BTM2133

METROLOGY

CHAPTER 2
Language and System of Measurement
 OVERVIEW
“ a child reportedly asked President Lincoln how long his legs were. The
President answered, ‘ long enough to reach from my body to ground’.”

 A humorous response, but the clever use of language does not provide an
accurate response to the child’s question.
 OVERVIEW
❖ As often happens today, language obscures the meaning of
the questions we ask and the responses we receive.
❖ For example, if an automobile engine is bored for larger pistons
and tested for acceleration time, the 0 to 96 kph (60 mph) time
might be cut by 2 seconds. Then, in production, when someone
asks how "accurately" the new pistons must fit for the same level
of performance, how should we answer?
❖ One person says, "For a good fit." Another says, "The maximum
clearance cannot exceed 0.050 mm (0.002 in.) or be less than
0.025 mm (0.001 in.)." Still another exclaims "Right on!"
❖ One of these answers probably contain the information we
need, but the right answer depends on the meaning of the
word accuracy in the question.
 Figure 2.1

How big?

How far
apart?
 Figure 2.2
What is the size?
A rectangle A rectangle
20 x 20 mm 20 x 30 mm

A 20 20 B

20
30

R2.5

C 20 D 20
19

30 20
 Do you know??
A human hair is
approximately 0.003
inch thick

A pieces of paper is approximately

0.003 inch thick

A grain of salt is approximately

0.004 inch in size
 METROLOGY TERMS
Dimensional Measurement

Principal Secondary

e.g: i) length e.g: i) angle

ii) curvature

 Dimensional measurement are used daily in designing building

and operating the objects that is surround us for
communicating about past, present and future object

 Using this measurements, we can describe surface finish,

flatness and angular relationship among features
 METROLOGY TERMS (cont’)

 Linear measurement express the distance

separating two points ( from reference point to
measured point)
Measurement

i) Cardinal
ii) Fractional
Unit of length Multiplier
iii) Decimal
 Unit of length is easy to understand as long as
everyone agrees on a standard for the unit of
length.
 Multiplier can be cardinal, decimal or exponential
numbers. See figure 2.3.
 Figure 2.3

Exponential multipliers are not only more compact, they

are much easier to use in calculations. They are widely used
in engineering and science.
When to Inspect/Measure?

Traditionally, measurements have

been made after the part has
been produced, an approach
known as post-process inspection
or post-process measurement.
Today, measurement are being
made while the part is produced
on the machine, an approach
known as in-process, online or
real-time measurement.
THE ACT OF MEASUREMENT

 The act of measurement is a

comparison of the standard of
length or the distance to be
reproduced and an unknown
feature.
 Two method to compare unknown
lengths to the standards
I. Interchange method
II. Displacement method

See figure 2.4

Interchange method

 Measurement by comparison.

 Compares both ends of the unknown

feature to both ends of the standard
at the same time.

 Instruments called comparators has

been created based on the
interchange method of
measurement.
Displacement Method

 Measurement by translation or
transfer.
 Involves the separate examination of
each end of the feature.
 As we go from one point to the other,
we displace something.
 The relationship of the distance
displaced to the standard constitutes
the measurement.
 Figure 2.4:

All measurement consist of the comparison of the unknown with a known. The method for
comparison vary but fall into one of two groups: interchange or displacement
 Example 1

 In-process measurement: Caliper types

 Interchange Method
 Example 2

In-process measurement: Friction roller types

Interchange method
 Example 3

 In-process measurement: Go and no go gauge

 Displacement method
 Definition: ACCURACY, PRECISION AND
RELIABILITY

 Accuracy is the degree of closeness between a measured

quantity value and true quantity value of a measurement.

 The concept of accuracy is not a quantity and is not

given a numerical quantity value. A measurement is said
to be more accurate when it offers a smaller
measurement error.

 Accuracy is sometimes understood as closeness of

agreement between measured quantity values that are
being attributed to the measurand.
 Definition: ACCURACY, PRECISION AND
RELIABILITY…cont.

 Precision, also called reproducibility or repeatability, the

degree to which further measurements or calculations
show the same or similar results.

 Precision is usually expressed numerically by measures of

imprecision, such as standard deviation, variance, or
coefficient of variation under the specified conditions of
measurement.

 Reliability is quality of a measurement indicating the

degree to which the measure is consistent, that is,
repeated measurements would give the same result.

Ref: International vocabulary of metrology

Target analogy
Figure 2.6

Which of these targets represents Accurate shooting?

Precise shooting? Reliable shooting?
Explanation from Figure 2.6

 Compare shooter A and shooter B.

 Shooter B more precisely but less accurately
than A.

 Compare shooter A,B and C.

 C’s shot more accurate than A and B.

 Compare shooter C,D, and E.

 C is not precise as D.
 E’s the most precise and most accurate than
others.
Figure 2.7

Figure 2.7 A change in one variable, such as wind, alters the results
as shown. Does this show which shooting was most reliable?
The addition of crosswind causes scores to decrease
in all cases except E’s, because the reliability.
Precision

 General Meaning
 Exactness, Degree of exactitude

 Measures
 Fineness of readings

 Specific Meaning
 The lower the standard deviation of measurement, the
higher the precision
Accuracy

 General Meaning
 Desirability

 Measures
 Ratio of correct to incorrect reading

 Specific Meaning
 The number of measurements within a specified standard
as compared with those outside
Reliability

 General Meaning
 Probability of achieving desired result

 Measures
 Reliability of correct readings

 Specific Meaning
 The probability of performing without failure a specific
function under given conditions for specified period of
time
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
A system of measurement is a set
of units which can be used to
specify anything which can be
measured.
Measurement
System

Metric system English system

 Metric System
 The new name of metric system is ‘Le Système
International d’Unitès’ (International system of unit),
abbreviated as SI.

 A standard system of measurements based on the

meter, second, kilogram, and Celsius degrees. .

 Figure 2.8 shows the terms, symbols and

abbreviation used in SI.
Figure 2.8

These are the prefixes used in SI to show magnitude. A centimeter, for

example, is one-hundredth of a meter
English System

Standard measurements of English

system based on the inch, second,
pound, and Fahrenheit degrees.
THE BEST SYSTEM

 The best system of measurement depends

on what is being measured.

 What use the measurement has, whether

scientific, commercial or cultural?

 The audience must understand the results

of measurement process?

 Use measurement system that helps other

people understand the goals that what
we are trying to accomplish?
PRACTICAL CRITERIA

 Every step in the measurement

process is potentially a source of
error.

 To achieve the most precise and

reliable measurement system that
requires the fewest steps, from
instrument selection to the final
computation made with your results.
 PRACTICAL CRITERIA
(cont’)
 To determine the best system of measurement, we
use three factors.

Metrological Computational
factor factor

Which act of Communicative Which system yields

measurement factor figures that we can use
will yield usable mathematically
result
Communication factor-
which system makes it
easiest for us to share the
measurement with other
people
Figure 2.11 When the two system are critically analyzed, neither
is all good nor all bad
 Rounding off- Numerical Values
 When we round off, we eliminate unnecessary figures in any
computation.

 However, you must know both the correct method of rounding

off and the number of significant figures needed in order to round
off properly.

 Consistency is one of the most component of reliable

measurement (use same method of measurement)
 Advantage: even we make errors, the errors have a chance
to cancel each other out or to be caught more easily).

 The reason for rounding off is to eliminate the meaningless digits

Figure 2.12 In this group of five values the rounded up column yielded
high values, the rounded down, low values. The more items involved,
the greater the total error and average error.
 General rules for rounding off
1. When the digit to be dropped less than 5, there is no
change in the preceding figures. Ex. The number 56.748
rounded off to the nearest 0.1 becomes 56.7.
2. When the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, the
preceding digit is increased by 1. Ex. The number 2.146
rounded off to the nearest 0.01 becomes 2.15.
3. When the digit to be dropped is exactly 5, round off to
the nearest even number.
• American standard: raise the remaining last digit if it
is odd and leave it same if it is even. Ex. The number
21.45 rounded off to the nearest 0.1 becomes 21.4.
Any Question??

Thanks ☺