Reviewer in ENGLISH 8

INCAT – 1st Periodical Test

CONTENT UPDATE
I. SENTENCES – a word or a group of words that express a complete thought.
- A collection of words that convey sense or meaning and is formed according to
the logic or grammar.
i. Structure of Sentences:
a. Simple Sentence – has a single subject and a predicate.
Example: Tom reads novels.
b. Compound Sentence – has two independent clauses joined by (a.)
coordinating conjunction (for, and, but, or, yet, so), (b.) conjunctive
adverb (e.g. however, there, for), or (c.) semicolon alone.
Example:Tom reads novels and Jack reads comics.
c. Complex Sentence – has one dependent clause (headed by a
subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun) joined to an
independent clause.
Example:Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics.
d. Compound-Complex Sentence – has two independent clause joined
to one or more dependent clause.
Example:While Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but Sam reads
only magazines.
ii. Run-On Sentences – two or more complete sentences that are not properly
joined or separated
- Two or more independent clauses that are separated by only a comma
- One kind: contains two independent clauses with no punctuation between
them
- Another kind: made of two independent clauses with only a comma
between them.

II. THE LIBRARY –a warehouse of general references materials that are system
1. Resources found in the library
o fiction and non-fiction books, periodicals, record, tapes and films
2. Card Catalog – a systematic listing of the materials in the library.
a. Four Types of Card Catalog
i. Author Card – the first entry is the name of the author.
ii. Subject Card –the main entry is the subject of the book.
iii. Subject Card – the first entry is the book title
iv. Cross Reference Card or See-Also Card
432.2 Daquioag, Rodel 432.2 English is Fun
English is Fun
IncatPuby 2010 Daquioag, Rodel
English is Fun
220p, illus IncatPuby 2010

432.2 Adjectives 220p, illus

Daquioag, Rodel
English is Fun
IncatPuby 2010 Metaphor
See
220p, illus Figures of Speech

3. Dewey Decimal System

000-009 General Works (encyclopedias and periodicals)
100-199 Philosophy
200-299 Religion
300-399 Social Sciences
400-499 Languages
500-599 Science
600-699 Technology Applied
700-799 Arts and Leisures
800-899 Literature
900-999 History

4. Parts of a Book
o Spine – binding of the book
o Cover page – title of the book, author and edition
o Title page – title of the book, publisher, edition and copyright date
o Table of Contents – contains and topic and page number
o Preface/Introduction – summary of facts regarding the content of the book
o Glossary – words and meaning
o Index – cue words and page number
5. Reference Materials
a. Almanacs – contain specific facts, statistical data, tables of comparative
information, and organized lists of basic information related to people,
places and etc. Ex: World Almanac and Book of Facts
b. Atlases – contain an organized group of physical, political, road, and
thematic maps. Ex: Atlas of American History
c. Bibliographies – contain one or more lists of resources and materials
sharing some common attribute such as location, publishing date,
subjects, etc. Ex: Guide to Reference Books for School Children
d. Biographical Resources – contain information about individuals people or
locate (index), other works which provide this type of information. Ex:
Current Biography Workbook
e. Dictionaries – contain words of a given language and other information.
Ex: Webster’s School Dictionary
f. Directories – contain an organized list of people and/or organizations of
some type. Ex: Special Collections in Children’s Literature
 g. Encyclopedias, General - contain an alphabetically organized listing of a
broad range of subjects with basic information for each entry. Ex: World
Book Encyclopedia
h. Encyclopedias, Subject – contain the same type of information and
organized like a general encyclopedia. Ex: The Groller Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology
i. Handbooks – contain an abundance of information related to one
subject. Ex: Famous First Fact
j. Indexes – contain information necessary for locating information in a
given specific item or a type of resource. Ex: national Geographic Index
III. SHORT STORIES – a fictional narrative.
- Series of imaginary events.
a. Elements of Short Story
1. Character – people in the story.
a. Protagonist
b. Antagonist
c. First and Second Characters
d. Flat
e. Round
2. Plot – series of events in the story.
a. Exposition – introduces the setting and major characters.
- establishes the narrators point of view
- gives necessary background
b. Opening Incident – introduce conflict
- sets the plot in motion
c. Rising Action – presents further incidents to develop plot and
character
- intensifies the conflict
d. Climax – brings the conflict into a high point
e. Falling Action – show the effects of the climax, the conflicts at this
point is resolved
f. Resolution/ Conclusion – the conflict is rested and the story is closed

IV. PHRASES AND KINDS

a. Prepositional Phrase – group of words that contain (1) preposition, (2) the object
of the preposition, which is very often a noun or a pronoun, and (3) modifier of
the object.
Examples of Prepositions: about, across, among, before, behind, accompanied
by, be means of, because of, beneath, between, during, except, along with,
together with, in back of, in, inside, outside, past, through, in addition to, next to,
in front of, throughout, toward, underneath, within, without, in front, as well as.
b. Verbal Phrase – verb form used as another part of speech.
- has neither a subject nor a verb.
- cannot stand alone but must always be a part of the sentences.
- composed of a verbal, its object (if any) and its modifiers (if any).
1. Types of Verbal Phrase
 Infinitives – “to” plus a verb. Used as nouns, infinitives and may function
as subjects, direct object or subjective complement.
Examples: to go, to write, to be
  Participles- form by itself, without a helper verb, function as an
objective.
Examples:
Present Participle: going, singing, walking
Past Participle: played, walked, given heard
 Gerunds – used as nouns.
Examples: swimming, walking, talking

V. ADJECTIVES – used to describe a thing- noun or pronoun.

a. Degree of Comparisons
a. Positive Degree – when we speak about only one person or thing.
b. Comparative Degree – when we compare two persons or two things with
each other.
i. Formed by adding -er
c. Superlative Degree – when we compare more than two persons or things
with one another.
i. Formed by adding -est
b. 8 Rules on Adjectives
1. Adjectives often describes nouns and pronouns. They answer certain WH
questions.
Example: What kind? The efficient doctor.
Which one? That system is fair.
2. Adjectives usually come before the noun or the pronoun it modify.
Example:The new dress she wore is nice.
3. The adjectives “a” and “the” called articles are used accordingly. “A”
before nouns beginning with consonant sounds and “an” before vowel
sounds, by sound and not with the start of the word.
Example: an egg a bus the keyboard
an hour a carpenter the bus
an onion an honor the meeting
4. The pronouns “this, that, those, these” are used to point out or identify
particular nouns. “This and That” for singular, “Those and These” for plural.
Example: Singular Plural
This kind These kinds
That type Those types
This company These companies
That office Those offices
5. Some indefinite pronoun such as each, are, any, many, same, and all can
be used as adjectives or as pronouns. As adjectives, they are followed by
a noun.
Example: Adjective: Each task will be completed in time.
Pronoun: Each will be completed in time. (the noun task has
been replaced by the pronoun each)
6. Two or more consecutive adjectives may be used to modify the same
noun. These adjectives are called coordinate adjectives.
Example: She is an industrious, efficient, hardworking bookkeeper.
7. Adjectives are often used after linking verbs.
Example:The secretary is very late. (very is an adverb modifying the
adjective late)
 8. Nouns can sometimes function as adjectives when they are used to
modify other nouns.
Example: I handed in the book report.
VI. CONJUNCTIONS – joins words, phrases and clauses together.
a. Three Types of Conjunctions
a. Coordinating Conjunctions – like “and” “nor” or “so’ link equal parts of a
sentence, be it words, phrases or clauses.
1. FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO
b. Subordinating Conjunction – such as “because”, “since” and “after” link a
dependent clause to a independent clause, helping to emphasize the
idea of the independent clause.
1. It illustrates the importance of the independent clause.
2. It provides a transition between two ideas in the same sentence.
c. Correlative Conjunction – work in pairs to join equal elements of a
sentence together like “either/or”, “such/that” and “not/but also”.
VII. RISING AND FALLING INTONATION – is the rise and fall of pitch in order to convey a
range of messages, emotions or situations, within the confines of standard grammar
and fused word order.
a. Rising Intonation – the pitch of the voice rises over time
b. Falling Intonation – the pitch falls with time
a. Describes how the voice falls on the final stressed syllable of a phrase or a
group or words.
b. Very common in WH-questions
c. Dipping or Fall-Rise Intonation – falls and then rises.
d. High Rising Terminal (HRT) or High Rang Intonation (HRI) – a feature of some
variants of English where declarative sentence clauses end with a rising-pitch
intonation, until the end of the sentence where a falling pitch is applied.
VIII. ANTONYMS – words that have opposite meaning
IX. SYNONYMS – words that have the same or nearly the same meaning.
X. HOMONYMS – same spelling, same pronunciation but different meaning.
XI. HETERONYMS – same spelling, different pronunciation and different meaning