Human Physiology(Digestive system)

Human Digestive System(भानव ऩाचन तॊत्र)

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1) Human Digestive System(मानव पाचन तंत्र )- The
alimentary canal and the glands associated with digestion
constitute the human digestive system.
Alimentary canal(आहारनाऱ): The alimentary canal in
human beings measures about 8 to 10 meters in length.
It extends from the mouth to the anus. It has the following
parts.
Mouth(मह ु ): The mouth consists of the oral cavity, through
which food is ingested. It is bounded by lips and cheeks. It
contains gums, teeth, a tongue and muscles.

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 The tongue tastes food and moves it into the pharynx.
Teeth help in biting, cutting and chewing food. Teeth
masticate the food. This makes it easier to swallow food and
increases its surface area for various digestive secretions to
act on. The four types of teeth are incisors, canines,
premolars and molars. Our teeth are covered with a hard
protective covering of enamel.
The enamel covers the dentine, which is a yellowish
substance forming the bulk of the tooth. When we eat
sweets, chocolates and ice creams, bacteria act on sugars
and produce acids which soften the protective covering.
This causes dental caries. Bacterial cells and food particles
stick to the teeth and form dental plaque. If the teeth are not
brushed properly after meals, bacteria may invade deeper
into the teeth. This leads to infection and toothache.
The presence of food in the mouth stimulates the three
pairs of salivary glands to secrete saliva. Saliva has mucin,
which lubricates the mouth and food. Saliva also has salivary
amylase, a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch and
glycogen to maltose (a simpler sugar).
Pharynx(ग्रसनी): The oral cavity opens into the pharynx.
The swallowing mechanism guides the masticated food
through the pharynx, into a tube called oesophagus.

Oesophagus(ग्रासनऱी): It is a muscular, tubular part of the

alimentary canal. The muscular walls of the oesophagus
move in a rhythmic wavelike manner, which carries the
food down to the stomach. This muscular movement is
called peristalsis. Here also salivary amylase acts on starch
and glycogen in the chewed food.
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(A) Alimentary Canal and Digestive Glands of Man (B)
Food Passes Down the Alimentary Canal by Peristalsis
Stomach(उदर): It is located below the diaphragm (the
muscular partition between the chest cavity and abdominal
cavity). It is a saclike muscular structure. It serves as a
storehouse of food where partial digestion takes place. The
stomach has an anterior cardiac and a posterior pyloric
part. As in other parts of the alimentary canal, columnar
cells line the inner wall of the stomach. The inner lining has
sunken pits. Each pit constitutes a gastric gland.
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About 3 L of gastric juice is produced per day. Excess secretion of
gastric juice, particularly in an empty stomach, erodes the inner
lining of the stomach. This erosion causes lesions or round
depressions called peptic ulcer in the stomach walls. Digestion of
protein begins in the stomach. Pepsin breaks down proteins into
peptones. Gastric lipase partially breaks down lipids.
Small intestine(छोटी आंत): The small intestine is about 6 meters in
length and 2.5 centimeters in thickness. There are three divisions of
the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Duodenum is
the first part. It begins from the pyloric stomach, and is C-shaped.
In the middle of the duodenum two different ducts open through a
common aperture.
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One of the ducts is the common bile duct and the other is
the pancreatic duct. Bile, a yellowish green alkaline juice, is
poured into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
Liver: It is the largest gland of the body. It performs many
functions. It secretes bile, which helps indigestion. Bile juice
produced by the liver is stored in the gall bladder.
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There are two main functions of bile:
1. It emulsifies fats, by rendering them soluble and breaking them
into small globules. In this form, fats are better exposed to the
action of fat-hydrolyzing enzymes. (All digestive enzymes
catalyze by breaking water molecules, and are hence called
hydrolyzing enzymes.)
2. The acidic food (chyme) coming from the stomach becomes
alkaline (chyle) when it is mixed with bile. This is important as
the intestinal enzymes catalyze the breakdown of food only in an
alkaline medium.
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Pancreas(अग्न्याशय): It secretes pancreatic juice, which is carried
by the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. Pancreatic juice
contains a number of digestive enzymes such as amylase for the
splitting of polysaccharides, lipase for the breakdown of fats, and
trypsin and chymotrypsin for the breakdown of proteins. These
enzymes catalyze the breakdown of their substrates in an alkaline
medium. But the catalysis does not completely break all the
substrates into their simplest units.
Jejunum is the middle part of the small intestine. It is found
only in man. Ileum is the last and main part of the small intestine.
The major part of digestion and absorption takes place here.
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Intestinal glands(आंतों की ग्रंथियां ): The complete digestion
of the remaining food material takes place in the ileum.
There are numerous small glands in the walls of the small
intestine. These glands secrete intestinal juice. The digestive
enzymes in the intestinal juice break small peptides into
amino acids, disaccharides into monosaccharide’s, lipids
into fatty acids and glycerol, and nucleic acids into
nucleotides.
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Large intestine(बड़ी आंत): The ileum passes into the large intestine.
The large intestine can be divided into two parts: anterior (colon)
and posterior (rectum). At the junction of ileum and colon, there is
a blind (one end closed) outgrowth called caecum. The caecum ends
in the vermiform appendix (Latin vermis = worm; vermiform =
worm-shaped). In man, the vermiform appendix has outlived its
usefulness; it is a vestigial organ. It is an 8-cm-long blind tube,
which sometimes becomes a source of trouble.
 The colon has an ascending part, a transverse part and a
descending part. The last part, or the descending part, opens into the
rectum. The terminal part of the rectum is called anal canal. It opens
through the anus, guarded by the sphincter muscles. The large
intestine allows the passage of residual food mass (faucal matter),
which is egested through the anus.
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As the residue of the food mass passes along the large intestine, a considerable
amount of water contained in the residue is absorbed into the blood through
the intestinal walls. The specialized longitudinal muscles present in the colon
wall regulate the passage of the faucal matter along the colon.
Take two clean test tubes. Pour 1 mL starch solution (1%) In each of
them. Add 1 mL saliva in one test tube only and keep both the test tubes in a
test tube holder undisturbed for half an hour. Now add a few drops of iodine
solution in both the test tubes.
You will observe that the saliva-containing test tube shows no blue-
black colour, while the other test tube does. What does it indicate? It shows
that saliva contains some enzyme which has converted starch into some
simpler compounds. In fact, salivary amylase present in saliva breaks down
starch into maltose.
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 Absorption of Digested Food: Absorption of completely
digested food takes place in the ileum. The wall of the ileum has
finger-like projections called villi that increase the surface area for
absorption of digested food. The villi are richly supplied with blood
vessels to carry the absorbed food
You will observe that the saliva-containing test tube shows no blue-
black colour, while the other test tube does. What does it indicate?
It shows that saliva contains some enzyme which has converted
starch into some simpler compounds. In fact, salivary amylase
present in saliva breaks down starch into maltose.
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Absorption of Digested Food: Absorption of completely digested
food takes place in the ileum. The wall of the ileum has finger-like
projections called villi that increase the surface area for absorption
of digested food. The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels to
carry the absorbed food
The absorbed food is then brought into the blood capillaries. From
the blood capillaries, absorbed materials are transported by veins to
the liver and then to the heart for distribution to different parts of
the body.
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Assimilation of Digested Food: Intake of digested food by
cells of the body is called assimilation. Digested food is
utilized by the body in many ways. It is used to obtain energy
through the process of respiration. Excess monosaccharide’s
are stored as glycogen. Amino acids are used in the synthesis
of proteins.
The glycerol and fatty acids either provide energy or get
reconverted into fats. These fats are accumulated in different
organs below the skin. The absorbed food is also utilized for
the formation of new cells and tissues, leading to the growth
and development of the body.
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10. NUTRITIONAL AND DIGESTIVE
DISORDERS A. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
- Protein energy malnutrition refers to the disorders
arising from dietary deficiencies of proteins and total
food calories.
- PEM manifests as two disorders,
(i) Kwashiorkar and (ii) Marasmus.

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(i) Kwashiorkar
It is casused by dietary deficiency of only protein, in children.
Its main cause is replacement of mother's milk by a low-protein but
high calorie food.
Its main symptoms include:
i. Oedema (water retention) and swelling of body parts.
ii. Wasting of muscles.
iii. Thinning of limbs.
iv. Retarded growth.
v. Impairment of brain development.

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(ii) Marasmus
It arises due to dietary deficiencies of both proteins and calories,
when the mother’s milk is replaced too early by other low protein
and energy foods.
It is common in infants, who are less than a year of age.

Its symptoms include.

(i) Retarded growth
(ii) Extreme emaciation of the body
(iii) Thinning of limbs
(iv) Skin becomes dry and wrinkled
(v) Growth rate and body weight decline considerably.
(vi) Impairment of development of brain and mental faculties.
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B. Inflammation of Intestinal Tract
- This is the most common disorder of the digestive system.
- It is caused by infections by bacteria or viruses and also by
parasites like round worm, hook worm, pin worm, etc.

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C. Jaundice(पीलऱया)
- It is the infection and inflammation of the liver.
- Bile pigments are present in the blood and cause
yellowing of eyes, skin, etc.
D. Vomiting
- It is the egestion of contents of the stomach through
the mouth.
Hindi notes

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ऩाचन अॊग

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भख
ु गह
ु ा
शयीय ऩाचन तॊत्र भे भुख गुहा भें ननम्न सॊयचनाएॊ होती है ।

(a)दाॊत

शयीय ऩाचन तॊत्र भे भनुष्म के एक जफडे भें 16 दाॊत व दानों जफडों भें 32 दाॊत होते है । दधु धमा(अस्थाई) दाॊत 20 होते है ।
भनुष्म भें चाय प्रकाय के दाॊत ऩामे जाते है ।

(1) कॊ तक – सफसे आगे के दाॊत बोजन को कुतयने व काटने का कामय कयते है । प्रत्मेक जफडे भें 4-4 होते है । एक औय 2 दाॊत
होते है ।

(2)यदनक – मे बोजन को धचयने पाडने कामय कयते है । भासाहायीमों भें अधधक ववकसीत होते है । प्रत्मेंक जफडे भें 2-2 होते है ।

(3)चवर्यक -मे बोजन चफाने कामय कयते है । प्रत्मेक जफडे भें 4-4 होते है ।

(4)अग्र चवर्यक – मे बी बोजन चफाने का कामय कयते है । प्रत्मेक जफडे भें 6-6 होते है ।

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राय
मह भनष्ु म भें तीन जोडी राय ग्रॊन्थथमाॊ
ऩाई जाती है ।

राय की प्रकनत हल्की अम्रीम होती

है ।

राय भें टामलरन एथजाइभ ऩामा जाता

है ।
मह एथजाइभ स्टाचय का ऩाचन कयता
है ।

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बोजन का ऩाचन भॊह
ु से शरू
ु हो जाता है ।

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ग्रसनी

इसकी ऩाइऩ के सभान सॊयचना होती है । ओय इसभें कोई ऩाचन

ग्रॊन्थथ नहीॊ होती है । मह बोजन को भख
ु गहु हका से अभाशम तक
ऩहुॊचाती है ।

अभाशम

मह शयीय भें बोजन का अस्थाई अण्डाय होता है । इसभें बोजन

रगबग 3-4 घण्टे तक रूकता है । इसभें जठय यस स्त्राववत होता है ।

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मकत
मकत शयीय भें न्स्थत, सफसे फडी ग्रॊधथ है । इसका अधधकाॊश
उदयीम कोटय के ऊऩयी दाएॉ बाग भें न्स्थत है । इसका बाय 1.2
से 1.4 ककरोग्राभ के रगबग होता है ।

मह शयीय भें वऩत्तयस का ननभायर् औय वऩत्ताशम भें सॊग्रह कामय

कयती है । ओय वऩत्तयस भें कोई बी एथजाइभ नहीॊ ऩामा जाता है ।
ऩयथतु मह बोजन के अम्रीम भाध्मभ को उदासीन फनाकय
ऺायीम भें ऩरयवतीत का कामय कयती है ताकक अग्नाश्म यस भें
उऩन्स्थत एथजाइभ कामय कय सके।

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अग्नाशमी यस के एथजाइभ

हिऩसीन – प्रोटीन अऩघटन

होतीहै ।

एभाइरेज – काफोहाइड्रेट
अऩघटनकायी होतीहै ।

राइऩेज – वसा अऩघटनकायी

होतीहै ।

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छोटी आॊत
छोटी आॊत के तीन बाग होते हैं- ‘J’ आकाय की ग्रहर्ी, कॊु डलरत भध्मबाग
अग्रऺुद्ाॊत्र औय रॊफी कॊु डलरत ऺुद्ाॊत्र। आभाशम का ग्रहर्ी भें ननकास
जठयननगयभ अवयोधधनी द्वाया ननमॊत्रत्रत होता है । ऺुद्ाॊत्र फडी आॊत भें खुरती है
जो अॊधनार, वहदाॊत्र औय भराशम से फनी होती है । अॊधनार एक छोटा थैरा
है न्जसभें कुछ सहजीवीम सक्ष् ू भजीव यहते हैं। अॊधनार से एक अॊगर ु ी जैसा
प्रवयध ्, ऩरयशेवषका ननकरता है जो एक अवशेषी अॊग है । अॊधनार, फडी आॊत भें
खर ु ती है ।
छोटी आॊत एक रॊफी, ऩतरी ट्मूफ है । न्जसका
व्मास 1 इॊच का है औय रगबग 10 पीट
रॊफी है । मह ऩेट से ननचरी ओय न्स्थत है ।

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फडी आॊत
तीन बागों भें ववबान्जत होता है - आयोही, अनुप्रस्थ एवॊ अवयोही बाग। अवयोही बाग
भराशम भें खर ु ता है जो भरद्वाय द्वाया फाहय खर ु ता है । आहाय नार की दीवाय भें
ग्रलसका से भराशम तक, चाय स्तय होते हैं|
जैसे लसयोसा, भस्कुरेरयस, सफम्मक ू ोसा औय म्मक ु ोसा। लसयोसा सफसे फाहयी ऩयत है
औय एक ऩतरी भेजोधथलरमभ ;अॊतयॊ ग अॊगों की उऩकरा औय कुछ सॊमोजी ऊ… तकों
से फनी होती है । भस्कुरेरयस प्राम: आॊतरयक वतर ुय ऩेलशमों एवॊ फाईँ अनुदैर्घमय ऩेलशमों
की फनी होती है । कुछ बागों भें एक नतमयक ऩेशी स्तय होता है । सफम्मक ू ोसा स्तय
रुधधय, रसीका व तॊत्रत्रकाओॊ मुक्त भुरामभ सॊमोजी ई… तक की फनी होती है । ग्रहर्ी
भें , कुछ ग्रॊधथमाॉ बी सफम्मक ू ोसा भें ऩाई जाती हैं। आहाय नार की ल्मूभेन की सफसे
बीतयी ऩयत म्मक ू ोसा है । मह स्तय आभाशम भें अननमलभत वरम एवॊ छोटी आॊत भें
अॊगुरीनुभा प्रवध ्य फनाता है न्जसे अॊकुय कहते हैं । अॊकुय की सतह ऩय न्स्थत
कोलशकाओॊ से असॊख्म सक्ष् ू भ प्रवध ्य ननकरते हैं न्जथहें सक्ष्
ू भ अॊकुय कहते हैं, न्जससे
ब्रस-फाडयय जैसा रगता है । मह रूऩाॊतयर् सतही ऺेत्र को अत्मधधक फढ़ा दे ता है ।
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फडी आॊत एक रॊफी, भोटी ट्मूफ है जो व्मास
भें 2.5 इॊच औय रगबग 5 पीट रॊफी है . मह
ऩेट से नीचे की तयप न्स्थत है औय छोटी
आॊत के आसऩास लरऩटी हुई होती है

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इसके अरावा, तीन ग्रॊधथ ऩाचन की प्रकिमा भें सहामक होती हैं:
अग्नाशम (Pancreas), न्जगय (Liver) औय वऩत्ताशम (Gallbladder).
अग्थमाशम (Pancreas) : मह इॊसुलरन के उत्ऩादन के साथ यक्त शकयया
ननमाभक कामय के लरए जाना जाता है . ऩाचन एॊजाइभ, अग्थमाशम द्वाया
स्राववत होते है , जो कक छोटी आॊत भें जाते है . मे एॊजाइभ वसा, प्रोटीन
औय काफोहाइड्रेट के ऩाचन भें भदद कयते हैं.

मकत (Liver) : मह वऩत्त स्राव कयता है न्जसभें एॊजाइभ होता है औय वसा

(fat) के ऩाचन भें भदद कयता है .

वऩत्ताशम (Gallbladder) : जफ वसा से बया बोजन छोटी आॊत भें प्रवेश

कयता है तो वऩत्त की थैरी लसकुड जाती है औय सॊग्रहीत वऩत्त को स्राववत
कयती है .
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ऩाचन तॊत्र के प्रभख
ु योग

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THANK YOU