface with respect to the normal.
station controller.
Components of Cellular Telephone System: Angle formed between the propagating ray and the
Autonomous Registration 21) normal after the ray has entered the second Angle of refraction
56)  Electronic switching center
 a Cell-site controller medium.
 radio transceiver
 system interconnections
 mobile telephone units Closely related to acceptance angle and is the
 common communications protocol 22) figure of merit commonly used to measure the Numerical aperture
magnitude of the acceptance angle.
A digital telephone exchange located in the MTSO Electronic Switching

57) 23) Simply means path. Mode
that is the heart of a cellular telephone system. Center
X.25 24) More than one path. Multimode

58) A datalink protocol at a transmission rate of 9.6 kbps.
Another name for cell-site controller. Base Station Controller Probably the most important characteristic of the
59) 26) Power loss
cable.
It manages each of the radio channels at each site

supervises calls, turns the radio transmitter and Cell-site Controller 1. ultra violet absorption
60)
eceiver on and off, injects data onto the control and
voice channels, and performs diagnostic tests in the Three factors that contribute to the absorption losses 2. infrared absorption
27)
cell-site equipment. in optical fibers:
3. ion resonance
61) Stands for Base transceiver station. BTS absorption
A part of base station subsystem that can be either 28) Caused mainly by small bends and kinks in the fiber. Radiation losses
62) narrowband FM analog system or either PSK or QAM Radio Transceiver
fro digital systems with effective audio frequency.
Caused by excessive pressure and tension and
29) generally occur when fibers are bent during handling Contants-radius bends
63) The radio receiver that detects the strongest signal. Receiver Diversity or installation.
It governs the way telephone calls are established

and disconnected. Caused by the difference in the propagation times of
30) Modal dispersion
Examples of Protocol: light rays that take different path down a fiber.
64) Communications Protocol
 IS-54
 IS-136.2 A p-n junction made from two different mixtures of
32) Mojunction structure
 IS-95 the same types of atom.

Generally constructed of silicon-doped gallium- It is used by computers that is based on variations in

33) Epitaxially grown 47) Handoff Decision
arsenide. signal strength and signal quality.
Homojunction LED’s output approximately 500 µ at a Either the mobile unit or the network determines the
34) Planar diffused
wavelength of 900 nm. 48) need for a handoff and initiates the necessary Initiation
network procedures.
1. increase in current Appropriate network procedures reserve the

density generates a more 49) Resources Reservation
resources needed to support the handoff.
brilliant light spot.
2. smaller emitting area

The actual transfer of control from one base station
makes it easier to couple 50) Execution
Advantages of heterojunction devices over to another base station takes place.
its emitted light into a
homojunction devices;
fiber.
Execution Unnecessary network resources are Completion
3. small effective area 51)
relinquish and made available to other mobile units.
has a smaller
capacitance, which
allows the planar
heterojunction LED to be Roaming from one company’s calling area into
52) Interoperator Roaming
used at a higher speed. another company’s calling area.
Depletion-layer photo diode and is probably the Stands for Electronics Industries
36) most common device used as a light detector in fiber PIN diode 53) Association/Telecommunications Industry Association, EIA/TIA
optic communications system. developed the IS-41 Protocol.
1. responsivity It aligns with a subprotocol of the SS7 protocol stack

that facilitates communications among database
2. dark currents 54) other network entities. IS-41
37) Characteristic of a light detector. 3. transit time
4. spectral response
5. light sensitivity
Stands for Cellular Telecommunication Industry
CITA
55) Association.

A means of avoiding co-channel interference,

CHAPTER 14 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION
although it lowers the capacity of a cell by enabling Segmentation
39)
reuse inside the reuse distance which is normally
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
prohibited.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called
1) radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio Free-space
The locations of radio-frequency transceivers.
propagation.
40) It serves are central control for all users within Base Stations
that cell.
2) Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. Electromagnetic wave
41) It handles all cell-site control and switching functions. Cell-Site Controller
The orientation of the electric field vector in respect
3) Polarization
to the surface of the Earth.
Occurs when a mobile unit moves from one cell to
42) Roaming
another company’s service.
4) Polarization remains constant Linear Polarization
It controls channel assignment, call processing, call
setup and call termination. Horizontal Polarization
Different Names: 5) Forms of Linear polarization
and Vertical Polarization
 Electric Mobile Exchange (EMX)- Bell
Mobile Telephone
Lab.
43) Switching Office (MTSO) Polarization vector rotates 360◦ as the wave moves
 AEX- Ericcson
 NEAX-NEC 6) one wave-length through the space and the field Circular Polarization
 Switching Mobile Center (SMC) strength is equal at all angles of polarization.
 Master Mobile Center (MMC)-Novatel
 Mobile Switching Center- PCS netwroks
7) Field strength varies with changes in polarization.
Elliptical Polarization
The transfer of a mobile unit from one base station’s

control to another base station’s control. Used to show the relative direction of
8) Rays
electromagnetic wave propagation.
Four stages:
44) Handoff (Handover)
 Initiation
 Resource reservation Formed when two points of equal phase on rays
9) Wavefront
 execution propagated from the same source are joined
 completion together.
A single location from which rays propagate equally

10) Point source
A connection that is momentarily broken during the in all directions.
45) Hard Handoff
cell-to-cell transfer. It is a break before-make process.
A flawless hand off with no perceivable interruption 11) Invisible force field produced by a magnet, such as a Magnetic Field
46) Soft Handoff
ofservice. conductor when current is flowing through.

Strength of a magnetic field (H) produced around a The ratio of the cell radius
12) 28) The ratio of the cell radius and distance from the
conductor is expressed mathematically as: and distance from the
nearest co-channel cell
nearest co-channel cell
Invisible force fields produced by a difference in

13) Electric fields
voltage potential between two conductors. Channel next to one another in the frequency
29) Adjacent Channel
domain.
Electric filed strength (E) is expressed mathematically

14) 2
as: It results from imperfect filters in receivers that allow Adjacent-Channel
30)
nearby frequencies to enter the receiver. Interference
Dielectric constant of the material separating the two

15) Permittivity
conductors. Most prevalent when a mobile unit is receiving a
31) Near-Far Effect
weak signal from the base station.
16) The permittivity of air or free space is approximately. 8.85 x 10 -12 F/m
The area of a cell, or independent component
coverage areas of cellular system is further Cell Spliting
The rate at which energy passes through a given 32)
17) Power density subdivided thus creating
surface area in free space. more areas.
Intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an Occurs when number of the number of subscriber
18) Field intensity
electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. 33) wishing to place a call at any given time equals the Maximum Traffic Load
number of channels in the cell.
Mathematically power density is expressed as:

19) P = €H W/m2 A condition occurs when a new call is initiated in an
34) Blocking
area where all the channels are in use.
The characteristic impedance of a Smaller areas when a single omnidirectional antenna

lossless transmission medium is equal to the square 1/2 35) is replaced by several directional antennas, each Sectors
20) Zs = (µo 0)
root of the ratio of its magnetic permeability to its radiating within smaller area.
electric permittivity.
36) Using directional antennas. Sectoring

Point source that radiates power at a constant rate
21) Isotropic radiator
uniformly in all directions.
37) Placing two receive antennas one above the other. Space Diversity
Power density is inversely proportional to the square of

22) Inverse Square Law A means of avoiding full-cell splitting where the entire
the distance from the source.
38) area would otherwise need to be segmented into Dualization
smaller cells.
20 Large cells that typically has 1 mile and 15 miles Macrocells 23) Propagation medium. Isotropic medium
radius with base station transmit power 1W and 6 W.
The smallest cells that typically has radius of 1500 feet
or less with base station transmit powers between 0.1 Microcells Waves propagate through free space, they spread
21 24) Attenuation
W and 1 W. out, resulting in a reduction in power density.
25) Reduction of Power. Absorption Loss

The process in which the same set of frequencies can
be allocated to more than one one cell, provided
the cells are separa Frequency Reuse
22) Reduction in power density with distance is equivalent
ted by sufficient distance. 26) Wave attenuation
to a power loss.
27) Spherical spreading of the wave. Space attenuation

23) A geographic cellular radio coverage area
cluster
containing three groups of cells.
28) One with uniform properties throughout. Homogeneous medium
24) Typically equal to 3,7, or 12. Cluster size

Absorption coefficient varies considerably with
29) location, thus creating a difficult problem for radio Inhomogeneous medium
The process of finding the tier with the nearest systems engineers.
25) First Tier
co-channel cells
26) Two cells using the same set of frequencies. Co-channel cells Refraction, Reflection,
30) Optical properties of Radio Waves.
Diffraction and
Interference
The interference between the co-channels cells.
Adding radio channels to a system: 31) Bending of the radio wave path. Refraction
 Decreasing the transmit power per cell
27) Co-channel Interference
 making cells smaller
 filling vacated coverage areas with Square root of the dielectric constant and is
new cells 32) Refractive index; n = (k)
expressed in:
(k) Equivalent dielectric constant relative to free

33)
space (vacuum). K = (1- 81N/f2)1/2
Boundary between two media with different densities.

34) Plane

Hinted of a cellular telephone scheme that

Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface 10)
35) Normal he referred to as simply a small-zone radio telephone E.K. Jett
at the point of incidence. system in the July 28, 1945.
Angle formed between the incident wave and the On June 17, 1946, they introduced the first American
36) Angle of Incidence AT&T and Southwestern
normal. 11) commercial mobile radio-telephone service to
Bell
private customers.
Angle formed between the refracted wave and the
37) Angle of Refraction
normal.
A radio telephone service introduced by AT&T in
Ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in free 12) Highway Service.
1947.
38) space to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in Refractive Index
a given material.
Unveiled the most famous mobile telephone to date:
13) the fully mobile shoe phone in 1966 in a television Don Adams
Perpendicular to the direction of propagation show called Get Smart.
39) Density gradient
(parallel to the waveform)
The year when FCC granted AT&T the first license to

40) To cast or turn back. Reflect 14) operate a developmental cellular telephone service 1975
in Chicago.
Ratio of the reflected to the incident voltage

42) Reflection Coefficient
intensities. A satellite-based wireless personal communications
15) Iridium
satellite (PCSS)
Portion of the total incident power that is not Power transmission

43)
reflected. coefficient 16) Another term for cellular telephone. Cellular Radio
44) Fraction of power that penetrates medium 2. Absorption coefficient 17) A large geographic market area. Coverage zone
Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is It is employed to increase the capacity of a mobile
45) Diffuse reflection 18) Frequency Reuse
randomly scattered in many directions. telephone channel.
Specular (mirrorlike) The shape that was used because it provides the
46) Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface. most effective transmission by approximating a
reflection
19) circular pattern while eliminating the gaps present Honeycomb
between adjacent circles.
47) Semirough surfaces

Surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular.

CHAPTER 19 CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS Semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth
surface whenever the cosine of the angle of Rayleigh criterion
48) incidence is greater than λ/8d, where d is the depth
of the surface irregularity and λ is the wavelength of Cos θi > λ/8d
# DEFINITION TERMS the incident wave.
The term for mobile telephone services which Mobile Telephone

1) began in 1940s and are sometimes called Manual Manual System (MTSs) Modulation or redistribution of energy within a
telephone systems. 49) wavefront when it passes near the edge of an Diffraction
opaque object.
2) The frequency used by MTSs. 35 MHz-45MHz

Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle,
51) Shadow zone
which allows secondary waves to “sneak” around the
corner of the obstacle.
Switch that was used by MTS to activate the
3) Push-to-Talk (PTT)
transceiver.
States that the total voltage
54) intensity at a given point in space is the sum of the Linear Superposition
individual wave vectors.
It was introduced in 1964 which used several carrier
Improved Mobile
frequencies and could, therefore, handle several
4) Telephone System
simultaneous mobile conversations at the same
(IMTS) Electromagnetic waves travelling within Earth’s
time. 52) Terrestial waves
atmosphere.
The term suggested any radio transmitter, receiver,

5) or transceiver that could be moved while Mobile Communications between two or more points on Terrestial radio
53)
operation. Earth. communications
The term that described a relatively small radio unit 54) Used for high-frequency applications. Sky waves
Portable
6) that was handled, battery powered, and easily
carried by a person moving at walking speed.
Earth –guided electromagnetic wave that travels
55) Surface wave
over the surface of earth.
It is similar to two-way mobile radio in that most
7) communications occurs between base stations Cellular Telephone Relative
Surface
and mobile units. Conductivity
Seawater Good
It operates on half duplex and use PTT transceivers. Flat, loamy soil Fair
examples of two-way radio: Relative Conductivity of Earth Surfaces Large bodies of
56) Fair
freshwater
8)  Citizens Band (CB) Two-Way Radio
 Public land mobile radio Rocky terrain Poor
Desert Poor
Jungle Unusable
A one to one system that permits two-way
9) simultaneous transmissions and operates the same Mobile Telephone
way as the standard wire line telephone service.
1. Ground waves require An architecture for performing out of band signaling in SS7
a relatively transmission 45)
support of common telephone system functions.
power.
2. Ground waves are
limited to very low, low,
Long distance access is now accomplished Point of Presence
and medium frequencies. 47)
57) Disadvantages of surface waves. through an access point. (POP)
3. Requiring large
antennas.
4. Ground losses vary
considerably with surface A telecommunications term that describes the
material and 48) legal boundaries for the responsibility of POP
composition. maintaining equipment and transmission lines.
1. Given enough transmit Provide access to the SS7 network, access to

power, ground waves 49) databases used by switches inside and outside Signaling Points
can be used to the network.
communicate between
any two locations in the
58) Advantages of ground wave propagation. world. Codes that are carried in signaling messages
50) exchanged between signaling points to identify Point Codes
2. Ground waves are the source and destination of each messages.
relatively unaffected by
changing atmospheric Service Switching
conditions. Local telephone switches equipped with SS7
51) Points
compatible software and terminating signal links.
Travel essentially in a straight line between the

59) Direct waves 52) The packet switches of the SS7 network. Signal Transfer Points
transmit and receive antennas.
Line-of-Sight (LOS)
60) Space wave propagation with direct waves. It serves as an interface to telephone company
transmission 53) Service Control Points
databases.
The curvature of Earth presents a horizon to space

61) Radio Horizon
wave propagation. 54) Another name for service control points. Signal Control Points
Occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is Provides access from one level of the protocol to
55) Primitive
62) such that electromagnetic waves are trapped Duct propagation another
between it and Earth’s surface.
Lowest layer of the ionosphere and is located

63) D Layer
approximately between 30 miles and 60 miles (50 km
to 100 km) above Earth’s surface.
A call that call cannot be completed because the Located approximately between 60 miles and 85
35) 64) E Layer
necessary trunk circuits or switching paths are not miles (100 km to 140 km) above Earth’s surface.
Blocking
available, the calling party receives an equipment
busy signal.
65) The upper portion of the E layer. Sporadic E layer
A local exchange where subscriber loops terminated Class 5 End Switching

36)
and received dial tone. Office Made up of two layers, F 1 and F 2 layers.
66) F Layer
Class 4 office having only outward and inward calling Class 4P Switching
37)
service. Office Highest frequency that can be propagated directly
67) upward and still be returned to Earth by the Critical frequency
ionosphere.
Class 4 office provided human operators for both
38) Class 4C
outward and inward calling service.
Maximum vertical angle at which it can be
68) propagated and still be refracted back by the Critical Angle
Switching office that provide service to small ionosphere.
Class 3 Primary Center
39) groups of class 4 offices within a small area
of a state.
A measurement technique used to determine the
69) Ionospheric Sounding
critical frequency.
Sectional centers that could provide service to
40) geographical regions varying in size from part of a Class 2 Sectional
state to all of several states. Height above the Earth’s surface from which a
70) Virtual Height
refracted wave appears to have been reflected.
Regional centers were the highest ranking office in the

Class 1 Regional
41) DDD network in terms of the size of the geographical Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave
Center Maximum Usable
are served and the trunking options available. 71) propagation between two specific points on Earth’s
Frequency (MUF)
surface.
Toll trunks in tandem, excluding the two terminating Intermediate Links

42)
links at the ends of the connection. MUF = critical
72)
Secant law. frequency/cosθi
Common Channel
A global standard for telecommunications defined by
43) Signaling System No. 7
the ITU. Operating at a frequency of 85% of the MUF provides Optimum Working
(SS7 or C7) 73)
more reliable communications. Frequency (OWF)
Refers to the exchange of information
between call components required to Signaling
44)
provide and maintain service. Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky
74) Skip distance
wave at a given frequency will be returned to Earth.

A programmable matrix that allows circuits to be

Circuit Switch
The area between where the surface waves are 23) connected tom one another.
75) completely dissipated and the point where the first Quiet, or skip, zone
sky wave returns to Earth.
Telephone call completed within a single local
24) Intraoffice Call
exchange.
Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky
76) waves to travel higher before being returned to Ceiling
Earth. Telephone calls placed between two stations that are
25) Interoffice calls
connected to different local exchanges.
77) Define as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic Free-space path loss
waves as it propagates in a straight line through a
vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy
26) Another name for interoffice calls. Interswitch Calls
from nearby objects.
Telephone switching machines in local exchanges are

78) Occurs simply because of the inverse square law. Spreading loss 27) Trunks or Interoffice Trunk
connected to other local exchange office.
79) Variation in signal loss. Fading

It is used to interconnect local offices that do not have
Tandem Office
28) interoffice trunks directly between them. An exchange
80) To accommodate temporary fading, an additional Fade margin without any local loops connected to it.
loss is added to the normal path loss Fm = 30 logD + 10log
(6ABf) – 10log (1-R) – 70
29) Switches that interconnect local offices only. Tandem
Tandem Trunk or
30) Trunk circuits that terminates in tandem switches.
Intermediate Trunk
Interstate long distance telephone calls require a

31) Toll Office
special telephone office.
North American
Provides telephone numbering system for the United Telephone
32)
States, Mexico and Canada. Numbering Plan (NANP)
It allows many subscriber to share a limited number of Concentrator

33)
lines to a central office switch.
A path between two subscribers and is comprised of

34) Route
one or more switches, two local loops; and possibly
one or more trunk circuits.
12)
The dedicated cable facility used to connect an
instrument at a subscriber's station to the closest Local Loop
CHAPTER 15 ANTENNAS AND WAVEGUIDES
telephone office.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Similar to local loop except trunk circuits are used to
13) Trunk Circuits A metallic conductor system capable of radiating
interconnect two telephone offices.. 1) Antenna
and capturing electromagnetic energy
A central location where subscribers are

Couples energy from a transmitter to an antenna or Transmission Lines
14) interconnected, either temporarily or on permanent Exchange 2)
from antenna to a receiver
basis.
A special type of transmission line that consists of a

Programmable matrices that provide temporary signal Switching Machines Waveguide
15) 3) conducting metallic tube through which high-frequency
paths between two subscribers.
electromagnetic energy is propagated.
16) Exchanges connected directly to local loops. Local Exchanges

Electrical energy that has escaped into free space in
Radio Waves
4) the
form of transverse electromagnetic waves
The first commercial telephone switchboard began
17 January 28, 1878
operation New Haven, Connecticut.
The plane parallel to the mutually perpendicular lines
5) of Wavefront
18) The first local telephone exchanges. Switchboards
the electric and magnetic fields.
A system of sensors, switches, and other electrical and

6) The ratio of radiated to reflected energy. Radiation Efficiency
electronic devices that allows subscribers to give Automated Switching
19)
instructions directly to the switch without having to go System
through an operator.
Antenna wherein two conductors are spread out in a
Quarter Wave Antenna
7) straight line to a total length of one quarter
wavelength.
Allowed subscribers to manually dial the telephone
20) Mechanical Dialer
number of the party they wished to call.
Vertical Monopole or
8) Another name for quarter wave antenna.
Marconi
21) Commonly called for stepper or step-by-step (SXS). Strowger Switch
9) A half-wave dipole. Hertz Antenna
22) Simply the path over which voice, data, or video signals Circuit
A special coupling device that can be used to
propagate. Diplexer
10) direct the transmit and receive signals and provide the
necessary isolation.

A polar diagram or graph representing field strengths CHAPTER 18 THE PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK
Radiation Pattern
11) or power densities at various angular positions relative
to an antenna.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Radiation pattern plotted in terms of electric field Absolute Radiation
12) It uses the largest computer network in the world to
strength or power density. Pattern Public Telephone
1) interconnect millions of subscribers in such a way that
Network (PTN)
the myriad of companies function as a single entity.
Radiation pattern plots field strength or power density
13) Relative Radiation
with respect to the value at a reference
Identifies and connects the subscribers to a suitable
2) Switching
transmission path.
14) The primary beam of an antenna. Major Lobes
Supply and interpret control and supervisory signals Signaling
3)
needed to perform the operation.
The major lobes that propagates and receive Front Lobe
15)
the most energy.
4) The public telephone companies. Service Providers
16) Lobes adjacent to the front lobe. Side lobes
Equipment and facilities that are available to Common Usage
5) all public subscribers to the network. Equipment
17) The secondary beam of an antenna. Minor Lobes
Another name for Public Switched Telephone
Dial-Up Network
6) Network (PSTN).
18) Lobes in a direction exactly opposite the front lobe Back Lobe
The transmittal of digital information between two
7) pieces of digital equipment. Data Transmission
The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe Front to Back Ratio
19) Any device used to originate and terminate calls and
power.
to transmit and receive signals into and out of the Instrument
8)
telephone network.
20) The ratio of the front lobe to a side lobe. Front to Side Ratio
Station Equipment
9) The instrument is often referred.
The location of the equipment.
The line bisecting the major lobe, or pointing from 10) Station
Line of Shoot or Point
the center of the antenna in the direction of
21) of Shoot Subscriber
maximum 11) The operator or user of the instrument.
radiation.
The dedicated cable facility used to connect an
instrument at a subscriber's station to the closest Local Loop
Omni-directional 12)
Antenna that radiates energy equally in all directions. telephone office.
22) Antenna
Similar to local loop except trunk circuits are used to
Trunk Circuits
11) interconnect two telephone offices.
Radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all Isotropic Radiator

23)
Annoying and objectionable because the listener directions.
73) Intelligible crosstalk
senses a real or fancied loss of privacy
24) The direction in which an antenna is always pointing. Maximum Radiation

It does not violate privacy, although it can still
74) Unintelligible crosstalk
be annoying.
It is defined as an equivalent transmit power. It stands
25) EIRP
for Effective Isotropic Radiated Power.
A direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog
75) Nonlinear Crosstalk
communications system.
The equivalent power that an isotropic antenna
Effective Radiated Power
would have to radiate to achieve the same power
26) (ERP) or (EIRP)
Electromagnetic coupling between two or more density in the chosen direction at a given point as
76) Coupling Crosstalk another antenna.
physically isolated transmission media.
Interference caused by inadequate control of the Transmittance The power density in space and the actual power
Captured Power Density
77) transfer characteristics or transmittance of networks. Crosstalk 27) that a receive antenna produces at its output
terminals.
28) It describe the reception properties of an antenna Capture Area
29) Another name for capture area. Effective Area
The relationship of captured power to the received

30) power density and the effective capture area of the Directly Proportional
received antenna.
It refers to the orientation of the electric field radiated Polarization

31)
from the antenna.
The angular separation between the two half-power

32) (-3dB) points on the major lobe of an antenna's plane Antenna Beamwidth
radiation pattern.
The frequency range over which antenna operation Antenna Bandwidth

33)
is satisfactory.
Prepared By : JENNIFER F. DOCOT 111 Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 96

Feedpoint
34) Another name for antenna input terminal
63) A sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal. Phase Hits (Slips)
The feedpoint presents an ac load to the transmission Antenna Input A form of incidental phase modulation - a
35)
line. Impedance continuous, Phase Jitter
64)
uncontrolled variation in the zero crossings of a signal.
The simplest type of antenna.

Another names for elementary doublet
 Short Dipole, Elementary Doublet The presence of one or more continuous, unwanted Single Frequency
36)
 Elementary Dipole 65) tones within a message channel. Interference
 Hertzian Dipole
66) Unwanted tones within a message channel. Spurious Tones

37) Any dipole that is less than one-tenth wavelength Electrically Short
The frequency of the signal changes during Frequency Shift

Hertz antenna is name after him and he was the first 67)
transmission.
38) to demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic Heinrich Hertz
waves. It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the
received carrier is not reinserted with the exact
Phase Intercept Distortion
68) phase relationship to the received signal as the
A single pole antenna one quarter wavelength long, transmit carrier possessed.
mounted vertically with the lower end either
39) Marconi Antenna
connected directly to ground or grounded through
the antenna coupling network. It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the
received carrier is not reinserted with the exact
69) Phase Intercept Distortion
phase relationship to the received signal as the
Must be close transmit carrier possessed.
40) Main disadvantage of Marconi Antenna.
to the Ground
70) A four wire circuit an interface. Hybrid Set

A technique use to increase the electrical length of Loading
41)
an antenna
Terminating Set
Another name for hybrid set.
71)
A coil added in series with a dipole antenna which Loading Coil
42)
effectively increases antenna's electrical length.
Any disturbance created in a communications

A loading coil approximately increases the radiation 5 Ohms Crosstalk
43) 72) channel by signals in other communications
resistance of the antenna. channels.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 97 Prepared By : JENNIFER F. DOCOT 110

Phase Delay
50) The delay measured in angular units.
An individual radiator, such as a half or quarter
wave dipole.
The actual time required for a particular frequency Two types of antenna elements
51) to propagate from a source to a destination through Absolute Phase Delay  Driven
Antenna Element
a communications channel. 44)  Parasitic
Two Elements of a single antenna
 Two Wire
The time required to propagate a change in an  Folded Dipole
52) Envelope Delay
AM envelope through a transmission medium.
The phase difference at the different carrier Its purpose is to increase the directivity and
53) Envelope Delay Distortion Array
frequencies. 45) concentrate
the radiated power within a smaller geographic area.
It sets the minimum requirements for signal to noise
55) ratio and nonlinear distortion. D-Type Line Conditioning
Elements that are directly connected to the
The data transmission rate when D type conditioning 46) transmission Driven
56) is mandatory. 9600 bps line and receive power from the source.
57) Telephone industry standard test tone frequency 1004 Hz

Elements are not connected to the transmission line;
47)
they receive energy only through mutual induction with
C-message Noise a driven element. Parasitic
Measurement that determine the average weighted
58) Measurement
rms noise power.
A parasitic element that is shorter that its associated

Director
48) driven element.
A communications term that indicates the presence
of a signal power comparable to the power of an actual Loaded
59)
message transmission.
Radiation pattern depends on the relative phase of Driven

49)
feeds.
Characterized by high amplitude peaks of short
Impulse Noise
60) duration having an approximate flat frequency
spectrum 50) The simplest type of antenna arrays. Broadside Arrays
A sudden, random change in the gain of a circuit Gain Hit A widely used antenna commonly uses a folded
61) dipole
resulting in a Yagi Uda
temporary change in the signal level. 51) as the driven element and named after two Japanese
scientists.
Dropout
62) A decrease in circuit gain of more than 12 dB lasting
longer than 4 ms.

7 dB and 9 dB
52) Typical directivity of a yagi-uda antenna.
Classifications of C-type:
 C1
 C2
Formed by placing two dipoles at right angles to Turnstile Antenna  C3
53)  C4
each other.
 C5
54) A class of frequency-independent antennas. Log Periodic

Classification of C-type conditioning pertains to two
41) point and multi point circuits. C1 and C2
A broadband VHF or UHF antenna that is ideally
suited
for applications for which radiating circular rather than
horizontal or vertical polarized electromagnetic waves C-type conditioning used for access lines and trunk C3
55) Helical Antenna 42)
are required. circuits associated with private switched networks.
Modes of propagation:
 Normal
 Axial C-type conditioning pertains to two point and multi
43) C4
point circuits with a maximum of four stations
Antennas having half power beamwidths on the

order 44) C-type conditioning pertains to two point circuits only C5
of 1o or less.
Microwave Antenna
56) Three important characteristics:
 Front-to Back Ratio, A relatively low-capacity switching machine where Private Branch Exchange
 Side-toSide Coupling 45) the subscribers are generally limited to stations within (PBX)
 Back-to-Back Coupling the same building or building complex.
The frequency response of a transmission medium

Antenna that provides extremely high gain and 46) Attenuation Distortion
referenced to 1004 Hz test tone.
directivity and are very popular for microwave
and satellite communications link. Linear Phase vs.
57) 47) A requirement for error free data transmission.
Frequency
Two main part
Parabolic Reflector
 Parabolic Reflector The difference in phase shifts with respect to
Antenna
 Feed Mechanism 48) frequency that signals experience as they propagate Delay Distortion
through a transmission medium.
The effective area in a receiving parabolic antenna Capture Area

58)
and is always less than the actual mouth area. The time delay encountered by a signal as it
Propagation Time
49) propagates
from source to a destination.

32) The amount of noise in dBrnc corrected to a 0 TLP dBrncO CHAPTER 16 TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS AND SIGNALS
Transmission parameters which include terminal Interface # DEFINITIONS TERMS

34) impedance, in band and out of band signal power, Parameters
test signal power and ground isolation. Process of conveying information from one place
1) Communications
to another.
Transmission parameters which includes noise

Facility Parameters
35) measurements, frequency distortion, phase distortion, 2) Is a long-distance communications Telecommunications
amplitude distortion and non linear distortion.
3) One of the most remarkable devices ever invented. Telephone

The difference in circuit gain experienced at a
particular frequency with respect to the circuit gain
of a reference frequency. Anyone who uses a telephone or a data modem on
Attenuation Public Telephone
36) Distortion 4) a telephone circuit is part of a global
Another names attenuation distortion: Network
communications network .
 Frequency Response,
 Differential Gain
 1004-Hz Deviation The PTN is comprised of several very large
5) corporations and hundreds of smaller independent Telco
companies jointly.
An indirect method of evaluating the phase delay

37) characteristics of a circuit. Envelope Delay Distortion The telephone system as we know it today began as
Alexander Graham Bell
6) an unlikely collaboration of two men with widely
and Thomas A. Watson
disparate personalities:
Basic Voice-Band The simplest and most straightforward form of Plain Old Telephone
It satisfies the minimum line conditioning 7)
38) Channel telephone service. Service
requirements
8) Most fundamental component of a telephone circuit. Subscriber Loop or Local

Loop
Another name for basic voice-band. An unshielded trwisted-pair transmission line

39) Basic 3002 Channel
9) consisting of two insulated conductors twisted Local Loop
together
Comes from the Greek word "tele" meaning from afar

40) Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion C-type Conditioning 10) Telephone
and phone, meaning sound, voice, or voiced sound.
and envelope delay distortion.

The first telephone set that combined a transmitter The most annoying frequency to human (i.e. the best 1000 Hz
21)
11) and receiver into a single handheld unit was Butterstamp Telephone frequency response).
introduced in 1878
The basic yardstick used for making power

Decibel (dB)
12) Helps prevent the speaker from talking too loudly Sidetone or Talkback 22) measurements
in communications.
13) Local Loop

The pair of wores connecting. Transmission
The optimum level of a test tone on a channel at som
Level Point
23) point in a communications system. It is used for
(TLP)
A series of telephone connection interfaces that are voice circuits.
14) registered with the U.S. Federal Communications RJ or Registered Jacks
Commission.
The ratio in dB of the power of a signal at that point Transmission Level
24) to the power the same signal would be at 0 dBm (TL)
The most common telephone jack in use today and transmission level point.
15) RJ-11
can have up to six conductors.
0 dBm
25) The reference for TLP.
An apparatus that creates an exact likeness of sound
16) Telephone Set Data Level Pint
waves with an electric current. A parameter equivalent to TLP except it is used as a
26) (DLP)
reference for data transmission.
Is originally an electromagnetic bell, placed directly dBmO

17) Ringer Circuit 27) dBm reference to a zero transmission level point.
across the tip of the ring of the local loop.
Alert the destination party 28) dB reference value for noise reading. reference noise (rn)
18) Purpose of a Ringer. of incoming calls
dB level of noise with respect to reference noise dBrn

29)
19) Sometimes called a Switch Hook. On/Off Hook Circuit (- 90 dBm).
Helps solve an important transmission problem in

20) Equalizers
telephone set design. Similar to dBrn except it is the dB value of noise with
respect to reference noise using C-message dBrnc
30)
weighting
21) Is the transmitter of the telephone. Microphone
Converts acoustical signals in the form of sound

22) pressure waves from the caller to electrical signals Microphone Noise readings taken with a filter that has a flat
31) dBrn 3 kHz Flat
that are transmitted into the telephone network. frequency response from 30 Hz to 3 kHz

A cross-connect point used to distribute the larger Enables the subscriber to output signals representing
10) Serving Area Interface 23) Dialing Circuit
feeder cable into smaller distribution cables. digits.
Signaling messages can be subdivided further into

A smaller version of a feeder cable containing less Alerting, Supervising,
11) Distribution Cable one or four categories:
wire pairs. 24) Controlling, and
Addressing
A device that serves as the demarcation point Subscriber or Standard 25) Indicate a request for service. Alerting Signals
12) between local telephone company responsibility and Network Interface (SNI)
subscriber responsibility for telephone service.
26) Provide call status information. Supervising Signals
The final length of cable pair that terminates at the

13) Drop Wire
SNI. 27) Provide information in the form of announcements. Controlling Signals
That portion of the local loop that is strung between 28) Provide the routing information. Addressing Signals
14) poles. Aerial
Is strictly for signaling between a subscriber's location

29) and the nearest telephone office or message DTMF
Distribution Cable switching center.
The location where individual cable pairs within a
and Drop
15) distribution cable are separated and extended to
Wire Cross Connect
the subscriber's location on a drop wire.
Point Are used to transfer digits and control signals
30) Multifrequency Tones
between switching machines.
16) Adding inductors periodically in series with the wire. Loading

Are combinations of two frequencies that fall within
31) the normal speech bandwidth so they can be MF Tones
17) The inductor in loading technique. Loading Coil propagated over the same circuits as voice.
An irregularity frequently found in cables serving Congestion Tone or No-

18) Bridge Tap 32) Equipment Busy Signal is sometimes.
subscriber location. Circuit-Available
Occurs whenever the system is overloaded and more

A loss that allows signals to split and propagation Bridging Loss 33) Blocking
19) calls are being placed than can be completed.
down more than one wire introduced by bridge taps.
Is sent from a central office to a subscriber whenever

Weighting network introduced by AT & T to 34) there is an incoming call. Ringing signal
20) C-Message Weighting
accomplish equal magnitude of noise signals.

Telephones that operate with out the cords attached CHAPTER 17 THE TELEPHONE CIRCUIT
35) Cordless Telephones
to the handset.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Relay radio signals and messages from wire line and
36) cellular telephones to subscribers carrying portable Paging Transmitters It comprised of two or more facilities, interconnected
Telephone Circuit
receivers. 1) in tandem, to provide a transmission path between a
source and a destination.
2) The information transferred in a telephone circuit Message
The circuit used in transferring information in a Message Circuit

3)
telephone circuit.
The network bandwidth for a standard voice-band

4) 4 kHz
message channel.
Unused frequency bands located between Guard Bands

5)
information signals.
Effective channel bandwidth for a voice-band 300 Hz to 3000 Hz

6)
message signal.
The only facility required by all voice-band circuits, as

Local Subscriber
7) it is the means by which subscriber locations are
Loop
connected to the local telephone company
Two components
The primary caused of attenuation and phase found on local loops:
8) distortion on a telephone circuit.
Loading Coils
Bridge Taps
The largest cable used in a local loop,

Feeder Cable (F1)
9) usually 3600 pair of copper wire placed underground
or in conduit.

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information Electronic

The transmission, reception, and processing of

Are time-varying voltages or currents that are

Are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps

5) In 1837, he invented the first workable telegraph. Finley Breese Morse

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A.

In 1894, he successfully transmitted the first wireless

In 1906, he invented the triode vacuum tube, which

The first commercial radio broadcasting station in

It makes standard GPS more accurate. It works by

A collection of one or more electronic devices or

Provides a means of transporting signals between a

A collection of electronic devices and circuits that

Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with

The process of changing one or more properties of

A system in which energy is transmitted and received

Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 197 2

It was completed in 1994 and is maintained by the Navstar Satellite System

It produces highly accurate timing signals for satellites.

3 Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 196

Demodulation is performed in a receiver by a circuit

A specific band of frequencies allocated a particular

The number of times a periodic motion, such as a sine

Is an international agency in control of allocating International

Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 195 4

Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and include

5 Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 194

Sometimes referred to as Spread-Spectrum Code-Division Multiple

Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 193 6

SATELLITE MULTIPLE ACCESSING

Noise present regardless of whether there is a signal # DEFINITIONS TERMS

1) Multiple Accessing Arrangement: Multiple Accessing

Electrical interference generated within a device or

Noise caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes

Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass

7 Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 192

A form of internal noise that is correlated (mutually

Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short

Noise produced when information signals from one

A form of external noise and as the name implies it

Figures of merit used to indicate how much the

Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 191

Advantages of Geosynchronous Satellite:

No need to switch from one geosynchronous

The effects of Doppler shift are negligible

Disadvantages of geosynchronous Satellite:

It requires sophisticated and heavy propulsion

Much longer propagation delays

Requires higher transmit power and more

High precision spacemanship is required.

The angle between the earth’s equatorial plane and

The point where the polar or inclines orbit

The line joining the ascending and descending node

It is when the satellite rotates in an orbit directl

Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 190

It was the first commercial telecommunications

Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their

It may be simply stated as:

A time-domain instrument that shows signal

It states that the square of the periodic time

Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 189

Launched by Russia, the first active earth satellite

Satellite launched by NASA in 1958, a 150-pound