MODULE

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and The World

 RIDDLES. Rhyming couplets with each line having a regular syllabic count,
varying from four syllables to as many as fourteen. Most of the subjects of
the riddles are taken from the parts of the body, household tools and
utensils, familiar flora and fauna, and many others.

Example: Muminuddukam,
A ningngijjitam. (Aeta)
(It wears a crown but isn’t a queen,
it has scales but isn’t a fish. (Pineapple)

 PROVERBS. Also called salawikain is a wise saying that expresses a truth

about life. It is stated in a figurative language and is usually given in
rhyming couplets. The images and lessons that Filipino proverbs try to
convey are taken from the environment and the everyday occupations
of the common people.

Example: Mayaman ka man sa sabi,

dukha ka rin sa sarili.
(Through words, you may make others believe
you are rich; but the fact remains that you are poor.)

 FOLK SONGS. Songs specifically unique in every region. Sang during work,
worship or play. It is a short poem intended to be sung. Most of the songs
were lullabies or about day-to-day experience in life. The lyrics reflect the
traditions, beliefs, and customs of their time.

Example: Oyayi (Tagalog)

Dandansoy (Bisaya)
Dung-aw (Ilocano)

 FOLK TALE. Story that reflects the life of the people of a particular region.
Folktales are usually concerned with everyday people who experience
typical human situations.

Example: Juan Picas: The Boy Who Looked for God

 MYTH. Is a story about superhuman beings such as gods, goddesses, or

heroes and their adventures. It also relates the beginning of the world and
things, how heavenly bodies came into being, and how everything were
brought into existence.

Example: The First Filipinos

 LEGEND. Story explaining the origin of things and a world phenomenon.

Example: The Story of the Kanlaon Volcano

  FABLE. Fictitious stories using animals or inanimate things as characters.
These characters speak and act like people. Often, these stories show the
cleverness of one animal and the foolishness of another.

Example: The Monkey and the Turtle

 EPIC. A narrative poem which tells of heroic deeds or adventures of great

heroes who are often supernatural

 Example: Biag ni Lam-ang

 SONNET - lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme, expressing

different aspects of a single thought, mood, or feeling, sometimes
resolved or summed up in the last lines of the poem.

 BALLAD - a song or poem, especially a traditional one or one in a

traditional style, telling a story in a number of short regular stanzas, often
with a refrain

 ELEGY - a mournful or reflective poem

 ODE - a lyric poem, usually expressing exalted emotion in a complex

scheme of rhyme and meter

AIMS of literature
-they are the objectives and goal of literature. It discusses the essentialities of
studying literature. It answers how and why we study literature.

VIEWPOINT in literature
-intellectual comments on literature and how writers perceive literature in their
own perspective.

MEANING of literature
-definition and description of literature

LITERARY STANDARDS
-a criteria set by literary enthusiasts and writers so as to achieve certain goals on
specific forms of literature