CKT Manual

Circuit Analysis II Roots of Characteristic Equation IIEE
4th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 1
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the roots of characteristic equation using MATLAB and determine
stability.
BRUSHUP:
“A linear time-invariant system is called stable, if its weighting function decays to zero”
This definition shows that stability is a system property for linear systems. However, in
most cases the weighting function is not given in an explicit analytic form and therefore it
is costly to determine the final value. The transfer function of a system is often known and
as it is the Laplace transform of the weighting function, there is an equivalent stability
condition for it. The analysis of this condition shows that for the stability analysis it is
sufficient to check the poles of the transfer function of the system that is the roots of its
characteristic equation (polynomial).
𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑠1 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑠 𝑛 = 0
Following necessary and sufficient stability conditions can be formulated:

 A linear system is only asymptotically stable, if all poles of its transfer function
lie in the left-half plane.
 A linear system is only unstable, if at least one pole of its transfer function lies in
the right-half plane, or, if at least one multiple pole is on the imaginary axis of the
plane.
 A linear system is critically stable, if at least one single pole exists on the
imaginary axis, no pole of the transfer function lies in the right-half plane, and in
addition no multiple poles lie on the imaginary axis.
EQUATION:
1 1 1
(𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 ) 1
𝜆2 + 1 2 3
𝜆+( )=0
𝐶2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2
MATLAB CODE:
syms lamda C1 C2 R1 R2 R3
C1=input('Value of C1 = ');
C2=input('Value of C2 = ');
R1=input('Value of R1 = ');
lamda = [1 (1/C2)*(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3) 1/(R1*R2*C1*C2)]
poles = roots(lamda)
Circuit Analysis II Study the Response of RL Circuit IIEE
OBJECTIVES:
To study the Response of the given circuit, find the Transfer Function and verify V0
using Laplace Transform.
APPARATUS:
 Function Generator.  Inductors.
 Oscilloscope.  Bread Board.
 Resistors.  Multimeter.
BRUSHUP:
The transfer function is a key concept in signal processing because it indicates how a signal
is processed as it passes through a network. The transfer function of a network describes
how the output behaves in respect to the input. It specifies the transfer from the input to
the output in the s domain, assuming no initial energy. The transfer function depends on
what we define as input and output. The transfer function of a system is known and as it
is the Laplace Transform of the weighting function.
𝑌(𝑠)
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑋(𝑠)
Knowing the input X(s) and the transfer function H(s), we find the output Y(s) as Y(s) =
H(s) X(s) and take the inverse transform to get y(t).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1 L1
100Ω 10mH
V1
5 Vrms R2 + R3
100 Hz 100Ω Vo 100Ω
0° --
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Construct circuit according to given Circuit Diagram.
 Adjust the function generator for sine wave.
 Using oscilloscope observe the waveform across the resistor R3 and find V0(t).
 Find the Transfer Function H(s) = V0(s) / V1(s) by finding V0(s).
 Now calculate V0(s) by [ H(s) V1(s) ] and verify with V0(t) by finding it’s Inverse
Laplace.
 Give your observations and calculations.
Circuit Analysis II Finding the Stability of System using Pole Zero Graph IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To Analyze Stability and Instability with Poles and Zero Graph using MATLAB.
BRUSHUP:
The transfer function of a system is often known and as the Laplace transform of the
weighting function, there is an equivalent stability condition for it.
Following necessary and sufficient stability conditions can be formulated:
 A linear system is only asymptotically stable, if all poles of its transfer function
lie in the left-half plane.
 A linear system is only unstable, if at least one pole of its transfer function lies in
the right-half plane, or, if at least one multiple pole is on the imaginary axis of the
plane.
 A linear system is critically stable, if at least one single pole exists on the
imaginary axis, no pole of the transfer function lies in the right-half plane, and in
addition no multiple poles lie on the imaginary axis.
TRANSFER FUNCTIONS:
1
𝐻(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 1)
(𝑠 − 1)
𝐺(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)
1 (𝑠 − 1)
𝐾(𝑠) = 𝐺(𝑠) ∗ 𝐻(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 1)
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Simulate one of the given Transfer Functions, H(s) using Simulink.
 Provide a Step Function for the Input and observe the output.
 Analyze its Stability or Instability.
 Now, plot a Pole-Zero Graph using “pzmap” command and determine Stability or
Instability of Function.
 Similarly proceed for the other Transfer Functions.
 Conclude your observations.
Circuit Analysis II Finding Convolution Integral of Given Functions in IIEE
MATLAB
OBJECTIVE:
To find and verify the Convolution Integral of given Functions using MATLAB.
BRUSHUP:
The convolution of two signals consists of time-reversing one of the signals, shifting it,
and multiplying it point by point with the second signal, and integrating the product.
The term convolution means “folding.” Convolution is an invaluable tool to the engineer
because it provides a means of viewing and characterizing physical systems. For example,
it is used in finding the response y(t) of a system to an excitation x(t), knowing the system
impulse response h(t).
This is achieved through the convolution integral, defined as:
∞
y(t) = ∫ x(λ)h(t − λ) dλ
−∞
or simply
y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t)
PROCEDURE:
 Define a “t”, “x1(t)” and “x2(t)” from the graph given.
 Find y(t) by convolution.
 Use ‘conv’ function to convolute x1(t) and x2(t).
 Plot all three functions using ‘subplot’ command.
 Verify from Calculations.
MATLAB CODE:
Y=[1 6 9];
X=[8 0 5];
C=conv(Y,X);
plot(C)
Circuit Analysis II Finding Convolution Integral of Given Functions in IIEE
MATLAB by Graphical Method
OBJECTIVE:
To find and verify the Convolution of given Functions by Graphical Procedure using
MATLAB.
BRUSHUP:
“The convolution of two signals consists of time-reversing one of the signals, shifting it,
and multiplying it point by point with the second signal, and integrating the product.”
The term convolution means “folding.” Convolution is an invaluable tool to the engineer
because it provides a means of viewing and characterizing physical systems. For example,
it is used in finding the response y(t) of a system to an excitation x(t), knowing the system
impulse response h(t).
This is achieved through the convolution integral, defined as:
∞
𝑦(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝜆)ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜆) 𝑑𝜆
−∞
or simply
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ ℎ(𝑡)
GRAPHICAL FUNCTIONS:
MATLAB CODE:
syms tau; % 2<t<3
syms t;
figure(1); subplot(224)
subplot(211) ezplot(tau,x(2.5-tau),[-2 5]),hold on;
ezplot(tau,x(tau),[-2 3]),grid on; ezplot(tau,y(tau),[-2 5]), grid on;
xlabel('tau') xlabel('tau')
ylabel('x(t)=u(t+1)-u(t-1)') ylabel('x(t-tau) & y(tau)')
title('input signal'); title('For 2<t<3');
subplot(212)
ezplot(tau,y(tau),[-2 3]),grid on; con1=int(tau,tau,0,t+1);
xlabel('tau') figure(3);
ylabel('y(t)=t[u(t)-u(t-1)]+(2-t)[u(t-10- subplot(221)
u(t-2)]') ezplot(t,con1,[0 1]), xlim([-2 5]),grid on;
title('impulse response'); xlabel('tau')
ylabel('Convolution x(t-tau) & y(tau)')
% -1>t>0 title('For -1>t>0');
figure(2);
subplot(221) con2=int(tau,tau,0,1)+int((2-
ezplot(tau,x(-0.5-tau),[-2 5]),hold on; tau),tau,1,t+1);
ezplot(tau,y(tau),[-2 5]), grid on; subplot(222)
xlabel('tau') ezplot(t,con1*con2,[0 2]), xlim([-2
ylabel('x(t-tau) & y(tau)') 5]),grid on;
title('For -1>t>0'); xlabel('tau')
% 0<t<1 title('For 0<t<1');
subplot(222) con3=int(tau,tau,t-1,1)+int(2-
ezplot(tau,x(0.5-tau),[-2 5]),hold on; tau,tau,1,2);
ezplot(tau,y(tau),[-2 5]),grid on; subplot(223)
xlabel('tau') ezplot(t,con1*con2*con3,[0 2]), xlim([-
ylabel('x(t-tau) & y(tau)') 2 5]),grid on;
title('For 0<t<1'); xlabel('tau')
% 1<t<2 title('For 1<t<2');
subplot(223) con4=int(2-tau,tau,t-1,2);
ezplot(tau,x(1.5-tau),[-2 5]),hold on; subplot(224)
ezplot(tau,y(tau),[-2 5]) ,grid on; ezplot(t,con1*con2*con3*con4,[0 2]),
xlabel('tau') xlim([-2 5]),grid on;
ylabel('x(t-tau) & y(tau)') xlabel('tau')
title('For 1<t<2'); ylabel('Convolution x(t-tau) & y(tau)')
title('For 2<t<3');
Circuit Analysis II Analysis of Low pass & High pass RC Filters IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To analyze the given RC Low and High Pass Filter and find out the Cut-off Frequency.
THEORY:
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired Frequencies and rejects or
attenuate others.
LOW PASS FILTER:
A low pass filter is designed to pass only frequencies from DC up to the cut-off
frequency. If the frequency is increased above the cut-off frequency, ideally the output
goes to zero. A low pass filter is formed when the output of an RC circuit is taken off the
Capacitor.
HIGH PASS FILTER:
A high pass filter is designed to pass all frequency above the cut-off frequency, if the
frequency is lower than cut-off, ideally the result will be zero. A high pass filter is formed
when the output of an RC circuit is taken off the Resistor.
Cut-off Frequency for an RC Filter is given by:
1
𝑓=
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
XSC1 XSC1
Ext T rig Ext T rig

+ +
_ _
A B A B
+ _ + _ + _ + _
XFG1 XFG1
R1 C1 R1 C1
1.5kΩ 0.33µF 1.5kΩ 0.33µF
Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Make the circuits according to the above circuit diagram.
 Apply the AC Input using Function Generator.
 Vary the Frequency and find out the Cut-off Frequency by checking out the
response of system in terms of voltage and phase difference.
 Observe the resulting output waveforms on oscilloscope.
 Verify your result from calculations.
OBSERVATION:
Capacitor =
Resistor =
S.No. Filter Frequency Peak Voltage Phase Difference
LOW
PASS
HIGH
PASS
Circuit Analysis II Analysis of Low pass & High pass RL Filters IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To analyze the given RL Low and High Pass Filter and find out the Cut-off Frequency.
BRUSHUP:
attenuate others.
LOW PASS FILTER:
A low pass filter is designed to pass only frequencies from DC up to the cut-off
frequency. If the frequency is increased above the cut-off frequency, ideally the output
goes to zero. A low pass filter is formed when the output of an RL circuit is taken off the
Resistor.
HIGH PASS FILTER:
A high pass filter is designed to pass all frequency above the cut-off frequency, if the
frequency is lower than cut-off, ideally the result will be zero. A high pass filter is
formed when the output of an RL circuit is taken off the Inductor.
Cut-off Frequency for an RL Filter is given by:
𝑅
𝑓=
2𝜋𝐿
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
XSC1 XSC1
Ext T rig Ext T rig

+ +
_ _
A B A B
+ _ + _ + _ + _
XFG1 XFG1
R1 L1 R1 L1
100Ω 10mH 100Ω 10mH
Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Vary the Frequency and find out the Cut-off Frequency by checking out the
response of system in terms of voltage and phase difference.
OBSERVATIONS:
Inductor =
Resistor =
S.No. Filter Frequency Peak Voltage Phase Difference
LOW
PASS
HIGH
PASS
Circuit Analysis II Analysis of Band pass & Band stop Filters IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To analyze and design a Passive Bandpass and Bandstop Filter.
BRUSHUP:
attenuate others.
BANDPASS FILTER:
A filter that allows a band of frequencies between two designated values to pass is
bandpass filter. A bandpass filter is formed when the output of a series RLC circuit is
taken off the Resistor R.
“A bandpass filter is designed to pass certain band of frequencies.”
BANDSTOP FILTER:
A filter that attenuates a band of frequencies between two designated values is bandstop
filter. A bandstop filter is formed when the output of a series RLC circuit is taken off the
Inductor and Capacitor combination LC.
“A bandstop filter is designed to attenuate certain band of frequencies.”
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
XSC1 XSC1
Ext T rig Ext T rig

+ +
_ _
XFG1 A B
XFG1 A B
+ _ + _ _ _
+ +
R1 L1 C1 C1
R1 L1
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Vary the Frequency and find out the Cut-off Frequencies and Resonant
Frequency by checking out the response of system in terms of voltage and phase
difference.
OBSERVATION:
Inductor =
Capacitor =
Resistor =
ω1 =
ω0 =
ω2 =
Applied ω1 ω0 ω2
Filter
Voltage Voltage Phase Voltage Phase Voltage Phase
Bandpass
Bandstop
Circuit Analysis II Analysis of Parallel RLC Circuit IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To observe the phenomenon of Resonance and determine Resonant Frequency in a
Parallel RLC Circuit.
THEORY:
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the Capacitive and Inductive
reactances become equal in magnitude but are 1800 out of phase and so the circuit behaves
as a purely resistive circuit.
The parallel LC combination acts like an open circuit in the circuit so the entire current
flows through the resistor.
At resonance frequency source voltage and current through the circuit are in phase. The
maximum voltage drops across the inductor and capacitor but it is 1800 out of phase with
each other so it cancels out each others effect in circuit. The highest power dissipation
occurs at resonant frequency.
1
𝜔0 =
√𝐿𝐶
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: XSC1
Ext T rig
+
_
XFG1 A B
+ _ + _
R1
C1 L1
R2
R3 R4
PROCEDURE:
 Vary the Frequency and find out the Cut-off Frequencies and Resonant
Frequency by checking out the response of system in terms of voltage and phase
difference.
OBSERVATION:
Inductor =
Capacitor =
Resistor =
ω1 =
ω0 =
ω2 =
Applied ω1 ω0 ω2
Voltage Voltage Phase Voltage Phase Voltage Phase
Circuit Analysis II Fourier Analysis of the Given Circuit IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To observe and analyze the response of Circuit by using Fourier Analysis, by Hardware
and Simulation.
BRUSHUP:
The Fourier series of a periodic function f (t) is a representation that resolves f (t) into a
DC component and an AC component comprising an infinite series of harmonic
sinusoids.
According to the Fourier theorem, any practical periodic function of frequency 𝜔0 can be
expressed as an infinite sum of sine or cosine functions that are integral multiples of 𝜔0 .
∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)

𝑛=1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
XFG2
R1 L1
560Ω 40mH
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Make the circuit according to the above circuit diagram.
 Calculate the Fourier Series for voltage and phase across the Inductor for a
desired Input Signal.
 Connect Oscilloscope across the Inductor.
 Apply the DC using power supply and AC using Function Generator.
 Set the Frequency of the ‘nth’ Harmonic and find out voltage across the Inductor
by observing the output waveform on oscilloscope.
 Simulate the Circuit for phase, verify your result from calculations.
OBSERVATIONS:
Inductor =
Resistor = S.No. No. of Harmonic Amplitude Frequency Phase
Input Signal =
ω = 1
0
2
3
4
5
Circuit Analysis II To Observe Gibb’s Phenomenon of Superposition IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To observe and analyze the Gibbs Phenomenon of Superposition of Fourier Series, by
Simulation.
BRUSHUP:
The Fourier series of a periodic function f(t) is a representation that resolves f(t) into a DC
component and an AC component comprising of an infinite series of harmonic sinusoids.
According to Gibbs Phenomenon, as more and more Fourier Harmonics (DC and AC
components) are added or superimposed, the sum gets closer and closer to the original
practical periodic function f(t) and an approximation of the original waveform is obtained.
∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)

𝑛=1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
XSC1
Ext Trig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _
XFG5 XFG4 XFG3 XFG1 XFG2
R1
100Ω
For four harmonics (n= 0 to 4).
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Make the circuit according to the above circuit diagram for approximation till 5
harmonics in Multisim.
 Calculate the Fourier Components for n=0 to n=4.
 Connect Oscilloscope across the Load Resistor.
 Adjust the Function Generators’ frequencies and amplitudes according to the
calculated Harmonics.
 Observe the waveform obtained and its approximation with the original wave.
Circuit Analysis II To Observe Gibb’s Phenomenon of Superposition IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To observe and analyze the Frequency Responses of First and Second Order Circuits in
MATLAB.
BRUSHUP:
Frequency Response of an electric or electronics circuit allows us to see exactly how the
output gain (the magnitude response) and the phase (the phase response) changes at a
particular single frequency, or over a whole range of different frequencies from 0Hz (DC)
to many thousands of megahertz (MHz) depending upon the design characteristics of the
circuit. Generally, the frequency response analysis of a circuit or system is shown by
plotting its Gain using Transfer Function (output signal to its input signal). Graphical
representations of frequency response curves are called Bode Plots. The Bode diagram is
a logarithmic presentation of the frequency response.
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Find out the Transfer Function of the circuit.

 Plot the Bode using the Transfer Function in MATLAB.
 Verify from Calculations.
 Repeat for all four circuits.
SIMULATION:
XSC1
Ext T rig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _
XFG1
R1 C1
1.5kΩ 0.33µF
MATLAB CODE:
s = tf('s');
R = 10000;
C = 100*10^-6;
G = 1/(C*R*s+1);
bode(G)
title('RC Circuit Frequency Response (R = 10kOhm, C = 100uF)')
XSC1
Ext T rig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _
XFG1
R1 L1
100Ω 10mH
MATLAB CODE:
s = tf('s');
R = 1000;
L = 10*10^-3;
G = (L*s)/(1+L*s);
bode(G)
title('RL Circuit Frequency Response (R = 10kOhm, L = 10mH)')
XSC1
Ext T rig
+
_
XFG1 A B
+ _ + _
R1
C1 L1
MATLAB CODE:
s = tf('s');
L = 20*10^-3;
R = 100000;
C = 5*10^-9;
G = (1-L*C*s^2)/(R*C*s-L*C*s^2+1);
bode(G)
title('RLC Circuit Frequency Response (L=20mH, R=100 kOhm, C=5nF')
XSC1
Ext T rig
+
_
XFG1 A B
+ _ + _
R1
C1 L1
MATLAB CODE:
s = tf('s');
L = 20*10^-3;
R = 100000;
C = 5*10^-9;
G = (R*L*s)/(1+L*s-L*C*s^2);
bode(G)
title('RLC Circuit Frequency Response (L = 20mH, R = 100kOhm, C = 5nF')
Circuit Analysis II To Observe Behavior of Normal Two Terminal and IIEE
Center Tapped Transformers
OBJECTIVE:
To observe the behavior and response of a normal two terminal and a Centre Tapped
Transformer.
BRUSHUP:
A normal two terminal transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or
more) magnetically coupled coils. The coil that is directly connected to the voltage source
is called the Primary winding. The coil connected to the load is called the Secondary
winding.
A Centre Tapped transformer works in more or less the same way as a usual transformer.
The difference lies in just the fact that its secondary winding is divided into two parts, so
two individual voltages can be acquired across the two line ends.
A transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of Induction that the relative motion
of field or coil causes an electromotive force to produce in the coil. In the transformer, the
stepping up or stepping down of voltage depends upon the number of turns in the primary
and secondary winding given by the formula:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
= =𝑛
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦
where “n” is the turns ratio of transformer
V1
0 T1 2
220 Vrms + U1
60 Hz 110.000 V AC 10MOhm
1 3 -
0°
- U2
110.000 V AC 10MOhm
+
1 T1 4
V1
220 Vrms + U1
3
60 Hz 220.000 V AC 10MOhm
-
0°
0 2
+ U3
110.000 V AC 10MOhm
-
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
 Make the circuit according to the given circuit diagrams.

 Apply the 220V AC input from the Mains.
 Observe the resulting stepped down voltage.
 Calculate the turns ratio and verify from simulation.
 Discuss working of center-tapped transformer.
OBSERVATION:
Linear Transformer:
Output Voltage =
Turns Ratio =
Centre Tapped Transformer:
Output Voltages =
Turns Ratio =
Circuit Analysis II To Prove Parseval’s Theorem IIEE
OBJECTIVE:
To find the total energy dissipated in resistor by using Parseval Theorem.
BRUSHUP:
Parseval theorem states that the total energy delivered to a 1 ohm resistor equals the total
area under the square of f(t) or 1/2π times the total area under the square of the
magnitutde of the fourier transform of f(t).
MATLAB CODE:
syms t
R = input('Resistor: ')
ft = input('Function: ')
W = (1/R)*int((ft^2),t,0,inf)
OBJECTIVE:
TO FIND THE TOTAL ENERGY DESSIPATED IN THE RESISTOR BY USING PARSEVAL
THEOREM IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN .
THOERY:
“Parseval theorem states that the total energy delivered to a 1 ohm resistor equals the
total area under the square of f(t) or 1/2π times the total area under the square of the
magnitutde of the fourier transform of f(t)
FORMULA:
PROCEDURE:
 Take a function of the source.
 Select the resistor thorugh which energy to be found.
 Use the parseval theorem formula to find out the energy dessipated through the
resistor.
MATLAB CODE:
syms s t
clc
pi = 3.142;
R = input('Resistor: ')
ft = input('Function In Frequency Domain: ')
W = (1/R)*(1/(2*3.142))*int(ft,s,-inf,inf)
CALCULATION:
OBJECTIVE:
TO OBSERVE THE BEHAVIOUR AND RESPONSE OF A LINEAR AND A CENTRE
TAPPED TRANSFORMER .
THOERY:
A linear transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or more)
specially coupled coils. The coil that is directly connected to the violtage source is called
the primary windings. The coil connected to the load is called secondary windings’s
A centre tapped transformer wirks in more or less the same way as a usuall tranformer
the difference lies in just the fact that its secondary winding is divided into two parts, so
as indivisual voltages can be acquired across the two line ends.
A tansformer works on the principles of faraday’s law of induction that the relative
motion of field or coil causes an electromotive force to produce in the coil. In the
transformer, the stepping up or stepping down of voltage depends upon the number of
turns in the primary and the secondary winding given by the formula:
= =𝑛
Where “n” is the turns ratio of tranformer
OBSERVATION:
 Linear Tranformer:
Output Voltage =
Turns Ratio =
 Center Tapped Transformer

Output Voltage =
Turns Ratio =
OBSERVATION:
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Linear Transformer Center Tapped Transformer
OBJECTIVE:
TO FIND OUT THE PERCENTAGE ERROR IN IDEAL AND NO -IDEAL
TRANFORMER.
THOERY:
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that entire amount of flux get linked with
secondary winding (that is, no leakage flux). 100% efficiency: An ideal transformer does
not have any losses like hysteresis loss, eddy current loss etc. So, the output power of
an ideal transformer is exactly equal to the input power.
In a practical transformer, the some amount of flux get linked with secondary winding
(that is, leakage flux). A practical transformer have losses like hysteresis loss, eddy
current loss etc. So, the output power of an ideal transformer is not exactly equal to the
input power.
In the transformer, the stepping up or stepping down of voltage depends upon the
number of turns in the primary and the secondary winding given by the formula:
= =𝑛
Where “n” is the turns ratio of tranformer
OBSERVATION:
 Ideal Tranformer:
Input Voltage =
Output Voltage =
 Practical Transformer
Input Voltage =
Output Voltage =
OBSERVATION:
Practical Transformer
RESULT:
Ideal Transformer

CKT Manual

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CKT Manual

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Circuit Analysis II Roots of Characteristic Equation IIEE

4th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 1

Following necessary and sufficient stability conditions can be formulated:

lamda = [1 (1/C2)(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3) 1/(R1R2C1C2)]

Ext T rig Ext T rig

1.5kΩ 0.33µF 1.5kΩ 0.33µF

Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter

S.No. Filter Frequency Peak Voltage Phase Difference

Ext T rig Ext T rig

100Ω 10mH 100Ω 10mH

Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter

S.No. Filter Frequency Peak Voltage Phase Difference

Ext T rig Ext T rig

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: XSC1

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)

XFG5 XFG4 XFG3 XFG1 XFG2

For four harmonics (n= 0 to 4).

 Find out the Transfer Function of the circuit.

where “n” is the turns ratio of transformer

 Make the circuit according to the given circuit diagrams.

 Center Tapped Transformer

S-ar putea să vă placă și