SMART IRRIGATION

A
PROJECT- PRE PHASE REPORT

Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the

Degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By:
Mr./Ms. Ankita Purohit Guided By:
Mr./Ms.-Mradu Raj Singh Khichi
Mr./Ms.-Naveen Bishnoi

Department of Electrical Engineering

Jodhpur Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jodhpur
Affiliated to
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota (Raj.)
2019

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project- Pre Phase Report entitled

“SMART IRRIGATION” being submitted by Mr. /Ms. Mradu
Raj Singh Khichi,Naveen Bishnoi for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering of Jodhpur Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Jodhpur, is a record of the Project- Pre Phase work carried out by
them/him.

Guided By: Countersigned by:

Mr./Ms. Ankita Purohit Prof.(Dr.) Kusum Agarwal
Head, EE Dept.

Date:
Place:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.Prateek

Bhansali,who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
“SMART IRRIGATION” .Who also helped me in completing my project .I came
to know about so many new things .I am really thankful to him.
Secondly, I would like to extend my gratitude to authors of the papers and
information sources without which this project would not have been possible.
Lastly, I would also like to thank my parents who helped me a lot and finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.

Mr./Ms. Mradu Raj Singh Khichi (Roll. No. 16EJIEE026 )

Mr./Ms. Nave en Bishnoi (Roll. No. 16EJIEE028)

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 CONTENT

S. NO. CHAPTER PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 5-6

2 WORKING 7-14

3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 15-16

4 RECENT RESEARCH PAPER 17-22

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 CHAPTER-1

Introduction

In daily operation related to watering the plants are the most important cultural
practice and the most labour-intensive task. No matter whichever weather it is,
either too hot and cold or too dry and wet it is very crucial to control the amount of
water reaches to the plants. So, It will be effective to use an idea of automatic plant
watering system which waters plants when they need it. An important aspect of
this project is that: “when and how much to water”. To reduce manual activities for
the human to watering plant, an idea of plant watering system is adopted. The
method employed to monitor the soil moisture level continuously and to decide
whether watering is needed or not, and how much water is needed in plant’s soil.
This project can be grouped into subsystems such as; power supply, relays,
solenoid valve, Arduino GSM shield, Soil moisture sensor and LCD.

Essentially, system is design and programmed in such way that soil moisture
sensor senses the moisture level of plants at particular instance of time, if moisture
level of sensor is less than the specified value of threshold which is predefined
according to the particular plant’s water need then the desired amount of water is
supplied till it reaches to the predefined threshold value.
System reports its current states and sends the reminder message about watering
plants and to add water to the tank. All this notification can be done by using
Arduino GSM shield.

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Aim of the project:
Since nowadays, in the age of advanced technology and electronics, the life style
of the human should me smart, simpler, easier and much more convenient. So,
therefore; there is a need for many automated systems in human’s daily life routine
to reduce their daily activities and jobs. Here an idea of one such system named as
automatic plant watering system is very useful. As many people are facing a lot of
problem watering the plants in the garden, especially when they away from the
home. This model uses sensor technologies with microcontroller in order to make a
smart switching device to help millions of people.
In its most basic form, system is programmed in such a way that soil moisture
sensor which senses the moisture level from the plant at particular instance of time,
if moisture level of the sensor is less than the specified value of threshold which is
predefined according to the particular plant than the desired amount of water is
supplied to plant till it’s moisture level reaches to the predefined threshold value.
System involves humidity and temperature sensor which keep tracks the current
atmosphere of the system and has an influence when watering happens. Solenoid
valve will control the water flow in the system, when Arduino reads value from
moisture sensor it triggers the solenoid valve according to the desired condition. In
addition, system reports its current states and sends the reminder message about
watering plants and gets SMS from the recipient. All this notification can be done
by using Arduino GSM shield.

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 CHAPTER 2

Automatic Plant Watering Block Diagram

Schematic Circuit Diagram of Automatic Plant Watering & Irrigation System

According to this system there are two functional components in this project i.e.
Moisture sensor and motor/water pump. In its most basic form moisture sensor
senses level of the soil moisture. Then motor/water pump supplies water to plants.

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Schematic above in above figure describes the overall behaviour of the system.
Project uses Arduino Uno to controls the motor. It consists of H-bridge which
controls the flow of servo motor i.e. clock or anti clock direction. Moisture sensor
measures the level of soil and sends the signal to Arduino then Arduino will open
the servo motor if watering is required. Then the motor/water pump supplies water
to the plants until the desired moisture level is reached.

Project Design

This section is talk about any work finished in software design and hardware
design. It also goes into insight about what the system includes and why different
components were chosen to make a fully completed Automated Plant watering
system. Consider a diagram in figure shows the basic conceptual model of the
system using chosen components.

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The functionality of block diagram shown in above figure of the automated plant
watering system is illustrated below:
 The system includes GSM module which sends SMS to the recipient and
receives SMS from the recipient.
 It uses soil moisture, temperature and humidity sensors.
 It also includes solenoid valves along with solenoid circuit which controls the
flow of water through the solenoid valves.
 The moisture sensor is used to determine the moisture level of the particular
plant. This moisture level is read by the microcontroller, as it loops around and
sees if the value from the sensor is above the threshold value or not. If the value
is above the predefine value than GSM module is ready to send a SMS to the
recipient.
 The temperature and humidity sensor is used to determine whether it is too hot
for the plant or the humidity is too high to handle. This is read by the
ATmega328p (Read more about What is ATmega) chip on Arduino Uno. these
reading will be used to determine if all the solenoid in the system should be On
or Off.
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Hardware Design

Sensor Schematic
Figure below shows the schematic of the Sensor circuit. As all the sensor
connected with the Arduino analogue pin A0-A3. Pin A0 was reserved for the
temperature and humidity sensor whereas pins A1-A3 were reserved for moisture
sensors. All the sensors have common power 5V and Ground as shown in the

schematic.

LCD Schematic:

Figure below shows the schematic of the LCD. Digital pin 8 – 13 was reserved for
the LCD as shown in the Schematic. Pin 1 and Pin 3 are the power and ground
whereas pin 2 is the contrast pin on the LCD which controls the contrast and
connected with the potentiometer. It must be kept in mind while connecting LCD
is that digital pins from Arduino and data pins from LCD has to be connected in

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correct order otherwise LCD will display only garbage on the screen.

Solenoid Schematic
Diagram underneath in figure below shows the circuit diagram of the solenoid
circuit. Digital pin 4 – 7 was reserved for the Solenoids. As the circuit consists of
relays, transistors, resistors, and LEDs instead of the solenoid (CadStar doesn’t
have Solenoid symbol). In the schematic relays utilizes 5V. Whereas 5V also goes
into NO channel of the relays as well this is because in the schematic LEDs
replaces solenoid which works on (5V) followed by 220-ohm resistor.
So, when the voltage is applied to the base of the transistors. Transistor switches to
ground allowing the coil of the relay to get magnetized and switches itself to
Normally closed channel, due to which LED connected to that particular relay
comes On and when the voltage applied on the transistor base is drops, transistor

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switches itself back to normal and the coil of the relay get de-magnetized and relay
switches to NO channel again, due to which LED goes Off again.

After finishing off all the Schematic of the circuit, next step is to build them on the
Veroboard. It is important to design the circuit on stripboard layout planning sheet
in advance because there are certain principles for designing a circuit on
Veroboard which is as follows:
1. Mark out the Vs and GND power line first on the top right of the stripboard
layout planning sheet.
2. Remember to cut the track between the pins of an IC. Mark the cuts on the
diagram with an X.
3. Try to make resistor and axial capacitors lay flat on the stripboard. Resistors
usually require a gap of 4 holes, capacitor a gap of 8 holes.
4. If possible numbers the pin of the ICs.The bottom side of the Veroboard consist
of the copper tracks in which voltage flows works horizontally. Different
Veroboard design of the schematics above are shown below:

Software Design
After getting the hardware done, it’s time to test the hardware with the software. In
this section, the implementation of the software design will be described in detail
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for each of the different automation/ technologies used within the system. This
includes the Arduino code written and uploaded to the Arduino.
The first thing done was to get the solenoid circuit working and how the solenoid
would act from the microcontroller perspective. For this, a small flow chart was
done which can be seen under software flow section in figure above.
Arduino IDE was used to get the upload the software on the Arduino. For the basic
solenoid circuit, a simple program was written which basically blinks the LED
every 1 sec. digital pin 4, 5, 6 and 7 was defined initially which test the program
and the circuit. So, when the program runs it makes all basic initializations, defines
all the output pins in void setup () and then jumps into the void loop () where it
constantly runs and blinks LEDs on every 1sec.
After that, a small program was written and uploaded to the Arduino which gets
the readings from the different sensor and prints them on the LCD. For this, a
small flow chart was done which can also be seen under software flow section in
the given figure. When the program goes into the void loop () it gets the readings
from the sensor and does all the basic calculation and prints them on LCD.

Next thing is to upload the software for GSM module to the Arduino, through
which GSM could communicate with the microcontroller. Modem test was done
initially which does all the basic initialization and libraries for the GSM and gets
the IMEI number and see if the modem is functioning properly once start
communicating with Arduino. The next step is network connection test which
basically initialized the GSM and displays all the other network which GSM
module can support.
Once the GSM module is tested and functioning properly it’s time to use GSM
module to communicate with the recipient, which means sends SMS to the
recipient and receive SMS from them. In order to do that, another simple Arduino
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wiring program was written and uploaded to the Arduino. The program initialized
the GSM and send SMS to the recipient in contrast another Arduino program was
written in which GSM receive the SMS from the end user.
Finally, once all the software design was done it’s time to merge all the software
design together and build a final working software for the system. Different
algorithm approaches were applied which can be seen under software flow section
to get the final software working and does it what it supposed to do. The above
figure shows the working of the final software where it takes a reading, send SMS,
receive SMS and start doing what it was doing previously.

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 CHAPTER-3

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Irrigation Systems

Smart irrigation systems offer a variety of advantages over traditional irrigation

systems. Smart irrigation systems can optimize water levels based on things such
as soil moisture and weather predictions. This is done with wireless moisture
sensors that communicate with the smart irrigation controls and help inform the
system whether or not the landscape is in need of water.
Additionally, the smart irrigation controlled receives local weather data that can
help it determine when a landscape should be watered. If you have ever returned
home during a storm only to see your sprinklers spraying water you know how
beneficial this is. Rather than wasting water resources and your valuable money
on watering your landscape you can take advantage of the nature moisture from the
storm and save that water for another day when it is more needed. The advantages
of these smart irrigation systems are wide reaching.
The smart irrigation system will help you have better control of your landscape and
irrigation needs as well as peace of mind that the smart system can make decisions
independently if you are away. You will save a significant amount of money on
your water bills because through intelligent control and automation, your smart
irrigation system will optimize resources so that everything gets what it needs
without needless waste. Additionally, we have all seen many places in the country
that have experienced droughts and we know that our water resources are precious.

With smart irrigation systems we can be better stewards of our resources which is
better for the environment. The opportunity to save dramatically, have better
control and be more eco-friendly while maintaining a lush and beautiful landscape
are just a few of the advantages a smart irrigation system provides and would make
a wonderful addition to any home.
The primary disadvantage associated with a smart irrigation is the expense. These
systems can be quite costly depending on the size of the property. Furthermore,
portions of the lawn will have to be dug up to install pipework and attach it to the
plumbing system of the home. This can equate to days or weeks without use of the
yard. Afterward, the landscaping will have to be repaired.

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It is best to install an irrigation system before installing sod or extensive
landscaping because some of it will have to be torn up. Homeowners who already
have pristine yards may be turned off by this reality.
Even the most efficient smart systems can have their pitfalls. Wind can wreak
havoc on sprinklers, directing water in the wrong direction. Underground pests
may damage water-delivery systems, resulting in water pooling or broken parts.
The repairs to fix an irrigation system can be much more costly than replacing a
damaged garden hose.

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 CHAPTER-4

RESARCH PAPERS

I. INTRODUCTION TO SMART AGRICULTURE

As the world is trending into new technologies and implementations it is a

necessary goal to trend up in agriculture also. Many researches are done in the
field of agriculture. Most projects signify the use of wireless sensor network
collect data from different sensors deployed at various nodes and send it
through the wireless protocol. The collected data provide the information about
the various environmental factors. Monitoring the environmental factors is not
the complete solution to increase the yield of crops. There are number of other
factors that decrease the productivity to a greater extent. Hence automation
must be implemented in agriculture to overcome these problems. So, in order to
provide solution to all such problems, it is necessary to develop an integrated
system which will take care of all factors affecting the productivity in every
stage. But complete automation in agriculture is not achieved due to various
issues. Though it is implemented in the research level it is not given to the
farmers as a product to get benefitted from the resources. Hence this paper deals
about developing smart agriculture using IoT and given to the farmers.

LITERATURE SURVEY
The existing method and one of the oldest ways in agriculture is the manual
method of checking the parameters. In this method the farmers they themselves
verify all the parameters and calculate the readings. [1]It focuses on developing
devices and tools to manage, display and alert the users using the advantages of
a wireless sensor network system. [2]It aims at making agriculture smart using

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automation and IoT technologies. The highlighting features are smart GPS
based remote controlled robot to perform tasks like weeding, spraying, moisture
sensing, human detection and keeping vigilance. [3]The cloud computing
devices that can create a whole computing system from sensors to tools that
observe data from agricultural field images and from human actors on the
ground and accurately feed the data into the repositories along with the location
as GPS coordinates.[4]This idea proposes a novel methodology for smart
farming by linking a smart sensing system and smart irrigator system through
wireless communication technology.[5]It proposes a low cost and efficient
wireless sensor network technique to acquire the soil moisture and temperature
from various location of farm and as per the need of crop controller to take the
decision whether the irrigation is enabled or not.[6]It proposes an idea about
how automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for
agricultural crops. In addition, a gateway unit handles sensor
information.[7]The atmospheric conditions are monitored and controlled online
by using Ethernet IEEE 802.3.The partial root zone drying process can be
implemented to a maximum extent.[8]It is designed for IoT based monitoring
system to analyze crop environment and the method to improve the efficiency
of decision making by analyzing harvest statistics.[9]In this paper image
processing is used as a tool to monitor the diseases on fruits during farming,
right from plantation to harvesting. The variations are seen in color, texture and
morphology. [10]In this paper, greenhouse is a building in which plants are
grown in closed environment. It is used to maintain the optimal conditions of
the environment, greenhouse management and data acquisition.

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PROPOSED WORK

In the field section, various sensors are deployed in the field like temperature
sensor, moisture sensor and PIR sensor. The data collected from these sensors
are connected to the microcontroller through RS232. In control section, the
received data is verified with the threshold values. If the data exceeds the
threshold value the buzzer is switched ON and the LED starts to blink. This
alarm is sent as a message to the farmer and automatically the power is
switched OFF after sensing. The values are generated in the web page and the
farmer gets the detailed description of the values. In manual mode, the user has
to switch ON and OFF the microcontroller by pressing the button in the
Android Application developed. This is done with the help of GSM Module. In
automatic mode, the microcontroller gets switched ON and OFF automatically
if the value exceeds the threshold point. Soon after the microcontroller is
started, automatically an alert must be sent to the user. This is achieved by
sending a message to the user through the GSM module. Other parameters like
the temperature, humidity, moisture and the PIR sensors shows the threshold
value and the water level sensor is used just to indicate the level of water inside
a tank or the water resource.

HARDWARE USED
PIC16F877A-MICROCONTROLLER

The PIC microcontroller 16F877A is one of the most popular microcontrollers

in the industry. It is user convenient and easier to handle. The coding or
programming of this controller is also easy. The program that is coded can be
easily erased due to the flash memory technology. The microcontroller has wide
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range of applications used in many huge industries. It is used in security, remote
sensors, home appliances and industrial automations. An EEPROM is also
featured which is used to store the information permanently like transmitter
codes and receives frequencies and some other related data.

GSM MODULE
GSM Module GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM and it
can act just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. The
necessity to use this is it can use RS-232 protocol which can be easily
connected to the controller. It can be used like a phone where it can send and
receive SMS and make a call. The GSM modem is connected to the controller
through RS232. The SMS is sent through the terminal to the number using AT
Commands. “AT-Attention” commands which is used by the controller to
control the GSM to perform the desired function. It also has reverse voltage
protection and the LED notifications. It is operated in 900/1800 MHz.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Soil moisture sensor is a sensor which senses the moisture content of the soil.
The sensor has both the analog and the digital output. The digital output is fixed
and the analog output threshold can be varied. It works on the principle of open
and short circuit. The output is high or low indicated by the LED. When the soil
is dry, the current will not pass through it and so it will act as open circuit.
Hence the output is said to be maximum. When the soil is wet, the current will
pass from one terminal to the other and the circuit is said to be short and the
output will be zero. The sensor is platinum coated to make the efficiency high.
The range of sensing is also high. It is anti-rust and so the sensor has long life
which will afford the farmer at a minimum cost.
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TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The LM 35 sensor is highly used because its output voltage is linear with the
Celsius scaling of temperature. It does not provide any external trimming. It has
a wide operating range. The maximum output is 5V. The output will increase
10mV for every one degree rise in temperature. The range is from -55 degrees
to +150 degrees. There are three terminals as Vcc, Ground and the analog
sensor. It consumes minimum amount of electricity. Thus, it is energy efficient.
It is very efficient in horticulture. It is user friendly to use.

PIR SENSOR
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form
of radiation. It is invisible to the human eye since it radiates infrared
wavelengths. PIR sensors don’t detect or measure heat, instead they detect the
infrared radiation emitted or reflected from an object. It is used to detect the
movement of people, animals or other objects. They are commonly used in
burglar alarms and automatically activated lighting systems. When a human
passes in the field, the temperature at that point will rise from room
temperature. The sensor converts the resulting change into a change in the
output voltage and this triggers the detection.

SOFTWARE USED

PROTEUS 8 SIMULATOR

Proteus 8 is one of the best simulation software for various circuit designs of
microcontroller. It has almost all microcontrollers and electronic components
readily available in it and hence it is widely used simulator. It can be used to
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test programs and embedded designs for electronics before actual hardware
testing. The simulation of programming of microcontroller can also be done in
Proteus. Simulation avoids the risk of damaging hardware due to wrong design.
EXPERIMENTATION & RESULTS
The hardware is interfaced with all the sensors in the board. The hardware
components include the microcontroller, buzzer, relay, ADC converter, GSM
module and all the sensors interfaced. The
board is inserted with a SIM card which is used to communicate with the owner
and the recorded values. The output shown below denotes the temperature, soil
moisture condition and the intruder detection. The second result is the output
from the Android Application that is developed in the mobile phone. It
determines the temperature, humidity, moisture and the intruder detection .

FUTURE WORK & CONCLUSION

For future developments it can be enhanced by developing this system for large
acres of land. Also the system can be integrated to check the quality of the soil
and the growth of crop in each soil. The sensors and microcontroller are
successfully interfaced and wireless communication is achieved between
various nodes. All observations and experimental tests prove that this project is
a complete solution to field activities and irrigation problems. Implementation
of such a system in the field can definitely help to improve the yield of the
crops and overall production.

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