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Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων
ή Ι ί
CMOS
Technology
T h l
Τμήμα Μηχανικών Η/Υ και Πληροφορικής
F
From the
th book:
b k A Introduction
An I t d ti to t VLSI Process
P
By: W. Maly
1
ΚΥΚΛΩΜΑΤΑ VLSI
Διάρθρωση
1. N‐well
well CMOS
CMOS
2
2. Active region formation
Active region formation
3. Gate oxide growth
4. Polysilicon deposition
5
5. n‐MOS
MOS – p‐MOS S/D implantation
MOS S/D implantation
6. S/D annealing
7. SiO2 deposition
8. Contact cuts
VLSI Systems 9. Metal deposition
and Computer Architecture Lab
10. Passivation
2
N‐well
well CMOS
CMOS CMOS inverter masks
CMOS iinverter
t N-well
cross-section
3
1
Active Region Formation CMOS iinverter
t Active mask
masks
In this process, thick regions of
In this process thick regions of
SiO2 are selectively grown to
provide isolation between
pMOS and nMOS transistors.
This thick oxide is called field
oxide (FOX)
oxide (FOX).
The transistors are developed in
the regions without FOX that are
called active regions.
To protect the transistors’ area
from oxidation a thin pad oxide
layer and a Si3N4 layer are used.
&
Pad oxide
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
4
2
Active Region Formation CMOS iinverter
t Active regions
masks
Silicon wafer oxidation using a
Silicon wafer oxidation using a
long and high‐temperature cycle
to develop the thick FOX.
The FOX is grown in the regions
unprotected by Si3N4 4 (active
unprotected by Si (active
regions).
FOX
Bird’s beak
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
5
Gate Oxide Growth CMOS iinverter
t Active regions
masks
Next the layers of the Si
Next the layers of the Si3N4 4 and
and
the pad oxide are removed by
an etching process. Then a very
thin gate oxide layer is grown
thermally in the open area of
the active regions
the active regions.
FOX
Gate oxide
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
6
Polysilicon Deposition CMOS iinverter
t Polysilicon region
masks
The polysilicon layer is
The polysilicon layer is
deposited over the entire wafer,
using the CVD process.
The poly is doped for reduced
resistance.
Using the mask in the Fig. the
undesired poly is removed by a
Interconnect Region
dry etching process.
FOX
The poly serves as a mask for
The poly serves as a mask for
source/drain implantation step
(self aligned technology).
After poly etching, the gate thin Gate Regions
oxide is also etched.
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
7
nMOS S/D Implantation CMOS iinverter
t n+ mask
masks
An n+ mask is used for nMOS
An n mask is used for nMOS
source/drain implantation and
formation of the bias contact to
the N‐well.
The polysilicon layer protects
The polysilicon layer protects
the transistor channel region.
FOX
nMOS transistor
N-well contact
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
8
pMOS S/D Implantation CMOS iinverter
t p+ mask
masks
A p+ mask
A p mask
(negative/complement to the n+
mask) is used for pMOS
source/drain implantation.
/
Once again, the polysilicon layer
Once again the polysilicon layer
protects the transistor channel
region. Transistor Channel Region
pMOS transistor
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
9
S/D Annealing CMOS iinverter
t
masks
After source/drain implantation
After source/drain implantation
a short thermal process at
moderate temperature is
performed.
This way some of the crystal
structure damage occurred in
structure damage, occurred in
the high‐dose implantation, is
repaired.
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
10
SiO2 Deposition CMOS iinverter
t
masks
The SiO2 insulating layer is
The SiO2 insulating layer is
deposited over the entire wafer
using the CVD technique.
Note the non‐planarity of the
surface that will have an impact
surface that will have an impact
on the metal deposition step.
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
11
Contact Cuts CMOS iinverter
t
masks
A lithographic step to define
A lithographic step to define
contact cuts in the insulating
layer.
The silicon of the S/D areas is
exposed.
exposed
The contact cut to the
polysilicon layer of the gate is
not shown.
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
12
Metal Deposition CMOS iinverter
t
masks
The non‐planarity of the surface
may cause breaks in the metal
may cause breaks in the metal
paths during the fabrication
process or later on by
electromigration phenomena.
CMOS iinverter
t
cross-section
13
Passivation Layout
The final step is the passivation
The final step is the passivation
(overglass layer) for surface
protection
This step is not shown here.
The CMOS inverter, layout (a),
The CMOS inverter layout (a)
cross‐section (b) and electrical
diagram (schematic) (c), are
illustrated in the figure.
CMOS inverter
cross-section
Electrical Diagram
14