Int. J. Electron. Commun.

(AEÜ) 98 (2019) 241–247

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Electronics and

Communications (AEÜ)
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aeue

Regular paper

A compact meta-atom loaded asymmetric coplanar strip-fed monopole

antenna for multiband operation
Rajeshkumar Venkatesan a,⇑, Rajkumar Rengasamy a, Praveen Vummadisetty Naidu b, Arvind Kumar c
a
School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
b
V.R.S.E.C, Vijayawada 520007, India
c
K.I.T.E, Jaipur 302022, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, a compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed monopole antenna is presented. The pro-
Received 9 May 2018 posed antenna consists of a tapered shaped radiating element and a meta-atom (complementary split
Accepted 9 October 2018 ring resonator-CSRR), loaded in the ground plane which helps in obtaining multiband characteristics with
proper impedance matching performance. Antenna with dimensions of 25
12.2
1.6 mm3 has been
designed, fabricated and tested. The experimental result that exhibits of 10 dB impedance bandwidth
Keywords: by the proposed antenna at the center frequency of 2.88 GHz (1100 MHz), 5.78 GHz (1940 MHz) and
Multiband antenna
7.64 GHz (660 MHz). It covers wireless applications namely wireless local area network (WLAN)
ACS-fed antenna
Complementary split ring resonator (CSRR)
2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz, long-term evolution (LTE) LTE 2.5 GHz, public safety applications 4.9 GHz, worldwide
WLAN interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) 5.5 GHz, wireless access for vehicular environments
WiMAX (WAVE) 5.9 GHz and X-band downlink frequency band 7.5 GHz. The antenna has good radiation charac-
teristics in both E-plane and H-plane for all the operating frequencies. The proposed antenna exhibits a
better performance compared to the previously reported designs to the existing antenna designs which
are discussed in the literature. Moreover, the antenna possesses compact size, the total size occupied by
the design is 0.20k0
0.1k0.
Ó 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Currently, the antennas have been assuming the role of a vital
part in the manufacturing of wireless communication devices.
Among the various design approaches, the multiband antenna
technique is an essential method which can integrate different
wireless standards in a single antenna design and also it caters to
the modern communication demands with ease [1–3]. Antennas
with different geometric shapes like F, L, U and T and multiple radi-
ating branches [4–14] have been proposed for multiband opera-
tions, especially for WLAN/WiMAX/WAVE applications. The
designs mentioned above are known for effective cover of wireless
applications but suffer many drawbacks such as larger antenna
dimensions, complex structures and cover fewer applications
which make the tedious implementation process. Printed antenna
designs use a different feeding technique such as microstrip, copla-
⇑ Correspondence to: Dr. V. Rajeshkumar, Senior Assistant Professor, School of
Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore,
Tamilnadu, India. Tel.: +91 9003535984.
E-mail addresses: vrajeshme@gmail.com, rajeshkumar.v@vit.ac.in (V. Rajeshkumar).
nar waveguide (CPW) and asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS). Among
these, ACS-fed technique helps achievement of a compact design
owing to various advantages like very less space utilization, low loss
compared to microstrip designs and has the features of the CPW
feeding method. Though size reduction is the significant fact in most
of the antenna designs, achievement of wider bandwidth is also vital.
Since the bandwidth is very narrow in the existing antennas, it
requires the implementation of additional antennas which make
the device bulky. The metamaterial is an artificial material that has
unique properties of negative permittivity and negative permeabil-
ity. These properties can be used for the enhancement of the antenna
performance such as improving bandwidth, creating notch bands,
size reduction and gain enhancement [15–19].
Further, resonant type composite right left-handed (CRLH)
transmission line inspired metamaterial antennas [20–22] con-
tribute remarkably to the development of novel antennas with sig-
nificant performance enhancement. The metamaterial elements
are effectively utilized with multimode operations in [23–25], to
perform controlled directive emissions with low polarization
cross-talking, broadband diffusive scatterings and in multi-beam
transmit arrays. Metamaterial-based structures produce better
performance compared to the existing multiband antennas [26–30].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.10.011
1434-8411/Ó 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
242 V. Rajeshkumar et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 98 (2019) 241–247

Conductor backed (CB) metamaterial loaded CPW-fed antenna

designs have been proposed for achieving a compact, broad band-
width and multiband performances in [31,32]. However, the above
antenna design produces desired applications but requires a large
space for implementation. A CB ACS-fed design was proposed for
multiband operation in [33], but it is covering only WLAN fre-
quency band. In [34,35], a compact ACS-fed multiband antenna is
presented by etching SRR in the radiating element of the antenna
which covers WLAN/WiMAX applications, but it had large antenna
size and failed to cover higher frequency applications like 4.9 GHz
safety application and X-band downlink frequency 7.5 GHz.
A CB ACS-fed antenna with CSRR is proposed for multiband
operation for overcoming the above-mentioned drawbacks. The
properties of CSRR structure helps in achieving broad bandwidth
and proper impedance matching. The proposed antenna design
covers wireless local area network (WLAN) 2.4 GHz (2.40–
2.48 GHz)/5.2 GHz (5.15–5.35 GHz)/5.8 GHz (5.725–5.825 GHz),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)
2.5 GHz (2.5–2.69 GHz)/(5.28–5.85) GHz, LTE 2.5 GHz, 4.9 GHz
(4.94–4.99 GHz) public safety applications, 5.9 GHz (WAVE) and
X-band downlink frequency (7.4 GHz) application. It has a compact
structure and better radiation characteristics at the corresponding
frequency bands.

2. Proposed antenna design

The stages in the proposed antenna design evolution are shown

in Fig. 1, and its geometry is exhibited in Fig. 2. Cost effective sub-
strate FR-4 with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and height of 1.6 mm
Fig. 2. Schematic of the proposed antenna. (a) Radiator. (b) CSRR unit cell. (c)
has been used. The antenna has a compact structure of Partial ground plane with CSRRs. (d) Fabricated antenna prototype.
25
12.2
1.6 mm3 and is fed by ACS-fed line with a signal width
(Fw) of 3.10 mm and gap (G) of 0.3 mm with 50 X impedance.
The characteristic impedance of the ACS-fed line has been cal- er þ 1
eeff ¼ 1 þ ð5Þ
culated using the equations indicated below [36] 2
60p KðkÞ The proposed radiating element with a ground plane helps
Z 0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð1Þ
eeff Kðk1 Þ achievement of the first (2.5 GHz) and third (7.4 GHz) resonant fre-
quency. The CSRR is etched on the CB ground plane which realizes
a the second resonant frequency (5 GHz). Also, it enhances the impe-
K¼ ð2Þ dance matching over center frequency region.
b
The values of the proposed antenna parameters are tabulated in
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 2 Table 1. The parameters are optimized by parametric studies. The
k ¼ 1k ð3Þ fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 2(d).
KðkÞ
and Kðk1 Þ
is the elliptical integral of first kind which is given by
8
>
>  ppffiffiffi 0 6 k 6 p1ffiffi 3. Results and discussion
>
> k1 2
>
< ln 
2 1þ
pffiffiffi
KðkÞ 11 k The return loss characteristic at different stages of the proposed
¼ ð4Þ
Kðk Þ
1 >
> 1
pffi p1ffiffi 6k61 antenna is exhibited in Fig. 3. Antenna #1 consists of a conven-
>
> 2ð1þ kÞ
>
: pln 1pffik
2
tional square-shaped radiating patch which produces four reso-
ð Þ
nance frequency bands. Though the antenna appears to have
multiple resonant frequencies, it successfully covers only two use-
ful resonant bands at 2.4 and 7.5 GHz. To enhance the antenna per-
formance, the square-shaped patch of Antenna #1 is was tapered
to 45°. Antenna #2 which helps in attaining additional frequency
at 5.2 GHz. Fig. 3 shows that Antenna #2 does not cover all the
desired frequencies. Then, the antenna radiating element was fur-
ther tapered for enhancing the impedance bandwidth. As shown in
Antenna #3, bandwidth performance increases around 5 GHz fre-
quency band. There is also a shift in the first and second resonance
frequency band. The inference is that the Antenna #3 successfully
covers multiple application such as WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz),
WiMAX (5.5 GHz), WAVE (5.9 GHz), safety application (4.9 GHz)
and X-band downlink frequency band (7.4 GHz) simultaneously.
The return loss characteristics of the proposed antenna with
and without CSRR structure are shown in Fig. 4. When the antenna
Fig. 1. Evolution stages of the proposed multiband antenna. was simulated without CSRR structure, it generated two resonance
 V. Rajeshkumar et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 98 (2019) 241–247 243

Table 1
The proposed antenna parameters and their values.

Parameter W L FL GL GW FW G L2
Value 12.2 25 12.5 7.5 8.6 3.1 0.3 3.5
Parameter RW RL RT RG GL1 L1 W1 –
Value 7.7 7.7 0.7 0.3 14.5 13.4 8 –

Fig. 5. Simulated and measured return loss of the proposed antenna.

in agreement. A small deviation in measured and simulated result

is observed, which may be attributed to soldering of SMA connec-
tors and losses in the substrate.
The proposed CB ACS-fed antenna covered 2.33–3.43 GHz,
4.66–6.90 GHz and 7.31–7.97 GHz. It is mainly used in wireless
applications such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11 a/b/g) WLAN,
Fig. 3. Return loss characteristics of design evolution stages of the proposed 2.5 GHz (IEEE 802.16e) WiMAX, 4.9 GHz public safety applications,
antenna.
5.9 GHz (IEEE802.11p) WAVE applications and 7.4 GHz X-band
downlink frequency.
frequencies at 2.4 and 7.4 GHz but fails to cover 5 GHz frequency
band.
4. Parametric study of the proposed antenna
Enhancement of impedance matching and achievement of
bandwidth performance was obtained by etching of metamaterial
In the proposed antenna design, some parameters have a larger
based CSRR structure into CB ground plane. Impedance matching
effect on return loss characteristics which were analyzed and dis-
was improved following the loading of CSRR into the antenna.
cussed in detail. Antenna parameters such as ground length (GL),
Hence the antenna achieved a broad bandwidth of 1940 MHz at
ground width (Gw), conductor backed ground length (GL1), length
5 GHz frequency band. The antenna loaded with CSRR gives
between CSRR and ground (L2) and spacing between feed line
improved bandwidth which covered the desired applications when
and ground (G) were analyzed and plotted in Figs. 6–10. There
compared to the antenna without CSRR structure as shown in
was a variation in the proposed antenna ground plane length
Fig. 4. A comparison of simulated and measured return loss
(GL) from 3.5 mm to 11.5 mm as shown in Fig. 6. For GL = 11.5 mm,
characteristics of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 5. Both
antenna covered only two resonance frequencies of 6.2 GHz
simulated and measured return loss results were seemed resulting
and 7.6 GHz, but it failed to achieve lower desired resonant

Fig. 4. Return loss of the proposed antenna with and without CSRR structure. Fig. 6. Return loss for various ground length ‘GL’ of the proposed antenna.
244 V. Rajeshkumar et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 98 (2019) 241–247
Fig. 7. Return loss for various ground width ‘GW’ of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 8. Return loss for various conductor backed ground length ‘GL1’ of the proposed
antenna.
Fig. 9. Return loss for various CSRR position ‘L2’ of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 10. Return loss for various spacing between feed line and the ground plane ‘G’
of the proposed antenna.
frequencies. When GL was reduced to 9.5 mm, antenna resonance
frequency tended to shift towards a lower frequency of 5.7 GHz
and 7.4 GHz. Additionally, the level of impedance matching has
been improved at in all three resonant frequencies, but the antenna
bandwidth was narrow at 5 and 7.4 GHz frequency bands.
When antenna ground length was further decreased to 7.5 mm,
a shift in the resonance frequency towards the lower frequency
was observed, and improved impedance matching performance
covering applications at 2.4, 5 and 7.4 GHz. When GL is 3.5 mm,
the performance of return loss characteristics degrades which
was due to an increased level in the capacitive value. It results in
a shift in resonance frequency which in turn brought poor impe-
dance matching. The above analysis shows antenna ground length
(GL) having a significant impact on improving the performance of
impedance matching. Hence ground length GL was fixed as
7.5 mm for the proposed antenna.
Similarly, variance in ground width (Gw) were made from 4.6 to
8.6 mm and its return loss plot is shown in Fig. 7. The lower reso-
nant (2.4 GHz) and middle (5.5 GHz) frequency bands exhibited
similar return loss characteristics except for the level of impedance
matching. When Gw was 8.6 mm, the antenna covered the entire
7.4 GHz frequency band along with other lower frequency applica-
tions (2.4 and 5 GHz). Ground widths (Gw) with dimensions of 7.6,
6.6 and 4.6 mm did not cover the entire frequency band due to
smaller inductance values. Figures of above analysis provided
inference of Gw of 8.6 mm providing better performance compared
to other ground width and was fixed as the proposed antenna
ground width.
Variations in the conductor backed ground plane length (GL1)
were made from 12.5 to 18.5 mm, and their return loss character-
istic is shown in Fig. 8. When GL1 was 12.5 mm, the proposed
antenna produced three resonance frequency bands of 2.8, 5 and
7.6 GHz where the 5 GHz frequency bandwidth was partially cov-
ered. For GL1 = 14.5 mm, antenna design covered the entire second
resonant frequency band range from 4.66 to 6.9 GHz along with
the first (2.8 GHz) and third (7.4 GHz) resonant frequencies. When
GL1 was 16.5 mm and 18.5 mm, the proposed antenna did not
cover the required frequency band and had very poor impedance
matching due to changes in the inductance value of the antenna.
Among the various conductor backed ground lengths (GL1),
14.5 mm was fixed as the proposed antenna ground length in the
view of its capability to cover the desired frequency band
effectively.
 V. Rajeshkumar et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 98 (2019) 241–247 245

Table 2
Comparison of various antenna performances with the proposed ACS-fed antenna.

References Antenna size Size (k0
k0)) @ lowest Total size occupied by Frequency bands covered by antenna Antenna Average gain
(mm2) Frequency antenna (GHz) Type (dBi)
[1] 23
25 0.19 k0
0.2 k0 575 2.4/5.2/5.5/5.8 Dual-band 2.3
[2] 22
29 0.18 k0
0.23 k0 638 2.4/3.5/5.2/5.8 Tri-band 1.9
[3] 28
26 0.19 k0
0.2 k0 728 2.4/5.2/5.8 Tri-band 2.4
[4] 28
30 0.17 k0
0.18 k0 840 1.8/2.1/2.4/5.2/5.5/5.8 Multi-band 2.1
[5] 31
15 0.25 k0
0.12 k0 465 2.4/5.2/5.8 Tri-band 3.07
[6] 21
19 0.17 k0
0.15 k0 399 2.4/5.2 Dual band 1.8
[8] 26.5
12 0.21 k0
0.01 k0 318 2.4/3.5/5.8 Tri-band 2.01
[9] 30
17.2 0.35 k0
0.20 k0 516 3.5/5.2/5/8/5.9 Tri-band 3.0
[10] 27.5
13 0.22 k0
0.10 k0 357.3 2.4/3.5/5.2/5.5/5.8 Tri-band 1.67
[11] 35
19 0.28 k0
0.15 k0 665 2.4/3.5/5.2/5.5/5.8 Tri-band 2.9
[13] 35
15 0.28 k0
0.12 k0 525 2.4/5.2/5.5/5.8 Tri-band 1.7
[14] 26
15 0.22 k0
0.12 k0 390 2.5/4.9/5.2/5.5/5.8/5.9 Tri-band 3.3
[31] 31
26.27 0.36 k0
0.30 k0 814.37 3.5/5.2/7.4/9.5 Multiband 3.5
[32] 31
24.57 0.54 k0
0.43 k0 761.67 5.2/5.8 Single band 2.51
[33] 32
12 0.26 k0
0.01 k0 384 2.4/2.5/3.5/5.2/5.5/5.8 Tri-band 3.15
[34] 25
17.5 0.20 k0
0.14 k0 437.5 2.4/5.2/5.5/5.8 Dual band 1.67
[35] 22
16.08 0.18k0
0.13 k0 353.76 2.4/5.2/5.5/5.8/8.2 Multiband 1.29
This Work 25
12.2 0.20 k0
0.1 k0 305 2.4/2.5/4.9/5.2/5.5/5.8/7.4 Multiband 2.27

Fig. 11. Simulated surface current distributions of the proposed antenna at (a) 2.4 GHz, (b) 5.2 GHz, (c) 5.5 GHz, (d) 5.8 GHz and (e) 7.4 GHz.

The position of the CSRR structure loaded on CB ground plane of
the proposed antenna was optimized by varying the parameter
values of L2 from 5.5 to 1.5 mm. Details of its return loss perfor-
mances are shown in Fig. 9. When L2 was 5.5 mm, the antenna cov-
ered the first and third resonant frequencies completely, but not
the entire second resonant bandwidth. With L2 equal to 4.5 mm,
the proposed antenna produced three resonant frequency bands
in which it partially covered the third (7.4 GHz) frequency band.
When L2 is 3.5 mm, the antenna covered all the three resonant fre-
quency (2.8, 5.5 and 7.4 GHz) bands successfully. When L2 was
1.5 mm, it comprises only the first and third resonant frequencies
entirely and partially covered the second resonant frequency. The
conclusion from the above analysis is that L2 of 3.5 mm has a
proper impedance level and covers all the desired applications
simultaneously.
Variation in the spacing between feed line and ground plane (G)
were made from 0.10 mm to 0.30 mm as shown in Fig. 10. For
G = 0.10 mm, antenna resonates only at two frequencies (2.9 GHz
and 7.4 GHz) with poor impedance matching.
When G was 0.15 mm and 0.20 mm, the antenna covered lower
(2.5 GHz), middle (5 GHz) operating frequencies but failed to cover
7.5 GHz operating band. For G = 0.30 mm it covered the desired
frequency bands with good return loss characteristics compared
to other spacing gaps. The inferences from the above analysis are
that the spacing between feed line and the ground plane (G) has
a significant impact on return loss characteristics.
246 V. Rajeshkumar et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 98 (2019) 241–247
Fig. 12. The radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna for H-plane and E-plane at 2.4, 5.2, 5.8 and 7.4 GHz. (a) Simulated and (b) Measured.
Table 2 presents details of the comparison of various antenna
performances. The proposed antenna is seen producing better per-
formances in various parameters aspects referenced to the existing
antennas in the literature.
5. Current distributions and radiation pattern
The focus of the current distribution was on both the tapered
shaped radiating element and the CB ground plane of the antenna
leading to the reference of the responsibility of both planes for the
achievement of 2.4 GHz frequency band was shown in Fig. 11(a).
At the frequencies 5.2, 5.5, 5.8 and 7.4 GHz, the focus of the current
distribution is mainly on the CSRR structure, and concentrations of a
slight degree were seen on the tapered shaped radiating element of
the antenna as shown in Fig. 11(b)–(e). It confirming the excitement
of these frequencies 5.2, 5.5, 5.8 and 5.8 GHz by loading CSRR, and
the overall performance enhancement was due to the combined
effects of radiating structure and CSRR of the proposed antenna.
The radiation characteristic of the proposed antenna was mea-
sured using an anechoic chamber. The proposed ACS-fed antenna
was having good radiation characteristics in both E-plane and H-
plane as shown in Fig. 12. It can be observed that antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni-directional radiation patterns for E-plane
and H-plane respectively.
At a higher frequency (7.4 GHz), deterioration in antenna radia-
tion pattern shape was observed. This is due to the existence of the
higher order modes and dielectric losses. The compact ACS antenna
had good gain of 4.98, 1.06, 0.88 and 2.17 dBi at 2.4, 5.2, 5.8 and
7.4 GHz respectively, and an average gain of 2.27 dBi.
6. Conclusion
A compact metamaterial loaded monopole antenna for WLAN/
WiMAX/WAVE/LTE 2.5 GHz applications has been proposed. Band-
width improvement and impedance matching were achieved with
loading metamaterial structure. The proposed tri-band antenna
covered the frequency range of 2.33–3.43 GHz, 4.66–6.90 GHz
and 7.31–7.97 GHz with a corresponding fractional bandwidth of
38.19, 38.75 and 8.63%. Besides, the antenna possesses a small size
with good radiation characteristics at the operating frequency
bands. The characteristics mentioned above denote that the pro-
posed antenna is well suited for future compact wireless commu-
nication devices.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank editors and anonymous reviewers for
their valuable comments and suggestions for improving the quality
of manuscript.
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