A complex number is a number consisting of a real and imaginary part.

It can be written
in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is the standard imaginary unit with the
property i 2 = −1.[1] The complex numbers contain the ordinary real numbers, but extend them by
adding in extra numbers and correspondingly expanding the understanding of addition and
multiplication. Although other notations can be used, complex numbers are usually written in
form: a +ib.

where a and b are real numbers, and i is the imaginary unit, which has the property i 2 = −1. The
real number a is called the real part of the complex number, and the real number b is the
imaginary part. For example, 3 + 2i is a complex number, with real part 3 and imaginary part 2.

The complex numbers are regarded as an extension of the real numbers (R) by
considering every real number as a complex number with an imaginary part of zero. The real
number a is identified with the complex number a + 0i. Complex numbers with a real part of
zero (Re(z)=0) are called imaginary numbers. Instead of writing 0 + bi, that imaginary number is
usually denoted as just bi. If b equals 1, instead of using 0 + 1i or 1i, the number is denoted as i.

The Complex Plane

Complex numbers can be written by two ways, they are cartecius and polar coordinate.In
cartecius coordinate form, complex numbers is written

|z|=p ( x . y ) o r |z|=x +iy

And in polar form it is written |z|=p ( r , θ )∨¿ |z|=ℜiθ

Absolute value and distance

The absolute value (or modulus or magnitude) of a complex number |z|=x+iy

is |r|=√ x 2+ y 2 .In polar form, |z|is written|z|=r iθ .

If z = x + yi, where x and y are real numbers, then

e z =e x eiy =e x ¿
Computation of ab where both a and b are complex

Complex exponentiation ab can be defined by converting a to polar coordinates and using the
identity (eln(a))b = ab: a b=¿

However, when b is not an integer, this function is multivalued, because θ is not unique

Complex conjugate

The complex conjugate of the complex number z = x + yi is defined to be x – yi, and the complex
numbers of the complex number z= ℜiθ❑ is defined to be z = ℜ−iθ .❑

The square of the absolute value is obtained by multiplying a complex number by its conjugate.

Complex roots

Every complex number other than 0 has n different nth roots.

[edit] Square roots

The square roots of i

The two square roots of a complex number are always negatives of each other. For example, the
square roots of −4 are 2i and −2i, and the square roots of i are
If we express a complex number in polar form, then the square root can be obtained by taking the
square root of the radius and halving the angle:

A principal root of a complex number may be chosen in various ways, for example

which introduces a branch cut in the complex plane along the positive real axis with the
condition 0 ≤ θ < 2π, and along the negative real axis with −π < θ ≤ π.

Roots of unity

The three 3rd roots of 1

The number 1 has n different nth roots in the complex plane, namely

where
These roots are evenly spaced around the unit circle in the complex plane, at angles which are
multiples of 2π / n. For example, the square roots of unity are 1 and −1, and the fourth roots of
unity are 1, i, −1, and − i.

[edit] Nth roots

Every complex number has n different nth roots in the complex plane. These are

where η is a single nth root, and 1, ω, ω2, ... ωn−1 are the nth roots of unity. For example, the four
different fourth roots of 2 are

In polar form, a single nth root may be found by the formula

iθ

√ ℜ =¿ √ r e
n
iθ n n
¿

As with square roots, the formula above cannot be applied consistently to the entire complex
plane, but instead leads to a branch cut at the points where θ / n suddenly “jumps”.
PROBLEM

∞
1. Find the solution of ∑ ¿¿¿
n→∞

Answer;

ρ=¿ nlim
→∞
¿¿

= nlim
→∞
¿¿

=nlim
→∞
¿¿

=nlim
→∞
¿¿

z+2−2i
= 4

ρ<1

z+2−2i
<1
4

˚ radius 4∧core ( 2 ,−2 ) .

Z+(2-2i)¿ 4 Its meanthat the has

2. Find the cube roots of √3 27 i

Answer:

z o=27

π 5π 9 π
θo = , , ,…
2 2 2
 1 1 iθ
3 3 3
z o =r o e

r= √3 27=3

π 5π 9 π
θ= , , ,…
6 6 6

iπ i9π
z 1=3 e 6 z 3=3 e 6

π π 9π 9π
+3 isin +3 isin
= 3 cos 6 6¿ = 3 cos 6 6¿
¿ ¿

= 3 cos 30° + 3 i sin 30° = 3 cos 270° + 3 i sin 270°

3 √ 3 3i
= + = -3i
2 2

i5 π
6
z 2=3 e

5π 5π
+3 isin
= 3 cos 6 6¿
¿

= 3 cos 150° + 3 i sin 150°

3 √3 3 i
=- +
2 2

3. Prove that cos 2 z−sin 2 z=cos 2 z

Answer:

cos 2 z=¿

=¿

1 iz −iz 2❑
sin2 z=( 2i
(e −e )
¿ )
=¿

=¿

cos 2 z−sin 2 z=¿

=¿

1 2iz 1 −2 iz
= e + e
2 2

1 2 iz −2 iz
= ( e +e )
2

= cos 2z

SOURCE LIST

Anonym, 2010. Complex, http//www.wikipedia.org. (diunduh pada tanggal 6 November

2010).
 Anonym, 2010. Complex_number, http//www.wikipedia.org. (diunduh pada tanggal 6
November 2010).

Anonym, 2010. Exponential_function, http//www.wikipedia.org. (diunduh pada tanggal

6 November 2010).

Anonym, 2010. Nth_root, http//www.wikipedia.org. (diunduh pada tanggal 6 November

2010).

Paper of Mathematical Physics

Complex number
 Created by:

Ni made wiwik astuti

A 241 09 013

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS TADULAKO
2010