CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W.

SMKBA
A. Acids and Bases
Learning Objectives: In this lesson, you are able to
 state the meaning of acid, base and alkali,
 state uses of acids, bases and alkalis in daily life,
 explain the role of water in the formation of hydrogen ions to show the properties of acids,
 explain the role of water in the formation of hydroxide ions to show the properties of alkalis,
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Read textbook Chapter 7 page 117-119 and answer the following questions.

Q1. What means acid? State their physical properties ( etc.sourish).

Q2. Write an equation to support your answer in Q1.

Q3. Define base and alkali respectively by giving suitable examples.

Q4. How to differ base and alkali?

Q5. Based on your understanding, state the ion which take in charge to show properties of
a) acid :

b) alkali :

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
Q6. State the uses of acids, bases and alkalis in daily life by filling the table below.

Uses
1
2

3 3
4 4

5 5

6 6

Advanced:
Q7.

Glacial Test tube Observation

Glacial
Glacial ethanoic
ethanoic acid
ethanoic acid acid+ distilled P No colour change
+ propane
water
Q Blue litmus paper turns red
Blue litmus Blue litmus Blue litmus
paper paper paper R No colour change

P Q R

HCl molecule ionises to form H+ (or H3O+) ions and Cl- ions when it dissolves in water.
a) In the experiment above, what method is using to test the properties of acid?

b) Explain for the observation in set P,Q,R.

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
Q8.

○ Light ○ Light
Switch Switch
bulb bulb

Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon

hydrogen chloride hydrogen chloride

+ methylbenzene + water

a) In the experiment above, what method is using to test the properties of acid?

b) Predict your observation.

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

Q9. Read and answer.

Definition of Basicity of An Acid:

Basicity of an acid refers to the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in one
molecule of the acid

Lets look closer on the 3 common types of Basicity of an acid.

Monobasic
Definition: 1 molecule produce 1 H+ ion upon dissociation
Example: HCl, HNO3
Dissociation Equation: HCl(aq) –> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Dibasic
Definition: 1 molecule produce 2 H+ ion upon dissociation
Example: H2SO4
Dissociation Equation: Figure it out yourself!!

Tribasic
Definition: 1 molecule produce 3 H+ ion upon dissociation
Example: H3PO4
Dissociation Equation: H3PO4(aq) –> 3H+(aq) + PO4 3-
(aq)

Determine 5 acids in table as monoprotic / diprotic acid:

monoprotic acid diprotic acid

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
B.
7.1 Synthesising the Concepts of Strong Acids, Weak Acids, Strong Alkalis and Weak Alkalis
 state the use of a pH scale,
 relate pH value with acidic or alkaline properties of a substance,
 relate concentration of hydrogen ions with pH value,
 relate concentration of hydroxide ions with pH value,
 relate strong or weak acid with degree of dissociation,
 relate strong or weak alkali with degree of dissociation,
 conceptualise qualitatively strong and weak acids,
 conceptualise qualitatively strong and weak alkalis.

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1. pH scale

2. pH value Vs acidic&alkaline properties

Strong acid weak acid weak alkali Strong alkali
[H ] 
+ [H+] [OH-]  [OH-] 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acidic increasing Neutral Alkaline increasing

Why strong acid has lower pH than weak acid?

Strong Acid Weak Acid

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

Ionises completely in water ionises partially in water

more numbers of H+ ions less numbers of H+,
some acids still remain in molecule form
[ H+ ions]  [ H+ ions] 
more acidic less acidic
pH value  pH value 

Why strong alkali has higher pH than weak alkali?

Strong Alkali Weak Alkali

Definition:
i) Strong acid : An acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ion, H+
ii) Weak acid : An acid that ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, H+
iii) Strong alkali: A base that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydroxide ions, OH-
iv) Weak alkali : A base that ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide ions, OH-
7.2 Analysing Concentration of Acids and Alkalis
 state the meaning of concentration,
 state the meaning of molarity,
 state the relationship between the number of moles with molarity and volume of a solution,
 describe methods for preparing standard solutions,
 describe the preparation of a solution with a specified concentration using dilution method,
 relate pH value with molarity of acid and alkali,
 solve numerical problems involving molarity of acids and alkalis.
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1. meaning of concentration
Unit - …………………………….. / ……………………………. [1 dm3 = 1000 cm3]
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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

Concentration No. of mole of solute (mol)

=
(mol dm-3) Volume of solution (dm3)

Concentration Mass of solute (g)

=
(g dm-3)
Volume of solution (dm3)
** calculation exercise

2. meaning of molarity: the amount of dissolved substance in 1dm-3 of solvent to form a solution.
** molarity ≠ strong or weak acid

3. Relationship between the No. of mol with M and V

No. of mol = MV ; M = molarity ; V = volume ** calculation exercise

1000 [ mol dm-3] [ cm3 ]

4. Methods for Preparation of Standard Solution

 a solution which known its …………………………….………………. meniscus
 prepared by using ……………………………………….
 2 method in preparation Calibration mark


Method A) from solid  solution

Prepare 100cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution from 1 Calculate & weigh the mass
solid of solid sodium hydroxide

2 Dissolves all solid with

distilled water in a beaker.
Transfer the solution into a
100cm3 volumetric flask

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
3 Rinse the beaker and filter
funnel
Add washings into flask
4 Add distilled water til
calibration mark
5 Shake well

Method B) from more concentrated solution  less concentrated solution [ Dilution]

M1V1 = M2V2 M1 = initial molarity ; V1 = initial volume ** calculation exercise

M2 = final molarity ; V2 = final volume

Prepare 250cm3 of 0.05 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution 1 Calculate & measure the V1 cm3 of
from 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
by using pipette
2 Transfer the solution into a 250cm3
volumetric flask which containing a
little distilled water
[never add water into concentrated acid
/ alkali]
3 Rinse the pipette
Add washings into flask
Add distilled water til calibration mark
4 Shake well

6. Molarity Vs pH value ** molarity  [H+]  pH 

Molarity 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl 1.0 mol dm-3 HNO3 0.001 mol dm-3 H2SO4
of acid
pH 1 1 3
Diagram

Reason [ H+ ions]per unit volume is high [ H+ ions] per unit volume is high [ H+ ions] per unit volume is lower
7.3 Analysing Neutralisation
 explain the meaning of neutralisation,
 explain the application of neutralisation in daily life,

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
 write equations for neutralisation reactions,
 describe acid-base titration,
 determine the end point of titration during neutralisation,
 solve numerical problems involving neutralisation reactions to calculate either concentration or volume of solutions.

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1. Neutralisation: reaction between …………… and …………… to produce salt & water.
 …………………. from acid reacts with …………………. from alkali to form water molecules.
 Ionic equation: ……… + ………  …………

2. Application of Neutralisation In Daily Life

Neutralisation is used in various fields such as agriculture, industries and health.

Agriculture

Acidic soil ashes of burnt wood ,

powder CaO , CaCO3

Basic soil Treated by compost decomposition releases

gas CO2

acidity in aqua CaO

farming

Industries

Acidic effluent CaO before being discharged

[sulphuric acid]

Acidic gas SO2 Treated by CaO before the gas is discharged

into the air

NH3 prevents acid produced by bacteria in the

coagulation of latex
latex

Health

gastric [HCl] Antacid medicine

Al(OH)3 ,Mg(OH)2 ,CaCO3,
NaHCO3
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 CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

3. Equations for Neutralisation [ acid + alkali  salt + water]

 HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 
 H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 
 HCl + KOH 

4. Acid-base titration : a quantitative analysis methode to determine the volume of an acid to neutralise an alkali
 Method: …………………………………
 Reaction: …………………………………

5. End Point – point which neutralisation done completely.

 End point can be determined by :
A) indicators [colour change]
B) Electrical conductivity [ammeter reading]

A) indicators [colour change]

[to Observation at end point:

observe
colour
1. pink solution turns colourless [phenolphthalein]
change yellow solution turns orange [methyl orange]
clearly]
2. volume of solution increases
[pink to colourless]

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

B) Electrical conductivity [ammeter reading]

Current / A

Acid End point

H+
excess OH- excess H+

Volume of Acid added / cm 3

Alkali No current due to no ions

OH-
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 CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
6. Numerical Problems involving neutralisation
Equation :
acid + base/alkali  salt + water ** calculation exercise
a mol b mol

Ma = molarity of acid Mb = molarity of alkali/base

Va = volume of acid Vb = volume of alkali/base
a = coefficient of acid in balance equation b = coefficient of base/alkali in balance equation

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Exercises:

1. A student dissolves 50.0 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate in water to make a 250 cm3 of solution. What is
the concentration of the solution in g dm3?

2. 28.0 g of potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water to make 200 cm3 of solution. Calculate the molarity of
potassium hydroxide solution obtained. (Ar: H, 1; O, 16; K, 39)

3. A potassium chloride solution has a concentration of 14.9 g dm3. What is the molarity of this solution?
(Ar: Cl, 35.5; K, 39)

4. Calculate the mass of calcium hydroxide in 50 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm3 calcium hydroxide solution.
(Ar: H, 1; O, 16; Ca, 40)

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
5. A 0.5 mol dm3 lithium hydroxide solution contains 6.0 g lithium hydroxide. Calculate the volume of this
solution. (Ar: H, 1; Li, 7; O, 16)

6. What is the volume of 2.0 mol dm3 nitric acid needed to be diluted with distilled water to make 250 cm3 of 0.5
mol dm3 nitric acid?

7. 50 cm3 of water is added to 200 cm3 of a 2 mol dm3 solution of sodium hydroxide. Determine the molarity of
the diluted solution.

8. A student pipetted 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution into a conical flask and filled a burette with
0.10 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl to carry out a titration. He obtained an average volume of 22.0 cm3
hydrochloric acid, HCl. What was the molarity of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution?

9. What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm -3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of 0.8 mol dm-3
ammonia, NH3 solution?

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
10. The following result were obtained when 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution (0.5 mol dm-3) was titrated
against dilute sulphuric acid of unknown concentration.

Titration
I II III
Volume of acid
End reading (cm3)
21.00 29.95 21.00
3
Initial reading (cm )
0.00 10.00 1.00
Volume of acid used cm3)

i) Fill in the volume of acid used for each titration in the table given above.
ii) Find the average volume of sulphuric acid used in the titration.

iii) Write the chemical equation of the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
iv) Calculate the concentration of dilute sulphuric acid used in the titration in mol dm-3.

11.
Solution K L M N O
pH 1 4 7 10 13
a) State one solution which is,
i) a strong acid :………………………………………………………………………… (1 mark)
ii) a strong alkali :………………………………………………………………….. …... (1 mark)
iii) Which solution is likely to be ammonia solution?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1 mark)
iv) Explain why solution K has a lower pH value than solution L

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(2 marks)
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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
v) State one example of solution M

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1 mark)
vi) Explain briefly why the pH value of solution O changes when solution K is added to it drop by drop until K is in
excess.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(2 marks)
v) State two solutions which can produce a neutral solution when mixed together
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(2 marks)

12. The table below shows the pH values of five solutions A,B,C,D and E.
Solution pH
A 2
B 5
C 7
D 8
E 14
a) Which of the solution produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1 mark)
b) (i) Compare the concentration of hydrogen ion in solution A and B

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1 mark)
b) (ii) Explain why solution A has lower pH value than solution B.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(4 marks)
c) State the reaction of solution C on moist litmus paper.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1 mark)
d) Give the formula of the common ion produced in aqueous solution of
i) A and B……………………………………… ii) D and E…………………………………………… (2 marks)

e) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between solution A and solution E

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1 mark)
f) Which solution, when added to solution E will not change the pH of solution E

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1 mark)

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

13. a)
Experiment Result
I blue litmus paper in ethanoic acid + distilled water blue litmus paper turns red
II blue litmus paper in glacial ethanoic acid no change
Explain the result above. [4 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
b)
Substance pH
25cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid 1
25cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid 3
Explain the result above. [4 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

13. An experiment is carried out to determine the volume of acid for neutralisation between 25 cm3 of
2 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution and 2 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 solution by using
titration method. Phenolphthalein is used as indicator.
The experiment is repeated three times and the reading of volume of sulphuric acid is shown in Diagram 1.
Diagram 1

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
(a) Record the readings of volume of sulphuric acid in the space provided in Diagram 1.

(b) Construct a table to record the data from these experiments. Your table should include initial reading, final
reading and volume of sulphuric acid used in the titration.

(c) Based on table on (c), calculate the average volume of 2 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed to neutralise 25
cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.

(d) What is the type of salt produced, a soluble or insoluble salt? Name the salt.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(e) What is the colour change in the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution at the end point?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(g) Before the burette is filled with sulphuric acid, it is rinsed with some sulphuric acid. Explain why.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(h) State the operational definition for end point.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(i) Predict the volume of acid needed to complete the neutralization reaction if replace the sulphuric acid with
hydrochloric acid which has same concentration.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(j) Suggest another substance which can be used to replace the phenolphthalein and predict its colour change.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
14.

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
15. The Figure 1 below shows the apparatus set-up of an activity to determine the end point
in the titration of sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.

Figure 1

The results of the titration are shown in the table below.

Titration 1 2 3
Final burette reading ( cm3) 15.85 16.10 16.20
Initial burette reading ( cm3) 0.80 1.10 1.25
Volume of sulphuric acid( cm3 )

a) Complete the table above. . [ 2 marks]

b) What does end point mean ?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks]

c) Describe the colour change in the sodium hydroxide solution at the end point.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]

d) The burette is rinsed with a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid before it is filled with dilute
sulphuric acid. Explain why.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]

e) Write an equation for the titration.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[ 2 marks]

f) Based on the results, calculate the average volume of the dilute sulphuric acid used.

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

[ 2 marks]

g) Determine the concentration of the dilute sulphuric acid.

[ 3 marks]
h) Predict the volume of nitric acid needed to achieve the end point if the dilute sulphuric acid
is replaced with acid of the same concentration. Why ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[ 2 marks]

16. Dilute sulphuric acid is added slowly from a burette to barium hydroxide solution in a beaker
as shown in Figure 2

Figure 2

a) What ions are present in the barium hydroxide solution ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks]

b) What ions are present in the dilute sulphuric acid ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks]

c) What can be seen in the barium hydroxide solution when the dilute sulphuric acid is added ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]

d) Table 1 shows the results of the experiment.

Volume of Brightness of the bulb

dilute sulphuric acid ( cm3)
0 Bright
5 Dimmer
10 Even dimmer
15 Goes off
20 Dim
25 Less dim
30 Bright
Table 1

Sketch a graph show how the brightness of the bulb changes with the volume of dilute
sulphuric acid added

[ 3 marks]
.

e) Explain the shape of the graph sketch in (d).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 6 marks]

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
17. 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid from a burette is added little by little into a conical flask
containing 10.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide and a few drops of methyl orange until the end
point is reached. The burette readings of the hydrochloric acid before and after the titration
are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3
a) Based on Figure 3, record the initial and final readings into the table below:

Final burette reading( cm3)

Initial burette reading ( cm3)
Volume of hydrochloric acid ( cm3 )

[ 2 marks]

b) State the change in colour of the methyl orange at the end point of titration.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]

c) Name a suitable apparatus used to measure 10.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]

d) Name the reaction that occurs in the conical flask.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]

e) What precaution must be taken when hydrochloric acid from the burette is added to the
barium hydroxide solution in the conical flask ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]

f) Calculate the concentration of barium hydroxide in mol dm -3.

[ 4 marks]

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

18. A student added 1 cm3 portion of an acid HA to 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide .
After each addition of acid , the student measured the pH of the mixture by using a
pH meter. From the results, the student drew the titration curve shown below.

Figure 4

a) Name the chemical reaction that occurred.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark]

b) What is the pH of a neutral solution ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]

c) What is the property of the acid, HA ?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]
d) Suggest a suitable acid for HA.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[ 1 mark]
e) i) What is the volume of acid needed to neutralize the alkali ?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]

ii) Write a balance equation for the reaction between HA and sodium hydroxide ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[ 2 marks]
iii) Calculate the concentration in moldm-3 of acid HA.

[ 3 marks]

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA
Answers :

15. a) 15.05 cm3; 15.00 cm3; 14.95 cm3

b) The end point is a stage where an acid exactly neutralises an alkali.

c) From pink to colourless.

d) To remove any water on the inner surface of the burette to prevent the sulphuric acid
being diluted.

e) 2 NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

f) 15.00 cm3
g) 0.2 moldm-3
h) 30 cm3. Sulphuric acid is a strong diprotic acid whereas nitric acid is a strong monoprotic acid.

16. a) Ba2+ , OH-

b) H+, SO42-

c) A white precipitate of barium sulphate.

d) brightness of the bulb

Volume of dilute sulphuric acid needed

5 10 15 20 25 30

e) – Barium hydroxide solution contains free ions Ba2+ and OH-.

- The bulb lights up brightly.
- When 5 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid s added, the bulb becomes dimmer because the number
Of free moving ions decreases.
- it decreases until no more free moving ions are present.( Volume of acid added is 15 cm 3)
- When acid is added continuously, the number of free movng ions increases. So the bulb
becomes increasingly brighter.

17. a) 12.10 cm3

2.25 cm3
9.85 cm3

b) From yellow to orange

c) A pipette

d) Neutralization

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CHAPTER 7: ACIDS AND BASES Keeping W. SMKBA

e) The conical flask is swirled continuously to allow the mixture to mix thoroughly.

f) 0.04925 moldm-3

18. a) Neutralization

b) 7

c) Strong acid

d) Hydrochloric acid

e) i) 7 cm3

ii) HA + NaOH  NaA + H2O

iii) 0.357 moldm-3

19. Essay: Describe the experiment how to prepare 100cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution. [10m]

Materials: sodium hydroxide solid, distilled water

Apparatus: Electronic balance, weighing bottle, 100cm 3 volumetric flask, filter funnel and beaker
Procedure:
1. Calculate the mass of NaOH required to prepare 100cm 3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
solution:
Mass of NaOH needed:
= mol NaOH x RMM
= MV x [23 + 16 + 1]
1000
= 0.1 x 100 x 40
1000
= 0.4g

2. Weight 0.4g of NaOH solid accurately in a weighing bottle.

3. Transfer NaOH solid to a beaker. Add distilled water to dissolved all the solid sodium hydroxide.
4. Transfer the sodium hydroxide solution to a 100cm3 volumetric flask.
5. Rinse the beaker, the weighing bottle and the filter funnel with distilled water, and add washings
into the volumetric flask.
6. Add slowly distilled water until reach the calibration mark.
7. Close the volumetric flask with stopper.
8. Shake and invert the volumetric flask to mix the solution completely.

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