Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mercado
con Inventario
Modelo de la telaraña
Reseña histórica
Este modelo es adecuado para describir el comportamiento del
intercambio de ciertos bienes cuya producción no es ni instantánea
ni continua, sino que abarca un periodo de tiempo. Al final de cada
periodo, los productores deciden, en base al precio obtenido en el
periodo inmediatamente anterior, la cantidad a ofertar en el
presente. Esta hipótesis de comportamiento se ha revelado útil
para ciertos productos agrícolas perecederos, en los que la decisión
de cultivo en cada cosecha se basa en el precio obtenido en la
cosecha precedente.
2
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
Se supone, para mayor simplicidad, que la decisión de sembrar
depende del precio que tuvo el producto durante el período de
cosecha anterior.
Se supone además, que la oferta de productos agrícolas en el
momento de la cosecha es la esperada al momento de sembrar: no
hay sequías, heladas, etc, que alteren la oferta esperada.
Si estos dos supuestos se asumen como válidos, la curva de oferta
de este producto agrícola será: Xt = f (Pt-1)
Equilibrio
Equilibrio en
en el
el mercado
mercado de
de productos
productos agrícolas
agrícolas
Ptomate
Otomate
P1
P3
Pe
P2
P0
Dtomate
0 QQ
0 2Qe Q1
Qtomate
Ajuste Convergente
3
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
Equilibrio
Equilibrioen
enel
elmercado
mercadode
deproductos
productosagrícolas
agrícolas
Ptomate
Otomate
P3
P1
Pe
P0
P2
Dtomate
0 Q2 Q0 Qe Q1 Q3
Qtomate
Ajuste Explosivo
Hipótesis
La oferta en cada periodo (O t) depende, no del precio que se tiene
en el mercado durante el mismo periodo, sino del precio que se
tenía en el periodo anterior Pt-1.
Formulación matemática
Qdt = Qst
Qdt = a – bPt (a, b > 0)
Qst = -c + dPt-1 (c, d > 0)
Al final obtendremos:
Pt = [P0 – ((a + c)/(b + d))] (-d / b)t + [(a + c)/(b + d)]
Reseña histórica
Hipótesis
6
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
El ajuste de precio hecho período a período es inversamente
proporcional al cambio observado en los inventarios (existencias).
Formulación matemática
Qdt = Qst
Qdt = a - bPt (a, b > 0)
Qst = -c + dPt (c, d > 0)
Pt+1 = Pt - (Qst – Qdt) ( > 0)
@
@DHHLL@
DHL@
1er Método
DD
D HHLLHHL@
::@ D
L>
>
RSolve P t +1 - 1 - s d +b P t Š s a +c , P t , t
FullSimplify
a +c - 1 - b +d s t a +c - b +d C 1
P t ®
AHHLLHHL@D
LHHLL
b +d
a +c - 1 - b +d s t a +c - b +d C 1
HHLLH @D@
D
L
Collect , 1 - b +d s
b +d
a +c 1 - b +d s t - a - c +b C 1 + d C 1
+
b +d b +d
2º Método
7
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@H HL
L D
Solución general de la homogénea. Ecuación característica.
8
8 < <
Solve r - 1 - s d +b Š 0, r
@DH L
r ® 1- b s - d s
HL
GH t_ = C 1 - b s - d s
C 1- b s - d s t
t
@D
Solución particular
@DH HLL
@D
P t_ = A
HHLL
A
P t +1 - 1 - s d +b P t
@@
D HHLL
@DHLD
A - A 1 - b +d s
8
8HL<
A=
8<<
SolveAlways P t +1 -
a ® A b - c +A d , s ® 0
c +a
1 - s d +b P t == s a +c , t
@DH
@D@
D
b +d
a +c
L
b +d
GC t = GH t +P t
a +c t
+C 1 - b s - d s
b +d
@8
@DHH L
L@
DH L
1) b = d
@
D<@DD
RSolve P t +1 - 1 - s b + d P t Š s a + c ,
D H LHL>
::@ >
P 0 Š po , P t , t FullSimplify
a + c - a + c - 2 d po 1- 2 d s t
P t ®
2d
@8
@DHH L
L@
DH L
2) b = -d
8
8@@
D <@
D
DHL<D
<
RSolve P t +1 - 1 - s b + d P t Š s a + c ,
P 0 Š po , P t , t
P t ® po + a + c t s
FullSimplify
8
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@
D@
8
@D
<H
@
DH
D L
L
3) b d
@
DHL
8
8@
DHL<<
RSolve P t +1 - 1 - s b + d P t Š s a + c ,
P 0 Š po , P t , t FullSimplify
P t ® po + a + c t s
- P*t = Pt-1
Pt+1 – Pt(1-b) + dPt-1 = (a+c)
@@D@ D
HL @ DHL@ DD
Resolución
::@
D
RSolve P t +1 - P t 1 - s b + s d P t - 1 Š s a +c , P t , t
BH ii i i " H y
L
FullSimplify
Lkk k k {
P t ®
ik " HLy
1 2+t
{
- 1- t
If t ³ - 1, - - 4+ 2 1- bs + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
4 b +d s
ikHL" HLy {
1- b s - 2 d s + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2 -
" HLy {
{ i
“
k" H y
L
{{
- 1 +b s + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2 - 1 +b s +2 d s +
1+t
C 2 + - 4 + 2- t 1- bs + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
9
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
ik " HLy {i
k "
y
y H Ly
{
ik "y HLy “
1+t
{{
{
1- b s - 2 d s + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2 + 1- bs - - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
ik" HLy {
{H@
D@ D @
DL
- 1 + b s +2 d s + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
HLy
t
k {
2 - 2 + 2- t 1- bs + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
ik "i HL"y
1- b s - 2 d s + - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2 +
{ H Ly
yy
“
t
k {
{{
1- b s - - 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
ik" HLy y
{H @
{ D@D@Ly
D{F>
>
- 1 + b s +2 d s +
- 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
- 4 d s + - 1 +b s 2
- a s - c s +C 1 - C 2 +b s C 2 ,0
- Goodwin
P*t = Pt-1 + k(Pt-1 – Pt-2) kR
Pt+1 – Pt(1-b) + dPt-1(1+k) - dkPt-2 = (a+c)
@
@D
HL@@
D
DDHL
Resolución
@D
HL @
D
RSolve P t +1 - P t
s a +c , P t , t
1- s b + s dP t- 1 1+ k - s d k P t - 2 Š
10
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
9
9@DH
II@D @D
@@
D @D @
D @DL
H
HHLL
LDI
P t ® a s + c s - C 1 +C 2 - b s C 2 - d s C 3 - d k s C 3
@ D
2 2 3
- If - 1 + t ³ 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &,
@ DM
M
‘
1 ^ - - 3 + 2 +t ,0 b + d +d
IHL @ D
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 - d k
I @D @
2
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1
D
2
- 1 + b s +2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 -
@ DM
M
d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 +2 d k s Root
H@ @
2 2 3
- 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 +d k s #1 &, 1 - 3 d k s
D
HHHL
L
L D
H
2
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 -
@ D
If - 1 + t ³ 0, Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &,
@ DM
M
‘
2 ^ - - 3 + 2 +t , 0 b +d +
HHL @ D
d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 - d k
H @@ D
2
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
D
2 2 3
- 1 + b s +2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 2 +
@ DM
M
2 d k s Root
H@ @D
2 2 3
- 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 +d k s #1 &, 2 -
HHH L
L
L D
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 -
H @ D
If - 1 + t ³ 0, Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s
#12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 ^ - - 3 + 2 +t ,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 - d k
2
11
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@
IHL@@ DMM
‘ DID
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3
2
@ D
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 - 1+
@ DM
M
2 2 3
b s + 2 d s Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 +
H@ @ D
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
HH HLLLD
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
H@
If - 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^ - - 3 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
L‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
12
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
H@ DL
DL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DLLLL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 -
H@ @
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k
D
HHHLLLD
2 3 3 4
s #1 - d s #1 - 2 d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 1 ^2 -
H@
If - 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #12 -
2 2 2
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^ - - 3 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
13
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@ DLL‘
HHL@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3
H@
2 2 2
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DLLLL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 -
H@ @
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
D
HHHL
L
L D
If - 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
H@
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &,
D
3 ^ - - 3 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
14
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@ D
DL
L
‘
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DL
LL
L
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
H@ @ D
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
HH HL
LLD
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
2 2 2 2
If - 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - - 3 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
L‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
HHL@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
15
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
H@ D
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DLLLLL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 -
H
@D@
D@D@
D
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
@
C 1 - 2 C 2 + b s C 2 +C 3 - b
D
s
C
3 +
16
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@
II@D @D
L
@ D
H
H HL
LLD
d s C 3 +d k s C 3
I @@ D
2 2 3
- If t ³ 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 1 ^
D
M
M‘
- - 2 + 2 +t ,0
IHL @ D
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 -
I @
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1
D
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1
@ D
- 1 +b s +
@ D
MM
2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 + 2 d
I@ @ D
k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 - 3 d
H
HH L
L
L D
2
k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 -
I @@ D
If t ³ 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 ^
D
M
M‘
- - 2 + 2 +t ,0
HH L @ D
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 -
H @
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
- 1 + b s +2 d s Root - 1 + #1 -
17
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@ D D
@ D
M
M
b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 +
I@ @ D
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 -
H
HHLL
LD
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 -
I @@ D
2 2 3
If t ³ 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 ^
DM
M‘
- - 2 + 2 +t ,0
IHL@@ D
ID
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 -
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3
@ D
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 - 1+
@ DMM
2 2 3
b s + 2 d s Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 +
H@ @
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
DHHHLLLD
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
H@
If t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^ - - 2 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DLL‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
HHL@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3 +
2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
18
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
HH @ D
L
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DL
L
LL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 -
H@ @ D
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
HH HL
L
L D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
H@
2 2 2 2
If t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^ - - 2 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DLL
‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 -
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 +
19
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
H@ @ DLLLL
DHHHLLLD
d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
H@
If t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #12 -
2 2 2
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^ - - 2 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DLL‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
HHL@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
20
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
HH @ D
L
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DL
LL
L
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
H@ @ D
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
H
H HL
L
L D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
2 2 2 2
If t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - - 2 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 -
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
21
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@ D
DL
L‘
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
H
HL@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s
D
#12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s
DL
#12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s
D
L
#12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D L
L
LL
L
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 -
H
@D@D@
DLH
H@ D
@
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
HHHL
LL D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
H @ D
C 2 - 2 C 3 +b s C 3 - If 1 + t ³ 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 -
d s #1 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 ^ - - 1 + 2 +t
2
,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #13 &, 1 -
2 2
dk
22
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@
IHL@@
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 D
M
M‘D
ID
2
@ D
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1 - 1+
@ D
MM
2 2 3
b s + 2 d s Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 1 +
I@ @ D
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 -
H
H HL
LLD
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 -
I @@ D
If 1 + t ³ 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 ^
D
M
M‘
- - 1 + 2 +t ,0
IHL@@ D
ID
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 -
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2
@ D
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2 - 1+
@ D
MM
2 2 3
b s + 2 d s Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 2 +
I@ @ D
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 -
H
HH L
L
L D
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 -
I @@ D
If 1 + t ³ 0, Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 ^
D
M
M
- - 1 + 2 +t ,0
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 -
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3
23
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
‘IHL@
@ D
I
D
@ D
b +d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3 - 1 +b s +
@ DM
M
2 2 3
2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 +d k s #1 &, 3 +
H@ @ D
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
H
H HL
L
L D
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
H@
If 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 +d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^ - - 1 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
LL
‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3 +
2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
24
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
HH @ D
L
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DLL
L
L
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 -
H@ @ D
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
HHHLL
LD
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
H@
2 2 2 2
If 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^ - - 1 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
L
‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@ D
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
L
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 - 3 d k
Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 -
25
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
26
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
D
L
H@ @ DL
L
L
HH HL
L
L D
2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
H@
If 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 +d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^ - - 1 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
L‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DL
L
LL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
H@ @ D
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
HH HL
L
L D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
If 1 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 +d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - - 1 + 2 +t ,0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
L‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 + 27
HHL@ D
Regina Diéguez
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - bCurso
Pereda 2 2003 - 04
s #1 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
@ D
@
Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
@
2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s
D@
#12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k
D
LL
L
LL@D
II A
2 3 3 4
s #1 - d s #1 - 2 d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 4 - 3 d k Root 1 -
@ DHLE
2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2
I @@ D
d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 + C 3 - If 2 + t ³ 0,
DM
M‘
- 2+t
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 ,0
IHL @ D
2 2 3
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 1 -
I @
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1
D
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 1
@ D
- 1 + b s +2 d s Root
@ D
MM
2 2 3
- 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 +d k s #1 &, 1 + 2 d k s
IA@
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 1 - 3 d k
D
HLE
2 2 3 2
s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 +d k s #1 &, 1 -
I @@ D
If 2 + t ³ 0,
DMM
‘
- 2+t
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 ,0
HH L @ D
2 2 3
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 2 -
H@
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2
D
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 2
@ D
- 1 + b s +2 d s
@@ D
M
MID
HA
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 + 2 d k s
LE
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 - 3 d k s
I @ @ D
2
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 2 - If 2 + t ³ 0,
DM
M‘
- 2+t
Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 ,0
H
HL@
2 2 3
b + d + d Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 -
2
d k Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3
b + d Root - 1 +#1 - b s #1 - d s #12 -
28
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
D
I @@ D
D
d k s #12 + d k s #13 &, 3
@ D
M
M
2 2 3
- 1 + b s +2 d s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #1 - d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 +
H@ @ D
2 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
HH L
LD
2
3 d k s Root - 1 + #1 - b s #1 - d s #12 - d k s #12 +d k s #13 &, 3 -
H@
If 2 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 +d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^ - 2 + t , 0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
L‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D@
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 +
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 - 3 d k Root
1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 -
29
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
D
LL
L
L
H@ @ D H
H L
LD
2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 1 ^2 -
H@
If 2 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 +d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^ - 2 + t , 0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 -
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
30
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
@ D
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DL
L‘
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D L
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DLL
L
L
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 -
H@ @
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DH
H L
LD
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 2 ^2 -
H@
If 2 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 +d s #12 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^ - 2 + t , 0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
L‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
HHL@ D
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d
31
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
H@ D
D
k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 +
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DL
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DLLLL
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 3 -
H@ @
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k
DHHLLD
2 3 3 4
s #1 - d s #1 - 2 d k s #1 + d k s #1 &, 3 ^2 -
H@
2 2 2
If 2 + t ³ 0, Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^ - 2 + t , 0
@
2 2 2 2
- b Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 +d s #1 +d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 -
@
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 -
@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
DLL‘
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 +
HHL@
d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3
H@
b + d Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
H@
1 - Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 + #12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +d k s #12 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
2 2 2 2
s b Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D @
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 -
2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2 + d k Root 1 - 2 #1 +b s #1 +
#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 + d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14
32
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
D @ D
L
H@
&, 4 ^2 - d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
D
L
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^3 +
HH @
2 2 2 2
- 1 + Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 + #1 - b s #1 + d s #1 + d k s #1 -
D
d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4
@
2 2 2
- 1 +s b +2 d Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#1 - b s #1 + d s #1 +
D
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 +
@
2 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
DLLLLL<
<
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 -
3 d k Root 1 - 2 #1 + b s #1 +#12 - b s #12 + d s #12 +
d k s #12 - d s #13 - 2 d k s #13 + d k s #14 &, 4 ^2
@
HL@
DHL@
DD
(b+d)Pt = -(c+a)
::@
D>>
Resolución
RSolve b +d P t Š - c +a , P t , t
P t ®-
a +c
FullSimplify
b +d
- Cobweb
33
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
c + bPt = g + h Pt-1
bPt - h Pt-1 = (-c + g)
Resolución
RSolve b P t h P t 1 c g , P t , t
FullSimplify
P t If t 1,
b1t b1t c g b h1t C 1 h1t c g h C 1
,0
b h
CONVERGENCIA
@
@DHHLL@
DHL@DD
D HHLLHHL@
::@ D
L>
>
RSolve P t +1 - 1 - s d +b P t Š s a +c , P t , t
FullSimplify
a +c - 1 - b +d s t a +c - b +d C 1
P t ®
AHHLLHHL@D
LHHLL
b +d
a +c - 1 - b +d s t a +c - b +d C 1
Collect , 1 - b +d s
b +d
34
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04
HHLLH @
a +c
b +d
+
D@
DL
1 - b +d s t - a - c +b C 1 + d C 1
@
D@D@
D
b +d
HL
Sabemos que la solución general es:
GC t = GH t +P t
a +c t
+C 1 - b s - d s
b +d
por tanto, y como hemos dicho anteriormente sabemos que se
cumple que |c(1 - b - d)t|<1 es estable, todas las soluciones
convergen a la solución particular de la ecuación completa.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
35
Regina Diéguez Pereda Curso 2003 - 04