Satraachee 19-20

l=kph
ekufodh ,oa lkekftd foKku dh =Sekfld 'kks/k if=dk
o"kZ 6] la;qDrkad] vad 19&20

vizSy&twu] tqykbZ&flrEcj 2018
laiknd
vkuUn fcgkjh
ISSN 2348-8425
l=kph
ekufodh ,oa lekt&foKku dh iwoZ lehf{kr =Sekfld 'kks/k if=dk
vizSy&twu] tqykbZ&flrEcj] 2018_ vad 19&20 (la;D
q rkad)
laj{kd % MkW- panzkorh flag

laiknd % vkuUn fcgkjh
laiknu lg;ksx % Hkkouk feJk] vafdrk dqekjh
laikndh; lykgdkj ,oa fo"k; fo'ks"kK %
izks- eqDrs'oj ukFk frokjh] MkW- deys'k oekZ] MkW- jktw
jatu izlkn] MkW- vk'kqrks"k ikFksZ'oj] MkW- fnyhi jke]
MkW- iq"iyrk dqekjh] MkW- vjfoUn dqekj] MkW- rsykuh
ehuk gksjks] MkW- lqfprk oekZ] MkW- uhjk pkSèkqjh] MkW-
fnus'k cYyHkA
laiknu@izdk'ku % voSrfud@vO;kolkf;d
eqnzd %
l=kph] cksfjax dsuky jksM] iVuk&1
izdkf'kr jpukvksa dh jhfr&uhfr ;k fopkjksa ls laiknd ••••••••••••••••••
dh lgefr vfuok;Z ugha gSA ;gk¡ izdkf'kr jpukvksa dk ewY; % ,d izfr 150 #i,
lokZfèkdkj jpukdkjksa ds ikl gSA jpukvksa ds vdknfed
,oa vO;kolkf;d mi;ksx ds fy, laiknd vkSj ys[kd lnL;rk 'kqYd %
dh vuqefr vko';d ugha gSa] ijarq izdk'kd vFkok iapokf"kZd % 3000 #i, (O;fDrxr)
jpukdkjksa dks bldh lwpuk vo'; nsaA % 8000 #i, (laLFkkxr)
vkthou % 10]000 #i, (O;fDrxr)
laikndh; i=k&O;ogkj % % 20]000 #i, (laLFkkxr)
vkuUn fcgkjh] ds'ko dqat] ¶ySV ua- 1] uhpyk
rYyk] ckWfy;k pkWd] lfyeiqj vgjk] dnedqvk¡] cSad }kjk lnL;rk 'kqYd Hkstus ds fy, %
ANAND BIHARI
iVuk&800003-
SB A/C No.: 38557011778
website: www.satraachee.weebly.com
E-mail : satraachee@gmail.com IFSC : SBIN0006551
: editor.satraachee@gmail.com Boring Canal Rd-Rajapool, East Boring
Mob No. : 09661792414, 09470738162. Canal Road, Patna, Bihar, Pin: 800001
vvv vvv
vuqØe
laikndh;
05 %% Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl&ys[ku vkSj bfrgkl cksèk
vkys[k
07 %% t;'kadj izlkn dh oSf'od psruk ;ofudk frokjh
12 %% lrjaxh dfork dk vkleku % ukxktqZu dh dfork vat; dqekj
17 %% dfo v#.k dey dk dkO; ifjn`'; iz'kkar dqekj
22 %% xk¡èkh dh gR;k dk jksekap ,l- ,u- oekZ
27 %% vlqjksa dh vijkt; ftthfo"kk % Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork txeksgu flag
37 %% bDdhloha lnh ds fganh&dkO; esa gkf'k, dk lekt % vkfnoklh cqf¼uh dqekjh
42 %% izsepan vkSj nfyr foe'kZ osnkar panu
45 %% Hkh"e lkguh dh dgkfu;k¡ vkSj L=kh&foe'kZ vo/s'k dqekj flag
50 %% Kkujatu dh dgkfu;k¡ vkSj mudk Hkkocks/ jkt ukjk;.k flag
56 %% vejdkar dh dgkfu;ksa esa eè;oxhZ; ;FkkFkZ xqîóh dqekjh
61 %% vejdkar dh jpuk/feZrk dh i`"BHkwfe % ,d ewY;kadu lqykspuk dqekjh
68 %% vkpk;Z f'koiwtu lgk; dh dgkfu;k¡ % ,d ewY;kadu ehuk
71 %% gfj'kadj ijlkbZ ds fuca/ksa esa lkfgR;] lekt vkSj jktuhfr vCnqy yrhiQ
dks'k&dk;Z
76 %% ^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k dh Hkwfedk* deys'k oekZ
;k=kk
101 %% tgk¡ vtuch ifjans us txk;k dsnkj flag
lk{kkRdkj
107 %% fganh vkSj rfey ds lk/d % MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku txeksgu flag
'kks/kys[k
112 %% fcgkj esa bfrgkl&ys[ku vkSj fcgkj ds bfrgkldkj fudgr rcLlqe
124 %% vafxdk laLdkj xhrksa esa lkaxhfrd rÙo lqfiz;k dqekjh
126 %% dk;Z LFky ij fnO;kaxksa dh leL;k % pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj vis{kk,¡ fnus'k cYyHk $ vuqjkuh
Research Paper
130 %% WAITING FOR THE BARBARIANS EXPOSES JAY PRAKASH SINGH
THE PERCEPTIONS OF A THREAT THAT SERVE
TO JUSTIFY IMPERIALIST VIOLENCE
134 %% THE BIRSA MOVEMENT (1895-1900) TELANI MEENA HORO
152 %% THE POLITICAL JOURNEY OF MAULANA SHAHID PERWEZ
MAHMUD HASAN
vvv
Hkxr flag ds lacaèk esa okbljk; dks xk¡èkhth dk i=k
1 nfj;kxat] fnYyh
23 ekpZ] 1931
fiz; fe=k
vkidks ;g i=k fy[kuk vkids izfr Øwjrk djus tSlk yxrk gS_ ij 'kkafr ds fgr esa vafre vihy
djuk vko';d gSA ;|fi vkius eq>s lkiQ&lkiQ crk fn;k Fkk fd Hkxr flag vkSj vU; nks yksxksa dh
ekSr dh ltk esa dksbZ fj;k;r fd, tkus dh vk'kk ugha gS] fiQj Hkh vkius esjs 'kfuokj ds fuosnu
ij fopkj djus dks dgk FkkA MkWñ lizw eq>ls dy feys vkSj mUgksaus eq>s crk;k fd vki bl ekeys
esa fpafrr gSa vkSj vki dksbZ jkLrk fudkyus dk fopkj dj jgs gSaA ;fn bl ij iqu% fopkj djus dh
xqatkb'k gks] rks eSa vkidk è;ku fuEu ckrksa dh vksj fnykuk pkgrk gw¡A
tuer] og lgh gks ;k xyr] ltk esa fj;k;r pkgrk gSA tc dksbZ fl¼kar nk¡o ij u gks rks
yksder dk eku djkuk gekjk dÙkZO; gks tkrk gSA izLrqr ekeys esa fLFkfr ,slh gS fd ;fn ltk gYdh
dh tkrh gS rks cgqr laHko gS fd vkarfjd 'kkafr dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;rk feysA ;fn ekSr dh ltk
nh xbZ rks fuLlansg 'kkafr [krjs esa iM+ tk,xhA
eSa vkidks ;g lwfpr dj ldrk gw¡ fd Økafrdkjh ny us eq>s ;g vk'oklu fn;k gS fd ;fn
bu yksxksa dh tku c['k nh tk, rks ;g ny viuh dk;Zokfg;k¡ can dj nsxkA ;g ns[krs gq, esjh jk;
esa ekSr dh ltk dks] Økafrdkfj;ksa }kjk gksusokyh gR;k,¡ tc rd can jgrh gSa] rc rd rks eqYroh
dj nsuk ,d ykteh iQtZ cu tkrk gSA
jktuhfrd gR;kvksa ds ekeys esa blls igys Hkh rjg nh tk pqdh gSA ;fn ,slk djus ls cgqr
lh vU; funksZ"k tkus cpkbZ tk ldrh gksa rks mudk cpkuk ykHknk;d gksxkA gks ldrk gS fd blls
Økafrdkfj;ksa dh vkradiw.kZ dk;Zokfg;k¡ yxHkx lekIr gks tk,¡A
pw¡fd vki 'kkafr LFkkiuk ds fy, esjs izHkko dks] tSlk Hkh og gS] mi;ksxh le>rs gSa izrhr gksrs
gSa] blfy, vdkj.k gh esjh fLFkfr dks Hkfo"; ds fy, vkSj T;knk dfBu u cukb,_ ;ks gh og dqN
ljy ugha gSA
ekSr dh ltk ij vey gks tkus ds ckn rks og dne okil ugha fy;k tk ldrkA ;fn vki
;g lksprs gSa fd iSQlys esa FkksM+h Hkh xqatkb'k gS] rks eSa vkils ;g izkFkZuk d:¡xk fd bl ltk dks]
ftls fiQj okil ugha fy;k tk ldrk] vkxs vkSj fopkj djus ds fy, LFkfxr dj nsaA
;fn esjh mifLFkfr vko';d gks rks eSa vk ldrk gw¡A ;|fi eSa cksy ugha ldw¡xk] ij lqu ldrk
gw¡ vkSj tks dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡] og fy[kdj crk ldw¡xkA
n;k dHkh fu"iQy ugha tkrhA
eSa gw¡
vkidk fo'oklh
viuh ckr
Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl&ys[ku vkSj bfrgkl&cksèk

euq"; orZeku dk vifjgk;Z fgLlk gSA og vkt esa thus ds fy, foo'k gSA ijarq Hkfo"; ls lk{kkRdkj
dh fu;fr ls Hkh og eqDr ugha gSA orZeku esa thrs gq, euq"; vius Hkfo"; dks x<+us dk iz;kl djrk gSA gekjk
vkt gekjs dy dh cqfu;kn gSA ge ftrus csgrj orZeku dks thrs gSa mrus gh csgrj Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djrs
gSaA ij gekjk orZeku {kf.kd gSA og fujarj ihNs NwVrk gqvk vrhr esa cnyrk tkrk gSA bl izdkj gekjk csgrj
orZeku csgrj vrhr esa ifjofrZr gksrk tkrk gSA ;w¡ Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd csgrj orZeku dsoy csgrj Hkfo";
dks gh ugha x<+rk] og vkids csgrj Hkfo"; ds fy, csgrj vrhr dk Hkh fuekZ.k djrk gSA csgrj vrhr esa
orZeku dh xfjek fufgr gksrh gS vkSj vrhr dh xfjek orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; nksuksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd Kku dh 'kk[kk,¡ vius vrhr dh miyfCèk;ksa dks lnk ;kn j[krh gSa] muij fopkj djrh gSa vkSj
cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Kku dh ubZ [kkstksa ds lekukarj j[kdj mls ns[kus dk iz;kl djrh gSaA ,slk djus
ls fodkl dh ijaijk le`¼ o xfreku gksrh gSA
laxhrsfrgkl dks ckj&ckj i<+us] le>us o mlij fparu djus ds ihNs Hkh ;gh rdZ gS fd Hkkjrh;
laxhrsfrgkl ds fodkl dh ekSfyd ijaijk ls lk{kkRdkj dj mlds fodkl dh Rojk o fn'kk dks okafNr :i
ls izHkkfor fd;k tk ldsA ijarq ns[kuk ;s gS fd Kku o dyk dh fparu ijaijk dh ewy èkkjk dks [kkstuk ;k
le>uk] D;k bruk vklku gS\ eq>s rks ugha yxrkA fparu dh dksbZ Hkh ijaijk ,djs[kh; ugha gksrhA ml ijaijk
ds cuus esa lekt dh fofHkÂ 'kfDr;k¡ dk;Z'khy gksrh gSAa buesa jktuhfrd] èkkfeZd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd 'kfDr;ksa
ds lkFk yksd&psruk dk izeq[k LFkku gSA buesa ls fdlh Hkh 'kfDr dh mis{kk bfrgkldkj dks HkVdk ldrh
gSA fdlh Hkh bfrgkldkj dks bl ckr dh vktknh ugha nh tkuh pkfg, fd og viuh #fp ds vuqlkj mDr
'kfDr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k nks dks vrhr dh ?kVukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k dk vkèkkj cuk,A gkW¡] vxj rF;ksa dh
vuqyCèkrk gks rks bfrgkldkj dh lhek Lor% r; gks tkrh gS] ijarq tSls gh u, rF; lkeus vkrs gSa] mlds
vkyksd esa iqufoZpkj djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA fdlh fo"k; ij ckj&ckj 'kks/ djus dk eq[; dkj.k ;gh
gSA vaxzsth esa ^fjlpZ* 'kCn dk iz;ksx blh voèkkj.kk dks izdV djrk gS] tks loZFkk rdZlaxr gSA nqHkkZX; dh
ckr gS fd Hkkjrh; laxhr'kkL=k ds bfrgkldkjksa us ^fjlpZ* dh vkRek dks le>us dk iz;kl ugha fd;kA mUgksaus
laxhrsfrgkl&ys[ku ds nkSjku viuh n`f"V jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij xM+k;s j[kkA FkksM+h cgqr rkd&>k¡d dh
Hkh rks èkeZ dh lhekvksa ls ckgj ugha tk ldsA tcfd ;g Kkr rF; gS fd lekt dh izR;sd xfrfofèk;k¡ fdlh
u fdlh rjg vFkZ ls lapkfyr gksrh gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd jktuhfr vkSj èkeZ HkhA jktuhfr vkSj èkeZ dh rkdr dks
Hkh vFkZ gh lapkfyr djrk gSA blds ckotwn Hkkjrh; laxhr'kkL=k dk bfrgkl vkfFkZd lanHkks± esa O;k[;kf;r
ugha gksrkA iz'u mBrk gS fd ftl dyk ds bfrgkl dks jktuhfr vkSj èkeZ ds pkS[kVs esa ck¡èk fn;k tk,] mls
ml dyk dk ekSfyd vFkok eqdEey bfrgkl dgsaxs\
è;krO; gZS fd l`f"V ds vkjaHk ls gh laxhr fo|eku jgk] ijarq bldk 'kkL=k gtkjksa o"kZ ckn cuuk 'kq:
gqvkA ;g LokHkkfod Hkh Fkk] D;ksafd 'kkL=k rHkh vfLrRo esa vkrs gSa tc fØ;kRed lkèkuk,¡ i;kZIr :i ls
fodflr gks tkrh gSAa fganLq rkuh laxhr ds lkFk dqN ,slk gh gSA oSfnd ;qx esa laxhr ls lacfa èkr fNV&iqV tkudkjh
feyus yxrh gSA ;g tkudkjh rn~;qxhu laxhr ds leqfpr fodkl dk ladsr nsrh gSaA bldk vFkZ gS fd oSfnd
;qx ls dkiQh igys fØ;kRed laxhr dk leqfpr fodkl gks pqdk FkkA oSfnd okÄ~e; esa mlh dh >yd ek=k
gS] tks dnkfpr Li"V gSA ysfdu bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd laxhr dk 'kkL=k Hkh fodflr gks pqdk FkkA
laxhr'kkL=k ds fodkl dh n`f"V ls oSfnd ;qx dks dsoy ôkrkoj.k fuekZ.k dky* gh dguk mfpr gksxkA gkyk¡fd]
okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh gtkjksa o"kZ yx x,A fdlh 'kkL=k ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d okrkoj.k izkIr djus
esa gh vxj gtkjksa o"kZ yx tk,¡ rks le>uk pkfg, fd cuus okys 'kkL=k ij lhfer yksxksa dk vfèkdkj gksxkA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] laxhr dks fdlh [kkl pht dh lsok esa yxk fn;k x;k vkSj mlds 'kkL=k dks ml [kkl pht
ds njckj esa fo'ks"k mi;ksx ds fy, lajf{kr dj fn;k x;k] ftldk vfèkdkj iwoZd mi;ksx dqN [kkl yksx
gh dj ldrs FksA
vxj 'kkL=k dk fodkl tulkèkkj.k dh vko';drk ds fufeÙk fd;k tk; rks mldk fodkl rhoz xfr
ls gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa èkeZ'kkL=k vkSj n'kZu'kkL=k dk fodkl ijkdk"Bk rd gqvk] D;ksafd èkkfeZd fparu lekt
,oa tulkèkkj.k dks è;ku esa j[k dj fd, x,A 'ks"k lHkh 'kkL=kksa dh laHkkoukvksa dks èkkfeZd ;K dk gfo cuk
fn;k x;kA ifj.kker% Hkkjr esa laxhr'kkL=k Hkh èkeZ dk lgpj o lkèku cudj jg x;kA ;g fLFkfr yacs le;
rd jghA le;≤ ij fLFkfr esa FkksM+s ifjorZu Hkh gq,] ijarq mls Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ugha dgk tk ldrkA
Økafrdkj ifjorZu ds fy, laØe.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks vU;ksa ds laidZ ls iSnk gksus okyh pht gSA
fganqLrkuh vkoke vFkok gqDejku fganqLrku dh lhek ls ckgj >kadus ls lnSo drjkrs jgs gSaA Hkyk gks fonsfl;ksa
dk] tks Lo;a vkdj ;gk¡ dh dyk vksj laLÑfr dks fodkl dk jkLrk fn[kkrs x,A muds vkxeu ls jktuhfrd
=kklnh pkgs ftruh >syuh iM+h gks] ijarq gekjh dyk ,oa laLÑfr dks leUo; dk volj t:j feykA ;g
volj eqxy + ksa ds le; lokZfèkd jgkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd eqxy+ dky dh laxhr'kkL=kh; miyfCèk;k¡ Hkh lokZfèkd
gSaA
cgjgky] Hkkjrh; laxhr'kkL=k gtkjksa o"kZ dh ;k=kk ds ckotwn lhfer miyfCèk;ksa ds chp vkc¼ gSA
oS'ohdj.k ,oa ubZ rduhd ds vkxeu ls vuqjatukRed laxhr pkgs ftruk vkxs pyk x;k gks ijarq ikjaifjd
laxhr'kkL=k ds fodkl dka xkSjo'kkyh ;qx gekjs ikl ,d gh gS] og gS eqxy + dkyA leL;k ;g gS fd fganLq rku
ds laxhr'kkL=kh; fpardksa us laxhr dk eqdEey bfrgkl fy[kus dk iz;kl ugha fd;kA bl iz;kl ds uke ij
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd bfrgkl ds fofHkUu dky[kaMksa esa ekStwn rFkk vU; 'kkL=kksa esa of.kZr laxhr laca/h dqN
tkudkfj;ksa dk fooj.k ek=k ,df=kr dj fy;k x;k gSa] vkSj mlh dks bfrgkl dg fn;k x;k gSA dkyfoHkktu
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk gS] lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØeksa ds vuqlkj of.kZr gSa vkSj ;=k&r=k èkkfeZd
fLFkfr dk o.kZu dj mls laxhr ds fodkl ls tksM+ fn;k x;k gSA laxhr'kkL=k dk bfrgkl i<+rs gq, ,slk yxrk
gS] tSls ge Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds fofHkUu dky[kaMksa esa laxhr ds egÙo dks VVksy jgs gSa ;k xq.kxku dj jgs
gSaA loky gS] D;k bls laxhr'kkL=k dk bfrgkl dg ldrs gSa\ D;k] laxhr'kkL=k dk fodkl dsoy jktuhfrd
,oa èkkfeZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa] #>kuksa o #fp;ksa dk ifj.kke gS\ D;k mldh viuh dksbZ fodkl èkkjk ugha gS\ vxj
gS rks mlds fodkl dk viuk dky[kaM rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkis{k izo`fÙk;ksa ds foospu ij bfrgkldkj ekSu
D;ksa gSa \ fdlh Hkh bfrgkldkj us laxhr'kkL=k dh ijaijk dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, mldh izo`fÙk;ksa dks dsUnzh;
egÙo D;ksa ugha fn;k\ lp rks ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; laxhrsfrgkl&ys[ku esa bfrgkl cksèk dh mis{kk dh mis{kk
dh xbZ gSA izk;% bfrgkldkjksa us dkyØfed fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gS] fo'ys"k.k ughaA vr% t:jr bl ckr
gS fd miyCèk lkefxz;ksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, laxhr'kkL=k dk ,d ,slk bfrgkl fy[kk tk, ftlesa mlds
fodkl dh ewy èkkjk dh >yd feysA
25 twu] 2019 & vkuUn fcgkjh
iVuk
6 / l=kph] vad 19-20] vizSy&twu] tqykbZ&flrEcj] 2018

vkys [ k
t;'kadj izlkn dh oSf'od psruk

m ;ofudk frokjh
Nk;koknh dky ls gh nks fopkjèkkjk,¡ lkfgR; dks cjkcj vkanksfyr djrh vk;h gSa& yksdeaxy
vkSj fo'oeaxyA nksuksa esa Lo:i Hksn u gksrs gq, Hkh dqN rkfRod Hksn gSAa Nk;kokn rd vkrs&vkrs bZ'oj
dh voèkkj.kk cny pqdh FkhA jke] Ñ".k ;k vU; nsorkvksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu lÙkk dk vkHkkl u jg
dj dsoy ,d v[kaM lÙkk dh dYiuk dh xbZA tgk¡ jke vk, Hkh ogk¡ dfo esa vkReizlkj dh Hkkouk
fufgr FkhA bZ'oj dh lÙkk jgL;kRed pksyk igu dj izÑfr ls lac¼ gks xbZ vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk izÑfr
dh leLr xfrfofèk;ksa ds Åij ,d ije 'kfDr dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k& fo'okRekA vorkjksa dh
ifjdYiuk euq"; ds Hkhrj gh dh tkus yxh & ¶---tks vius deks± dks bZ'oj dk deZ le>dj djrk
gS] ogh bZ'oj dk vorkj gSA¸ (LdanxqIr @ i`- 116)
izlkn lkfgR; dk cht 'kCn ^fo'o* gS vkSj mudh jpukvksa dk ewy è;s; fo'oeaxy gh gSA
fo'oeaxy dk ,d Nksj vkuUnokn ls tqM+k gS vkSj nwljk va'kr% ckS¼ n'kZu lsA fo'oeaxy dh Hkkouk
esa v};rk dk Hkko loksiZ fj jgrk gSA ;g v};rk vkè;kfRed u gksdj blh yksd dk] tkxfrd èkjkry
dk gksrk gSA tkxfrd vHksn cqf¼ og gS ftlesa ,d tho ls nwljs tho ds chp varj feV tkrk gSA
blh dks izlkn us ^lejlrk* dgk gSA n'kZu esa tks v}Srokn gS og xw<+ vkSj vcw> igsyh gS] ij izlkn
us mls yksd&mi;ksxh jax nsdj izR;sd ekuo ds fy, lqyHk cuk fn;k gSA vkykspd ikaMs; 'kf'kHkw"k.k
^'khrka'kq* us bl lacaèk esa fy[kk gS & ¶izlkn dk oSf'k"V~; ;g gS fd mUgksaus ijaifjr vFkZ okys
eqfDrdkeh îzR;fHkKk* n'kZu ds ^v}Sr* dks yksdfgrdkjh :i esa lkalkfjd èkjkry ij vuqi;z Dq r fd;k
gSA bl rjg mls u;h igpku dh lkFkZdrk vkSj pfjrkFkZrk iznku dh gSA mUgksaus lalkj ds dY;k.k ds
fy, bldh fn'kk eksM+ nh gSA¸ (fo'oHkkjrh if=kdk @ i`- 25 @ vizSy&flrEcj] 2015)
izlkn us v};rk dks ftl ,sfgd vFkZ esa iz;qDr fd;k gS og dgha Hkh vè;kRe dk ckèkd ugha
gqvkA ykSfdd v};rk gh i;kZ; Hksn ls vè;kRe dk lkèkd gSA bl fl¼kar ds vrxZr izk.kh dsoy
czã ls gh ukrk tksM+us dk bPNqd ugha gksrk] og tho&ek=k ls varjax lacaèk LFkkfir djuk gh
czã&izkfIr le>rk gSA izlkn dk fo'oeaxy vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy ds yksdeaxy dh gh mÙkjksÙkj
ifj.kfr gSA yksdeaxy esa gh vkuUnokn tqM+dj fo'oeaxy cu tkrk gS] tks vfèkd nk'kZfud izrhr
gksrk gSA vkpk;Z 'kqDy us Hkh yksdeaxy dks HkfDr dk lkèkd ekuk gS& ¶ge rks txr ds chp ân;
ds lE;d izlkj esa gh HkfDr dk izÑr y{k.k ns[krs gSa] D;ksafd jke dh vksj ys tkus okyk jkLrk blh
lalkj ls gksrk gqvk x;k gSA¸ (yksHk vkSj izhfr @ i`- 115 @ jkepanz 'kqDy jpukoyh&3) izlkn
ekuo&dY;k.k dks loZLo ekurs gSaA ekuo&dY;k.k gh vè;kRe dk jkLrk [kksyrk gSA mUgksaus
Satraachee / ISSN 2348-8425 / 7

^dkek;uh* ewy lans'k ;gh fn;k gS& ¶vkSjksa dks g¡lrs ns[kks euq g¡lks vkSj lq[k ikvks_ @ vius lq[k
dks foLr`r dj yks lc dks lq[kh cukvksA¸ vkpk;Z 'kqDy us ykdeaxy ds lanHkZ esa lPps jkeHkDr
dh tks ifjHkk"kk nh gS] ogh fo'oeaxy dk Hkh iks"kd gS & ¶esjs ns[kus esa rks ogh jkeHkDr&lk yxrk
gS tks vius iq=k&dy=k] HkkbZ&cfgu] ekrk&firk ls Lusg dk O;ogkj djrk gS] jkLrs esa phfV;k¡ cpkrk
gS] fdlh izk.kh dk nq[k ns[k vk¡lw cgkrk gqvk #d tkrk gS] fdlh nhu ij fu"Bqj vR;kpkj gksrs ns[k
Øksèk ls fryfeykrk gqvk vR;kpkjh dk gkFk Fkkeus ds fy, dwn iM+rk gS] ckydksa dh ØhM+k ns[k
fouksn ls iw.kZ gks tkrk gS] ygygkrh gqbZ gfj;kyh ns[k ygygk mBrk gS vkSj f[kys gq, iwQyksa dks ns[k
f[ky ikrk gSA¸ (yksHk vkSj izhfr @ i`- 115 @ jkepanz 'kqDy jpukoyh&3) yksdeaxy dh Hkkouk esa
n;k] {kek] R;kx] izse vkfn dk egRo gSA vkpk;Z 'kqDy dgrs gSa] ¶n;k euq";&ek=k dk èkeZ gS¸ rks
izlkn dgrs gSa ¶U;k; vkSj naM nsus dk <dkslyk rks euq"; Hkh dj ldrk gS_ ij {kek esa Hkxoku dh
'kfDr gS¸ (dadky @ i`"B & 195) vkSj ¶{kek ij euq"; dk vfèkdkj gS] og i'kq ds ikl ugha
feyrhA¸ (LdanxqIr @ i`"B& 72) izlkn us R;kx ds egÙo dk Hkh vkdyu fd;k gS& ¶lalkj esa
tks lcls egku gS] og D;k gS\ R;kxA¸ (LdanxqIr @ i`"B 45) yksdeaxy gks ;k fo'oeaxy nksuksa esa
gh fotf;uh ekuork gks tk;¸ dh dkeuk fufgr gksrh gSA
t;'kadj izlkn us izR;sd voèkkj.kk dks fo'o ds lanHkZ esa ij[kus dh dksf'k'k dhA mUgksaus
^fo'oekuo*] ^fo'o&psruk*] ^fo'oeS=kh*] ^fo'ouhM+*] ^fo'o lqUnjh*] ^fo'ook.kh*] ^fo'oxfjek*]
^fo'olnu*] ^fo'o oSHko*] ^fo'o vuqjkx* vkfn tSls dbZ lw=k lkfgR; dks fn, gSaA gj lkekU; vFkZ
dks fo'o ds lkFk tksM+dj mls vfèkd HkO; vkSj yksddY;k.kdkjh cuk fn;k gSA os ije lÙkk dks
v[kaM ekurs gSa vkSj mUgsa ^fo'onso*] ^fo'okRek* vkSj ^fo'ofu;ark* dgdj lEcksfèkr djrs gSaA muesa
tgk¡ Hkh iyk;uokfnrk gS ogk¡ ml fo'ookn ds fy, gh vkxzg nh[k iM+rk gSA rRdkyhu le; dh
vekuork] LokFkZe;rk dh mUgksaus HkRlZuk dh gS vkSj ,d ,slh fo'o dh dYiuk dh gS tgk¡
vuko';d dksykgy u gks vkSj izse ogk¡ fu'Ny gks& ¶ftl futZu esa lkxj ygjh] @ vacj ds dkuksa
esa xgjh& @ fu'Ny izse&dFkk dgrh gks] @ rt dksykgy dh vouh js !¸ (ygj @ i`"B&28) fu'Ny
izse gh ekuork dh dlkSVh gSA izlkn us lkiQ&lkiQ ?kksf"kr fd;k gS fd izse nsus dh oLrq gS_ cnys
esa Hkh izse dh dkeuk djuk mls efyu cuk nsrk gSA lalkj esa tks dqN Hkh fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls fd;k
tkrk gS] og lqanj gksrk gS] f'ko gksrk gSA izse dk êqDr nku* gh mldk vkn'kZ gSA dfo iqdkj mBrk
gS& ¶ikxy js ! og feyrk gS dc @ mldks rks nsrs gh gSa lc @ vk¡lw ds du&du ls fxu dj @
og fo'o fy;s gS ½.k mèkkj]¸A ^Lianu&ghu uohu eqdqy eu* dks tc ey;kfuy us xqnxqnk;k Fkk]
rc dfo dks izse dk vkHkkl gqvk FkkA og fnu Fkk fd dfo dks thou ds îzFke izHkkr* lk izrhr
gqvkA ;g izFkk&lh jgh gS fd lq[k esa izÑfr dk lq[kn gksuk fn[kk;k tkrk gSA dfo ,d dne vkSj
vkxs c<+rs gSa] os dgrs gSa& ¶fo'o foey vkuUn&Hkou lk gks x;k] @ esjs thou dk og izFke izHkkr
FkkA¸ (>juk @ i`"B&12) mUgksaus izÑfr ls Hkh c<+ dj iwjs czãk.M dks] iwjs fo'o dks vkuUn esa
vkufUnr gksrs ns[kk gSA ;gk¡ Hkh dfo dh fo'o&Hkkouk gh gS fd mUgksaus fo'o ds vkuUn&Hkou gks
tkus dh dYiuk dh gSA ^>juk* (1918 bZ-) izFke Nk;koknh dfork laxzg gSA ^>juk* ls ysdj
^dkek;uh* rd fo'o ds izfr mudk Li"V vkxzg nh[krk gSA ^>juk* esa os dgrs gS&a ¶lq[kh dj fo'o]
Hkjs fLer lq"kek ls eq[k @ lsok lcdh gks] rks izlUu rqe gksrs pyksA¸ rks dkek;uh esa dgrs gSa& ¶lc

dh lsok u ijk;h og viuh lq[k lal`fr gS_ @ viuk gh v.kq v.kq d.k d.k };rk gh rks foLe`fr
gSA¸ îzse&ifFkd* esa dfo us fo'oizse] fo'okRek vkSj izÑfr ij u, fljs ls Nkuchu dh gSA mudk
izse fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k rd gh lhfer jgus okyk ugha gS] og fo'oHkj esa viuk izlkj pkgrk gSA
izse vkSj lkSan;Z fo'o ds v.kq&v.kq] d.k&d.k esa gSA fo'okRek gh lqanj gS vkSj Lo;a fo'o gh bZ'oj
gS& ¶vkReleiZ.k djks mlh fo'okRek dks iqyfdr gksdj izÑfr feyk nks fo'oizse esa fo'o Lo;a gh
bZ'oj gSA¸ izlkn izes dks fo'o esa O;kIr ns[kus ds vkdka{kh jgsA izes dk og mnkÙk :i tks lhek&foghu
gS] ogh muds lkfgR; dks pkfyr djrk gSA izse O;fDrxr gksus esa nq[k] fojg] ihM+k dk dkj.k curk
gS ij tc mldk foLrkj laiw.kZ fo'o esa gksrk gS] O;kid :i esa gksrk gS rc og mnkÙk izse ds ?ksjs
esa vk tkrk gSA izlkn blh izse ds i{kikrh jgs gSa& ¶fdarq u ifjfer djks izse] lkSgknZ] fo'oO;kih dj
nks @ {k.kHkaxqj lkSan;Z ns[kdj jh>ks er] ns[kks] ns[kks @ ml lqanjre dh lqanjrk fo'oek=k esa NkbZ gSA¸
^vk¡lw ds varxZr Hkh mlh fo'oO;kih izse dk izfriknu gSA O;fDrxr izyki djrk vkSj ^?kuhHkwr ihM+k*
dks lgrk izseh varr% ml osnuk dks fo'o&dY;k.kdkjh :i iznku djrk gSA osnuk varr% muds fy,
^dY;k.kh 'khry Tokyk* cu tkrh gSA dfo oS;fDrd osnuk dks fo'o dh mnkj ekuork ds fy,
U;ksNkoj dj nsrs gSa& ¶lcdk fupksM+ ysdj rqe @ lq[k ls lw[ks thou esa @ cjlks izHkkr fgedu&lk
@ vk¡lw bl fo'o lnu esaA¸ MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd ¶;fn ^vk¡lw* dsoy jksuk
gksrk rks lR; gksrk] laqnj Hkh gksrk] fdarq f'ko u gksrkA¸ (izlkn dh dfork) mUgksaus izse ds blh mnkÙk
Lo:i dks gh lkfgR; esa cgky fd;k vkSj ^dqN esjk gks* ds ladqpu Hkko dks R;kT; crk;k gSA
fo'o dh v[kaMrk dk lcls vfèkd vkxzg mudh jpuk ^dkek;uh* esa feyrk gSA bldk ewy
lan's k ;gh jgk gS fd fo'o ,d gS] vfoHkkT; gS vkSj tM+&psru lHkh lejl gSa ftldh ifj.kfr varr%
vkuUn esa gksrh gSA ekuork dks fotf;uh cuk, j[kus ds ewy esa v};rk gh lathouh gSA bl v};rk
ij d'ehjh 'kSo n'kZu dk izHkko jgk vo';] fiQj Hkh ;gk¡ yksd&dY;k.k dk tks vkxzg gS] fo'oeaxy
dh tks dkeuk gS og mls vkè;kfRed u cukdj yksdfgrdkjh cuk nsrh gSA vHksn cqf¼ ;k leRo
ls ^fo'o Hkj lkSjHk ls Hkj tk;*& dfo blh ds vkdka{kh jgsA ^J¼k* gh var rd vHksnrk dks vkdkj
nsrh gSA og euq dks txg&txg Vksdrh gS @ mldh iFkiznf'kZdk curh gS vkSj mls vkuUn ds 'kh"kZ
rd igq¡pkrh gSA ,d LFky ij euq dgrs gSa& ¶---fo'o [ksy gS [ksy pyks] @ rqeus feydj eq>s crk;k
lcls djrs esy pyksA¸ izlkn dh fo'o&n`f"V dh lcls vge dM+h gS fo'o&dqVqEc dk fuekZ.kA
fo'o&uhM+ dh voèkkj.kk blh lekurk vkSj vHksnrk ij fVdh gSA ^dkek;uh* dk ewy mís'; ;gh
Bgjrk gS& ¶lc Hksn Hkko Hkqyok dj nq[k lq[k us cM+k Hkkjh dke ;g fd;k fd n'kZu dks nk'kZfud
ljh[ks yksxksa ds ?ksjs ls fudkydj mls yksd ds chp izfrf"Br fd;kA n'kZu dks yksd ls feykus dk
ifj.kke ;gh gqvk fd n'kZu dsoy fparu&euu rd gh lhfer u jg dj og yksd esa O;ogkj djus
dh oLrq cu x;kA
fo'oeaxy dh nwljh dM+h mUgsa ckS¼ n'kZu ls izkIr gqbZA os ckS¼ n'kZu ls va'kr% gh izHkkfor
jgs D;ksafd mUgksaus xkSre cq¼ ds n'kZu dks ogha rd Lohdkj fd;k tgk¡&tgk¡ mUgsa fo'o'kkafr]
fo'oeS=kh] okd~l;a e vkfn ds fpÉ feys gSAa ^v'kksd dh fpark* mudh yach dforkvksa esa fo'ks"k egÙo
j[krh gSA ^v'kksd dh fpark* thou ds xw<+ jgL;ksa dks mn~?kkfVr djus dk liQy iz;kl gSA bl {k.kHkaxjq
thou esa yksx ukgd gh ;q¼ djrs gSa tcfd bldk eq[; mís'; fuLLokFkZ izse ck¡Vuk gS] lq[k nsuk
gS & ¶lq[k ns] izk.kh dks ekuo @ rt fot; ijkt; dk dq<axA¸ mUgksaus 'kklu&lq[k dks O;FkZ vkSj
vLFkk;h crk;k gS_ 'kklu ogh lPpk gS tks ekuo dss eu ij vfèkdkj dj ldsA cq¼ dh d#.kk gh
v'kksd dh fojfDr dk dkj.k curh gSA lejlrk ds fy, ogh NViVkgV cq¼ ds ;gk¡ Hkh gSA
dhV&irax] yrk&o`{k] jktk&jad lHkh esa lekurk okaNuh; gS vkSj ;s lHkh cjkcj d#.kk ds vfèkdkjh
gSaA ^vtkr'k=kq* esa xkSre cq¼ ds fy, dgk x;k gS& ¶rFkkxr ! rqe èkU; gks--- rqeus lalkj dks nq[ke;
cryk;k vkSj mlls NwVus dk mik; Hkh fl[kk;k] dhV ls ysdj bUnz rd dh lerk ?kksf"kr dh_
vifo=kksa dks viuk;k] nqf[k;ksa dks xys yxk;k] viuh fnO; d#.kk dh o"kkZ ls fo'o dks vkIykfor
fd;k¸(vtkr'k=kq @ i`"B&58)A ^ygj* dh dqN vU; dforkvksa esa Hkh cq¼ dh d#.kk vkSj mudh
ekuorkokn dh Nki gSA ^vjh o#.kk dh 'kkar dNkj!* eSa bUgha egkiq#"k dk riuk] xyuk vkSj fiQj
lksuk cu tkus dk liQj of.kZr gSA ;g dfork ek=k iz'kfLr ugha gS D;ksafd izlkn ikBd dk è;ku ;gk¡
Hkh ^fo'o ekuork* ds t;&?kks"k ij gh dsfUnzr djuk pkgrs gSaA xkSre dh fo'o psruk d#.kk] n;k]
{kek vkfn tSls lkfRod Hkkoksa ls pkfyr gS vkSj ;gh izlkn ds ;gk¡ vkuUnokn ls layXu gksdj
fo'oeaxy cu x;kA lejlrk dh dkeuk nksuksa txg dqN&dqN oSlh gh gSA ckS¼ n'kZu esa fo'o&caèkqRo
ds fy, lcls vfèkd cspSuh gS tks izlkn us ^vtkr'k=kq* esa dbZ txgksa ij js[kkafdr fd;k gSA ,d
LFky ij xkSre dgrs gSa& ¶okd~la;e fo'oeS=kh dh igyh lh<+h gSA¸ (vtkr'k=kq @ i`"B 24)
^dkek;uh* esa tks fo'o&dqVqEc dh èkkj.kk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS mldk vkHkkl ^vtkr'k=kq* esa igys gh
fey x;k FkkA xkSre ds ekè;e ls izlkn dgrs gSa& ¶;fn ,d Hkh jksrs gq, ân; dks rqeus g¡lk fn;k
rks lglzkas LoxZ rqEgkjs varj esa fodflr gksxa As fiQj rqedks ijnq[kdkrjrk esa gh vkuUn feysxkA fo'oeS=kh
gks tk,xh& fo'o&Hkj viuk dqVqEc fn[kkbZ iM+sxkA¸ (vtkr'k=kq @ i`"B&94) ^tuest; dk ukx;K*
esa nks tkfr;ksa dk }a} vkSj varr% muesa ,sD; dk;e djkuk blh caèkqRo dks fot;h cukuk gSA JhÑ".k
ds ekè;e ls mUgksaus ;gk¡ Hkh cgqtufgrk; vkSj cgqtulq[kk; dk Loj cqyan fd;k gSA JhÑ".k vtqZu
dks mins'k nsrs gSa& ¶euq"; blhfy, gS fd os i'kq dks Hkh euq"; cukos¸ vkSj ¶vf[ky fo'o ,d
laiw.kZ lR; gSA vlR; dk Hkze nwj djuk gksxk] ekuork dh ?kks"k.kk djuh gksxh] lcdks viuh lerk
esa ys vkuk gksxkA¸ izlkn dh leLr jpukvksa esa blh lerk dk vkàku gSA izÑfr esa lerk Lor% fl¼
gksrh gSA mls foÑr djus dk dke euq"; ds dqdeZ djrs gSaA mlh lanHkZ esa izlkn us ,d ^fo'ooh.kk*
dh dYiuk dh gSA bl oh.kk esa mUgha ds Loj >aÑr gksrs gSa tks izÑfr ls rknkRE; vkSj tho&ek=k
ls lerk j[krs gq, pyrs gSaA ^LdanxqIr* esa nsolsuk dgrh gS& ¶izR;sd ijek.kq ds feyu esa ,d le
gS] izR;sd gjh&Hkjh iÙkh ds fgyus esa ,d y; gSA euq"; us viuk Loj foÑr dj jD[kk gS] blh ls
rks mldk Loj fo'ooh.kk esa 'kh?kz ugha feyrkA ikafMR; ds ekjs tc ns[kks] tgk¡ ns[kks] csrky cslqjk
cksysxkA if{k;ksa dks ns[kks] mudh ^pgpg*] ^dydy*] ^NyNy* esa] dkdyh esa jkfxuh gSA¸(LdanxqIr
@ i`"B&48)
lkfgR; esa mUgksaus tx&eaxy dk fopkj ;=k&r=k Fkksik ugha gSA tks lkfgR; fdlh oSpkfjd izpkj
ds mís'; ls fy[kk tkrk gS] og mudh n`f"V esa nks;e ntsZ dk Bgjrk gSA vkn'kZoknh jpukdkj dks
mUgksua s èkeZ'kkL=k&iz.ksrk dgk gS vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh dks bfrgkldÙkkZA lkfgR; reke oknksa esa leUo; pkgrk
gSA ;FkkFkZokn vkSj vkn'kZokn ds leUo; ds chp ls fo'oeaxy dh lzksrfLouh cgrh gSA izlkn ds
vuqlkj& ¶nq[k&nXèk txr vkSj vkuUniw.kZ LoxZ dk ,dhdj.k lkfgR; gS_ blfy, vlR; vkèkkfjr
?kVuk ij dYiuk dks ok.kh egÙoiw.kZ LFkku nsrh gS] tks futh lkSan;Z ds dkj.k lR;&in ij izfrf"Br
gksrh gSA mlesa fo'oeaxy dh Hkkouk vksr&izkrs jgrh gSA¸ (;FkkFkZokn vkSj Nk;kokn @ i`"B&98 @ izlkn
ds laiw.kZ fucaèk)
lalkj Hkj esa lerk dh nks fojksèkh phtsa gSa& èkeZ vkSj jktuhfrA ladh.kZrk èkeZ dks O;kid vFkZ
nsus dh ckèkd gSA dksbZ Hkh 'kq"d èkeZ ekuork dk iks"kd ugha gks ldrkA ekuork dsoy blesa ugha
fd bZ'oj dks ûfn;ksa ds ty esa] o`{kksa esa] iRFkjksa esa* ns[kk tk, cfYd ekuork ogh lPph gS tks bZ'oj
dh lÙkk dks vU;=k ekus&u&ekus euq"; ds ân; esa vo'; ekurh gSA ^dadky* esa lkE;okn ij vkLFkk
fn[kkbZ gS& ¶tc lalkj dh vU; tkfr;k¡ lkoZtfud Hkzkr`Hkko vkSj lkE;okn dks ysdj [kM+h gSa rc
vkids bl f[kykSuksa ls Hkyk mldh larqf"V gksxh \¸(dadky @ i`"B&54) uhfr foghu jktuhfr dh
Hkh mUgksaus fuank dh gSA jktuhfr LokFkZizèkku gksrh gS tks euq";rk ds vkM+s vkrh gSA fo'oekuork ls
lnSo mldk fojksèk jgrk gS& ¶jktuhfr gh euq"; ds fy, lc dqN ugha gSA jktuhfr ds ihNs uhfr
ls Hkh gkFk u èkks cSBks] ftldk fo'o&ekuo ds lkFk O;kid lacaèk gSA(èkzqoLokfeuh @ i`"B&4)
Nk;kokn dh mu reke fof'k"Vrkvksa ds vfrfjDr ;g fuHkzkZUr :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd
mlus tgk¡ jk"Vª&izse dks tUe fn;k ogha fo'o Hkj dks ,d ifjokj dh rjg ns[kus dh n`f"V Hkh nhA
og nkSj Fkk fd xq#nso johUnzukFk us Hkh fo'o Hkj dks ,d dj ds fo'olkfgR;] fo'oekuo vkSj
fo'ouhM+ dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ nhaA mUgksaus ^;=k fo'os HkoR;sduhMe~* dh ladYiuk dks lkfgR; esa mNky
fn;k vkSj ogha ls lkfgR; esa u;k eksM+ cgky gqvkA bèkj fganh esa ôlqèkSo dqVqEcde* dks ysdj izlkn
vkxs c<+sA lkfgR; l`tu ds gj Lrj ij os txeaxy ds gh iSjksdkj jgsA ^tys txr dks oànkou* cukus
ds izfr os var rd vkLFkkoku jgsA jk"Vªizse ls vfèkd muesa fo'oizse dh Hkkouk gSA xkSjryc gS fd
fdUgha oknksa dk foraMk muds lkfgR; esa ?kj ugha dj ik;kA vtkr'k=kq esa mudh Hkfo";&n`f"V dh
lwpuk feyrh gS& ¶D;k dHkh og Hkh fnu vkosxk] tc fo'o&Hkj esa ,d dqVqEc LFkkfir gks tk,xk
vkSj ekuo&ek=k Lusg ls viuh x`gLFkh lEgkysaxs\¸(vtkr'k=kq @ i`"B&91) Hkfo";&psruk mudh ogk¡
Hkh gS tgk¡ os bl èkjrh dks gh LoxZ curk ns[kuk pkgrs gSa& ¶blh i`Foh dks LoxZ gksuk gS] blh ij
nsorkvksa dk fuokl gksxk_ fo'ofu;ark dk ,slk gh mís'; eq>s fofnr gksrk gSA¸ (LdanxqIr @
i`"B&126) ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd izlkn fdlh Å¡ps Vhys ij [kM+s gSa tgk¡ iwjk fo'o ,d eqgYys lk
nh[krk gS vkSj ogk¡ ds ,d&,d fuoklh dqVqEch ln`';A
qqq

vkys [ k
lrjaxh dfork dk vkleku % ukxktqZu dh dfork

m vat; dqekj
cM+k dfo og gksrk gS tks vius le;] lekt] laLÑfr ,oa lkfgR; ls tqM+k gksrk gS] mlds
lq•&nq• esa ljhd gksrk gS] mlds gkl&#nu dks vfHkO;ÙkQ djrk gS vkSj mls ubZ fn'kk nsrk gS] bUgha
vFkks± esa ukxktZqu vk/qfud fgUnh dfork dh çxfr'khy /kjk ds ,d cM+s dfo gSaA fo'kky tu&lewg
ls xgjh vkReh;rk ds dkj.k mudh dkO;Hkwfe dkiQh foLr`r rks gS gh mlesa dkiQh fofo/rk Hkh gSA
lkfgR; dh ijEijk ds xgjs Kku ,oa yksd&lkfgR; ls xgjh lai`fÙkQ ds dkj.k mudk dkO; f'kYi Hkh
oSfoè;iw.kZ gSA pw¡fd os O;kid turk ds fy, fy•rs gS vr% mudh dkO;&Hkk"kk esa dkO;e;rk ,oa
ltZukRedrk ds lkFk&lkFk ljyrk vkSj lgtrk Hkh gSA
mudk dkO; xjhc fdlkuksa] etnwjksa] 'kksf"kr ukfj;ksa] nfyrksa ,oa vkfnokfl;ksa dh O;Fkk dk
d#.k egkdkO; gSA mudh dfork esa ,d vksj dyheqíhu fjD'kkokyk] nq•ju ekLVj] çkbosV cl dk
Mªkboj ,oa DydZ ekStwn gSa rks nwljh vksj ¶idh lqugyh&iQlyksa dh eqldku¸] ¶/ku dwVrh
fd'kksfj;ksa dh dksfdy daBh rku¸ ds lkFk&lkFk ¶•kyh gS gkFk •kyh gS iSj¸ ,oa pwYgk ds jksus
vkSj pDdh ds mnkl gksus dh d#.k dgkuh Hkh miyC/ gSA ukxktZqu dh dkO; laosnuk esa fjD'ksokys
ds ¶•qjnjs iSj¸ dh Nfo vafdr gS&
¶•qc x;s
nwf/;k fuxkgksa esa
iQVh fcokb;ksaokys •qjnjs iSj¸ (•qjnjs iSj&1961)
¶f?ku rks ugha vkrh gS\¸ dfork esa os mPp oxZ ds vfHk#fp lEiUu yksxksa ls ç'u iwNrs gSa fd
cl esa dqyh&etnwjksa dks ns•dj rqEgsa ¶f?ku rks ugha vkrh gS\ lp&lp crykvks @ v•jrh rks ugha
mudh lksgcr\ th rks ugha dq<+rk gS\ @ f?ku rks ugha vkrh gS\¸ (^f?ku rks ugha vkrh gS\*&1961)
;g gS le; vkSj lekt ls tqM+uk] tu&i{k/jrkA tc jk"Vªdfo fnudj ^moZ'kh* fy• jgs Fks
rc tudfo ukxktZqu fjD'ksokys dh iQVh fcokb;ksa ds nnZ dks vfHkO;ÙkQ dj jgs Fks] etnwjksa dh
odkyr dj jgs FksA
Lok/hu Hkkjr esa fliQZ VqPps usrkvksa] Hkz"V vf/dkfj;ksa] ykyph O;kikfj;ksa vkSj 'kks"kd oxZ dk
iQk;nk gqvkA fdruk nqHkkZX; gS fd Lok/hu Hkkjr ds çkbejh Ldwy dk ekLVj Hkw• ls ej jgk gS] ^çsr
dk c;ku* vkSj ^nq•ju ekLVj* dfork esa ukxktZqu us mudh dFkk dks ok.kh nh gSA dSlh foMEcuk
gS uke ^nq•ju* vkSj lokZf/d nq•h ogh vkneh&dk'k! mldk nq• dksbZ gj ikrkA ^NksVs ckcw* esa
DydZ dh xjhch dk fp=k.k gqvk gSA
ukxktZqu ukjh 'kks"k.k ds l[r f•ykiQ gSa] blfy, tgk¡ mUgsa ukfj;ksa dk 'kks"k.k fn•kbZ iM+rk gS
ogk¡ mudh ys•uh ph• iM+rh gSA pkgs ^fHk{kq.kh* dfork gks] pkgs îk"kk.kh*] pkgs ^pUnuk* vius&vius
lanHkks± esa ukjh dh O;Fkk gh vfHkO;ÙkQ gqbZ gSA ^vgY;k*] ^js.kqdk* ,oa ^'kdqUryk* tSlh NksVh dforkvksa
esa muds O;aX; dks ns•k tk ldrk gS tks mUgksaus 'kks"kd iq#"k oxZ ij fd, gSaA ,d mnkgj.k gh dkiQh
gksxk] ^'kdqUryk* esa os fy•rs gSa&
¶vaxwBh\@lksus dh vaxwBh@ D;k gqvk ysdj lksus dh vaxwBh& çhfr dk çrhd!
ew•Z Fkh 'kdqUryk (egf"kZ dh ikyrw yM+dh) 'kksgns dh vaxwBh ij D;k Fkk Hkjkslk!¸
ukxktZqu ges'kk 'kksf"krksa] ihfM+rkas] nfyrksa ds lkFk jgs] blfy, tc fcgkj esa 13 nfyrksa dk lagkj
gqvk rks mudk dfo ân; cM+k O;fFkr gqvk ftldh vfHkO;fÙkQ ^gfjtu xkFkk* dfork esa gqbZ] fdarq
;g jksus&/ksus okyh dfork ugha gS ;g la?k"kZ dh vkx dks tyk, j•us okyh dfork gSA dfo bl
vkx dh fgiQktr djuk pkgrk gS blfy, fy•rk gS&
¶vjs Hkxkvksa bl ckyd dks @ gksxk ;g Hkkjh mRikrh
tqyqe feVk,axs /jrh ls @ blds lkFkh vkSj la?kkrhA¸
blh rjg ukxktZqu fganh ds igys dfo gSa ftUgksaus vkfnokfl;ksa ij lcls igys dfork,¡ fy•haA
mudh 8 dfork,¡ vkfnokfl;ksa ij gSa ftuesa mudh O;Fkk Hkh gS vkSj mudk la?k"kZ HkhA MkW- eSustj
ik.Ms; us bl ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, fy•k gS& ¶fganh esa vdsys dfo gSa ukxktZqu ftUgksaus vkfnokfl;ksa
ij lkFkZd dfork,¡ fy•h gSaA¸
ukxktZqu ml nkSj ds dfo gSa tc gekjs lius VwVus yxs Fks] ç'kklu ra=k ds Hkz"V gksus ls iwjh
O;oLFkk 'kks"k.k&ra=k esa cnyus yxh Fkh] vktknh dk iQk;nk pan eqêòh Hkj yksxksa dks fey jgk Fkk vkSj
xjhcksa ds fy, 'kks"k.k dk ra=k pØO;wg cu jgk Fkk blfy, mudh dforkvksa esa bl v/wjh vktknh
ds fy, O;aX; gS] v/wjs yksdra=k ds fy, vkykspuk gh vkykspuk gS] vkSj gS iwjh O;oLFkk dks iQVdkjus
dk lkglA 1948 eas gh mUgksaus fy•k Fkk&
¶dkxt dh vktknh feyrh ys yks nks&nks vkus eas]
yky Hkokuh çdV gqbZ gS lquk fd rsyaxkus esaA¸1
ukxktZqu us lnSo ^>aMs okyh vktknh* dk fojks/ fd;k vkSj ns'kHkfÙkQ dk Hktu xkusokys yksxksa
dks le>k;k fd& ¶tgk¡ u Hkjrk isV] ns'k og dSlk Hkh gks egkujd gSA¸ ftl jkejkT; dk liuk
vktknh ds igys yksxksa us ns•k Fkk mldk cM+k foÑr :i vktknh ds ckn yksxksa ds lkeus vk;k]
ukxktZqu us ^jkejkT;* dfork ds ekè;e ls iwjs ljdkjh 'kks"k.k ra=k dks csudkc fd;k gS&
vanj&vanj fodV dlkbZ ckgj •íj/kjh gSa
tehankj gSa lkgqdkj gSa cfu;k gSa O;ksikjh gSa
x x x
•knh us eyey ls viuh lk¡B&xk¡B dj Mkyh gS
fcM+yk&VkVk Mkyfe;k dh rhlks fnu nhokyh gS
tksj&tqyqe vk¡/h pyrh cksy ugha dqN ldrs gks

le> u ikrk gw¡ fd gqdwer xksjh gS ;k dkyh gS
x x x
jkejkt esa vcdh jko.k uaxk gksdj ukpk gS
lwjr&'kDy ogh gS HkS;k cnyk dsoy <k¡pk gS
usrkvksa dh uh;r cnyh fiQj rks vius gh gkFkksa
Hkkjr ekrk ds xkyksa ij dldj iM+k rekpk gSA
ukxktZqu us u fliQZ >wBs yksdra=k dh iksy •ksyh oju usrkvksa ds varfoZjks/ksa dk Hkh inkZiQk'k
fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ledkyhu jktuhfr vkSj Hkz"V usrkvksa ij lokZf/d dfork,¡ fliQZ ukxktZqu
us gh fy•h gSa& lcdqN dks nk¡o ij yxk djA MkW- dsnkjukFk flag us fy•k gS fd& ¶,d rF;]
ftldh vksj lglk è;ku ugha tkrk] ;g gS fd rkRdkfyd fo"k; ij dfork fy•uk ,d •rjukd
dke gSA ;g •rjk dsoy lkekftd ;k jktuhfrd Lrj ij gh ugha gksrk] cfYd Lo;a dfork ds Lrj
ij Hkh gksrk gSA ;g •rjk ogk¡ ges'kk jgrk gS fd dfork] dfork jg gh u tk;sA ij ukxktZqu ,d
jpukdkj dh iwjh ftEesokjh ds lkFk bl •rjs dk lkeuk djrs gSa vkSj bl n`f"V ls ns•sa rks muesa
•rjukd <ax ls dfo gksus dk vn~Hkqr lkgl gSA¸2
ukxktZqu us dqN dfork,¡ usrkvksa dh varfoZjks/h 'kks"kd ço`fÙk;ksa ij fy•h gSa tcfd dqN
dfork,¡ mu usrkvksa ij fy•ha] tks ml le; 'kklu esa FksA bu usrkvksa esa bafnjk xk¡/h] usg: th] eksjkth
nslkbZ] fouksok Hkkos] t;çdk'k ukjk;.k] pkS/jh pj.k flag] jktukjk;.k] Jh Ñ".k flag] fouksnkuan >k]
xksfoan cYyHk iar] xqytkjh yky uank] lat; xk¡/h vkfn gSaA usg: th ij mudh O;aX; dfork dkiQh
yksdfç; gqbZ Fkh&
¶vkvks jkuh] ge <ks,¡xs ikydh@;gh gqbZ gS jk; tokgjyky dh
jiQw djsaxs iQVs&iqjkus tky dh@;gh gqbZ gS jk; tokgjyky dhA¸3
bafnjk xk¡/h us 'kklu ra=k dks ftl rjg 'kks"k.k ra=k esa cny fn;k og fdlh ls Nqik gqvk ugha
gS] muds rkuk'kkgh joS;s ij ukxktZqu us cM+s rh•s <ax ls O;aX; fd;k gSA muij fy•h 15 dforkvksa
esa ls dqN dkiQh pfpZp jgha] tSls ^bUnqth D;k gqvk vkidks*] ,oa ^vc rks can djks gs nsoh ;g pquko
dk çglu!* dfork eas mUgksaus iwjs 'kks"k.k ra=k dks uaxs :i esa çLrqr fd;k gS &
¶Lokn feyk vlyh lÙkk dk] D;ksa u epk,¡ 'kksj
iw¡N mBkdj ukp jgs gSa yksd lHkkbZ eksj
rqe mudh jkuh & vf/jkuh] fueZe fuBqj dBksj
xhnM+] Hkkyw] 'ksj&lk¡i lc rks gSa eqX/&foHkksj¸4
ukxktZqu us u fliQZ jktuhfrd eqíksa ij O;aX; fd;k oju~ vkfFkZd vUrfoZjks/ksa] lkekftd
folaxfr;ksa] /kfeZd&vkè;kfRed ik•.Mksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkfHktkR; #fp lEiUu yksxksa] dykoknh
dfo;ksa vkykspdksa & cqf¼thfo;ksa ds vykok vius&vki ij Hkh rh•k O;aX; fd;k gSA vk/qfud fgUnh
lkfgR; esa x| ds {ks=k esa gfj'kadj ijlkbZ ,oa dfork ds {ks=k esa ukxktZqu ds tksM+ dk dksbZ O;aX;dkj
ughaA MkW- ukeoj flag us Bhd gh fy•k gS fd& ¶O;aX; dh bl fonX/rk us gh ukxktZqu dh vusd

rkRdkfyd dforkvksa dks dkyt;h cuk fn;k gS] ftlds dkj.k os dHkh cklh ugha gqb± vkSj vc Hkh
rkRdkfyd cuh gqbZ gSaA blfy, ;g fufoZokn gS fd dchj ds ckn fgUnh dfork esa ukxktZqu ls cM+k
O;aX;dkj vHkh rd dksbZ ugha gqvkA¸5
çÑfr ds lkFk ukxktZqu dk ogh fj'rk gS tks ek¡ ds lkFk csVs dk gksrk gS] /jrh ds lkFk fdlku
dk gksrk gS] ;FkkZFkoknh vkSj vkReh;A mudh çÑfr lEcU/h dforkvksa esa ,d Ñ"kd dh vkReh;rk
gS] vkSj gS ,d dfo dk lkSUn;Z&cks/A
pkgs ^cgqr fnuksa ds ckn* dfork gks ;k ^flUnwj fryfdr Hkky*& bruh xgjh vkReh;rk dgha
ugha gSA ^flanwj fryfdr Hkky* 'kh"kZd ls yxrk gS fd ;g fliQZ iRuh&çse dh dfork gS fdUrq ,slk
gS ughaA mlesa iRuh&çse ds lkFk&lkFk viuh ekr`Hkwfe iwjs çkÑfrd ifjos'k ds lkFk ltho :i esa
mifLFkr gSA ^ckny dks f?kjrs ns•k gS* ,oa îQly* dfork çÑfr ds lkSUn;Z cks/h&Lo:i dk
mn~?kkVu djrh gS] ysfdu ;g lkSUn;Z dfYir ;k iqLrdh; ugha gS Lo;a vuqHkwr ,oa viuh vk¡•ksa ls
ns•k gqvk gSA
ukxktZqu vkfHktkR; #fp lEiUu dfo;ksa] dykoknh dykdkjksa] Nk;koknh Hkkocks/ ds dkseyeuk
dfo;ksa ds lkSn;Z cks/ ij O;aX; djrs gSa D;ksafd ;s turk ls nwj pys x, gSa] ;s fliQZ dyk&lkSUn;Z
ij è;ku nsrs gSa] turk dk i{k ugha ysrsA êk¡tks vkSj ek¡tks*] ^dfo*] î{k/j*] ^vkRek dh ck¡lqjh*]
^frdM+e ds rkÅ* blh rjg dh dfork,¡ gSaA
ukxktZqu dh dfork dh ifjf/ esa ljdkj] lekt] f'k{kk&laLÑfr ds lkFk&lkFk i'kq] i{kh]
tkuoj lHkh vk x, gSaA mUgksaus rksrk] eknk lwvj] xk;] usoyk •Vey vkfn ij rks fy•k gh gS] cPpksa]
yM+fd;ksa ,oa o`¼kvksa ij Hkh fy•k gSA
dkO;&f'kYi ds ekeys esa mudh fofof/rk ns•rs curh gS] pkgs Nanksc¼ dfork gks ;k Nan eqÙkQ]
pkgs nksgk gks ;k cjoS lc ij mudk ,d leku vf/dkj gS] blh ij jh> dj MkW- ukeoj flag fy•rs
gSa& ¶ukxktZqu dh fxurh u rks ç;ksx'khy dfo;kas ds lanHkZ esa gksrh gS] u ubZ dfork ds çlax esa] fiQj
Hkh dfork esa :i laca/h ftrus ç;ksx vdsys ukxktZqu us fd, gSa] mrus 'kk;n gh fdlh us fd, gksaA
dfork dh mBku rks dksbZ ukxktZqu ls lh•s vkSj ukVdh;rk esa rks os tSls yktokc gh gSaA tSlh flf¼
Nankssa esa] oSlk gh vf/dkj csNan ;k eqÙkQ Nan dh dfork ijA muds ckr djus ds gtkj <ax gSaA¸6
nksgs esa mUgksaus ^vUuiphlh* fy•kA ^rhuksa cUnj ckiw ds*] êkLVj*] ^vdky vkSj mlds ckn*]
^ckny dks f?kjrs ns•k gS*] ^mudks ç.kke*] tSlh dfork,¡ Nanksa ds vuq'kklu esa vPNh rjg ca/h gqbZ
gSaA yksd Nan dk ltZukRed mi;ksx ^vkvks jkuh* okyh dfork esa gqvk gS] og fuEufyf•r yksdNan
ij ca/k gS &
tS dUgS;k yky dh enuk xksiky dhA
cq<+ou ds gkFkh ?kksM+k ybdu ds ikydhAA
ukxktZqu us u,&iqjkus dkO;&f'kYi dk cM+k lqUnj vkSj l/k gqvk mi;ksx fd;k ftlls turk esa
dfork dh yksdfç;rk Hkh c<+h vkSj dfork dh dykRedrk ij Hkh vk¡p ugha vk;kA ukxktZqu dbZ
Hkk"kk,¡ tkurs gSa vkSj pkj Hkk"kkvksa esa dfork,¡ fy•rs gSaA fgUnh ds os cM+s dfo gSa] eSfFkyh esa mUgsa
lkfgR; vdkneh dk iqjLdkj feyk gS vkSj os laLÑr Hkk"kk esa LokHkkfod :i ls dfork fy• ldrs

gSa] caxyk esa Hkh mUgksaus dfork,¡ fy•h gSaA Hkk"kk ij mudh idM+ ij blls vf/d D;k fy•k tk
ldrk gS\ fiQj Hkh mudh dkO;&Hkk"kk ds ckjs esa bruk rks fy•k gh tk ldrk gS fd mudh Hkk"kk
vR;ar laosnu'khy] O;aX;iw.kZ] Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fÙkQ esa iwjh rjg l{ke ,oa vljnkj gSA ukxktZqu dh
Hkk"kk esa y; gS] ukn gS] Loj dk vkjksg&vojksg gS] rky gS] rqd gS vkSj gS Hkk"kk dh iwjh ÅtkZA Hkk"kk
ljy gksrs gq, Hkh vyadkjksa ls ghu ugha gS] lgt gksrs gq, Hkh dykRed lkSUn;Z ls foghu ugha gSA
ukxktZqu 'kCnoknh ugha gSa fdUrq ^'kCn* ij mudk è;ku dkiQh jgrk gS_ tSls os dbZ O;aX;iw.kZ 'kCn
x<+rs gSa& dqlhZ/j] flagklu jk;] lokZsn; flag] 'kksf"kr flag vkfnA os ftl lgtrk ls laLÑr ds 'kCnksa
dks dfork esa ys vkrs gSa mlh LokHkkfodrk ds lkFk xzkeh.k 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx Hkh djrs gSa_ tSls &
duek] ?kwjk] xksM+] Nku vkfnA LFkkuh; (cksyh) Hkk"kk ls gh fgUnh dks le`¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS]
ukxktZuq ;g ckr le>rs gSAsa os fgUnh dh çÑfr ls iwjh rjg okfdiQ gSa blfy, fgUnh çns'kksa esa çpfyr
eqgkojksa ,oa dgkorksa dk mi;ksx viuh dforkvksa esa mfpr LFkku ij djrs gSaA ^myVs iM+s nk¡o*] ^Mhax
ekjuk*] ^tys ij ued fNM+duk* vkfn&vkfn eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx mudh dforkvksa esa gqvk gSA ^xqM+
•kdj xqyxqys ls ijgst* tSlh dgkor dk ltZukRed mi;ksx nsf•,& ^•krs gSa xqM+] xqyxqys ls j•saxs
ijgst\*7
ukxktZqu viuh dfork dks ltZukRed cukus ds fy, fdlh Hkh çpfyr Hkk"kk ds çpfyr 'kCn
dks ykus ls ugha fgpdrs] 'kCn pkgs vaxzsth ds gksa] mnZw ds gksa] iQkjlh ds gksa ;k caxyk ds gksaA os
ukVdh;rk vkSj fo'ouh;rk ds fy, ^Vksu* dks Hkh dfork esa ys vkrs gSas tSls ^dSls jgk tk,xk* dfork
esa ,d iafÙkQ esa fcgkjh Vksu gS& ^dqPNks ugha cksfy,xk*A bu lw=kksa ds vk/kj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd
mudh Hkk"kk dk :i fojkV] cgqjaxh vkSj Hkko&lEink ls lEiUu gS ftlds dkj.k os vke turk ds
brus utnhd tk ldsA MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ us ukxktZqu dh dfork ds ckjs esa Bhd gh fy•k gS fd&
¶ukxktZqu us yksdfç;rk vkSj dykRed lkSUn;Z ds larqyu vkSj lkeatL; dh leL;k dks ftruh
liQyrk ls gy fd;k gS] mruh liQyrk ls cgqr de dfo&fgUnh ls fHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh & gy
dj ik;sa gSA¸8
dqy feykdj ge bruk rks dg gh ldrs gSa fd ukxktZqu vk/qfud fgUnh dfork dh çxfr'khy
/kjk ds ,d cM+s dfo gSa& dkO; laosnuk dh fo'kkyrk ds dkj.k] dkO;&f'kYi dh fofo/rk ds
dkj.k ,oa dkO;&Hkk"kk dh le`f¼ ds dkj.kA
lanHkZ %
1- dfork & ^yky Hkokuh*] gtkj&gtkj ckgksa okyh] i`- la- & 50-
2- esjs le; ds 'kCn] i`-la- & 57-
3- I;klh iFkjkbZ vk¡•sa] i`-la-& 57-
4- rqeus dgk Fkk] i`-la-& 48&52-
5- Hkwfedk] çfrfuf/ dfork,¡] ukxktZqu] i`-la-& 9] laiknd&ukeoj flagA
6- Hkwfedk] çfrfuf/ dfork,¡] ukxktZqu] i`-la- & 9] laiknd&ukeoj flagA
7- dfork] veysUnq ,e-,y-,-] iqjkuh twfr;ksa dk dksjl] i`- la-& 49-
8- u;h dfork vkSj vfLrRookn] i`-la-& 154
qqq

vkys [ k
dfo v#.k dey dk dkO; ifjn`';

m iz'kkar dqekj
vkèkqfud fganh dfork f'k[kjksa dh dfork ugha gSA ;g fojkV eSnku dh dfork gS] ftlesa vla[;
yksx gSa] iSQyko gS] /kjk,¡ gSa] f'k[kj ugha gS tSls dHkh eè;dky esa dchj vkSj rqylh fn[kk djrs
FksA ysfdu chloha lnh esa mu f'k[kjksa rd igq¡prs gq, egkizk.k fujkyk] tudfo ckck ukxktqZu vkSj
èkwfey ds ckn v#.k dey fn[krs gSa ftudk vonku xksxksy dh vksojdksV dh rjg gS tks xnZ te
tkus ds ckotwn cgqr etcwr gksrk gS vkSj ckj&ckj u;k ikB cudj gekjs lkeus vkrk gSA v#.k dey
dh dfork rst ifjorZuokyh ledkyhu dkO; dk èkM+drk gqvk bfrgkl gSA ¶dfork dh
jpuk&izfØ;k vkfn ekuo ls ysdj vc rd tks dqN fodkl gqvk gS] ml lc dk ,d dfo eu
ij tks vlj iM+rk gS] vkH;arjhdj.k djrs gq, fiQj ls mldks ,d fcac esa dqN 'kCnksa esa ,d iwjs iQkWeZ
esa izdV djus dk la?k"kZ gSA og fliQZ vkRela?k"kZ ;kuh vius Hkhrj pyus okyk la?k"kZ ugha gS] cká
la?k"kZ gS mlh dk izlkj gSA vkRe la?k"kZ vkSj varr% vkRe la?k"kZ vkSj cká la?k"kZ ;s nksuksa fey tkrs gSa
vkSj rc tkdj ,d Js"B Ñfr dh jpuk] ,d Js"B jpuk dh jpuk gksrh gSA¸1 dfork ,d izdkj
dk Kku :i gSA bl lekt esa bZ";kZ] vaèkfo'okl] yksHk] fyIlk] vgadkj] ?k`.kk] LokFkZ] fgalk vkfn
euq"; esa tks dqN cqjkbZ;k¡ gSa mldh izkFkfed vfHkO;fDr dfork esa gksrh gSA ledkyhu dfork ds
l'kDr gLrk{kj v#.k dey ds dkO;&laxzg ^viuh dsoy èkkj*] ^lcwr*] û, bykds esa*] îqryh
esa lalkj* rFkk êSa oks 'ka[k egk'ka[k* esa euq"; ds euq"; gksus ds fy, vko';d 'krks± ij foLr`r ppkZ
dh xbZ gSA chloha 'krkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa gks jgs lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa
dh rhozrk O;kid gSA ledkyhu dfork us bls vius esa lesVk gSA brus O;kid vuqHko lalkj dks
dkO; esa lesVuk v#.k dey tSls vlkèkkj.k izfrHkk okys dfo ds fy, gh laHko gSA
vkBosa n'kd ds reke dfe;ksa ds chp v#.k dey ,d ,sls dfo ds :i esa lkeus vkrs gSa
tks u,iu dks fo"k; oLrq ds :i esa dfork esa ykrs gSaA vxj ge ^viuh dsoy èkkj* dh dforkvksa
dks ns[ksa rks ogk¡ ,d ;qok dfo dh ,slh dfork ls gekjk lkeuk gksrk gS ftlesa ,d u, le; ds
vkxeu] u, ifjn`'; dks jpus dh vkdka{kk rFkk dfork vkSj euq"; ds chp dh ubZ tehu ryk'kus
dh dksf'k'k utj vkrh gSA gkyk¡fd] vkBosa n'kd dh reke dfork viuh fiNyh dfork ;kuh
lkBksÙkjh dfork ds lkFk ,d vkykspukRed lacaèk cukdj gh fodflr gksrh gS] ysfdu v#.k dey
dh dfork vkBosa n'kd dh lkekU;hÑr ifjikVh esa viuk ,d vyx Loj jprh gSA lelkef;d
fganh dfork xgjs lkekftd ljksdkjksa dh dfork gSA og ekuoh; lacaèkksa ds izfr vfrlaosnu'khy gSA
mlesa VqdM+ksa esa gh lgh] ysfdu orZeku lH;rk vkSj lekt dk lexz fp=k fo|eku gSA le; vkSj

ifjfLFkfr dk ncko Hkys gh dfo dks vius esa fleVus ij foo'k djs] ijarq dfo v#.k dey ijnq[k
rki ls fi?kydj vius O;fDrRo esa nfj;k dk foLrkj eglwl djrs gSaA dfo ds O;fDrRo fuekZ.k ds
eq[; izsj.kk lzksr muds firk Jh dfiy nso eqfu jgsA dfork ys[ku esa v#.k dey dh fo'ks"k #fp
FkhA dfork dh Hkkoqdrk muds futh thou esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA lp rks ;g gS fd laxhr esa Hkh
mudh fo'ks"k vfHk#fp gSA v#.k dey ds û, bykds esa* dkO;&laxzg dks o"kZ 1998 dk lkfgR;
vdkneh iqjLdkj fn, tkus ij fo}kuksa ds eè; vusd fookn mits] cgqr ls vk{ksi yxk, x,A fdarq
bu dforkvksa esa xgjs Mwcus ij tks thou dh vFkZ&Nfo;k¡ ikBdksa dks feyrh gSa] muesa os lkjs vk{ksi
vius vki [kkfjt gks tkrs gSaA dkO; esa oLrq vFkok :i esa fdlh ,d dks vfèkd egÙo nsuk lgh
ugha gSA buesa ls dksbZ Hkh cM+k ;k NksVk ugha gSA nksuksa dk lacaèk vU;ksU;kfJr gSA ;s nksuksa gh ijLij
,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa vkSj lkfgR; esa nksuksa dh gh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d gSA v#.k dey
mu dfo;ksa esa ls gSa tks thou dh tfVyrkvksa vkSj varfoZjksèkksa ls tw>rs gSaA mUgsa viuh dforkvksa esa
eq[kj djds ikBdksa dks lkspus ij foo'k djrs gSaA vius le; ds nckoksa ls izHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k
v#.k dey dh dforkvksa esa ledkyhu jktuhfr fp=k.k ds lkFk&lkFk lelkef;d ifjos'k thoar
gks mBk gSA vusd dforkvksa esa dfo us ,d ng'kr Hkjs ekgkSy dk fp=k.k fd;k gSA ns'k esa c<+rh
vjktdrk vkSj xqaMkxnhZ dk fp=k.k mudh dforkvksa esa feyrk gSA
vkèkqfud fganh ds dfo v#.k dey dh dforkvksa esa etnwjksa dh fLFkfr;ksa ij i;kZIr
fopkj&foe'kZ gqvk gSA cPps] toku] fL=k;k¡ budh dforkvksa esa lHkh 'kkfey gSaA dksbZ twV ;k yksgs
ds feyksa esa dke djrk gS rks dksbZ gksVy dk ukSdj gSA iqy cukus okys etnwj] uDlyh le> dj
ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn, tkus okys etnwj] nthZ] Ldwy ekLVj] vxjcÙkh cukus okys etnwj vkfn lHkh
mudh dforkvksa dk fo"k; oLrq jgsA ^;k=kk* dfork esa dydÙks ds dkj[kkus esa dke djus okyk
tyaèkj dk etnwj fugky flag gS ftldk viuk eqYd cgqr nwj NwV x;k gS fdarq mlds ryoksa esa iatkc
dh FkksM+h lh èkwy vHkh Hkh ckdh gSA viuk ?kj NksM+dj jksth jksVh ds fy, nwljh txg tkus dh csclh
etnwj fugky flag ds gh 'kCnksa esa &
¶dkSu ugha pkgrk tgk¡ ftl tehu mxs
feêðh cu tk, ogha
ij nkseV ugha] rirk gqvk jsr gh gS ?kj
rjcwt dk
tgk¡ fuHks ftanxh gqbZ ?kj ogh xk¡oA¸2
^fiQj ogh vkokt* esa etnwjksa ds jksus dh vkokt ls dfo ân; mf}Xu gks mBk gSA dfo dks
yxrk gS fd ;s jksus okys mlds vius gh gSaA ^mRlo* dfork esa laxzkeh etnwjksa dks uDlyh dg dj
mu ij xksyh pyk dj mudh gR;k djus dh nnZukd ?kVuk dk o.kZu dfo v#.k dey us fd;k
gSA êgkRek xk¡èkh lsrq vkSj etnwj* dfork esa dfo fy[krk gS&
¶mu etnwjksa dk dksbZ ftØ ugha vkt
tks nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s iqy dks cukrs gq,
xaxk dk xzkl cus
i`Foh ds ,d [kaM dks nwljs [kaM ls tksM+rs
iRFkj Mwcs rks vkokt gksrh gS
vkt vkneh bl nqfu;k esa csvkokt Mwc tkrk gSA
bl ckj Hkh gksyh esa ?kj ij mudk bartkj gksxkA¸3
v#.k dey dh dfork esa thou ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk fp=k.k feyrk gSA bl fofoèkrk ds dkj.k
Hkh Hkk"kk esa fofoèkrk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA v#.k dey us viuh dforkvksa esa vfHkO;Dr gksus okys Hkko
dks BsB ledkyhu Hkk"kk ds vR;ar lgt ygts esa izLrqr fd;kA mudh Hkk"kk esa yksd thou ls 'kCnksa]
eqgkojksa] xzkeh.k cksyh] Hkk"kk vkSj LFkkuh; 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA ledkyhu dfork us f'kYi dks
O;kid vFkZ esa iz;qDr fd;k gSA bldk rkRi;Z lkSan;Z ds mu reke miknkuksa] lkèkuksa] rRoksa vkfn ls
gS ftuds }kjk og vius Hkko vkSj fopkj ikBdksa rd izsf"kr djrh gSA fganh lkfgR; esa iz;ksxoknh
dfo;ksa us dkO;&f'kYi ds izfr tkx:drk O;Dr djrs gq, f'kYi esa u,&u, iz;ksx fd,A v#.k dey
dk eqgkojk vius ledkyhu dfo;ksa esa dkiQh vyx vkSj lgt :i ls è;kukd"khZ jgk gSA os izxfr'khy
fparu ds dfo ekus tkrs gSa] ftldk i;kZIr lk{; mudh dfork,¡ nsrh gSaA v#.k dey us Hkk"kk dks
thou ds fudV ykus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA mudh Hkk"kk ftanxh vkSj vuqHko dh Hkk"kk gSA mls vuqHko
ls vyx djds ugha le>k tk ldrkA mudh dforkvksa esa dqN rkts vkSj vNwrs fcac ns[kus dks feyrs
gSaA ;s fcac izÑfr ;k yksdthou ls vuk;kl mudh dforkvksa esa vkrs gSaA mudh Hkk"kk esa vewrZu dk
tcjnLr udkj ekStwn gSA eSa ugha le>rk fd ftruh rjyrk vkSj d#.kk v#.k dey iSnk djrs gSa
mldk dksbZ fodYi gks ldrk gSA v#.k dey dh dfork i<+rs gq, ,slk ckj&ckj eglwl gksrk gS
fd os ftl ckr dks ftl rjg mldh Js"Brk esa dguk pkfg,] os dg ysrs gSa vkSj bl gn rd fd
mlesa dqN vkSj ?kVk ;k c<+k ldus dh ekewyh xqatkb'k Hkh u cpsA v#.k dey dh dfork blfy,
mu fo"k;ksa ds djhc igq¡pus dh dksf'k'k djrh utj vkrh gS tgk¡ ls thou ds vkn'kZ dks vfèkd
lw{erk ls ns[kk vkSj ij[kk tk ldrk gSA vius ledkyhu jpukdkjksa esa vius lkfRod fopkjksa ds dkj.k
v#.k dey vU; dfo;ksa ls vyx gSaA jkts'k tks'kh] mn; izdk'k] vln tSnh] ohjsu Maxoky tSls
dfo;ksa ds chp budh dfork,¡ l'kDr :i esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djrh gSaA rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt
'kCnksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj 'kCn&fp=k }kjk Hkko O;atuk djus okyh iafDr;k¡ nz"VO; gSa&
¶ftlds mj esa NÙkk gS 'kgn dk
ftldk vkuu 'kjn dk vkdk'k
vkSj brus dkVdwV ls Hkjk bruk fxtfxt
brus [kjhnkjksa us viuh fuc tk¡ph eq> ij
brus rjg ls cqdjk] bruh èkkfj;k¡ brus nLr[kr
fd tjk Hkh lkiQ txg vc ughaA¸4
vkt dh ;qok dfork dk ,d cM+k fgLlk oLrqxr tfVyrk ds iz'u dks f'kYi&xr iz;ksxksa ds
ekè;e ls gy djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA ;g rks r; gS fd ;qok dfork dh bl dksf'k'k esa dfork
esa ekStwn ladV dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g lq[kn Hkh gS fd ;qok dfork dfork ds ladV dks
u, fljs ls le>us dk iz;Ru djrh gSA gj ih<+h dk ladV mldk viuk ekSfyd ladV gksrk gSA fdlh
Hkh fiNys le; ds ladV ls mldk LFkkukiUu laHko ughaA ckotwn blds ;g dguk loZFkk lehphu
gksxk fd v#.k dey dh dforkvksa esa Hkh ;qok dfork≤ ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA fdlh dfo dh

ifjn`'; esa ekStwnxh vxj u, yksxksa esa vkRefo'okl dks c<+krh gks rks ;g dfo vkSj dfork dh
lkFkZdrk gh ekuh tk,xhA êSa oks 'ka[k egk'ka[k* dh dforkvksa esa vuko';d dkjhxjh ugha gSA bu
dforkvksa esa le; dk forku cgqr cM+s jsat esa gSA v#.k mnkjrk ds fouk'kdkjh ifj.kke dks uksV djrs
gSaA v#.k dey dh dfork,¡ vius mís';ksa dh rjg fujarj ,DlVsa'ku ysrh gSaA bl dkj.k mudh
dfork,¡ thoar dfork gSA v#.k dey dh dforkvksa dh fo'ks"krk mudk [kqykiu gSA ekuoh; laons uk
vkSj tuoknh fopkjèkkjk ds dfo v#.k dey ds jpuk deZ dh nqfu;k vHkh Hkh cuuh ckdh gSA lc
yksx] ckgj dj fn, x,] x.kuk ls NqVs xjhc] fucZy fdarq LokfHkekuh la?k"kZ'khy yksxksa dh csgrjh ds
fy, dfo dh dye fujarj pyrh jgsxh vkSj tuekul dks viuh ÅtkZ ls mtZfLor djrh jgsxhA
v#.k dey foèoal esa Hkh uo l`tu ds i{kèkj gSaA mudh dforkvksa esa ;g xwat fudyrh gS tks ckr
dks lkspus&le>us ds fy, foo'k djrh gSA yksd ls gh 'kCnykSg ysdj dfo viuh jpuk esa èkkj
iSnk djrs gSaA fu"Bkoku dfo dh psruk eq[kfjr gksrh gSA rHkh os dgrs gSa&
¶[kRe gks tk,xk ,d fnu ew[kks± dk jkt
idoku dk Hkksx Ndrk egar
gFkxksyksa ck:n dk <sj fxurk lar
vkSj ekfiQ;k fxjksgksa ds MkWu
u"V gks tk,axs ,d fnuA¸5
tuoknh fopkjèkkjk ds dfo v#.k dey ds ys[ku dkS'ky dh èkkj us gekjs fy, ,slk vkStkj
rS;kj fd;k gS ftlds cy ij ge fdlh Hkh izdkj ds "kM+;a=k vkSj ik[kaM dh nhokj dks Hksn ldrs
gSAa dfo v#.k us vkykspuk dh viuh ,d vyx ifjikVh btkn dh gSA dfo v#.k dgrs gSa fd ¶;fn
jpuk thou dh vkykspuk gS rks vkykspuk jpuk vkSj thou nksuksa dh vkykspukA vkykspuk lkfgR;
dh èotk gS tgk¡ eu fuHkZ; vkSj ekFkk mBk gqvk gSA¸6 tgk¡ lkfgR; vkSj lekt dh ppkZ gksrh gS rks
ogk¡ dqN fojksèk vkSj dqN uksd>ksad HkhA dfo dh vkykspuk dfo deZ dh deZ'kkyk esa tkdj ns[kus
dk miØe vkSj fcackRed izfofèk gSA
fu%lansg] v#.k dey dh dforkvksa dk iQyd ,d gh le; dks dbZ rjg ds foHkktu vkSj
dbZ rjg dh ?kVukvksa dks ,d gh la;kstu esa ns[krh gSA ,d rjiQ gekjk le; gS tks gels NwV jgk
gS vkSj ,d rjiQ ge fdlh le; dks idM+us dh dksf'k'k esa gSaA NqVrk gqvk le; gekjk vrhr gS]
idM+ esa u vk ldus okyk le; Hkfo";A nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa gkFk dqN Hkh ugha vk jgkA dfo dh
dforkvksa esa yxkrkj fodkl Øe ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fuLlangs v#.k dey dh dforkvksa esa jpukRed
Je 'kfDr dk lgh bLrseky gqvk lkiQ fn[krk gSA v#.k dey dh dfork,¡ dksbZ iQkSjh rkSj ij utj
ls xqtkjus okyh dfork,¡ ugha gS] ,d O;kid utfj, ds tfj, lekt esa vkewypwy ifjorZu dh ek¡x
djrh gaSA ;qok dfork ds rsoj dks igpkuus dk cM+k tksf[ke ;fn fdlh us mBk;k gS rks os v#.k
dey gSaA lkfgR; dk oSdfZYid HkweaMy budh dforkvksa esa iwjh rjg ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA euq"; vkSj
euq";rk dks cpkus dh xgjh vkdqyrk budh dforkvksa esa gSA v#.k dey dh gj dfork thou dk
u;k vkfo"dkj] vuqlaèkku vkSj Hkk"kk dk u;k ifj"dkj gSA dfo dk dguk gS fd ¶lapkj dk uohure
lkèku gS esjs fy, gj dfork ftldk mi;ksx gksuk gS vHkh] dHkhA¸7 dqy feykdj ;g dguk loZFkk
lehphu gksxk fd fd v#.k dey ds igys dfork laxzg ^viuh dsoy èkkj* ls ysdj ^lcwr*] û;s

bykds es*a ] îqryh esa lalkj* vkSj gkfy;k izdkf'kr muds u, laxgz êSa oks 'ka[k egk'ka[k* dh dforkvksa
dk ,d LFkk;h Hkko Le`frghu le; ds ekfeZd vk[;ku vkSj ekuoh; lanHkZ esa mldh ohHkR;
ifj.kfr;ksa ds mn~?kkVu dk gSA v#.k dey dh dfork,¡ lkfgR; dh bl ewy 'kiFk dks csf>>d
Lohdkj djrh gSa fd lkfgR; Hkwyus ds fo#¼ ,d Bksl dkjZokbZ gSA
lanHkZ %
1- v#.k dey] dfork vkSj le;] i`- 182
2- v#.k dey] viuh dsoy /kj] i`- 13
3- v#.k dey] lcwr] i`- 44
4- v#.k dey] u;s bykds esa] i`- 22
5- ogh] i`- 88-
6- vkykspuk] vad 38] tqykbZ&flrEcj 2010 (laikndh; ls)
7- v#.k dey] dfork vkSj le;] i`- 236-
qqq

vkys [ k
xk¡èkh dh gR;k dk jksekap

m ,l-,u-oekZ
blh o"kZ 2019 esa 'kghn fnol ij mÙkj çns'k ds vyhx<+ ftys esa xk¡/h ds fp=k ij fdlh
laxBu dh efgyk usrk }kjk udyh fjoksYcj ls xksyh ekjus vkSj fp=k ds uhps •wu dh rLohj ds lkFk
xksMls vej jgsa ds ukjs lks'ky ehfM;k esa ok;jy gq,A ljdkj us ?kVuk ds fy, ftEesnkj yksxksa ds
Åij dk;Zokgh dhA ik¡p yksx fxjÝrkj Hkh fd, x,A fiQj •cj vkbZ x;h gks x;h] tSlk vktdy
[kcjksa dh vf/drk esa gksrk gSA dqN LFkkuksa ij ?kVuk ds f•ykiQ çn'kZu vkSj Hkk"k.kckth dj drZO;
dh bfrJh eku yh xbZA ;g çrhdkRed ?kVuk tuekul esa iy jgs xk¡/h fojks/ dk ,d mnkgj.k ;k
uewuk Hkj gSA blh rjg dk ,d mnkgj.k fiNyh lnh ds vafre o"kkZs esa Hkh ns•us dks feyk Fkk tc
çnhi nyoh us êh ukFkwjke xksMls cksyrks;* uked ejkBh ukVd fy•k FkkA ys•d us bls vfHkO;fÙkQ
dh Lora=krk dk uke fn;k Fkk vkSj i{k foi{k esa cgl ppkZ ifjppkZ gqbZA ysfdu ewyHkwr ç'u ogha
cuk jgk fd xk¡/h fgUnw turk ds fojks/h Fks ;k ughaA mudh gR;k ds 70 o"kZ ckn Hkh gR;k dk jksekap
D;ksa cuk gqvk gS\ Hkkjr dh lukru /kjk dks ;qx/eZ ls tksM+dj jk"Vªh; tu vkUnksyu vkSj lR;kxzgh
çfØ;k dks vf/d xfr'khy cukus dk Js; ,d ek=k xk¡/h dks fn;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd xfr'khyrk Lo;a
,d çfLFkfr gksrh gS blfy, ogk¡ iw.kZrk dh •kst mfpr ughaA bl ckr ij lHkh ,der gSa fd xk¡èkh
tu vkanksyu ds ik;fu;j Fks] Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd vfLerk dks ,dhÑr jktuhfrd vfLerk fnykus
okys çFke O;fÙkQ FksA ,d O;fÙkQ ds laLFkk cuus dk cM+k mnkgj.k os gh çLrqr dj ikrs gSaA
b/j dqN o"kks± ls vkSj dqN ?kVukvksa ls ,slk yxrk gS fd xk¡/h ds c/ dks ekuks LohÑfr fey
jgh gSA ;ksxk;ksx rks ,slk cuk gS fd c/ fu"Bk dh vekuoh; jktuhfr djus okys jk"Vª thou ds
vfèkdkjh fo}ku gksus dk nkok djus yxs gSaA bDdhloha lnh ds çFke prqFkkZa'k dh ifj.kfr dks çkIr
Hkkjrh; tuekul D;k vrhrthoh gksuk pkgsxkA ;fn ugha rks mls ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ls voxr gks
fu''kad Hkko ls vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A bfrgkl dHkh Hkh vrhr ds lq/kj dh vihy ugha djrkA esjs
[;ky ls jktuhfr dks Hkh ;gh djuk pkfg,A xk¡/h ds Åij vc geys gksa] ;g muds thfor gksus
dk çek.k ugha rks D;k gS\ xksMls ds vuqlkj ôg ,d /kfeZd ÑR; FkkA ftl çdkj dal dk oèk]
f'k'kqiky dk o/ ,d /ekZuq:i ÑR; Fkk] mlh çdkj xk¡/h dk oèk Hkh /kfeZd ÑR; gSA* çnhi nyoh
ds ukVd dk Hkh ;gh dF; gSA FkksM+k è;ku nsdj ns•saxs rks ;g /kfeZd ÑR; vkfne O;oLFkk dk
mnkgj.k gSA dksbZ Hkh lH; lekt ml lekt vkSj dkuwu dh iqujko`fÙk ugha pkgsxkA fdlh ds cqjs dk;Z
ds fy, naM dh O;oLFkk euq"; dh pquh gqbZ ljdkjksa us cukbZ gSA 'kk;n blh rdZ ls xk¡/h ds leFkZd
xksMls ls cnyk ysus dh ckr ugha djrs gSA xk¡/h Lo;a Hkh {keknku ds fgek;rh FksA vkt ds xk¡èkhoknh

Hkh lj >qdkdj dke es fo'okl djrs gSaA yksx bl ekeys esa vfHkO;fÙkQ dh Lora=krk dh ckr djrs
gS] mUgsa fopkj dh fopkj ls yM+kbZ esa fo'okl djuk pkfg,A xksMls us dksbZ oSpkfjd yM+kbZ dgk¡ yM+h
FkhA
dqN yksxksa dks xksMls }kjk çLrqr cpkoukek ,d O;ofLFkr fopkj ml le; Hkh yxrk Fkk vkSj
vkt HkhA xk¡/h dh gR;k ds ckn xksMls ds ikl le; FkkA mlus bldk mi;ksx fd;k vkSj vius ÑR;
dks mfpr Bgjkus dh dksf'k'k dhA dksbZ Hkh vijk/h ;gh djrk gSA vius cpko dh gj laHko dksf'k'k
djrk gSA xksMls us Hkh ;gh fd;kA mlus tks dkj.k crk, mues xk¡èkh dks ns'k foHkktu djkus vkSj bls
Lohdkj djus dks çeq• crk;k gSA ikfdLrku] ftlus Hkkjr ds fo#¼ ;q¼ NsM+ j•k Fkk] mls mlds
fgLls ds 55djksM+ Hkkjr ljdkj ls fnyokus dks nwljk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k crk;kA bls lqudj dksbZ Hkh
xk¡èkh ds Åij HkM+d ldrk gSA
lokZsn; vkanksyu ds ofj"B fpard pquh HkkbZ oS| us xk¡/h dh gR;k ds lanHkZ esa x<+s bu rdks±
dk tckc ^xk¡/h dh gR;k % D;k lp] D;k >wB* esa n`<+rk ls fn;k gSA os fy•rs gSa fd xk¡èkh dh
gR;k ds vkB ç;kl gq, FksA bu ç;klksa esa pkj ml le; gq, Fks tc ikfdLrku cuus vkSj 55 djksM+
dh ckr LoIu esa Hkh ugha FkhA igyk ç;kl 1934 esa gqvk Fkk tc xk¡èkh iwuk uxjikfydk }kjk vk;ksftr
lEeku lekjksg esa 'kkfey gksus tk jgs FksA mudh xkM+h ij ce iQsadk x;k] ysfdu os cp x,A bl
?kVuk esa uxjikfydk ds eq[; vf/dkjh lesr lkr yksx ?kk;y gq, FksA ml le; rd ikfdLrku
T;knk ls T;knk dfo bdcky vkSj Nk=k jger dh dYiuk esa gh FkkA vr% cgqçpkfjr ikd iQSDVj
ges'kk geys dk dkj.k ugha FkkA dqN laxBuksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa dks xk¡èkh ds dk;ZØe v•jrs FksA vaxzst
rks muds vkanksyuks ds y{; Fks gh blfy, mudh dwV jpuk vkSj csotg fxjÝrkjh ij dksbZ la'k; ugha
FkkA xk¡èkh dh gR;k dk nwljk ç;kl 1944 dh tqykbZ esa gqvk Fkk] ml le; Hkh ikfdLrku dh Hkwfedk
Li"V ugha FkhA ukFkwjke Nwjk ysdj lkeus vk x;k FkkA lrkjk ftyk cSad ds rRdkyhu vè;{k fHklkjs
us mlds gfFk;kj dks Nhu fy;k FkkA xk¡èkh us rqjar xksMls dks ckrphr ds cqyk;k] ij og ugha x;kA
rhljk ç;kl flracj 1944 esa rc gqvk Fkk tc xk¡èkh] ftUuk ls okrkZ djus cEcbZ tkus okys FksA iwuk
dk ,d lewg o/kZ x;k FkkA buesa ,d O;fÙkQ FkÙks ds ikl ls iqfyl dks Nwjk feykA FkÙks dk dguk
Fkk fd mlus xk¡èkh dh xkM+h dks iapj djus ds fy, Nwjk j•k FkkA xk¡èkh ds futh lfpo I;kjsyky
us fy•k gS fd ml fnu Mh-lh-ih- dk iQksu vk;k Fkk fd çn'kZu ds le; vugksuh gks ldrh gSA
iqfyl us xk¡èkh ds fudyus ds igys gh çn'kZudkfj;ksa dks idM+ fy;kA bl le; Hkh ikfdLrku dks
Lohdkj djus vkSj 55 djksM+ dh ckr ugha FkhA twu 1946 esa ,d vkSj ç;kl fd;k x;k Fkk] ftl
Vªsu ls xk¡èkh cEcbZ ls iwuk tk jgs Fks mls jkLrs esa iRFkj j•dj iyVkus dh dksf'k'k gqbZA Mªkboj dh
lko/kuh ls nq?kZVuk Vy xbZA bl le; Hkh #i;ksa dh ckr ugha vkbZ Fkh] xk¡èkh us viuh yk'k ij gh
foHkktu Lohdkj djus dh ckr dgh FkhA bl ?kVuk ds ckn çkFkZuk lHkk es xk¡èkh us dgk] ¶eSa lkr
ckj bl çdkj ds ç;klksa ls cp x;k gw¡A eSa bl çdkj ejus okyk Hkh ugha gw¡A¸ ukFkwjke xksMls us ejkBh
i=k vxz.kh esa fy•k Fkk fd ¶ijUrq thus dkSu nsxk¸ eryc ;g fd mlus gR;k dk ladYi igys
gh dj fy;k FkkA vafre ç;klksa ds le; gh foHkktu vkSj #i;ksa dh ckr lkeus FkhA enu yky igok
vkSj ukFkwjke xksMls ds vafre ç;kl liQy gks x,A blls ;g vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gS fd xk¡èkh
dh gR;k ds rkRdkfyd dkj.k gh ugha FksA mUgsa gVkus ds ç;kl yacs le; ls py jgs FksA

xk¡èkh dks nks"kh ekuus okys mUgsa eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr ds fy, mÙkjnk;h dgrs gSaA bl
vkjksi ds çfr mÙkj esa pquh HkkbZ dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr dh ,drk ds çfr ftruk vkxzg nwljs yksxks dk
gS mruk gh xk¡èkh vkSj muds leFkZdksa dk HkhA varj dsoy bl ckr dks ysdj ml ,drk ds fy,
ekxZ D;k viuk;k tk;A nwljs ;g ekurs Fks fd ;g ns'k mudk gS Hkkjr o"kZ vkSj Hkkjrekrk mudh gSA
eqfLye ckgjh gSa] vkØkark gSa mUgsa nks;e cudj muds lkFk jguk gSA tcfd xk¡èkh dk ekuuk ;g Fkk
fd ckj ckj ijk;k dgus ls ijk;kiu c<+sxkA Åij Åij ls rqe vius gks] ;g dguk Hkh ,drk ds fy,
mfpr ugha gksxkA blds fy, lPps eu ls mUgsa laLÑfr esa lk>snkj Lohdkj djuk gksxkA rc tkdj
okLrfod ,drk vk,xhA le; ds lkFk ?kko c<+rk gS rks Bhd Hkh gksrk gSA ;g gesa r; djuk gS fd
fojks/ dks c<+kuk gS ;k fiQj mls ?kVkuk gSA ge vius bfrgkl ij xkSj djsa rks ik,axs fd eqfLye igys
vkØe.kdkjh ugha FksA blds iwoZ ds vkØe.kdrkZ ;gk¡ ds lekt vkSj laLÑfr ds vax cu x,A eqfLyeksa
ds lkFk ,slk ugha gqvkA mudk èkkfeZd n'kZu Hkkjr dh ml turk dks vkdf"kZr djrk Fkk tks lkekftd
HksnHkko dh f'kdkj FkhA tc eqfLye lÙkk dh LFkkiuk gks x;h rks lÙkkis{kh lewg us mudh vksj vk'kk
Hkjh fuxkg ls ns•k vkSj cgqrksa us bLyke Lohdkj dj fy;kA bl lPpkbZ ls Hkh eq• ugha eksM+k tk
ldrk fd lÙkk,¡ tcju èkfeZd ifjorZu djkrh jgh gSaA ysfdu vf/dka'k ekeyksa esa blds ihNs
jktuhfrd ea'kk gksrh FkhA Hkkjrh; eqfLye jkT; dHkh Hkh vius dks fFk;ksØsfVd LVsV ?kksf"kr ugha dj
ldsA Hkkjr ikfdLrku ckaXykns'k esa tks eqlyeku gSa] os lHkh fdlh le; fgUnw jgs gksaxsA cgqr de
vjch ewy ds gksaxsA 'kk;n <w¡<+us ij Hkh u feysaA ;fn fey Hkh tk,¡ rks muds çfr Dykfld gksus dk
Hkko mRiUu gksxkA ;g gekjk ;qxhu ;FkkFkZ gSA
eqfLye leqnk; dks vyx igpku Hkkjrh;ksa ls vf/d vaxzstks us nhA vxj ,slk u gksrk rks
lkojdj] lS;n vgen vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ftUuk Hkh fgUnw eqfLye dks baæ/uq"k ds nks jax u ekursA
1916 ds y•uÅ vf/os'ku esa xk¡èkh dh dksbZ fo'ks"k Hkwfedk ugha FkhA bl vf/os'ku esa fgUnw eqfLye
,drk dk ukjk fryd vkSj ftUuk us yxk;kA vyhx<+ fo'ofo|ky; ds fy, tehu fgUnw jktk nsrs
gSa rks tkfgj gS rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr ugh FkhaA xk¡èkh mlh lksp dks vkxs c<+krs gSa fd lHkh ns'koklh
,d gSa mUgsa feydj fczfV'k 'kklu dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa dk fojks/ djuk pkfg,A vktknh ds ckn
;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg, Fkk fd lkjs yksx Hkkjr dks viuk ns'k le>rs vkSj foHkktu dh fdlh
Hkh vo/kj.kk dks vçklafxd ekursA ;g deh cuh jgh] blds fy, xk¡èkh dks rks nks"kh ugha ekuuk
pkfg,A gR;k dks okftc Bgjkus ds fy, ,d vkjksi ;g Hkh yxk;k tkrk gS fd xk¡èkh vkSj dkaxzsl us
foHkktu dks fcuk fojks/ Lohdkj dj fy;k] dksbZ vu'ku ugh fd;k tSlk os vDlj djrs jgrs FksA
;g vkjksi Hkh >wBs vkSj vifjiDo lksp ij vk/kfjr gSA xk¡/h vafre le; rd nks jk"Vª ds fl¼kar
dks ugha ekurs FksA 1930 esa bykgkckn esa eqfLye yhx ds lEesyu esa eqgEen bdcky us dgk Fkk
fd ¶eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd iatkc] if'peksÙkj çkUr] fla/ ,oa cywfpLrku ,d gks tk,¡ ,oa ,d jkT; cusA
eq>s yxrk gS fd tgk¡ rd if'peksÙkj Hkkjr dk laca/ gS ogk¡ rd if'peksÙkj eqfLye jkT; pkgs og
fczfV'k jkT; ds vanj gks ;k ckgj] ;gh eqfLyeksa dk vkf•jh HkkX; gSA¸ 1940 rd eqfLye yhx bls
xaHkhj ckr Hkh ugha eku jgh FkhA dkaxzsl ds lÙkkbZl ekg ds nkSjku viuh ihjiqj vkSj 'kiQhiqj fjiksVZ
esa Hkh bldk mYys• ugha djrh fd mls vyx jkT; pkfg, ghA og dsoy eqfLyeksa ij vR;kpkj
dk fojks/ djrh gSA bu fjiksVks± esa ftUuk vius fy, tuk/kj •kstrs gq, fn•rs gSaA ysfdu 1937 esa
gh vgenkckn ds fgUnw egklHkk ds vf/os'ku esa vè;{k in ls cksyrs gq, ohj lkojdj dgrs gSa]
¶vkt fganLq rku] ,d çk.k] ,dkRe jk"Vª gks x;k gS] ;g eukus dh Hkwy djus ls viuk dke ugha pysxkA
mYVs bl ns'k es eq[;r% fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nks jk"Vª gSa bls Lohdkj dj pyuk pkfg,A¸ Li"V gS
fd nksjk"Vª dh ckr xk¡èkh ugha dj jgs Fks vkSj u gh dkaxzslA muds vÚhdk çokl ds nkSjku çkFkZuk
lHkkvksa esa lHkh /eks± ds yksx 'kkfey gksrs FksA ;g Øe lkcjerh esa Hkh tkjh FkkA dkSeh ,drk iwjs
Lojkt vkanksyu dk fgLlk FkkA tfy;k¡okyk dkaM dh gFkdfM+;k¡ ,d fgUnw vkSj ,d fl• ;k eqfLye
dks ck¡/rh FkhA ckn ds o"kks± esa fgUnw laxBu vkØked gq, eqfLye fojks/ dh tehu ijA ftUuk dh
grk'kk nwj gks x;h bl vfHk;ku lsA os odkyr ls fiQj jktuhfr dks dWfj;j cukus esa yx x,A mUgsa
eqlyeku turk dks xqejkg djus esa liQyrk Hkh fey x;hA vaxzst blh volj dh ryk'k esa FksA
vo.kZuh; •wu •jkcs ds ekgkSy esa mfpr vuqfpr dk ijh{k.k vlaHko FkkA ckosy ;kstuk us yksxkas dh
vkdka{kkvksa dks gok ns nhA bl ekgkSy esa xk¡èkh VwV pqds FksA O;fÙkQ ds :i esa mudk fo'okl Mxexk
x;kA os ^gs Hkxoku] vc eq>s mBk yks* dh Hkk"kk cksyus yxs FksA dkaxzsl us xk¡èkh dks NksM+dj fu.kZ;
fy;k& ikfdLrku cuuk vifjgk;Z gS rks cusA usg:] iVsy vkSj ekmaVcsVu us foHkktu dh lgefr
cukdj gh xk¡èkh ds ikl lwpuk HksthA xk¡èkh fdls vk/kj cukdj yM+rsA tks yksx xk¡èkh dks vkt
foHkktu ds fy, nks"kh ekurs gS os Hkh rks muds lkFk ugha •M+s FksA fiQj D;k jkLrk cpk FkkA os vu'ku
Hkh ugha dj ldsA ,d i=k esa mUgksaus mYys• fd;k gS] ¶,d O;fÙkQ ds :i esa esjk dksbZ ewY; ugha
gSA ftu yksxksa dk çfrfuf/ cudj eSa cksyrk Fkk] os eq>s NksM+dj pys x, gSaA mudks esjh ckr taprh
ugha] mUgsa foHkktu Lohdkj gSA eS=kh]HkkbZpkjk] 'kkafr vkSj çse dh vihy ls •q'k ugha gSaA tc iwjh
ifjfLFkfr gh cny pqdh gS rks eSa fdlds leFkZu ls v•.M Hkkjr vkSj vfoHkkftr jk"Vª dh yM+kbZ
yM+w¡A¸ bu ckrksa ls mudh euksn'kk dk irk pyrk gSA
55 djksM+ ds fy, vu'ku dh ckr Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa ns•uh pkfg,A ml le; •ku vCnqy
xÝiQkj ls feyus os ikfdLrku tkuk pkgrs FksA vc Hkh os naxks dks lekIr djkus ds mís'; ls uksvk•kyh
esa Fks ysfdu os ns•uk pkgrs Fks fd ftUuk vius okns ikfdLrku esa iwjk dj jgsa gaSA ¶eSa ikfdLrku dks
viuk gh ns'k ekurk gw¡] blfy;s eq>s ohtk dh t:jr ugha gksxhA¸ dgus okys xk¡èkh tkxfrd n`f"V
j•rs FksA ^clq/So dqVqEcde* dh laLÑfr mUgsa fç; FkhA vaxzstksa us ns'k vkSj laifÙk nksuksa ck¡Vus esa
eè;LFkrk dhA xk¡èkh tc fnYyh okil vk;s rks ogk¡ dh fLFkfr ohHkRl :i ys pqdh FkhA vr% mUgksaus
O;Fkk vkSj osnuk dh xgjkbZ esa gh miokl 'kq: dj fn;kA bl volj ij Hkh 55 djksM+ mudh tqcku
ij ugha FkkA miokl ds laca/ esa fn, x, fdlh Hkh c;ku esa bl eqís dk mYys• ugha feyrkA mudk
miokl Hkkjr ds fganqvksa vkSj fl•ksa rFkk ikfdLrku ds eqfLyeksa }kjk fd, x, ik'kfod ÑR;ksa ds
f•ykiQ FkkA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa vYila[;d turk dh j{kk ds fy, FkkA xk¡èkh dk vu'ku 13
tuojh ls 18 tuojh rd pyk FkkA ljdkj us rhljs fnu gh 55 djksM+ nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh Fkh]
vkSj dgk Fkk fd mlus igys tks joS;k viuk;k mlds dkuwuh vkSj nwljs dkj.k FksA ftl fnu xk¡èkh
us vu'ku lekIr fd;k (18dks) ml fnu mudh rfc;r vR;f/d •jkc FkhA MkW- jktsUæ çlkn fcjyk
Hkou esa vu'ku lekIr djkus igq¡ps rks muds dejs esa usg:] ekSykuk vktkn] ikd mPpk;qÙkQ tkfgn
gqlSu] vkj-,l-,l] fgUnw egklHkk] fl• laxBu vkSj fnYyh ds laHkzkar eqfLye] phiQ dfe'uj vkfn
ekStwn FksA mUgksaus fnYyh dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj ls vk'oLr gksdj vu'ku lekIr fd;kA ikfdLrku esa
Hkh blh rjg dh 'kkafr dk vkxzg Hkh ikfdLrkuh çfrfuf/ ls fd;k FkkA muds eu es ;g fo'okl
Fkk fd ,d fnu fiQj ,drk LFkkfir gksxhA
vc xksMls ds rdZ dks dSls lgh ekuk tk ldrk gS fd mlus 55 djksM+ nsus ds dkj.k xk¡èkh
dh gR;k dhA xksMls dk nkok rks ;g Hkh Fkk fd xk¡èkh us ejrs le; ^gs ! jke* ugha cksyk FkkA bruh
NksVh ckr Hkh mldh fpark dk dkj.k cu x;hA D;ksafd jke dgus ls muds fgUnw gksus dk çek.k fey
tkrkA vke fgUnqvksa ds eu ij xk¡èkh dk tks çHkko Fkk og ml le; ds dfFkr fgUnw usrkvksa dk ugha
FkkA ml çHkko dks lekIr dj ikuk muds thrs th laHko ugh Fkk] blfy, mlus mUgsa lekIr djus
dk liQy mik; fd;kA FkksM+k ihNs tkdj ns•sa rks yxsxk fd fryd vkSj lkojdj fgUnw tkxj.k dk
usr`Ro djuk pkg jgs FksA os tc vktknh ds la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey gq, rks muij jktæksg dk vkjksi yxkA
mUgksaus bl vkjksi dks vLohdkj fd;k ysfdu tsy x,A tc xk¡èkh ds Åij vkjksi yxk mUgksaus jktæksg
Lohdkj fd;k vkSj tsy x,A ;g xk¡èkh vkSj vU; esa csfld varj FkkA
xk¡èkh vius dks lukru fgUnw dgrs Fks ysfdu muesa O;kid n`f"V FkhA çxfr'khy n`f"V ls mUgksaus
/eZ dks ns•k Fkk] blfy, iq.ks ds fgUnw mUgsa vjktd ekurs FksA fxjfefV;k etnwj] tdkr pkSdh dk
canh] paikj.k ds fdlkuksa dh eqfÙkQ mudh çkjfEHkd liQyrk,¡ FkhA ftlesa vkSj uxhus tqM+rs x,A
vktknh dh yM+kbZ lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj /kfeZd Lrj Hkh yM+h tkuh gSA bldk csgrj mnkgj.k xk¡èkh
gh çLrqr djrs gSaA dêðj fgUnw irk ugha D;ksa bl mnkj okrkoj.k dks vuqfpr ekurs FksA ;g ckr fd
os eqfLyeksa dks T;knk I;kj djrs Fks] Hkh mfpr ugh gSaA muds lfpo I;kjs yky us vius egÙoiw.kZ
xzaFk êgkRek xk¡èkh % iw.kkZgqfr* esa vusd mnkgj.k fy•s gSaA 13 tuojh dks miokl vkjEHk djus ds
igys çkFkZuk lHkk eas ;g dgk] ¶ikfdLrku ds eqfLye ikxy gks x, gSaA vf/dka'k fgUnw vkSj fl•ksa
dks ckgj fudky fn;k gSA vxj Hkkjrh; la?k ds fgUnw Hkh ,slk gh djsaxs rks blls mUgha dk uk'k gksxkA-
---ikfdLrku dks viuh ;s gjdrsa can djuh pkfg,A¸ ;g fooj.k bl ckr dk çek.k gS fd la?k us
ml ifjfLFkfr dk ykHk mBk;k vkSj mudh gR;k dks jksekapd o vfuok;Z cuk fn;kA ljnkj iVsy ftUgsa
la?k viuk ekurk gS] us xksyoydj dks i=k fy•dj dgk Fkk fd la?kokyksa ds fo"koeu ds dkj.k
gh xk¡èkh dh gR;k gqbZ gSA la?k ds yksxksa us vkuan euk;k vkSj feBkbZ ckaVhA vkt Hkh bl =kqfV dk
t'u euk;s tkus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; dSls gS tc ge vf/d lH; gksus dk rexk ysuk pkgrs gSaA nqfu;k
ds vU; fdlh tu uk;d ds lkFk ogk¡ dh cgqla[;d turk dk O;ogkj gekjs tSlk ugha gSA
qqq

vkys [ k
vlqjksa dh vijkt; ftthfo"kk % Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork

m txeksgu flag
21oha lnh HkweaMyhdj.k] cktkjhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k dh lnh gSA pkjksa vksj fodkl dh gok cg
jgh gS vkSj bl fodkl esa lc dqN çHkkfor ,oa ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA lekt] jktuhfr] laLÑfr] lH;rk
,oa lkfgR; ij bldk ncko fujarj rhoz gksrk tk jgk gSA VsDukWykth ds çlkj us lkjh ekU;rkvksa]
ijaijkvksa dks yhy fy;k gSA HkweaMyhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k vkSj cktkjckn ds orZeku ;qx us vkfnoklh
lH;rk&laLÑfr dks gkf'k, ij igq¡pk fn;k gSA HkweaMyhdj.k vius lapkj ekè;eksa ds }kjk jk"Vª] jkT;
dh LFkkuh; igpku dks èoLr djrs gq, vkfnoklh lekt dh lkaLÑfrd ijaijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa dks
fou"V djus ds ç;kl esa layXu gSA MkW- jken;ky eqaMk dgrs gSa] ¶fo'o cktkj dh lHkh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dh
utj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa ij yxh gS] D;ksafd fo'o ds lkjs çkÑfrd lalk/u vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa gh gSaA
Hkkjr esa fodkl ds uke ij] fo'ks"kdj vktknh ds rqjar ckn ls vc rd ds 50 o"kks± esa tks rckgh
eph gS og fdlh ls fNih ugha gSA iwjh vkcknh dk iapeka'k (djhc 2 djksM+) fodkltfur foLFkkiu
ds dkj.k cs?kj gks x;k gS vkSj xjhch&Hkw•ejh] chekjh vkSj fuj{kjrk esa ns'k ds egkuxjksa dh
>qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa esa thou;kiu djus dks foo'k gSA ftu {ks=kksa esa mudk lkekftd thou vis{kkÑr de
VwVk gqvk gS] og vius vfLrRo vkSj vfLerk dh j{kk dh yM+kbZ yM+ jgk gSA vc rd lkal ysus dh
tks Hkh txg cph gS] og bUgha la?k"kks± ls cph gSA¸1 MkW- eqMa k ds bl dFku esa dM+oh lPpkbZ gSA orZeku
esa vkfnoklh lekt foLFkkiu ds na'k ls ihfM+r gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ç.khr mnkjoknh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡
fujarj muij ncko Mkydj fodkl dh eq[;/kjk esa lfEefyr djus dks vkrqj gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i
vkfnoklh leqnk; Hkwfefoghu gksdj nj&nj dh Bksdj •kus dks foo'k gSA foLFkkiu ds uke ij
>qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa esa jgus ds fy, os foo'k gSa] tgk¡ u mudh lH;rk&laLÑfr lqjf{kr jg ik jgh gS
vkSj u gh rht&R;ksgkj] yksd&u`R;] yksd&xhr] yksd&mRlo vkfnA orZeku esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds
vfLrRo ij ladV ds ckny eaMjk jgs gSa] tcfd è;ku nsus dh ckr ;g gS fd ¶Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh
lkaLÑfrd oSfoè; vkSj ikSjkf.kdrk dh n`f"V ls dgha T;knk le`¼ gSA¸2 fdUrq mnkjoknh vkfFkZd
uhfr;ksa] cktkjokn ds le{k laLÑfr vkSj ikSjkf.kdrk dk dksbZ vFkZ ;k egRo ugha gSA budk LokFkZ
dsoy vkSj dsoy nksgu ls gSA nwljh vksj vkfnoklh leqnk; vius vfLrRo ds j{kkFkZ la?k"kZjr gSaA os
fodkl dh va/h&vk¡/h dks igpkuus yxs gSaA ;gh ugha buds Loj esa Loj feykrs vkfnoklh
ys•d&ysf•dkvksa us viuh mifLFkfr dk vkHkkl nsdj dM+h çfrfØ;k eq[;/kjk ds fo#¼ O;ÙkQ dj
nh gSA vuqt yqxqu dgrs gSa] ¶vkfnoklh leqnk; ds lkeus pqukSrh ds :i esa eq[;/kjk vkSj mldh
ekufldrk gSA rFkkdfFkd eq[;/kjk vc tc viuh ykylk Hkjh utjksa ls ns• jgh gS] tgk¡ vc Hkh

mlds ykyp vkSj equkiQs dh iwfrZ ds lk/u ckdh gSaA ysfdu og vkfnokfl;ksa dk ?kj gS vkSj os mls
fdlh dher ij fdlh dks nsuk ugha pkgrsA ewy leL;k ;gh gS vkSj pqukSrh HkhA vkfnoklh lkfgR;
dk ewy Loj Hkh ;gh gSA¸3 blh rFkkdfFkr eq[;/kjk ds fo#¼ rhoz çfrfØ;k dh vuqxw¡t ^Xykscy
xk¡o ds nsork* miU;kl esa mn~?kkfVr gqbZ gSA ^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa ^Xykscy* gks jgs fo'o ds fo#¼
dM+h çfrfØ;k O;ÙkQ gqbZ gS] D;ksafd bl ^Xykscy* gks jgs fo'o esa vlqj tkfr ds ikl •ksus ds
vfrfjÙkQ dqN Hkh 'ks"k ugha gSA
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* dh mn~?kks"k.kk j.ksUæ vlqj ea=k ls djrs gSaA ;g dsoy ,d vlqj ea=k
ugha gS] cfYd mn~?kks"k.kk gS lekt esa c<+ jgs rFkkdfFkr cktkjcknh 'kfÙkQ;ksa ds fo#¼A ;g mn~?kks"k.kk
gS vlqj tkfr ds la?k"kZ dks vkSj vkxs c<+kus dhA ;g mn~?kks"k.kk gS çÑfr ds nksgu ds fo#¼A ;g
mn~?kks"k.kk gS vius vfLrRo dks ctk, j•us ds fy,A ;g mn~?kks"k.kk gok] ikuh] /jrh] vkdk'k] taxy]
nlksa fn'kkvksa esa ?kqydj iwjh l`f"V esa O;kIr gks tkuk pkgrh gSA ;g mn~?kks"k.kk iaprRo dks lajf{kr j•us
ds fy, gSA ;g mn~?kks"k.kk mnkjoknh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds fo#¼ gSA m¼j.k &
¶eSa gok ck¡/rk gw¡] ikuh ck¡/rk gw¡]
/jrh ck¡/rk gw¡]
vkdk'k ck¡/rk gw¡]
ukS taxy
nl fn'kk ck¡/rk gw¡]
yk• i'kq&ijsok]
lok yk• tM+h&cwVh ck¡/rk gw¡A
---------------------------------------------
pkgs lw•s xkscj ds miys mM+ tk,¡]
i'kq mM+ tk,¡] isM+ mM+ tk,¡]
iRFkj vkSj igkM+ mM+ tk,¡]
ij esjs 'kCn u •kyh tk,¡A¸4
bl mn~?kks"k.kk esa vlqj tkfr (vkfnoklh leqnk;) viuh l'kÙkQ in~pki dh èofu dks fnxar esa
xw¡tk;eku dj jgs gSaA os vius gksus ds vfLrRo dks mn~?kkfVr dj jgs gSaA buds dkj.k gh çÑfr dh
FkksM+h cgqr gfj;kyh cph gqbZ gS] vU;Fkk çÑfr D;k Lo:i xzg.k dj pqdh gS cM+s&cM+s daØhV ds
Hkou bl vksj Li"V bafxr dj gh jgs gSaA bl nksgu ds fo#¼ fueZyk iqrqy dM+h çfrfØ;k O;ÙkQ djrh
gqbZ ,oa vkfnokfl;ksa ds Loj esa Loj feykrh ,d txg dgrh gS&
¶vkt gekjs fodkl dk eryc
gekjh cfLr;ksa dks mtkM+ dj
dy dkj•kus cukuk gS
rkykcksa dks HkksFkjk jktekxZ
taxyksa dks liQk;k dj vkWfiQl
dkyksfu;k¡ clkuh gS

vkSj iquokZl ds uke ij gesa
gekjs gh 'kgj dh lhek ds ckgj
gkf'k;s ij /dsyuk gS
rks rqEgkjs rFkkdfFkr fodkl dh eq[;/kjk esa
'kkfey gksus ds fy,
lkS ckj lkspuk iM+sxk gesaA¸5
fueZyk iqrqy dh ;g yydkj ,d vlqj tkfr dh yydkj gS] tgk¡ vius vfLrRo dh yM+kbZ
vkSj rhoz gksrh çrhr gks jgh gSA fueZyk iqrqy dh ;g yydkj ^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* ds vlqj ea=k
dh yydkj ls lkE; j•rh gSA nsork çlUu gSa mUgsa xk¡o dks XykscykbTM (fo'o xzke) djuk gSA ;k
fd Lo;a fodkl dh /kjk esa çokgeku jguk gSA ys•d O;aX; :i esa O;ÙkQ dj jgs gSa fd nsorkvksa
(iw¡thifr;ksa) dks vlqj tkfr ds thou&'kSyh ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gSA iw¡thifr vius thou&'kSyh esa
vkSj lq/kj ykuk pkgrs gSaA os Lo;a okrkuqdwy Hkou esa jgdj nwljksa dh tehu gM+ius dks vkrqj gSaA
taxy dk nksgu djus ds ckn os ml vksj dHkh eq¡g ugha rkdrsA MkWDVj jkedqekj ^Xykscy xk¡o ds
nsork* esa vlqjksa dh =kkln fLFkfr bl rjg mtkxj djrs gSa] ¶eDdk dh ,d cjlkrh iQly ds Hkjksls
ftanxh fdruh dfBu gks tkrh gSA etwjh vkSj taxy dk lgkjk tks ugha gks rks fiQj yksx vklke&HkwVku
fudy tk,¡A ysfdu ,d rjiQ bu •kuksa us etwjh nh rks nwljh rjiQ cckZnh ds ljatke Hkh •M+s fd;sA
fiNys iPphl&rhl lkyksa esa •ku&ekfydksa us tks cM+s&cM+s xM~<+s NksM+s gSa] cjlkr esa bu xM~<+ksa esa ikuh
Hkj tkrk gS vkSj ePNj iyrs gSaA lsjsczy ;gk¡ ds fy, egkekjh gS] egkekjhA¸6 ;g gS Xykscy xk¡o ds
nsorkvksa dh okLrfodrk ftls j.ksUæ l'kÙkQ :i ls çLrqr dj jgs gSaA ;g fodkl ugha] cfYd vlqjksa
ds fouk'k dh =kklnh gSA ,d ds fodkl esa tgk¡ nwljs dk fouk'k gks og fouk'k dh =kklnh ugha rks
vkSj D;k gS \
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* miU;kl ^>kj•.M* ds vkfnoklh vlqj leqnk; dh la?k"kZ xkFkk dk
ftoar nLrkost gSA laLÑfrfoghu] Hkk"kkfoghu] lH;rkfoghu gks jgs vlqj tkfr dh ihM+k dks fNikus
gsrq mUgsa dqN lqfo/k,¡ lqyHk djk nh xbZ gSa] fdUrq bu lqfo/kvksa ls mudk ys'kek=k Hkh midkj ugha
gks jgk gSA ,d txg ykypu dk {kksHk bl rjg O;ÙkQ gks jgk gS] ¶D;k rks vkfnokfl;ksa dk vkoklh;
Ldwy ! igys tkdj ikFkjikV dk txçfl¼ Ldwy ns• vkb,A rc le> esa vk tk,xk fd vly
Ldwy D;k gksrk gS vkSj iQqlykus okyk Ldwy D;k gksrk gSA¸7 ,d vksj vHkko dk thou gS rks nwljh
vksj blh vHkko Hkjs thou ds chp iw¡thifr;ksa vkSj Bsdsnkjksa dh jaxjsfy;k gSA mnkgj.k] ¶nksLr&;kj
tqVrs gSaA nk:&'kk: pyrh gSA p<+ tkrh gS rks ekjihV ds ckn egfiQy VwVrh gSA jkst jkr dh ;gh
:Vhu& rhu lkS iSalBksa fnu] fcuk ukxkA vkxs dk baVjsLV gks rks mldh Hkh O;oLFkkA #ykbZ& /qykbZ
ds ckn ftUnk Cyw fiQYe] fcuk fVdVA iQwy cYc&ykbV] fdokM+&f•M+dh •qYykA dksbZ ykt&fygkt
ughaA¸8 miU;kldkj ;gk¡ O;oLFkk ds uaxsiu dh cf?k;k mèksM+ jgs gSaA bl ifjos'k esa vlqj leqnk; dk
thou vkSj Hkh d"Vdj gksrk tk jgk gSA mUgsa vius vfLrRo dh fpark gSA ,sls esa os tk,¡ dgk¡\ muds
nq%•&nnZ dks le>us okyk dksbZ ugha gSA iw¡thifr;ksa dks fpark vlqj leqnk; ds tehu ls gS] D;ksafd
ogk¡ çÑfr dh vdwr laink fNih gqbZ gSA mUgsa dsoy vlqj leqnk; ds tehu ls gh ljksdkj gS] rkfd
os nksgu dj vius thou dks vkSj vkuannk;d cuk ldsaA MkWDVj jkedqekj O;oLFkk ds çfr viuh
Xykfu O;ÙkQ djrs gq, dgrs gSa] ¶mUgksaus bykds ds yksxksa dks dkuh v¡xqjh ls Hkh ugha Nqvk gS] ysfdu
iwjs ikV ij iQSys bu lSdM+ksa fo'kky&fo'kky xM~<+ksa dk D;k ! fdruk ckj fy•k&i<+h gqvkA ntZuksa
nj[+okLr rks geus •qn fy•k gksxkA vc vxzhesaV dh igyh 'krZ gS fd ckWDlkbV fudkydj xM~<+k
Hkjuk gS] rks chlksa lky ls D;ksa ugha gks jgk ;g dke \ gesa rks yxrk gS fd tkucw>dj ljdkj Hkh
efV;k jgh gSA pkgrh gS] ikV ij vkcknh ftruk tYnh •Re gks ckWDlkbV fudkyus esa mruh gh vklkuh
gksxhA¸9 O;oLFkk dh vogsyuk dk na'k dbZ n'kd ls vlqj leqnk; >sy jgk gSA u ogk¡ ikuh dh lqyHk
O;oLFkk gS] u lM+d Bhd gS vkSj u gh mipkj dh dksbZ O;oLFkk gSA #e>qe lM+d dh nqxZfr mtkxj
djrk gqvk dgrk gS] ¶ckWDlkbV Vªdksa dh vksojyksfMax us lM+d dh gkyr •Lrk dj j•h gSA ljdkj
dks yxrk gS fd dEifu;k¡ lM+d&ejEer djus esa enn djsa \ dEifu;ksa dks yxrk gS fd lM+d rks
ljdkj dh gSA ge VSDl rks Hkjrs gh gSa] fiQj lM+d ejEer D;ksa djsa \ cjlkr esa xM~<+ksa dks ysVjkbV
ls Hkjdj viuh M;wVh iwjh le> ysrs gSaA vc fgpdksys •krs] nl fdyksehVj dh nwjh ,d ?kaVs esa
iwjh djrs jfg,A dEiuh ds vkWfiQljksa dk D;k] os rks viuh tksaxk dh eksxk f'kdkjh thiksa dks lM+d
NksM+] •sr&c?kkj esa nkSM+krs LihM cuk;s j•rs gSaA mudk le; dherh gS HkkbZ !¸10
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa vlqj leqnk; ds thou dk dk#f.kd n`'; çLrqr gqvk gSA vlqj
leqnk; ds lkFk fd, tk jgs Hksn&Hkko dh uhfr us dbZ Toyar leL;kvksa dks çLrqr dj iw¡thifr;ksa
ds fo#¼ gYyk cksyk gSA vlqj leqnk; dk ;g dk#f.kd n`'; lgkuqHkwfr mRiUu djus ds fy, ugha]
cfYd eq[;/kjk esa ck¡/us ds cgkus muij fd, tk jgs 'kks"k.k dh okLrfod Nfo dks çLrqr djus
ds fy, gSA j.ksUæ vlqj leqnk; dh gks jgh mis{kk ij ea=k.kk djus dh ckr dg jgs gSAa ys•d ikFkjikV
vkSj HkkSajkikV dk n`'; çLrqr dj n'kkZrs gSa fd HksnHkko dh uhfr fdruh cyoku gSA dqN fdyksehVj
ds vUrjky esa gh bu fo|ky;ksa dh mifLFkfr gS] fdUrq nksuksa esa tehu vkleku dk varj gSA ikFkjikV
fo|ky; dh 'kksHkk ns•rs gh curh gSA ;gk¡ jkT; ds lcls es/koh yM+ds i<+rs gSaA ys•d dh mfÙkQ
gS] ¶Ldwy dk bruk cM+k dSEil fd geyksxksa ds HkkSajkikV tSls nks&rhu xk¡o lek tk,¡A gjk&Hkjk lqanj
O;ofLFkr dSEilA ---•sy&dwn] fp=k&laxhr] okn&fookn] ;kuh gj igyw ds fodkl dh fparkA¸11
nwljh vksj vkfnoklh ckfydk v- fo- (ihVhth xYlZ fçfefVo VªkbOl jsftMsaf'k;y Ldwy) HkkSajkikV
dh fLFkfr vR;ar cngky gSA ¶HkkSajkikV Ldwy lwvj dk c•ku utj vkrkA vk/h&v/wjh fcfYMax]
tSls&rSls cuk gkWLVy] eqxhZ•kuksa tSlk f'k{kd&vkoklA tgk¡ lkiQ&liQkbZ gksuh pkfg, ogha lcls T;knk
xanxhA cfPp;ksa ds esl esa dHkh >kM+w&iksaNk yxrk Hkh Fkk fd ugha ! dksbZ ftEesnkjh ysus dks rS;kj
ughaA¸12 vlqjksa ds ?kjksa dks mtkM+dj gh ikFkjikV fo|ky; cuk Fkk] fdUrq ogk¡ vlqj tkfr ds ,d
Hkh cPps dk nkf•yk ugha gksrk gSA ;gh ugha #e>qe ml fo|ky; esa dStqvy f'k{kd ds :i esa dke
djuk pkgrk gS] ysfdu mls ogk¡ ugha fy;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd og ,d vlqj gSA bl HksnHkko Hkjh uhfr
ds fo#¼ #e>qe dh Xykfu dk iQwV iM+uk LokHkkfod gh gSA #e>qe {kksHk ls dgrk gS] ¶vkf•j gekjh
Nk;k ls Hkh D;ksa fp<+rs gSa ;s yksx \ ekM+&Hkkr f•ykdj] v/i<+&vui<+ f'k{kdksa ds Hkjksls] iQqlykou
Ldwy ds gekjs cPps] T;knk&ls&T;knk fLdYM yscj] fiÅu] DydZ cusaxs] vkSj D;k \ ;gh gekjh
vkSdkr gSA gekjh gh Nkrh ij rktegy tSlk Ldwy •M+k dj gekjh gSfl;r le>kuk pkgrs gSa yksxA¸13
bl rjg ys•d O;aX; :i esa #e>qe ds ekè;e ls O;oLFkk dh cf?k;k m?ksM+rs gq, dM+h çfrfØ;k
O;ÙkQ dj jgs gSa \
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa vlqfjuksa dh O;Fkk&dFkk dh rhoz vfHkO;fÙkQ gqbZ gS | ckWDlkbV dh
•nkuksa ij vlqfjus dke djrh gSaA mu ij vuojr fey ekfydksa dh cqjh utj jgrh gSA os vlqfjuksa
ij ncko Mkydj muls eupkgk dke djokrs gSaA foo'krk vkSj isV dh rfi'k dks 'kkar djus ds fy,
vlqfjuksa dks •knku ekfydksa dh ckr lquuh iM+rh gSA dqN vlqfjus cgyk&iQqlykdj •knku esa dke
djus dks foo'k gqbZ gSaA m¼j.k] ¶ikV ds nks ntZuksa ls T;knk •knkuksa ds esB&eqa'kh lc ckgjokys FksA
fdlh us ifjokj ugha j•k FkkA lcdks Msjk esa dke ds fy, vlqj yM+fd;k¡ gh pkfg, FkhaA D;ksa pkfg,
;g crkus dh t#jr FkksM+s gh gSA jkepju tSls fcxM+Sy vlqj toku gh muds gfFk;kj curs vkSj cM+h
vklkuh ls ,d&,d Msjk esa nks&nks] rhu yM+fd;k¡ •Vrh fn• tkrhaA fiQj mUgsa jkejfr cuus esa nsj
ugha yxrhA¸14 vlqfjuksa dh ;g =kkln fLFkfr gSA bruk gh ugha vlqj leqnk;ksa dh yM+fd;ksa dks
cgyk&iQqlykdj ckgj lIykbZ djus dh dq&ço`fÙk Hkh fo|eku gSA j.ksUæ lekt dh bl dq&ço`fÙk
dks mtkxj djrs gq, ykypu ds ekè;e ls flagth tSls eqa'kh ds dkys dkjukesa dks mtkxj djrs gq,
dgrs gSa] ¶mlds gjkeh nyky ?kj&?kj lw¡?kk djrsA dksbZ ckgjh tu nyky FkksM+s gh FksA ;gh jkepu
tSls ?kjs&xk¡o ds vkneh nykyh djrs FksA dPph mez dh yM+fd;ksa dks iQqlykukA fnYyh&dydÙkk
dk lCtckx fn•kukA ftl ?kj esa enZ vkSjr esa ugha iV jgh gS] ml ?kj dh vkSjr dks iQqlykukA •jhiQ
dVuh ds ckn dk gkV cktkj ,sls nykyksa ls Hkjk jgrkA ---D;k&D;k vR;kpkj lgrh gS gekjh csfV;k¡A
u tkus fnYyh ds dkSu ls eqgYys dh ekfy'kokyh nqdkunkfju ds gkFkksa csph x;h FkhaA¸15 orZeku esa
L=kh&foe'kZ] ukjh&foe'kZ dh ppkZ&ifjppkZ pkjksa vksj xw¡tk;eku gSA pkjksa vksj fL=k;ksa ds vf/dkjksa ds
fy, la?k"kZ çogeku gS vkSj ,sls esa vlqfjuksa dh ;g nqnZ'kk D;k lans'k nsrh gS \ D;k vlqfjuksa ds
vfèkdkjksa dh vksj fdlh dh n`f"V ugha tkrh\ mudh nqnZ'kk dk c•ku dj ml ij ejge yxkus dk
ç;kl D;ksa ugha fd;k tkrk\ D;k os L=kh&foe'kZ] ukjh&foe'kZ dh eq[;/kjk ls vyx gSa \ D;k os
misf{kr oxZ gSa \ L=kh tkfr dh gSa blfy, taxy dh ckr taxy esa gh jg tkrh gSaA muds Loj dks
ogha nck fn;k tkrk gS ! ukjh&foe'kZ dh eq[;/kjk esa lfEefyr gh ugha fd;k tkrk gS \ ,sls dbZ
ç'u gSa ftlus bu m¼j.kksa ds ekè;e ls vius Loj dks l'kÙkQ fd;k gSA j.ksUæ vlqj tkfr dh fL=k;ksa]
yM+fd;ksa ij gks jgs tksj& tcjnLrh dh dVq vfHkO;fÙkQ çLrqr djrs gSaA mudk lekt ls lh/s&lhèks
ç'u gS fd D;ksa vkt Hkh vlqj tkfr;ksa dh fL=k;ksa dh ?kksj nqnZ'kk gS \ tcfd 21 oha lnh esa fL=k;ksa
ds vf/dkjksa dks ysdj D;k dqN ugha gks jgk gS ! fdruh ekFkk&iPph gks jgh gS \ D;k&D;k çyksHku
ugha fn, tk jgs gSa \ L=kh&foe'kZ] ukjh&foe'kZ dh eq[;/kjk esa tc rd vlqj leqnk; dh fL=k;ksa
dh O;Fkk&dFkk dks lfEefyr ugha fd;k tk,xk] rc rd L=kh&foe'kZ dks lkFkZd ugha le>k tk
ldrk gS ! orZeku dh ;g dM+oh lPpkbZ gS vkSj bls >qByk;k ugha tk ldrkA j.ksUæ ,d txg dgrs
gSa] ¶;kuh dh gtkjksa&gtkj lky ls ihNs gVrs&gVrs bl ikV ij] /jrh dk vkf•jh Nksj] vc ;gk¡
ls dgk¡\ u"V djus dh çfØ;k rks vkt Hkh tkjh gSA tehu vkSj csfV;k¡ pqi&pki] 'kkar&'kkar] fdUrq
jkst Nhuh tk jghaA¸16 dSlh fo?kVu Hkjh =kklnh gS ,d vksj vlqjksa ds tehu dks gM+ius dk Øe fuR;
py jgk gS rks ogha nwljh vksj csfV;ksa dks ekxZ&HkVdk dj Hkzfer dj cspk tk jgk gSA orZeku esa ;g
ea=k.kk dk fo"k; gSA bl vksj cqf¼thfo;ksa dh n`f"V tkuh pkfg,A ^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa vlqfjuksa
dh O;Fkk&nqnZ'kk dh ekfeZd vfHkO;fÙkQ bl xhr esa çdV gqbZ gS &
¶dkBh csps xsys vlqfju]
ck¡l csps xsys xs]
esB laxs utj fey;ys]
eqa'kh lax yklk yx;ys xs]
dfp;k yksHks dqyk Mwckys]
#i;k yksHks tkr Mwckys xs AA¸17
;g xhr ukStoku yM+ds xk jgs gSa vkSj vlqfjuksa dks lrdZ dj jgs gSa fd rqe dqN #i, (dfp;k)
ds fy, viuh dqy dh e;kZnk dks D;ksa u"V dj jgh gksA #i, ds yksHk esa tkfr dk uke D;ksa Mwck
jgh gks \ ;g xhr vlqfjuksa dh nqnZ'kk dks çdV djus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d yydkj dh èofu dks Hkh
xw¡tk;eku dj jgk gS fd iSlk gh lcdqN ugha gSA dqy dh e;kZnk] tkfr dk uke mlls c<+dj gS]
fdUrq vlqfjus foo'k gSaA Hkw• dh rfi'k ds dkj.k gh os esB] eqa'kh] DydZ] viQljksa ds ;gk¡ •Vus
dks foo'k gSaA ogk¡ muds vkJ; esa mudk fuR; 'kks"k.k gks jgk gS vkSj eku&e;kZnk dh /fTt;k¡ mM+kbZ
tk jgh gSaA j.ksUæ dh mfÙkQ gS] ¶ysfdu #e>qe us crk;k fd ;g f'kdk;r ugha Fkh] cfYd foyki
FkkA vanj ls cqjh rjg VwV pqds lekt dk foykiA Hkw• vkSj xjhch us vanj ls bruk •ks•yk dj fn;k
gS fd lkekftd O;oLFkk HkjHkjk x;h gSA¸18 ;gk¡ j.ksUæ lkekftd&O;oLFkk dh pjejkrh voLFkk dks
mtkxj dj jgs gSaA blh lkekftd&O;oLFkk ds rys fL=k;ksa dh eku&e;kZnk dks jkSank tk jgk gSA
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa vlqj leqnk; dh O;Fkk&dFkk] NksHk] Xykfu dk fp=k.k rks gqvk gh
gS] lkFk gh blesa vlqj leqnk; ds foæksg ,oa la?k"kZ dks Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gSA pjejkrh O;oLFkk ds fo#¼
;gk¡ vk{ksi ,oa dM+h çfrfØ;k O;ÙkQ gqbZ gSA mnkjoknh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds çyksHku dks 21 oha lnh
ds vlqj leqnk; le>us yxs gSaA os vc Bsdsnkjksa ds >k¡ls esa ugha vkus okys gSaA blfy, vlqj leqnk;
us vius vfLrRo ds j{kkFkZ eq•j vfHkO;fÙkQ O;ÙkQ djuh çkjaHk dj nh gSA ykypu vkSj #e>qe vius
leqnk;ksa dks fdl rjg le>krs gSa og n`'; æ"VO; gS] ¶jS;rh tehu dEifu;ksa dks ugha nsuh gSA ugha
rks /hjs&/hjs ikV ij •srh rks NksfM+;s] jgus vkSj iSj /jus dh tehu ugha cpsxhA vcdh ckj vlqj
Hkkxdj dgk¡ tk,¡xs \¸19 ;g tks vius vfLrRo dks u •ksus dh O;Fkk gS] ;gh orZeku lnh dh lcls
cM+h yydkj gSA vlqj leqnk; fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa viuh tehu NksM+uk ugha pkgrs gSaA os vius
vfLrRo dks ysdj l'kafdr gSaA blh vfLrRo ds j{kkFkZ vlqj leqnk; •nku ds Bsdsnkjksa ds fo#¼
foæksg dk foxqy ctk nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k] ¶,d ckj tehu ij ls n•y gVus dk eryc lc vPNh
rjg le>rs FksA ---iwjs ikV ls Nk¡Vdj ipkl&lkB ckypu tSls djsM+ tokuksa dks bdêòk djuk FkkA
fcpM+k dh leL;k ugha FkhA leL;k Fkh cf<+;k Hkjok canwdksa vkSj dêðs dhA rhj&/uq"k vkSj dqYgkfM+;k¡
rks ftruh fey ldsa] vPNk FkkA egqvkVksyh vkSj ccqvkuh feydj nl&ckjg ux ykblsalh canwd vkSj
jk;iQysa FkhaA xSj ykblsalh dk rks fglkc ughaA¸20 ;g gS ;q¼ dh j.kuhfr ftls vlqj leqnk; us
lksp&le>dj rS;kj fd;k Fkk_ gkyk¡fd] mUgsa ijkt; dk eq¡g ns•uk iM+rk gS] fdUrq mUgksaus ;g tryk
fn;k Fkk fd vc os vf/d fnuksa rd Bxs ugha tkrs jgsaxsA muesa foæksg djus dh {kerk gS bls mUgksaus
çR;{k mtkxj Hkh dj fn;k FkkA fiQj Hkh vfLrRo cpkus dh O;Fkk cuh gqbZ FkhA miU;kldkj dh mfÙkQ
gS] ¶loky rks ogh iqjkuk FkkA gtkjksa lkyksa ls ihNk djrk lokyA ,d 'kk'or vkfn ç'u] ftldk
mÙkj u mlds iwoZt ryk'k ik, Fks vkSj u os <w¡<+ ik jgs Fks fd dc rd ihNs gVk tk, vkSj dgk¡
rd ihNs gVk tk, \ bl ikV ds ckn vc dgk¡ \¸21 vlqj le> x, Fks fd vius dks cpk, j•us
ds fy, foæksg djuk t#jh gS | yydkj dh gq¡dkj Hkjuk t#jh gS | ;g foæksg vkt dk ugha] cfYd
lfn;ksa iqjkuk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh ;g foæksg ,sls gh fuR; pyrk jgsxkA #e>qe viuh tkfr dh
fouk'k&xkFkk çLrqr djrk gqvk dgrk gS] ¶ge oSfnd dky ds lIrfla/q ds bykds ls yxkrkj ihNs
gVrs gq, vktex<+] 'kkgkckn] vkjk] x;k] jktxhj ls gksrs bl ou&çkarj dhdV] ikSafMªd] dksdgkj ;k
pqfV;k ukxiqj igq¡psA gtkj lkyksa esa fdrus baæksa] fdrus ikaMoksa] fdrus flaxcksaxk us fdruh&fdruh ckj
gekjk fouk'k fd;k] fdrus x<+ èoLr fd;s] mldh dksbZ x.kuk bfrgkl esa ntZ ugha gSA dsoy
yksddFkkvksa vkSj feFkdksa esa ge ftUnk gSaA¸22 ;g m¼j.k vlqj leqnk; dh cspSuh dks mn~?kkfVr dj
jgk gSA muesa lekIr u gksus dh Hkw• fo|eku gSA os vius vki dks ftyk, gq, Hkkjrh; lH;rk] laLÑfr
dks thfor j•uk pkgrs gSAa os bfrgkl gksuk ugha pkgrs gSAa ;gh ugha vlqj leqnk; pyh vk jgh feFkdksa
dks /Ùkk crkrs gSaA os bfrgkl dk ekxZ eksM+uk pkgrs gSaA bfrgkl dks ubZ fn'kk çnku djuk pkgrs gSaA
#e>qe dh mfÙkQ gS] ¶fot;h tkfr dksbZ gks] ijkftr ds çfr ,d gh Hkko j•rh gS] og gS ?k`.kkA ;q¼
esa fot; mls feyrh gS tks T;knk fgald] T;knk ccZj vkSj T;knk dq'ky&çf'kf{kr gR;kjk gksrk gS -
---;q¼ esa fot;] lR; vkSj U;k; dh ugha gqvk djrh] tSlk dh fdLlksa dgkfu;ksa esa gesa crk;k tkrk
gSA os rks fot;h tkfr ds pkj.k&Hkk¡V] dfo&dFkkdkj ikSjkf.kd gksrs gSa tks lR; vkSj U;k; ds fdLls
x<+rs gSa vkSj ge vk¡•sa ew¡ndj ftuij fo'okl djrs gSaA mudh ys•uh dh rkdr ;g çekf.kr djus
esa •pZ gksrh gS fd ijkftr uLy fdruh csbZeku] vU;k;h vkSj vukpkj FkhA¸23 dF; dk ewy earO;
gS fd vlqjksa dks vukfn dky ls Bxk x;k gSA Bxkrs&Bxkrs vkt mlds vfLrRo esa gh ladV ds ckny
xgjk x, gSaA orZeku lanHkZ esa ;g m¼j.k fdruk lVhd yxrk gS fd ^;q¼ esa fot; T;knk fgald]
T;knk ccZj vkSj T;knk dq'ky&çf'kf{kr gR;kjs dks feyrh gS ---;q¼ esa fot; lR; vkSj U;k; dks ugha*A
vkt fo'o esa r`rh; fo'o ;q¼ dk •rjk eaMjk jgk gSA fodflr jk"Vª vius fodkl ds le{k lHkh
jk"Vª dks gkse dqaM esa <dsy jgk gSA rkdr fn•kus vkSj tksj&tcjnLrh djus dh ço`fÙk dk fuR;
fodkl gks jgk gSA de 'kfÙkQ'kkyh jk"Vª ihNs <dsy fn, tk jgs gSaA pkjksa vksj vkik/kih dk ekgkSy
gSA ywV eph gqbZ gSA cy dk ç;ksx dj vlgk;ksa dks iSjksa rys jkSank tk jgk gSA lR; vkSj U;k; dh
ckr •ks•yh gksrh tk jgh gS] D;ksafd orZeku esa ;q¼ lR; vkSj U;k; ds cy ij ugha thrk tk ldrk
gSA ;q¼ ftrus ds fy, dq'ky j.kuhfr dh vko';drk gSA orZeku esa fo'o cy ds ç;ksx dh gksM+
esa r`rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds }kj ij igq¡p x;k gSA dksbZ fdlh dh ckr lquuk ugha pkgrk gSA ,sls esa vlqj
tkfr (vkfnoklh leqnk;) dSls ihNs jg ldrk gS \ mUgksaus Hkh vius gfFk;kj mBk fy, gSa] fdUrq
;g yM+kbZ vius vfLrRo dks cpk, j•us dh yM+kbZ gS u fd LokFkZ&fl¼ gsrq ywV dhA lqjsUæ uk;d
viuh dgkuh ^lek;kstu* esa dgrs gSa] ¶tc O;fÙkQ dh jksth&jksVh Nhuh tkrh gS] rks og etnwj gksdj
fgalk dk jkLrk viukrk gSA isV dh Hkw• LokfHkeku] e;kZnk] yTtk] laLÑfr] ijaijk lc dks yhy tkrh
gSA isV dh Hkw• gh uDlyoknh] ekvksoknh] pksj ywVsjs iSnk djrh gSA¸24 vkfnoklh leqnk; Hkw&nykyksa]
Hkw&ekfiQ;ksa dh fx¼ n`f"V dks le>us yxk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mlus buds fo#¼ gYyk cksy fn;k
gSA ^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* bldk l'kÙkQ çek.k gSA
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa vlqjksa dk foæksg iwjs vlqj leqnk; dks lkFk esa ysdj pyrk gSA
^nsorkvksa ds fo#¼ yM+kbZ j.kuhfr cukdj gh yM+h tk ldrh gS vU;Fkk buds le{k fVd ikuk
vlaHko gS*& bl ckr dks vlqj leqnk; le>us yxs gSaA vlqj leqnk; ywV dh jktuhfr] nksgu dh
ço`fÙk dks vc vkSj cjnkLr ugha dj ldrs gSaA MkWDVj jkedqekj dgrs gSa] ¶;g dsoy ykypu ds
pkpk ds ik¡p ,dM+ dk loky ugha gS] bl loky dks vU; lokyksa ls Hkh tksM+uk gksxkA ikV ij tks
jkst rek'kk gks jgk gSA voS/ •uu ds fy, ik¡p&nl vlqjksa dks jkst iQqlyk;k tkrk gSA gj mik; ls
mudh tehu gfFk;k;h tkrh gSA ckWDlkbV fudky&fudkydj ekSr dh •kb;k¡ NksM+h tk jgh gSaA bu
lc lokyksa dks tksfM+;s] rHkh vlqjksa ds lkFk mjk¡o] •sjokj] lnku lc viuh yM+kbZ esa tqVsaxsA¸25
orZeku lanHkZ esa ;g rF; fopkj.kh; gS fd pkj Å¡xyh tehu dksbZ ugha NksMu+ k pkgrk gS] ryokjsa •hap
tkrh gSa vkSj ;gk¡ iwjs vkfnoklh leqnk; dh ckr ys•d j• jgs gSaA vkfnokfl;ksa dk çfrjks/ mfpr
gh çrhr gksrk gSA Hkyk dksbZ viuh tehu] ?kj&ckj NksM+dj dgk¡ tk,xk \ ^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork*
ds vlqj laxfBr gksdj foæksg djrs gSaA ftldk ;g ifj.kke gksrk gS fd ¶u dsoy dks;ych?kk ç•aM
dh •knkuksa esa cfYd vklikl ds bykdksa dh •knkuksa esa dke BIi gks x;kA cgqr cM+h HkhM+ ftyk
eq[;ky; igq¡phA fcjlk eSnku ls tc jSyh fudyh rks gjs >aMs ls iwjk 'kgj iV x;kA xzkeh.kksa]
vkfnokfl;ksa] etnwjksa dk bruk cM+k tqyql bl 'kgj us vkt rd ugha ns•k FkkA¸26 ys•d dguk pkg
jgs gSa fd ^,drk esa gh cy gS*A bl foæksg dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd xk¡o ds nsorkvksa esa •ycyh
ep xbZA ¶u;dk nsork yksx] vkdk'kpkjh vkSj Xykscy xk¡o ds oklh FksA muesa xtc dh ,dk Fkh |
•nkuksa dh lkr fnuksa dh canh vkSj l'kL=k cy dh okilh ls Xykscy xk¡o ds nsorkvksa esa •ycyh–
lh ep xbZA¸27 iQyLo:i foæksg dks dqpyus dk gj laHko ç;kl fd;k x;k vkSj le>kSrs ds rgr
dqN ek¡xksa dks Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k rkfd fodkl dh va/h nkSM+ esa dksbZ ck/k mRiUu u gksA nwljh
vksj bl le>kSrs dk ifj.kke dqN Hkh ugha gqvkA vlqj leqnk; dh =kklnh dks mtkxj djrs gq, ys•d
dh mfÙkQ gS] ¶dgk¡ gS le>kSrs dh 'krZs\-------dgk¡ feyk /ugj ij n•y\ dgk¡ •nku ds xM~<+s Hkjs
tk jgs gSa \ f'kUMkYdks us Hkh vc Hkjus dk fn•kok Hkh NksM+ fn;k gSA 'kq: esa tks nks&pkj xM~<+s Hkjs
lks HkjsA gS dgha gkWfLiVy •qyus dh lqxcqxkgV \ lsjsczy eysfj;k dk dgj tkjh gS fd cUn gks x;k\
vkt Hkh jkst Bx&Bsdsnkj] nyky vlqj&mjk¡oksa ls lknk dkxt ij BsIik yxk&yxk voS/ •uu dj
jgs gSaA yM+fd;ksa dk fnYyh&dydÙkk tkuk] esB&eqa'kh ds Msjk tkuk NwVk ugha] cfYd c<+ gh x;k
gSA¸28 j.ksUæ bl mnkgj.k esa orZeku dh oLrqfLFkfr dks mn~?kkfVr dj jgs gSaA mudk Li"V vk{ksi gS
fd vlqj leqnk; dh okLrfod fLFkfr vkt vkSj Hkh Hk;kog gks xbZ gSA mUgsa iquokZl ds uke ij Bxk
tk jgk gSA os fn'kkghu gksdj HkVdus dks foo'k gSaA mudh O;Fkk&dFkk lquus okyk dksbZ ugha gSA foo'k
gksdj #e>qe çèkkuea=kh dks i=k fy•rk gSA i=k ds dqN va'k bl çdkj gSa] ¶egksn; 'kk;n vkidks
irk gks fd ge vlqj vc fliQZ vkB&ukS gtkj gh cps gSaA ge cgqr Mjs gq, gSaA ge •Re gksuk ugha
pkgrsA HksfM+;k vHk;kj.; ls dherh HksfM+;s t:j cp tk,¡xs Jheku~A fdUrq gekjh tkfr u"V gks
tk,xhA¸29 ;g fdruh =kkln fLFkfr gS fd HksfM+;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, vHk;kj.; dh O;oLFkk gks jgh
gS ogha nwljh vksj vlqj leqnk; vius vfLrRo dks ysdj la'kfdr ,oa ej.kklUu voLFkk esa igq¡p x;k
gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa iw¡thifr;ksa ds gRFks lc laHko gS] D;ksafd ¶Xykscy xk¡o
ds nsork •q'k FksA tks yM+kbZ oSfnd ;qx esa 'kq: gqbZ Fkh] gtkj&gtkj baæ ftls vatke ugha ns lds Fks]
Xykscy xk¡o ds nsorkvksa us og eqdke ik fy;k FkkA vlqj&fcfjft;k] fcjgksj&dksjck] vkfne
tkfr&vkfnoklh lc eq[;/kjk esa 'kkfey gksus gh okys FksA eq[;/kjk dh ygjsa pk¡n Nwus dks csrkc
FkhaA og ygjkrh&bBykrh jkT;ksa dh jkt/kfu;ksa ls gksrs ok;k fnYyh] okf'kaxVu Mh- lh- dh vksj nkSM+h
tk jgh FkhaA¸30
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa vlqj leqnk; ds cgkus >kj•aM] NÙkhlx<+] ef.kiqj] dsjy] egkjk"Vª
vkSj eè;çns'k ds vkfnokfl;ksa ds la?k"kZ vkSj foæksg dh vksj fn'kk n`f"V çnku dh xbZ gSA ;g miU;kl
iwjs jk"Vª esa py jgs vkfnokfl;ksa ds la?k"kZ vkSj muesa iui jgs foæksg dh Hkkouk dks mtkxj djrk gSA
bl miU;kl esa vYila[;d gks jgh vlqj tkfr ds çfr fpark vkSj laosnuk O;ÙkQ dh xbZ gSA oS'ohdj.k
dh vk¡/h esa vlqj leqnk; dh fLFkfr lkspuh; gks xbZ gSA ,sls esa ;g leqnk; tk, dgk¡ \ fdlls
vkJ; dh vkl yxk,] D;ksafd lHkh buls viuk LokFkZ lk/us dks vkrqj cSBs gSaA fodkl ds uke ij
gks jgs nksgu ds fo#¼ ;g miU;kl dM+h çfrfØ;k O;ÙkQ djrk gSA ^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa la?k"kZ
vkSj foæksg dh yydkj dks fL=k;ksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh çdV fd;k x;k gSA bl la?k"kZ esa fL=k;ksa dh
usr`Rodkjh Hkwfedk vkSj cgknqjh ds çfr ys•d lEeku O;ÙkQ djrs gSaA ,d vksj egkjk"Vª dksad.k dh
lqjs•k nyoh] eè;çns'k jhok¡ ftys dh nqofl;k nsoh] fNUnokM+k xksaM xk¡o dh n;kckbZ rks nwljh vksj
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* >kj•aM dh cq/uh vkSj yfyrk vlqj leqnk; ds vfLrRo dks ctk, j•us
esa la?k"kZ dh Tokyk HkM+dkrh gSaA ;gh ugha lR;Hkkek] bjkse 'kfeZyk] lh-ds-tkuw] lqjs•k nyoh us vlqj
leqnk; esa vf/dkjksa ds fy, la?k"kZ dh Tokyk HkM+dkdj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k gSA ,slk
yxrk gS ^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa iwjs jk"Vª dh fL=k;k¡ ,d lkFk feydj cq/uh vkSj yfyrk ds la?k"kZ
dks vkxs c<+kus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj jgh gSa vkSj dg jgh gSa fd fL=k;k¡ ihNs ugha gSA
os Hkh iq#"kksa ds lkFk da/s ls da/k feykdj la?k"kZ djus dks vkrqj gSaA vlqj leqnk; dk ;g la?k"kZ
^Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork* esa ekuksa iw.kZ:i ls XykscykbTM gksrk gqvk n`f"Vxr gks jgk gS vkSj pkjksa vksj
ls ,d gh çfrèofu dh xw¡t fnxar esa O;kIr gks ;g dg jgh gS ]
¶e'kkysa c<+ jgh gSa
cfLr;ksa dh vksj
taxyksa esa
xgjkrk tk jgk gS
gkadksa dk 'kksj
laHkky yks vius >ksiM+s
vkSj gks tkvks rS;kj
cpus&cpkus dks
vU;Fkk
vfLrRo •ksuk iM+sxk
,d gksuk iM+sxkA¸31
lanHkZ%
1- fo'oHkkjrh if=kdk] vad&2] •aM&60] tqykbZ&flracj&2014] i`"B&104-
2- ogh] i`"B&106
3- ogh] i`"B&108
4- j.ksUæ] Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k] 2013] i`"B&5
5- vkidk frLrk&fgeky;] vad&43] o"kZ&4] vxLr&2013] i`"B 21&22-
6- j.ksUæ] Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k] 2013] i`"B&13
7- ogh] i`"B&14
8- ogh] i`"B&10
9- ogh] i`"B&14
10- ogh] i`"B&16
11- ogh] i`"B&19
12- ogh] i`"B&20
13- ogh] i`"B&19
14- ogh] i`"B&26
15- ogh] i`"B 30&31
16- ogh] i`"B&34
17- ogh] i`"B&38
18- ogh] i`"B&39
19- ogh] i`"B&27
20- ogh] i`"B 39&40]
21- ogh] i`"B&42
22- ogh] i`"B&43
23- ogh] i`"B&42
24- vkidk frLrk&fgeky;] vad&43] o"kZ&4] vxLr&2013] i`"B&22
25- j.ksUæ] Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k] 2013 i`"B&48
26- ogh] i`"B&51
27- ogh] i`"B&52
28- ogh] i`"B 72&73
29- ogh] i`"B&84
30- ogh] i`"B&100
31- vkidk frLrk&fgeky;] vad&43] o"kZ&4] vxLr&2013] i`"B&27
qqq

vkys [ k
bDdhloha lnh ds fganh&dkO; esa gkf'k, dk lekt % vkfnoklh

m cqf)uh dqekjh
fgUnh lkfgR; vius fodkl dh vksj rsth ls c<+rk jgk gSA vius bl ;k=kk ds nkSjku fgUnh
lkfgR; dk {ks=k foLrkj yxkrkj gksrk jgkA tUe ls gh larIr] =kkln thou thus dks ckè; vkfnoklh
ftUgsa lH; lekt us gkf'k;s ij j•rs gq, euq"; dh Js.kh ls gh ckgj dj fn;k FkkA ubZ 'krkCnh ds
fgUnh dkO; us mlh gkf'k;s ds lekt dks çdk'k esa yk;kA
MkW- foosdh jk; ds vuqlkj vkfnoklh 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& ¶ fiNM+s] vapyksa] igkM+ksa] ouksa ds
fuokfl;ksa dks vkfne&vkfnoklh ekuk gSA¸1
bEihfj;u xtsfV;j ds vuqlkj&¶,d vkfne tkfr ifjokjksa dk ,d og lewg gS ftldk ,d
lkekU; uke gksrk gS] ftlds lnL; ,d lkekU; Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa rFkk ,d lkekU; {ks=k esa ;k rks okLro
esa jgrs gSa ;k vius dks mlh {ks=k ls lacaf/r ekurs gSa rFkk ;g lewg varfoZokgh Hkh gksrs gSaA¸2
fgUnh lkfgR; esa dkiQh igys vkfnoklh lkfgR; uked dksbZ foe'kZ ugha FkkA ftl dkj.k
vknhoklh lkfgR; dks nfyr lkfgR; ds Hkhrj gh j•k tkrk FkkA fdUrq le; dh ekax ls vkfnoklh
foe'kZ dk tUe gqvk vkSj og Hkh fgUnh lkfgR; esa ,d LFkku ik x;kA vkfnoklh lkfgR; ds fo"k;
esa çfl¼ lkfgR;dkj latho dk dguk gS fd ¶vkfnoklh lkfgR; dh viuh fof'k"Vrk vkSj O;kfIr
gS vkSj bls vyx ls js•kafdr djus dh vko';drk gSA¸3
vkfndky ls gh dkO; Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fÙkQ dk l'kÙkQ ekè;e jgk gS bl dkj.k dfo;ksa us
vkfnoklh thoku ds vlguh; nnZ dks dkO; }kjk vfHkO;ÙkQ djuk mfpr le>kA vkfnoklh gh balkuh
lH;rk ds vlyh okfjl gSaA mudh dbZ ihf<+;k¡ taxy dks cpkus esa xqtj x;hA os ftl feêðh esa tUe
ysrs gSa mlh dh lqxa/ esa je tkrs gSaA vkfnoklh gj rjg dh ijs'kkfu;k¡ >sy tkrs gSa fdUrq viuh feêðh
ls dHkh fo'okl?kkr ugha djrsA os rks viuh nqfu;k esa eXu Fks] •q'k Fks fdUrq vk/qfud ekuo us vius
fodkl ds uke ij mUgsa fouk'k dk rksgiQk ns fn;kA
vkt vkfnokfl;ksa dh lcls cM+h leL;k foLFkkiu vkSj iyk;u dh gSA fodkl ds uke ij
taxy dkVs x,] cM+h cM+h bekjrsa cukbZ x;ha] fdUrq vkfnokfl;ksa dh fLFkfr oSlh dh oSlh jghA cfYd
taxy dV tkus ls mudh nqfu;k gh mtM+ x;hA taxy gh muds thus dk vk/kj gS] taxy ds fcuk
Hkyk vkfnoklh dk dSlk vfLrRo ! •fut lEink ds dkj.k taxy dk nksgu 'kq: gqvk vkSj /hjs èkhjs
;g nksgu viuh pje lhek rd igq¡p x;k] ftlls ty&taxy&tehu nwf"kr gks x,] lw• x,] catj
cu x,A ml çÑfr ds lkFk gh lw• x,] u"V gks x, funkZs"k çÑfr çseh vkfnoklhA okLro esa ns•k
tk, rks Hkkjr ds fodkl dh bekjr vkfnokfl;ksa dh rckgh ij •M+h gSA tcjnLrh mUgsa foLFkkiu

dk f'kdkj cuk;k x;kA ^lH;rk dk foLrkj % ,d gknlk* dfork esa gjhjke eh.kk vkfnokfl;ksa ds
foLFkkiu ds nnZ dks vius 'kCnksa es O;ÙkQ djrs gq, dgrs gS fd
¶ns•ks ! vkf•j rqEgsa •nsM+ gh fn;k u
rqEgkjh tehu ls
rqEgsa usLrkukcwr djus ds fy,
ij fiQj Hkh rqe pqi gks\
D;ksa\ vkf•j D;ksa\¸4
fodkl dh ljdkjh uhfr;ksa us vkfnokfl;ksa dh igpku dks mudh vfLerk dks •rjs esa Mky
fn;k gSA vkfnoklh vfLerk mudh laLÑfr ls tqM+h gS vkSj mudh laLÑfr dk vk/kj taxy gSA taxy
ds •Re gksrs gh vkfnoklh laLÑfr •Re gks tk;xhA bl rjg fcuk laLÑfr ds vkfnoklh dh igpku
gh •Re ! bDdhloha lnh esa tgk¡ lH; lekt fodkl dh Å¡pkb;ksa dks Nw jgk gS ogha vkfnoklh
lekt fouk'k dh pje lhek dksA lH; lekt us igys rks mUgsa ekuo dh Js.kh ls gh dkVdj j•k
vkSj vc fodkl rFkk foLFkkiu us mUgsa thou ls gh dkVdj j• fn;kA vkfnoklh ds bl =kkln thou
dks dfV&irax ls tksM+rs gq, okeu 'yksd fy•rs gSa
¶lPpk vkfnoklh
dfV&irax dh rjg dV jgk gS
dgrs gS gekjk ns'k
bDdhloha lnh dh vksj c<+ jgk gS¸5
taxy ek=k vkfnokfl;ksa dh igpku] mudk vkokl ugha cfYd muds thus dk vk/kj gSA taxy
mudh lkjh t:jrsa iwjh djrh gSA taxy ls gh mUgsa vkokl] Hkkstu] vkS"kf/;k¡ vkfn çkIr gksrh gSA pwf¡ d
taxy ls gh vkfnokfl;ksa dh lkjh t:jrsa iwjh gksrh gS blfy, taxy gh vkfnokfl;ksa dk Hkxoku gSA
vkfnoklh lekt dk vk/qfud ped&ned ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gSA vkfnoklh lekt ij e'khuh ;qx
dh Nk;k Hkh ugha iM+ ik;h gS] fiQj u tkus D;ksa fodkl ds uke ij mudk loZuk'k djus ij rqyk
gqvk gS viuk vk/qfud lektA vkfnoklh thou ij vk/qfud fodkl ds iM+s Hkkjh nq"çHkko dks
ns•dj fueZyk iqrqy ân;rky ls vkgr gqbZ gS vius blh nnZ dks viuh dfork ¶rqEgkjs ,glku ysus
ls igys lkspuk gksxk gesa¸ esa vfHkO;ÙkQ fd;k gS&
¶vxj gekjs fodkl dk eryc
gekjh cfLr;ksa dks mtkM+dj dy&dkj•kus cukuk gS
rkykcksa dks HkksFkdj jktekxZ
taxyksa dk liQk;k dj vksfiQllZ dkWyksfu;k¡ clkuh gS
vkSj iquokZl ds uke ij gesa
gekjh gh 'kgj dh lhek ls ckgj gkf'k;s ij /dsyuk gS
rks rqEgkjs rFkk dfFkr fodkl dh eq[; /kjk esa
'kkfey gksus ds fy,
lkS ckj lkspuk gksxk gesa¸6

vkfnoklh ek=k çÑfr çseh gh ugha cfYd mlds laj{kd Hkh gSaA os lfn;ksa ls taxyksa esa jg jgs ij
dHkh Hkh çÑfr dks uqdlku ugha igq¡pk;kA vkfnokfl;ksa us çÑfr dk ek=k mruk gh miHkksx fd;k
ftlls mudk rFkk muds ifjokj dk Hkj.k iks"k.k gksrk jgs] vius LokFkZ gsrq dHkh Hkh çÑfr dk
vR;fèkd nksgu ugha fd;kA os çÑfr iwtd gaS vkSj çÑfr muds nsoh&nsorkA vkt fodkl ds dkj.k
çÑfr dk bruk nksgu gks pqdk gS fd çÑfr viuk larqyu •ks cSBh gSA le; le; ij gks jgh Hk;adj
çÑfrd vkink blh dk ifj.kke gSA vR;f/d nksgu rFkk çnw"k.k ls dqfir çÑfr ds Øks/ :ih Hk;adj
çÑfrd vkinkvksa ds Hk;kud ifj.kkeksa dks ns•dj Hkfo"; ds çfr fpafrr dof;=kh xzsl dqtwj viuh
dfork ¶gs le; ds igjsnkjksa¸ esa psrkouh nsrs gq, dgrh gSa&
¶blfy, fiQj dgrh gw¡
u NsM+ks çÑfr dks
vU;Fkk ;gh çÑfr
,d fnu
ekaxxs h
gels
rqels
viuh r#.kkbZ dk
,d&,d {k.k
vkSj djsxh
Hk;adj cxkor
vkSj rc
u rqe gksxs
u ge gksaxs¸7
gekjk f'kf{kr lekt vkfnoklh dks i'kq dh Js.kh esa j•rk gSA bDdhloha lnh ds e'khuh ;qx
esa tgk¡ ekuo pk¡n ij igq¡p x;k gS ogha nwljh vksj vkt Hkh lH; lekt mlh nfd;kuwlh lksp ls
xzflr gS tks vkfnokfl;ksa dks i'kq rqY; le>us esa foo'k djrh gSA ;k fiQj ,slk dguk xyr u gksxk
fd e'khuh ;qx esa lekIr gks jgs ekuo ewY; rFkk ekuo laosnukvksa ds dkj.k lH; lekt vkfnoklh
dks taxyh i'kq dgdj Lo;a dks muds eè; euq"; lkfcr djuk pkgrk gSA vkfnokfl;ksa dks oLrq dh
Hkk¡fr ns•k tkrk gSA D;k vkfnoklh dksbZ euksjatu dh oLrq gS ekuo ugha\ muds vHkkoxzLr thou
dk etk ysrs gq, xSj vkfnoklh mudh uaxh&v/uaxh rLohjsa •haprs gSa] mUgsa csprs gSa] ftlls mudk
O;kikj vkSj euksjatu nksuksa gksrk gSA vkfnokfl;ksa dh uaxh nsg rks lHkh dks utj vkrh gS fdUrq muds
ân; dh ihM+k fdlh dks utj ugha vkrhA xSj vkfnokfl;ksa ds bl vekuoh; O;ogkj dks ns•rs gq,
gjhjke eh.kk dk O;aX;kRed Loj iQwV iM+rk gS ftls ¶ljnkj c[rkoj flag ls fey dj¸ dfork esa
lkiQ ns•k tk ldrk gS&
¶•hap lds oks iQksVks
vkSj fn•krs jgs ftanxh Hkj fd
os HkkX;'kkyh gSa
tks ns• vk, gSa vaMeku ds
uaxs vkfnokfl;ksa dks
vxj dksbZ cqf¼thoh gks muesa
rks gesa lH;rk dh eq[;/kjk esa
ykus dh isphnk cgl esa my>uk
var esa ;g fu.kZ; fudkysa
¶bUgsa fMLVcZ er djks
uaxs vkfnokfl;ksa dk
,slk •qyk E;wft;e
dgk¡ feysxk gesa ns•us dks¸8
vkfnoklh thou taxy ls 'kq: gksdj taxy esa gh •Re gks tkrk gS fdUrq vc mUgsa taxy ls
fdlh taxyh i'kq dh Hkkafr •nsM+k tk jgk gSA viuh tUeHkwfe] viuh ek¡ ls fcNM+us dk vlguh;
nnZ os lgu ugha dj ldrsA taxy gh mudk lalkj gS ogh mudk vfLrRoA taxy ls vyx gksdj
mudh laLÑfr] igpku] thou lc •Re gks tk,xhA vkfnoklh thou esa foLFkkiu ls iuis nnZ rFkk
thou ds çfr mRiUu fojfÙkQ dks ns•dj jke n;ky eqaMk ^fodkl dk nnZ* dfork esa vius fouk'k
ds fo"k; esa dgrs gS &
¶eq>s fodkl dk
nnZ ;g vlá
nsj rd lguk u gksxk
le; ls igys gh esjk
dke reke gksxk¸9
fodkl ds bl va/k/qa/ nkSM+ esa nqfu;k u tkus dgk¡ ls dgk¡ igq¡p x;h gS fdUrq vkfnoklh lekt
esa ml fodkl dk dksbZ ldkjkRed çHkko ns•us dks ugha feyrk gSA lfn;ksa ls fodkl dk ukjk
tksjksa&'kksjksa ls py jgk gS ysfdu vkfnoklh dh fLFkfr T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh gqbZ gSA muds thou esa vkt
Hkh ogh vHkkoxzLrrk] Hkw•ejh] uaxkiu ns•k tk ldrk gSA bDdhloha lnh ds bl pdkpkSa/ dh nqfu;k
esa vkfnoklh mlh chgM+ taxyksa esa misf{kr thou th jgs gSaA mudk thou vk/qfud fodkl ds gj
{ks=k ls vNwrk jgk gSA fodkl ls oafpr vkfnoklh dh n;uh; n'kk dks y{e.k flag dkoM+s us viuh
dfork ^vkt Hkh oSlk* esa n'kkZus dk ç;kl fd;k gS&
¶lfn;k¡ chr xbZ
fodkl ds uke ij
vkfnoklh
misf{kr thou th jgs
chgM+ ^vcw>ekM+* ds taxyksa esa
Hkw•s vkSj uaxk vkt Hkh¸10
bDdhloha lnh dh dforkvksa us vkfnokfl;ksa ds nnZ dks ok.kh nh gSA nsj&losj gh lgh ij

vkfnokfl;ksa ds nnZ ls dfo;ksa dh Hkkouk,¡ tqM+h vkSj lkfgR; }kjk vkfnoklh 'kks"k.k dh dgkuh
tu&tu rd igq¡phA ftlds iQyLo:i lfn;ksa ls gkf'k;s dk lekt cus vkfnoklh vc dsaæ esa vkus
yxs gSA budk Js; mu lHkh lkfgR;dkjksa dks tkrk gS ftUgksaus le; le; ij vkfnokfl;ksa ds nnZ dks
vius 'kCnks esa c;ka fd;kA lkFk gh fgUnh lkfgR;dkjksa us vkfnokfl;ksa dks euq"; dh Js.kh esa j•rs
gq, mudh orZeku leL;kvksa ls lekt dks voxr djk;k ftlls lekt dk utfj;k muds çfr
ldkjkRed gks ldsA
lanHkZ%
1- MkW- iafMr cUus] fgUnh lkfgR; esa vkfnoklh foe'kZ] i`-la-&13
2- çks- çsepan tSu] vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp] i`-la&18
3- MkW- Å"kk dhfrZ jk.kkor] vkfnoklh dsfUær fgUnh lkfgR;] i`-l-a&13
4- MkW- Å"kk dhfrZ jk.kkor] vkfnoklh dsfUær fgUnh lkfgR;] i`-la-&187
5- MkW- Å"kk dhfrZ jk.kkor] vkfnoklh dsfUær fgUnh lkfgR;] i`-la-&187
6- fueZyk iqrqy] ;qok laokn] olq/k &85
7- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj vkSj ubZ 'krkCnh] i`-l-a&24
8- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj vkSj ubZ 'krkCnh] i`-l-a&32
9- la- xaxk lgk; eh.kk] vkfnoklh lkfgR; foe'kZ] i`-l-a&142
10- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj vkSj ubZ 'krkCnh i`-la-&52
qqq

vkys [ k
izsepan vkSj nfyr foe'kZ

m osnkar panu
fiNyh nks&rhu n'kkfCn;ksa esa izsepan nfyr&foe'kZ ds dsUnz esa vk x,A MkW- èkeZohj us izsepan
dks ^lkear dk eqa'kh* vkSj ^tkjdeZ dk nks"kh* dgk FkkA nfyr ys[kdksa us izsepan ds f[kykiQ
fy[kus&cksyus esa dqN mBk ugha j[kkA izsepan ds thoudky esa Hkh mudk de fojksèk ugha gqvk FkkA
mudks ^?k`.kk dk izpkjd*] ^czkã.k fojksèkh*] îzpkjoknh*] ^mins'kd*] ^fons'kh lkfgR; dk udyph*
vkfn D;k&D;k ugha dgk x;kA izsepan us bu fojksèkksa dks >syk vkSj vius i{k esa dqN [kkl tokc ugha
fn,A muds iz'kald cky Ñ".k 'kekZ ûohu* us ,d egÙoiw.kZ ckr dgh Fkh& îzsepan ds fuand ej
tk,axs] ysfdu izsepan thfor jgsaxsA* vkt izsepan ds os fojksèkh iafMr T;ksfrizlkn ^fueZy* vkSj Bkdqj
f'koukFk flag vkSj ,sls vU; fojksfèk;ksa dks dksbZ tkurk gS D;k \ cgqr ?kfV;k Lrj ij Hkh izsepan dk
fojksèk gqvk FkkA êksVsjke 'kkL=kh* dgkuh ij rks ekeyk dksVZ esa Hkh igq¡pk FkkA
izsepan dk fojksèk mu nfyr ys[kdksa us Hkh fd;k ftuds fy, izsepan us dbZ ys[kdh; vkink,¡
lghaA muds cgqpfpZr miU;kl ^jaxHkwfe* dks nfyr ys[kdksa us lkoZtfud LFky ij tyk;kA mudks
nfyr fojksèkh dgkA
izsepan dks ysdj nfyr ys[kdksa dk tkfroknh n`f"Vdks.k vc tkdj FkksM+k 'kfer gqvk gSA muds
l`tukRed vkSj fparuijd ys[kd dks ysdj dbZ rjg ds iz'u fd, tkrs gSaA izsepan ds ys[ku esa
cs'kd] varfoZjksèk gSA izsepan ds ys[ku esa gh D;ksa] fo'olkfgR; esa ,sls vusd mnkgj.k feyrs gSa tgk¡
ys[kd ds ys[ku vkSj mlds thou esa tehu&vkleku dk iQdZ fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA izsepan dh [kkfl;r
;g gS fd muds ys[ku vkSj thou dk iQklyk cgqr de gSA os tSlk thou esa Fks] ys[ku esa Hkh yxHkx
oSlk gh FksA djhc lk<+s rhu n'kd ds vius ys[ku esa izsepan us foiqy lkfgR; jpkA muds ys[ku ds
nks i{k gSa& l`tukRed vkSj fparuijdA blds vfrfjDr mUgksaus vukrksys izQkal] xkYlonhZ] ,ystsaMj
dqfizu dh Hkh dqN Ñfr;ksa ds vuqokn fd,A îzsepan fofoèk izlax* ds rhu rhu [kaMksa esa mudh
fVIif.k;k¡ vkSj leh{kk,¡ muds fopkj dks le>us esa lgk;d gSaA ^fpêòh&i=kh* Hkh izsepan ds vareZu
dks [kksyrh gSA
izsepan ds bl foiqy lkfgR; esa l`tukRed lkfgR; esa vfHkO;Dr nfyr foe'kZ ls gh vfèkdka'k
fookn iSnk gq, gSaA mudh lokZfèkd pfpZr dgkuh ^diQu* dks nfyr ys[kdksa us ^nfyr fojksèkh* dgkA
blds igys izxfroknh vkykspd galjkt ^jgcj* us izfrfØ;koknh ;k izxfrokn fojksèkh gksus dk vkjksi
yxk;k FkkA nfyr ys[kdksa us muds izfl¼ miU;kl ^jaxHkwfe* dh 2004 esa izfr;k¡ tyk;h xb±A ^xksnku*
ds izdk'ku ds iwoZ ^jaxHkwfe* mudk loZJs"B miU;kl ekuk tkrk FkkA

izsepan us igyh ckj ,d nfyr lwjnkl dks ^jaxHkwfe* dk uk;d cuk;kA miU;kl ds djhc
vLlh lky ckn nfyr ys[kdksa us bl vkèkkj ij îzsepan* dks nfyr fojksèkh djkj fn;k D;ksafd lwjnkl
dks tkfrokpd uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k FkkA pekj lacksèku dks Hkkjrh; dkuwu ds fo#¼ crkrs
gq, izsepan dh HkRlZuk dh x;h FkhA vkseizdk'k okYehfd dh vkRedFkk ^twBu* esa tkfrlwpd uke
gSa] ysfdu ^twBu* ij nfyr ys[kd maxyh ugha mBkrsA ^jaxHkwfe* esa izsepan us lwjnkl dks bruk
lEekuuh; ik=k cuk;k gS fd rFkkdfFkr lo.kZ tkfr dk dksbZ ik=k mldh Å¡pkbZ rd ugha igqp ¡ ldrkA
blh izdkj izsepan ds loZJs"B miU;kl ^xksnku* esa flfy;k&ekrknhu dk izlax ftruk vkØked
gS] vkt mldh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA pekfju flfy;k ls ekrknhu dk izse&izlax ,slk gS
fd pekj ekrknhu ds eq¡g esa gM~Mh Mky dj mls pekj cuk ysrs gSaA vkt ;fn dksbZ ys[kd ,slk
fy[k ns rks irk ugha D;k coky [kM+k gks tk;A ysfdu izsepan us lkgl fn[kk;kA
^deZHkwfe* miU;kl esa izsepan us nfyrksa ds eafnj izos'k dk eqn~nk rks mBk;k gh] nfyrksa dh la?k"kZ
psruk dks Hkh èkkj nsus dk dke fd;kA bl la?k"kZ psruk dks mUgksaus foLr`r iQyd fn;kA
îzsekJe* esa vNwrksa ls csxkj fy, tkus vkSj fdlkuksa }kjk Hkh muls nqO;Zogkj fd, tkus dk o.kZu
gSA ^dk;kdYi* esa nfyrksa ls csxkj fy, tkus dh izFkk dk dM+k fojksèk fn[kk;k x;k gSA ^xcu* miU;kl
esa nsohnhu uke [kVhd ik=k dk jk"Vªh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa ;ksxnku dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA
miU;klksa ds vfrfjDr izsepan dh yxHkx ipkl dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh nfyr iz'u cM+h izeq[krk ls
mHkjs gSaA mu ipkl dgkfu;ksa esa tks lokZfèkd pfpZr dgkfu;k¡ gSa] os gSa& ln~xfr] Bkdqj dk dqvk¡]
eafnj] ea=k] ?kklokyh] lok lsj xsgw¡] 'kqnzk] diQu] nsoh vkfn dks nfyr&fojksèkh dgk x;k gS] ysfdu
O;aX;kFkZ bldk ,slk ugha gSA izsepan dk ^baVsa'ku* nfyr fojksèk dk ugha] mlds izfr ekuoh; vkxzg
dk gSA ?khlw&ekèko tSls ik=k xksdhZ vkSj phuh ys[kd yq&lqu dh dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh feyrs gSa tks fuBYys]
pksj oxSjg gaSA
vius miU;klksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa ds vfrfjDr izsepan us tekuk] e;kZnk] ekèkqjh] gal] tkxj.k vkfn
izf=kdkvksa esa laikndh; ;k fVIif.k;k¡ fy[kdj Hkkjrh; lekt esa nfyr&leL;k ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj
fd;k gSA 1933 esa ^gal* if=kdk ds ,d vad ds eq[; i`"B ij MkW- vEcsMdj dk fp=k Nki dj
mUgksaus vius nfyr izse dk izek.k fn;kA
îzsepan fofoèk izlax* ds rhu [kaMksa esa ls nwljs [kaM ^Nwr&vNwr* 'kh"kZd ls izsepan ds lÙkkbZl
ys[k ;k fVIif.k;k¡ ladfyr gSaA ;s izsepan dss nfyr fparu dks n'kkZrh gSaA
izes pan us vius dgkfu;ks&a miU;klksa esa nfyrksa dks ysdj tks fopkj j[ks gS]a oLrqr% os vkys[k mUgha
ds izfr:i gSAa izes pan dh nfyr oxZ ds izfr fpark okLro esa yksdrkaf=kd fopkjksa ls vksrizkrs gSA iQjojh
1934 esa fy[kh tkfrHksn feVkus dh fVIi.kh vius O;aX;kFkZ esa cgqr dqN dg tkrh gS%
¶D;k ge igys dk;LFk ;k czkã.k ;k oS'; gSa] ihNs vkneh \ ge vius dks 'kekZ] oekZ] frokjh]
prqosZnh fy[krs gSaA [kkldj ml n'kk esa fd geus osn dh lwjr Hkh ugha ns[kh---A¸
^fofoèk izlax* ds bl nwljs [kaM esa izsepan us ,d Ükà[kyk&ys[k Hkh fy[kk gS& ¶fganw lekt
dk ohHkRl n`';¸A ftruh rh[kh Hkk"kk esa izsepan us ;g Ükà[kyk fy[kh gS] og fganqvksa dh vk¡[ksa [kksyus
okyk gSA bl [kaM esa nfyr iz'u cM+h izeq[krk ls mHkjs gSa_ gkyk¡fd] ;s fopkj xk¡èkh ls izHkkfor gSaA
^Nwr&vNwr* 'kh"kZd ls ladfyr 27 ys[k Hkh 1932&34 ds chp fy[ks x, gSaA ^fofoèk izlax] Hkkx
2* esa izsepan fy[krs gSa %
¶ge Lohdkj djrs gSa fd 'kwnzksa ds lkFk geus vU;k; fd;k gSA geus mUgsa th Hkj dj jkSank]
dqpyk] nykA¸ izsepan bl ys[k esa iw.kZr% xk¡èkh ds fopkjksa ds leFkZu esa [kM+s fn[krs gSaA
vLi`';rk ;k NqvkNwr vxj fganw èkeZ esa gks rks eq>s dguk iM+sxk fd mlesa 'kSrkfu;r Hkjh gqbZ
gS] èkeZ ughaA¸ (fofo/ izlax] Hkkx& 2] i`- 422)
^fofoèk izlax* ds dqN ys[kksa ls tkfgj gS fd izsepan nfyrksa dh n'kk dks ysdj xk¡èkh ls T;knk
izHkkfor gSa] vEcsMdj ls deA 14 uoEcj] 1932 dks ^gfjtuksa ds eafnj&izos'k dk iz'u* esa os xk¡èkhth
dk gh leFkZu djrs gSa] fy[krs gSa] ¶;fn ;g iz'u gy u fd;k x;k rks egkRek th fiQj ls vu'ku
'kq: dj nsaA¸
egkRek xk¡èkh ds vu'ku ds ncko esa vEcsMdj us ^lfEefyr fuokZpu* dks Lohdkj dj fy;k]
ysfdu cEcbZ dkiksZjs'ku ds pquko esa ,d gfjtu nso:[kdj dks lo.kZ fganqvksa us ftl rjg gjk;k]
mlls izsepan dks Bsl igq¡phA mUgksaus psrkouh nsrs gq, fy[kk] ¶vxj ltkrh; fganw bl rjg gfjtu
mEehnokjksa dks grksRlkfgr djrs jgs rks oSeuL; c<+sxk vkSj iwuk le>kSrk dk dk tks mís'; Fkk og
xk;c gks tk,xkA¸ (i`- 461)
gfjtuksa ds lkFk fganqvksa ds vU;k;&vR;kpkj dks izsepan us vius iwjs ys[ku esa mtkxj fd;kA
ges'kk mUgksaus gfjtuksa ds i{k esa fy[kkA blds fy, mUgsa mis{kk vkSj izrkM+uk Hkh >syuh iM+hA
^Nwr&vNwr* ys[kekyk izsepan ds nfyr fo"k;d n`f"Vdks.k dks le>us esa u fliZQ lgk;d gS] cfYd
Hkfo"; dk vkbZuk Hkh gSA izsepan dk fu"d"kZ okD; gS% ¶D;k Nwr dk Hkwr gekjs flj ls u mrjsxk \¸
1934 rd izsepan ij xk¡èkhokn dk xgjk izHkko FkkA nfyrksa dks ns[kus dk mudk n`f"Vdks.k xk¡èkh
ls vyx ugha FkkA 1936 es]a ;kuh thou ds vafre le; es]a xk¡èkhokn ls mudk eksgHkax gqvkA êgktuh
lH;rk* 'kh"kZd ys[k esa muds izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds izek.k feyrs gSaA
fu"d"kZr% izsepan dk thou O;fDrRo vkSj fparu la?k"kZ dh dFkk gSA muds fparu vkSj ys[ku
dk ewy rRo ekuookn vkSj foosd'khy turkaf=kd Hkkouk gSA muds l`tukRed ys[ku esa nfyr foe'kZ
bruk iz[kj gS fd izsepan nfyr ys[kd gh izrhr gksrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ izsepan dh tkfr ls vufHkK gks
rks yxsxk] izsepan nfyr ys[kd FksA izsepan us gal if=kdk dks cpk, j[kus ds cM+s tru fd,A ml
le; dkaxzsfl;ksa us mudks vk'oklu nsdj Hkh Ny fd;kA bl dVq vuqHko dks izsepan us >sykA ;fn
izsepan dqN vkSj le; rd thfor gksrs rks lektoknh fparu ds izHkko esa mudk nfyr foe'kZ vkSj
iz[kj gksrkA
qqq

vkys [ k
Hkh"e lkguh dh dgkfu;k¡ vkSj L=h&foe'kZ % ^xaxksa dk tk;k*

m voèks'k dqekj flag
Hkh"e lkguh dh vkjafHkd dgkfu;ksa esa 'kqekj ^xaxks dk tk;k* etnwj ds thou esa mlds vkarfjd
euksHkkoksa] rukoksa dh euksHkwfe vkSj }a}ksa&la?k"kks± dh uohu mn~Hkkouk djrh gSA bl dgkuh esa ,d
fuEuoxhZ; ifjokj ds thou dk d#.k fp=k ns•us dks feyrk gS] tgk¡ L=kh etnwj dh ukSdjh dj vius
ifjokj dk xqtkjk djrh gS] fdarq isV ls gksus (jgus) ds dkj.k b±V <ksus dk dke fdlh Hkh rjg ls
ugha dj ik jgh FkhA vU; etnwju mldh fLFkfr dks Hkkaidj mls b±V idM+us ds dke esa cqyk jgh
FkhA bl dke esa xaxks dks uhps tehu ls iQasds x;s ,d&,d b±V dks Nr ij >iV dj idM+uk FkkA
dgha >iVus esa gkFk NwV tk;s rks mM+rh gqbZ b±V lh/s isV ij yx tkus dk Mj FkkA xaxks dh eu%fLFkfr
dqN Hkh fu'p; dj ikus esa leFkZ ugha gks jgh FkhA ,sls esa Bsdsnkj dh fuxkgsa ml ij iM+hA Bsdsnkj
xaxks dh foo'krk dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> x;k Fkk] fdarq mlus #• dM+k fd;kA xaxks ds vkxzg dks
njfdukj djrs gq, viuk iQjeku lquk;k & ¶rsjs cki dk edku cu jgk gS tks th pkgk djsxh\ py]
nwj gks ;gka¡ lsA vk/s fnu ds iSls ys vkSj niQk gks tkA gjke•ksj vk tkrs gSa---A¸ blds ckn dqN gh
{k.kksa esa Bsdsnkj us vius jftLVj ls mlds uke dkV fn;sA1
,d xHkZorh L=kh esa LoHkkoxr yTtk] ladksp vkSj 'khy&lkSUn;Z gksrk gSA mu fLFkfr;ksa esa og
lnSo dksey O;ogkj dh vfHkyk"kh gksrh gS] fdUrq bl dgkuh esa Bsdsnkj ds nqrdkj ls xaxks ds
euksHkko dks pksV ig¡p q rh gS vkSj og pqipki vks<u+ h ds iYys ls vius xHkZ dks B¡drh gqbZ ckgj fudy
xbZA vius vkRelEeku dh j{kk ds fy, mlds ikl vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha FkkA
;g dgkuh fnYyh tSls egkuxj] tgk¡ gj jkst ,d ubZ vkcknh ds clus dk nkSj tkjh Fkk] ,d
NksVs ls dkWEiysDl esa fcfYMax&oDlZ esa dke djus okys etnwjksa ds thou dh lPpkbZ dk c;ku djrh
gSA fnYyh ds gj •aMgj dh viuh xkFkk gS] dgkuh gS] ij etnwj dh iQwl dh >ksaiM+h dk •¡Mgj
D;k gksxk] vkSj dgkuh D;k gksxhA
mu fnuksa yksx dgk djrs &^fnYyh fiQj ls toku gks jgh gS* ubZ vkcknh xoZ ls flj Å¡pk fd,
le; dk migkl djrh gqbZ fur u,&u, ia• yxk, viuk foLrkj djrh tk jgh FkhA ;g og nkSj
Fkk] tc tgk¡ dgha Hkh ubZ vkcknh ds clus dh vkgV gksrh (lqukbZ iM+rh) ogk¡ lSdM+ksa etnwjksa dk
jsyk] vius iQwl ds NIij da/ksa ij mBk;s] jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa tk igqa¡prsA exj T;ksafg cjlkr nLrd
nsrh] lcdk thou Fke&lk tkrk gSA lHkh viuh >ksiM+h esa cSBs vkdk'k dks ns•rs gq, pkSekls ds fnu
dkVus yxrsA fnYyh esa mu fnuksa csjkstxkj etnwjksa dh ,d yach rknkn FkhA bu yksxksa dh thou&xkFkk
viuh lkekftd ifjf/ esa vR;ar dk#f.kd vkSj lkspuh; FkhA

xaxks vkSj mldk ifr ?khlw ftanxh ds nj[rksa ds ikj mrj jgs lk;s esa vkdk'k dks ns• jgs FksAfiQj
?khlw us xaxks ls dgk&¶tks Nqêðh fey xbZ Fkh rks ?kj D;ksa pyh vkbZ] dgha nwljh txg dke ns•rhA*
^ns•k gSA bl gkyr esa dkSu dke nsxk \ tgk¡ tkvks Bsdsnkj isV ns•us yxrs gSaA*2
mlds ifjokj esa rhu vkneh •kus okys Fks] fdUrq dekusokyk vc dsoy ,d jg x;k FkkA ?khlw
ftl ljdkjh lM+d ds ejEerh ds dk;Z esa etnwjh dj jgk Fkk] og tYn gh lekIr gks x;kA vc
?khlw vkSj mldk ifjokj etnwjksa ds Lrj ls yq<+ddj vkokjk yksxksa ds Lrj ij vk x;s FksA muds ?kj
esa dHkh pwYgk tyrk] dHkh ughaA mudk csVk jhlk] tks fnu Hkj •syrs u Fkdrk Fkk] vc >ksaiM+s ds
bnZ&fxnZ gh e¡Mjkus yxkA
xaxks vkSj mldk ifr jkst jkr dks >ksaiM+s ds ckgj >xM+rs vkSj ijke'kZ Hkh djrsA tc ?khlw dks
?kj dk •pkZ de djus dh dksbZ rjdhc ugha lw>h rks Fkd&gkj dj ,d fnu xaxkss ls dgk & ^jhls
dks fdlh dke ij yxk nsaA*
^jhlk D;k djsxk] NksVk&lk rks gS \*
^NksVk gS \ paxs Hkys vkneh dk jk'ku •krk gSA bl tSls lc yM+ds dke djrs gSaA*
&&&
^bl tSls ykSaMs cwVikWfyl djrs gSa] lkbfdyksa dh nqdkuksa ij dke djrs gSa] v•ckj csprs gSa]
D;k ugha djrs \ dy bls eSa x.ks'kh ds liqnZ dj nw¡xk] bls cwVikfyl djuk fl•k nsxkA*3
?khlw dk ;g laokn ,d xSj&ftEesnkj firk ds pfj=k dks mtkxj djrk gSA lkFk gh] ;g dgkuh
dss lkekftd ljksdkjksa dh vksj gekjk è;ku vkÑ"V djrk gSA xjhch ds dkj.k etnwj&oxZ ds thou
ij] mldh nks twu dh jksVh ij tks ladV mRiUu gksrk gS] mldk ekfeZd fp=k.k bl dgkuh esa gqvk
gSA Hkh"e lkguh dh dgkfu;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa muds fe=k nsosUæ esokM+h us fy•k gS& ^Hkh"e th vke
yksxksa ds thou ds la?k"kZ dh dgkfu;k¡ fy•rs FksA mUgksaus ûbZ dgkfu;k¡ êsa ,d u;k LraHk 'kq: fd;k
Fkk& êsjh ftUnxh dk igyk eksM+*A mUgksaus fy•k fd bl LraHk ds varxZr thou ds mu fu.kkZ;d
{k.kksa dk C;kSjk feysxk tc O;fÙkQ thou esa tkus&vutkus ,slk eksM+ dkV nsrk gS ftlls mldh ftanxh
dk #• gh cny tkrk gSA*4 çLrqr dgkuh esa ?khlw ds }kjk jhls dks cwVikfyl ds /a/s ls tksM+k tkuk]
mlds thou dk ,d ,slk gh fu.kkZ;d {k.k Fkk] tks mldh ftanxh dk #• cny nsrk gSA
?khlw ds }kjk fueZerkiwoZd jhls dks dke ij yxkuk] vius csVs dks xSjbjknru lM+d lH;rk vkSj
HkhM+ra=k ds gokys dj nsus dk ,d vekuoh; miØe gSA ;g ,d cPps ds thou ls f•yokM+ vkSj
mlds çfr mldh drZO;ghurk dks n'kkZrk gSA cpiu vueksy gksrk gSA bls ge thou dk mRloioZ
Hkh dg ldrs gSa] tgk¡ fpUrk] 'kksd vkSj O;Fkk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gS] fdarq tc dksbZ viuh
vkthfodk ds ncko esa vkdj bls Je vkSj O;olk; ds gRFks p<+krk gS rks ;g mldh vlkekftd
eukso`fÙk dks n'kkZrh gSA
^jhlk* ,d Hkksys&Hkkys ckyd dh rjg fnYyh dh lM+dksa] xfy;ksa] yqHkkouh nqdkuksa] jax fcjaxh
nqfu;k dks ns•dj tSls pfdr jg x;kA fnuHkj dk Fkdk gkjk jhlk tc 'kke dks ?kj igqa¡pk rks ek¡a
dks feyrs gh mls fnu Hkj ds ns•h fn•kbZ lqukus yxk vkSj tc cki dke ij ls ykSVk rks jhlk viuk
Ckzq'k vkSj ikWfy'k dh fMfc;k mBk dj Hkkxrk gqvk mlds ikl tk igqa¡pk] & ¶cIiw] rsjk twrk ikfy'k

dj nw¡\
;g laokn jhlk ds cky lqyHk dkseyrk vkSj euksfouksn dks n'kkZrk gSA okLro esa x`gLFkh dk
vFkZ mlds cky&euksfoKku ls vHkh dkslksa nwj FkkA
fdarq blds ckn ds okD; esa ?khlw ds LokFkZ vkSj mldh vkfFkZd foo'krk & nksuksa dk çHkko
yf{kr gksrk gSA êsjk ugha] fdlh ckcw dk djuk tks iSls Hkh nsxk* ?khlw dk ;g dFku ifjfLFkfr lkis{k
mldh O;kikfjd cqf¼ dk ifjp; nsrk gSA
L=kh&iq#"k nkssuksa gh bl lekt dh /qjh gSaA iq#"k dh leL;k gy gks tkus ls ;g ugha eku ysuk
pkfg, fd L=kh dh leL;k dk lek/ku gks x;k gSA bl dgkuh esa ?khlw ds }kjk fy, x;s lHkh fu.kZ;
fir`lrkRed ifjokj esa firk ds opZLo vkSj mldh çHkqrk dks fpfÉr djrk gSA xaxks ds euksHkko dks
?khlw dHkh vius Åij gkoh ugha gksus nsrk] og VwVrh tkrh gS vkSj ,d foo'k L=kh dh rjg og vius
vUrtZxr vkSj ckátxr& nksuksa gh ifjf/;ksa esa fleVrh gSA
vxys fnu jhlk fiQj vius dke ij fudyk] bl ckj mls x.ks'kh ugha feyk] og vdsyk iM+k]
ekxZ ls HkVd pqdk FkkA b/j&m/j ?kweus ds ckn og ,d xyh ds eksM+ ij cSB x;k] viuh ikfy'k
dh fMfc;k vkSj Ckzq'k gkFkksa esa fy, vius igys xzkgd ds vkxeu dk bartkj djus yxkA x.ks'kh dh
rjg mlus eq¡g Vs<+k djds îkfy'k 'k 'k~ 'k --- !* dk 'kCn iwjh fpYykgV ds lkFk iqdkjkA ij og
viuh vkokt gh lqudj tSls LrC/ gks x;kA dqN nsj ckn xaxks ds tk;s dks thou dk igyk xzkgd
feykA ,d 'kgjh ckcw us vkdj jhlk ls iwNk & îkfy'k djus ds D;k yksxs* rks mlus x.ks'kh dk
vuqdj.k djrs gq, dgk& ^tks •q'kh gks ns nsukA* jhls us viuh fMfc;k •ksyhA x.ks'kh ds okD; rks
jhlk nqgjk ldrk Fkk exj mldh rjg gkFk dSls pykrk cwV ij ikfy'k D;k yxh ftruh mldh Vk¡xksa]
gkFkksa vkSj eq¡g dks yxhA ,d twrs ij ikfy'k yxkus esa jhls dh vk/h fMfc;k •pZ gks xbZA blds ckn
cwV ds ryos ij ikfy'k yxkus dh lksp gh jgk Fkk fd ckcw lkeus vk •M+k gqvk] jhls ds gkFk vutkus
esa fBBd x;sA ckcw us cwVksa dh gkyr ns•h vkSj tksj ls jhls ds eq¡g ij FkIiM+ ns ekjk] ftlls mldk
eq¡g ?kwe x;kA mldh le> esa u vk;k fd ckr D;k gqbZA ckcw xkfy;k¡ nsus yxk& ^gjketkns] dkys
cwVksa ij yky ikfy'kA* fiQj og viuk cwV igu dj fudy x;kA jhlk grçHk&lk eu%fLFkfr esa xyh
ds nwljs dksus ij tkdj •M+k gks x;kA gj jkg tkrs ckcw dks og vk'kafdr gksdj ns•rkA
bl ?kVuk ds ckn jhlk dks ek¡ dh cgqr ;kn vk;h] vkSj og viuh le> ls ?kj dh vksj ykSV
pykA ?kaVksa pyus ds ckn Hkh jhlk ?kj dh vksj tkus okyh xyh dks ugha igpku ldkA 'kke gksus dks
vkbZ ysfdu jhlk dks ?kj dh xyh u fey ldhA og jksus yxrk gS] ckj&ckj LrC/ gksrk gS] fiQj
Hk;Hkhr gksdj pqi gks tkrk gSA mlds ckn mlds tSls gh iQwVikFk vkSj xfy;ksa esa thou fcrkus okys
vkokjk yM+dksa dk lgkjk mls ulhc gksrk gSA
nwljh vksj dgkuhdkj ?khlw dh eukso`fÙk ij pksV djrk gS ftlesa og ifjokj esa cp jgs nks yksxksa
dh Hkj.k&iks"k.k dks ysdj vk'oLr fn•rk gSA jhlk ds dke ij pys tkus ds dkj.k vHkh >ksiM+h
ds cjlkr dkVus rd lyker cus jgus dh mEehn trkrk gSA
Hkh"e lkguh viuh dgkfu;ksa ds ifjos'k esa iQqVikFk] jsyos&iFk ds nksuksa vksj cls fuEu o xjhc
ifjokjksa rFkk 'kgjksa dks xk¡oksa ls vyx djrh lM+dksa ds bnZ&fxnZ cls dLcs] cfLr;ksa esa jg jgs yksxksa

dh ftthfo"kk] muds mRdV la?k"kZ vkSj vk'kk&fujk'kk dks vfHkO;fÙkQ nsrs gSaA
;g dgkuh L=kh vkSj iq#"k ds nkaiR; laca/ksa ds euksfoKku vkSj muds ;FkkFkZ thou dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lE;d ewY;kadu djrk gSA iq#"k lÙkkRed lekt esa iq#"k vius vga dks dHkh ugha
HkwyrkA og jksuk viuh gsBh le>rk gS tcfd xaxks L=kh gS] og jksrh gSA fiQj Hkh ?khlw mls vk'kk fnykuk
viuk iQtZ le>rk gSA
dgkuh vkykspuk dh lrg ij lekt'kkL=kh; fo'ys"k.k dh Hkh ekax djrh gSA ;g ikfjokfjd
ifjos'k esa vFkZ vkSj laosnuk ds nksgjs lehdj.k dks gekjs le{k j•rk gSA blesa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vkØkar
gksdj ,d fuEu oxhZ; etnwj tSls vkneh dh laosnuk dqan gks tkrh gS] og vekuoh; gks tkrk gSA
bl lanHkZ esa dgkuh dk ;g va'k n'kZuh; gS& ¶eq>s dkSu dke fl•kus vk;k Fkk\ lHkh xfy;ksa esa gh
lh•rs gSaA ejsxk ugha] ?khlw dk csVk gS] dHkh&u&dHkh rq>s feyus vk tk,xkA¸5 ;gk¡ nq%• ls vk'kkokn
dh mRifÙk gqbZ gS] ;g lkBksÙkjh fganh dgkuh esa O;fÙkQ dh ftthfo"kk vkSj mldh vFkd la?k"kZ dh
Hkkouk dh vksj gekjk è;ku vkÑ"V djrk gSA ?khlw ds ifjokj dh vkfFkZd foiUurk gh mls bl rjg
ds crkZo ds fy, etcwj djrh gS] fdarq blls ,d L=kh dh laosnuk vkSj eerk dks Bsl igq¡prh gSA
bl dgkuh dk igyk okD; gh foMacukRed gS& ¶xaxks dh tc ukSdjh NwVh rks cjlkr dk igyk
NhaVk iM+ jgk FkkA¸ bl ,d okD; ls dgkuh esa tks gksuk gS mldk irk rks py tkrk gS ysfdu bl
okD; dk tks foLrkj gS] og Hkh"e th ds dFkkdkj :i dk] mldh laosnukRed l?kurk vkSj
dykRed /S;Z dk ifjp; nsrk gSA ¶fiNys rhu fnu ls xgjs uhys cknyksa ds iqat vkdk'k esa djoVsa
ys jgs Fks] ftudh Nk;k esa xehZ ls vylkbZ gqbZ i`Foh vius B.Ms mPN~okl NksM+ jgh Fkh] vkSj 'kgj
Hkj ds cPps&cw<+s cjlkr dh igyh ckfj'k dk uaxs cnu Lokxr djus ds fy, mrkoys gks jgs FksA ;g
fnu ukSdjh ls fudkys tkus dk u Fkk¸6
çÑfr dk ,slk mi;ksx vk/qfud fgUnh lkfgR; esa nqyZHk gSA çÑfr vuqdwy gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr
çfrdwyA Hkh"e th bl ckfj'k dks xaxks dh n`f"V ls ns•rs gSa& ¶xaxks us le> fy;k fd tks vkleku
esa ckny u gksrs rks dke ij ls Hkh Nqêðh u feyrhA vkdk'k esa ckny vk, ugha fd Bsdsnkj dks dke
•Re djus dh fpark gqbZ ughaA bl gkyr esa xHkZokyh etnwju dks dkSu dke ij j•sxkA xaxks pqipki]
vks<+uh ds iYys ls vius xHkZ <¡drh gqbZ ckgj fudy vkbZA¸7
xjhch dh otg ls balku bruk LokFkhZ vkSj vekuoh; gks ldrk gS] bldk vanktk dgkuh esa
?khlw ds vUrZeu dh bl voLFkk ls yxrk gS& ¶?khlw dk mf}Xu eu tgk¡ csVs ds ;w¡ pys tkus ij
O;kdqy Fkk] ogk¡ bl nk#.k lR; dks Hkh u Hkwy ldrk Fkk fd vc >ksaiM+s esa nks vkneh gksaxs] vkSj
cjlkr dkVus rd] vkSj xaxks dh xksn esa u;k tho vk tkus rd] >ksaiM+k 'kk;n lyker •M+k jg
ldsxkA¸8
firk ds eu esa pyus okyh ihM+k vkSj jkgr ds lekukUrj ^xaxks ds isV esa mlds nwljs cPps us
djoV yhA* xaxks isV esa djoV ys jgs cPps dks eu gh eu lacksf/r djrh gqbZ dgrh gS& ¶;g D;ksa
tUe ysus ds fy, bruk cspSu gks jgk gS xaxks dk gkFk dHkh isV ds piy cPps dks lgykrk] dHkh
vk¡•ksa ls vk¡lw iksaNus yxrkA¸
,d csVk xaxks us mlh 'kke •ks;k gS] Hkyk fdl mEehn ls og vkus okyh larku dk Lokxr

djrh! fujk'kk] ekre] ihM+k] i'pkrki vkSj Hkw• esa Mwch gqbZ bl xaxks dh >ksiM+h ds Bhd lkeus&
¶vkdk'k ij cjlkr ds cknyksa ls •syrh gqbZ pk¡n dh fdjuksa ds uhps edkuksa dh cLrh f>yfeyk
jgh FkhA fnYyh fiQj cl jgh Fkh vkSj mldk çlkj fnYyh ds c<+rs xkSjo dks pkj pk¡n yxk jgk FkkA¸
^xaxks dk tk;k* 'kh"kZd dgkuh esa ^tk;k* dk lac/
a ^vkSykn* ls gSA bl dgkuh esa L=kh ik=k ^xaxks*
dh O;FkkdFkk mldh ukSdjh NwVus ls vkjEHk gksrh gS vkSj mldk var mlds l'kafdr ân; ds ml
osnuk ls gksrk gS ftlesa og ,d vksj vius csVs ds fnYyh ds HkhM+ ra=k dk fgLlk gks tkus ls O;fFkr
gS] ogha nwljh vksj mlds isV esa nwljs cPps dk djoV ysuk ,d nk#.k lR; dk ,glkl djkrk gSA
bl dgkuh esa O;oLFkk ds dkj.k ,d L=kh dh nqnZ'kk dk fp=k.k rks gS gh] lkFk gh ge ;g Hkh ns•rs
gSa fd blesa iq#"k&ân; dHkh Hkh ukjh&ân; dk Li'kZ ugha dj ikrkA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ukjh
ds thou esa iq#"k dk gLr{ksi c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA
bl rjg ge ns•rs gSa fd çLrqr dgkuh esa ,d L=kh dk vUrLry fdruk ?kk;y gksrk gSA
vkykspd jkds'k fcgkjh us HkweaMyksÙkj L=kh&dgkuh ij n`f"Vikr djrs gq, ^çR;{kk* dh dgkuh
îk¡p maxfy;k¡ ik¡p ;kj vks esjh lksu fpjS;k ,sls er gksukiQqjZ* dh leh{kk ds lanHkZ esa ,d LFkku ij
fy•k gS& ^nwljksa ds thou esa jks'kuh Hkjus ds reke miØe djrh ,d L=kh ds •qn ds thou dk
va/sjk dc NaVsxk\ Le`fr;ksa ds Hkkj vkSj Hkfo"; dh vk'kadkvksa ds cks> rys nch vkSjr lq• ds pje
{k.kksa esa Hkh dc rd nq• dh unh cuh jgsxh\ fufoZdkj&ls fn•rs iq#"kksa dh vk¡•ksa rd dc igq¡psxh
L=kh;ksa dh rdyhiQ\*9
;s dqN ,sls t:jh ç'u gSa ftls ^xaxks dk tk;k* dgkuh lw{erk ls js•kafdr djrh gSA
Lokra=;ksÙkj fgUnh dgkuh esa fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr] mldh lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd xfjek ij dqBkjk?kkr
vkSj thouewY;ksa dk =kkl xaHkhjrk ls vkjsf•r gqvkA ^xaxks dk tk;k* bldh l'kÙkQ vfHkO;fÙkQ djrh
gSA
lanHkZ%
1- Hkh"e lkguh] HkkX;js•k] i`"B& 81
2- ogh] i`"B 82&83
3- ogh] i`"B 84
4- nsosUæ esokM+h] m¼`r& îYyo*] cukl tu] 'krkCnh Lej.k % Hkh"e lkguh] i`&31
5- Hkh"e lkguh] HkkX;&js•k] i`- 87&88
6- eukst dqekj flag] m¼`r& ^mn~Hkkouk* (if=kdk)] laiknd& vt; dqekj] i`- 238] 239
7- oghA
8- Hkh"e lkguh] HkkX;&js•k] i`- 88
9- vkys• % jkds'k fcgkjh] vktdy if=kdk] laiknd&iQjgr ijohu] vad&11] ekpZ 2016] i`- 11
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vkys [ k
Kkujatu dh dgkfu;k¡ vkSj mudk Hkkocksèk

m jktukjk;.k flag
Kkujatu egkuxjh; thou vkSj mlds ;qx cks/ ls lai`Dr dgkuhdkj gSaA ;g mudk fiz; fo"k;
Hkh gSA vr% mudh dgkfu;k¡ egkuxjh; thou ;FkkFkZ dk thoar fp=k.k djrh gSaA egkuxjh; thou
esa vusd izdkj dh folaxfr;k¡ gksrh gSa ftlls xqtjdj O;fDr O;Fkk] ihM+k] fujk'kk] la=kkl] ruko]
vdsykiu] vtuchiu ,oa dqaBk dk f'kdkj gksrk gSA Kkujatu dh dgkfu;ksa dk Hkkocks/ bUgha
egkuxjh; folaxfr;ksa ls mits }a} vkSj ihM+k ls fufeZr gksrk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
Kkujatu dh dgkfu;k¡ vkn'kZ vkSj ;FkkFkZ ds ijLij }a} dks ysdj lkeus vkrh gSaA ubZ ih<+h vius
;FkkFkZ dks eglwl djrh gqbZ fdlh Hkh rjg th ysus dk jkLrk viuk pkgrh gS] tcfd iqjkuh ih<+h
vius laLdkjksa dks egÙo nsrh gqbZ vkn'kZ ds iFk ij vkxs c<+uk pkgrh gSA ;gha ls iqjkuh ih<+h vkSj
ubZ ih<+h esa }a} dh fLFkfr iSnk gks tkrh gSA ubZ ih<+h mPp vkn'kks± ds izfr mnklhu gSA mlds ikl
vius thou dh leL;k,¡ gh bruh tfVy gSa fd og vkn'kks± ij pydj thou dks vkSj vfèkd
dfBukb;ksa esa ugha Mkyuk pkgrkA mls dke;kch dk yack jkLrk ugha pkfg,] og laf{kIrrk esa fo'okl
djus yxk gS] blfy, lkèkuk dh jkg mls Mjkrh gS_ dsoy Mjkrh ugha gS mls fiNM+siu dk ,glkl
Hkh djkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr mlds le{k ,slk dksbZ ;FkkFkZ ekStwn ugha gS ftlij pydj og liQy
gks ldsA oLrqr% mldk fot+u Li"V ugha gSA ifj.kker% 'kadkvksa&dq'kadkvksa ds fxjÝr esa vkus ls og
cp ugha ikrkA mlds thou dk ;gh d'ked'k Kkujatu dh dgkfu;ksa dk Hkkocksèk curk gSA Kkujatu
dh dgkfu;ksa esa fpf=kr ik=k izk;% blh d'ked'k vkSj nqfoèkk ds f'kdkj fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA mnkgj.k
ds rkSj ij ^firk* dgkuh dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA bl dgkuh esa ijaijk ls foeq[krk ds Loj dks izeq[krk
nh xbZ gS] ijarq varr% ijaijk Hkkjh iM+ tkrh gS vkSj ve:n dk isM+ dkV fn;k tkrk gSA ;s ckr nhxj
gS fd ve:n ds isM+ dh txg dqN nwljs ikSèks yxkdj ve:n ds isM+ dks dkVus ls mits vijk/
cks/ ls eqfDr ik yh tkrh gSA oLrqr% ;g iqjkus laLdkjksa ,oa vkèkqfudrk ds chp dk la?k"kZ gS tks nks
ihf<+;ksa esa ekufld Lrj ij ?kfVr gksrk gSA bl la?k"kZ dks Kkujatu us vpkud eglwl ugha fd;kA blds
ihNs yacs le; ls vk jgs lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] uSfrd thou esa ifjorZu dk izHkko gSA ;gh
izHkko Kkujatu dks u, Hkkocksèk ls ySl djrk gSA
Kkujatu eè;oxhZ; Hkkocksèk ds dgkuhdkj gSaA vr% mudh dgkfu;ksa esa eè;oxhZ; ewY;ksa esa gksrs
ifjorZu dks lw{erk ls fpf=kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu vko';drk ds xHkZ
ls ugha gqvk gS] cfYd og mPp oxZ ls vk;kfrr gSA Hkkjrh; eè;oxZ dh ;g izo`fÙk gS fd og viuh
thou 'kSyh dks mPp oxZ dh thou&'kSyh ds vkèkkj ij fodflr djus dk iz;kl djrk gS] ijarq

mldh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mlds vuqdwy ugha gksrhaA ifj.kker% mlds iz;kl dh foiQyrk ekufld }a} esa
cny tkrh gSaA ;gh ekufld }a} ewY;&ifjorZu dh izfØ;k dks vkjaHk dj nsrk gSA Kkujatu dh
dgkfu;ksa esa ewY;&ifjorZu ds vusd Lrj ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA vke rkSj ij Kkujatu us viuh dgkfu;ksa
esa ewY;&ifjorZu dh ftl izfØ;k dks js[kkafdr fd;k gS mlesa thou ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu] ikfjokfjd
ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu] nks ijLij ihf<+;ksa esa ifjorZu] izse ,oa nkEiR; ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu] lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa
esa ifjorZu vkSj ekuoh; ,oa lkekftd ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu xaHkhjrk ls fy;k x;k gS] vkSj mlh dh lw{e
vfHkO;fDr dk u;k f'kYi x<+k x;k gSA
ekuo tkfr us vius thou ds fodklØe esa lqfoèkkvksa ds fodkl ij vfèkd è;ku fn;k gS]
mu lqfoèkkvksa ds chp thou dks lqO;ofLFkr j[kus ds fy, ewY;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh gSA ;s ewY;
euq"; dks vuq'kkflr j[kus esa enn djrs gSa lkFk gh mls thou ds ldjkRed i{k ls tksM+s j[krs gSaA
ijarq ges'kk ,slk ugha gksrkA cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tc ewY; detksj iM+us yxrs gSa rks futh iQk;ns
dks ns[kus gq, dqN yksx viuh lqfoèkk ds vuqlkj ewY;ksa dks vius i{k esa u dsoy ifjHkkf"kr djus
dk iz;kl djrs gSa cfYd mlesa ifjorZu dk Hkh iz;kl djrs gSaA ^{k.kthoh* dgkuh ,slh gh dgkuh
gSA blesa eq[; ik=k ewY;ksa dks viuh vko';drk ds vuqdwy <+kyus dk iz;kl djrk gSA iwjh dgkuh
esa og vius pfj=k cksèk dks vk'kk&fujk'kk ds ftl VªSd ls xqtkjrk gS mlls mlds thou ewY; esa gq,
ifjorZu dk irk pyrk gSA 'kkafr ls mldk izse lacaèk gSA ysfdu mldk fookg fdlh vU; ls gks
tkrk gSA fookg ds mijkar og 'kkafr ls lgt :i esa fey ugha ikrkA mldh ekufldrk Hkh mlds
izfr cny tkrh gSA Lo;a ds firk ds izfr Hkh og cgqr J¼koku ugha gSA euhvkMZj le; ij ugha
feyus ls mlds firk nqfu;k ds lcls csdkj O;fDr izrhr gksus yxrs gSaA firk ds izfr mldh lksp
esa tks cnyko vkrk gS] mls Kkujatu us bu iafDr;ksa esa js[kkafdr fd;k gS & ¶Hkxoku djs ;g cqîôk
ej gh tk,A eSaus lkspk fd eku yks dy jkr mls [kkalh mBh gks vkSj mlus ne rksM+ fn;k gks] FkksM+h
nsj ckn ?kj igq¡pus ij eq>s ekSr dk funZ;h rkj feys] fiQj\¸8 bruk gh ugha og Lo;a ds ft+Unxh
ls Hkh fujk'k fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSS] og lksprk gS fd mldh fta+nxh ds dqN fgLls [kqn c [kqn de gks
tk,¡& ¶eSa dSls mez ds ml va'k dks iQykax yw¡ ftlesa fyiVdj thus dh bPNk gksrh gSA dk'k] ft+nxh
ds chp ds dqN LVst yqi ls dgha fcyk tk,A--- esjh jksekofy;ksa us T;ksa eqnkZ jgus dh dle [kk j[kh
gSA fonzksg dj fn;k gSA 'kk;n thou ls NqVk gqvk gw¡A¸9 Li"V gS fd êSa* vius thou ls larq"V ugha
gSA êSa* dks uohu ewY;ksa dh ryk'k gS_ ,sls ewY; tks mlds vga dks rq"V dj ldsA vr% og ,d
Økafrdkjh n`f"Vdks.k viukrk gSA mldh Økafrdkfjrk firk] cgu] izsfedk] lekt] 'kklura=k lcds izfr
gSA ijarq og fdlh dk Hkh [kqydj fojksèk ugha dj ikrkA
eè;oxhZ; ifjokj dh fopkjèkkjk dks ik'pkR; laLÑfr ,oa oSKkfudrk us dkiQh izHkkfor fd;k
gSA ^dyg*] îsaQl ds bèkj vkSj mèkj*] ^'ks"k gksrs gq,*] ^lacaèk*] ^firk*] ^;k=kk*] êugwl caxyk* vkfn
dgkfu;ksa esa bl ckr dks yf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu dgkfu;ksa esa ikfjokfjd ,oa ihf<+;ksa ds chp
cnyrs ewY; dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA ,d gh ifjokj esa jgus okys yksx ,d nwljs ls [kkl izdkj dh nwjh
eglwl djrs gSaA os lHkh ,d Nr ds uhps jgrs gSa ijarq muds chp ikjLifjd lacaèkksa dk rkj bruk
<+hyk gks x;k gS fd mlesa dksbZ Lianu 'ks"k ughaA os ,d nwljs dV&ls x, gSA ?kj esa ,d lkFk nks ;k
nks vfèkd ihf<+;k¡ jgrh gSa ij mudk vkilh rkyesy [kRe gks x;k gSA muds chp lkeatL; cSBk ikuk
vklku ugha gks ikrk& ¶ysfdu vc dy vkSj vkt ds rjhds ls fcydqy ugha lkspk tk ldrkA
rkyesy [kRe gks x;k gS ;k fcydqy u;k rkyesy cu x;k gSA¸10 bl izdkj ikjaifjd ewY;ksa ls uohu
ewY;ksa dh VdjkgV ls mRiUu Hkkocksèk Kkujatu dh vU;re fo'ks"krk ds :i esa izdV gksrk gSA
Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dh leL;k us ;qokvksa dks csgn fujk'k fd;k gSA bl fujk'kk us
ifjokj] lekt vkSj fj'rksa ds izfr tks ;qokvksa dk utfj;k Fkk] mlesa izR;{k cnyko dks vkeaf=kr fd;k
gSA ^laca/* dgkuh dk êSa* viuh csjkstxkjh ls rax vk tkrk gSA mldh fnup;kZ ,d&lh ugha jgrhA
mlesa mrkj&p<+ko gksrk jgrk gSA og fdlh fnu [kq'k jgrk gS rks fdlh fnu vR;ar fujk'k gks tkrk
gSA og izk;% ,d ruko dks eglwl djrk gSA ruko vkSj volknxzLrrk ds dkj.k vius ifjokj ds izfr
mlds joS;s esa cnyko vkus yxrk gSA mldh mnklhurk c<+us yxrh gSA mlds ifjokj esa mldh ek¡
gS tks dFkkuk;d ds izfr fpafrr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mlds NksVs HkkbZ ds izfr Hkh fpafrr jgrh gSA NksVk
HkkbZ 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls chekj gS tks mldh utj esa fcydqy csdkj gSA dHkh&dHkkj og
NksVs HkkbZ ds izfr lgkuqHkfr'khy Hkh gksrk gS] og lgkuqHkwfr {kf.kd gh gksrk gSA oLrqr% dFkkuk;d
viuh fLFkfr ls bruk vkØkar gS fd og dqN vlkekU;&lk lkspus yxrk gS& ¶ysfdu ;g gdhdr
gS fd eSa dkiQh nsj ckn Hkh ;gh pkgrk jgk fd og vkRegR;k dj ys vkSj ,d cgqr gh f?klVrh
gqbZ leL;k dk lekèkku gks tk,A¸11 Li"V gS fd êSa* dh ;g lksp u dsoy vekuoh; gS] cfYd
vius ifjokj ds izfr xSjftEesnkjkuk Hkh gSA ;gk¡ dFkkuk;d viuh futh leL;kvksa ls vkØkar gksdj
vius ifjokj ds izfr ftEesnkjh ls dVuk pkgrk gS bl dVus ds iz;kl esa mldh lksp cny tkrh
gS] mlds ikfjokfjd ewY; cny tkrs gSaA bèkj ek¡ nksuksa cPpksa ds izfr eeRo j[krh gSA NksVk chekj
gS] blfy, mlds izfr og vis{kkÑr vfèkd eeRo yqVkrh gSA nwljh rjiQ nksuksa HkkbZ ,d nwljs ls
dVs gq, gSa vkSj ,d nwljs dh ihM+k vkSj t:jrksa ls dksbZ okLrk ugha j[krs_ cfYd NqVdkjk pkgrs gSa]
Hkys og NqVdkjk ekSr ls gh D;ksa u feysA
^lacaèk* dgkuh dks foLrkj nsrh gqbZ Kkujatu dh ,d vkSj dgkuh gS] ^'ks"k gksrs gq,*A ;g dgkuh
la;qDr ifjokj dh leL;k dks ysdj vkrh gS] ftlesa ,d ifjokj ds Hkhrj ,d ifjokj u gksdj dbZ
ifjokj ;k ?kj gks x, gSaA izR;sd ?kj i`Fkd ekufldrk dks ysdj th jgk gSA dgkuh ,d [kkl izdkj
dk vtichiu fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mls eglwl gksrk gS fd ?kj ds lHkh lnL; viuh lqfoèkkuqlkj ?kj
ds dbZ Hkkx cuk j[ks gSaA os vkil esa dVs&dVs ls utj vkrs gSaA muds O;ogkj ls izrhr gksrk gS fd
os ,d ifjokj ds lnL; u gksdj vyx&vyx ifjokj ls gSaA muesa vyxko dh izo`fÙk lkiQ >yd
jgh gSA ê>yk* ;g lc ns[kdj dkiQh fujk'k gksrk gSA og dkj.kksa dh rg esa tkuk pkgrk gS] ijarq
ml vtuchiu dk og Lo;a f'kdkj gks tkrk gSA ml ?kj esa og Hkh vtuchiu dks eglwl djrk
gSA ifjokj ds lnL;ksa esa vthc ifjorZu nh[k jgk gS tks mls ;g lkspus ds fy, etcwj djrk gS fd
¶,d gh ?kj esa dbZ ?kj gks x, gSaA futh O;oLFkk dh izo`fÙk dqN yksxksa esa NksVs iSekus ij vanj gh
vanj iz;Ru'khy gSA--- ,d vthc udyh <ax ls lc O;rhr gks jgk gSA--- ?kj ds vanj gh vanj [kafMr
gks jgk gSA¸12 dFkkuk;d ê>yk* li"V le> jgk gS fd og ifjokj dk fo?kVu vkjaHk gks pqdk gSA
ifjokj ds lnL; fn'kkghu y{; dh vksj fudy iM+s gSaA ifjokj vius ewY; [kks pqdk gSA fj'rksa dh
fo'oluh;rk {kh;ek.k gSA ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa esa fo?kVu dh ,slh gh fLFkfr ^dyg*] ^;k=kk*] îsaQl ds
bèkj vkSj mèkj* uked dgkfu;ksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- iq"iiky flag dk ;g dFku
lehphu izrhr gksrk gS] ¶vkt ekuoh; fj'rs mlh :i esa ekU; ugha jgs tSls igys FksA la;qDr ifjokj
ds fo?kVu vkSj jksth jksVh dh ryk'k ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk ckgj tkdj cl tkuk vkfn ds
ifj.kkeLo:i ifjokj ds lnL; viuh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;ksa rd gh vius dks lhfer j[kus yxsA
ekuoh; laosnuk ij vFkZ dk LokFkZ gkoh gksdj lkjs vkfRed lacaèkksa dks csekuh ;k cseryc dk cks>
nsus dh jLe lh cuk jgk gSA ek¡&cki] firk&iq=kh] HkkbZ&cgu] ifr&iRuh] HkkbZ&HkkbZ ds chp vuke
nwfj;k¡ vk x;ha gSa ftlds dkj.k lacaèk njdus yxs gSaA¸12
Kkujatu dh dgkfu;ksa esa nks ih<+h ds chp ewY;ksa dh VdjkgV dk Loj lqukbZ iM+rk gSA ,d
rjiQ iqjkuh ih<+h vius ewY;ksa ds le>kSrk ugha djuk pkgrh rks nwljh rjiQ ubZ ih<+h oSKkfudrk o
vkèkqfudrk ds rdZ ij iqjkus ewY;ksa dks udjkjrh gqbZ ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ubZ ih<+h iqjkus ewY;ksa dks
[kks[kyk] lkjghu rFkk fiNM+is u dk izrhd ekurh gSA mls yxrk gS fd iqjkus ewY; vaèk&J¼k dk iks"kd
gS ftlij pydj voufr ds vfrfjDr dqN izkIr gksus okyk ugha gSA vr% og iqjkus ewY;ksa ds O;keksg
esa ugha iM+uk ugha pkgrhA mls ik'pkR; laLÑfr vkSj mlds ewY;ksa esa fo'okl gSA ogk¡ mls oSKkfudrk
fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA mlij pydj dke;kch ds lius iwjs fd, tk ldrs gSaA ,d vkd"kZd o izHkko'kkyh
thou'kSyh fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd ik'pkR; ewY;ksa esa Lora=krk] LoPNanrk] vkèkqfudrk
cksèk ,oa ijaijk ls vlgefr dks i;kZIr egÙo fn;k x;k gSA vr% ubZ ih<+h uohurk dh LFkkiuk ds
fy, izkphurk dk izpaM [kaMu ds fy, rS;kj gSA mlds fy, izkphu vkn'kks± dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA
og vius orZeku ds ;FkkFkZ dks loksZifj le>rh gSA ¶vkt dk O;fDr ;FkkFkZ esa fo'okl djrk gS
vkSj ;FkkFkZ thou thuk pkgrk gSA mlds fy, Å¡ps vkn'kks± ds fy, dksbZ ewY; ugha jg x;k gS] ftudk
thou esa dksbZ mi;ksx gh u fd;k tk ldrk gksA--- izR;sd ubZ ih<+h dk tkx:d O;fDr vius le;
dh uCt dks igpkurk gS vkSj >wBs vkn'kks± dk fojksèk dj gh ysrk gSA dqN uohu ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk
èkhjs&èkhjs gks gh tkrh gSA¸13
Kkujatu us viuh dgkfu;ksa ds ik=kksa dks iqjkru ,oa v|ru ewY;ksa dks ysdj }a} esa fn[kk;k gSA
os u rks iwjh rjg ls iqjkus ewY;ksa dks NksM+ ikrs gSa vkSj u gh u, dks Lohdkj dj ikrs gSaA ^ve:n
dk isM+*] îsaQl ds bèkj vkSj mèkj*] ^firk*] xksiuh;rk*] ^dyg*] ^cfgxZeu* vkfn dgkfu;k¡ ,slh
gh dgkfu;k¡ gSa] ftlesa iqjkus vkSj u, ewY;ksa ds }a} dk fp=k.k gSA ;s }a} dbZ txg fo'oklksa ds }a}
esa Hkh ifj.kr gks tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ ^ve:n dk isM+* fo'oklksa ds }a} dh dgkuh gSA êk¡* ?kj ds
lkeus gksus dh otg ls ve:n ds isM+ dks v'kqHk ekurh gS] tcfd csVs dks ve:n ds isM+ ls yxko
gSA mldh le> ls ;s ijs gS fd ve:n dk isM+ ?kj ds fy, 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk gks ldrk gSA bl rjg
csVs dh lksp esa vkèkqfudrk dk rdZ gS rks ek¡ dh lksp vaèk&fo'okl dk f'kdkj gSA dgkuh esa
vkèkqfudrk ,oa va/fo'okl dk }a} ihf<+;ksa ds varjky ls mRiUu la?k"kZ ds :i esa fpf=kr gqvk gSA
ubZ ih<+h lkekftd :f<+;ksa ,oa vaèkfo'oklksa ls eqDr gksdj vkèkqfudrk dks viuk pqdh gS_ tcfd
ek¡ vkSj firk ds fopkjksa esa izkphu laLdkjksa dk izHkko ckdh gSA varr% ve:n dk isM+ dVok fn;k
tkrk gSA dFkkuk;d bl ?kVuk ls nq[kh gks tkrk gS vkSj lksprk gS fd ¶;g ckr bruh cqjh ugha Fkh
fd ve:n ds isM+ dks dkV dj mldh txg ,d vksj xqynkÅnh vkSj nwljh vksj dsys dh D;kfj;k¡
cuk yh x;h gSa cfYd pqukSrh bl ckr dh Fkh fd ge yksxksa esa tc èkhjs èkhjs ftanxh dh cqyanh
fodflr gks jgh Fkh rHkh ek¡ dks :f<+ vkSj v'kqHk ds feF;k Hk; us ijkftr dj fn;kA 'kk;n ek¡ dh
ge larkusa] mUgsa v'kqHk ls yM+ ldus dh viuh lkeF;Z dk vk'oklu ugha ns ldh FkhaA¸14
îsaQl ds bèkj vkSj mèkj* vkSj ^firk* dgkuh esa Hkh u,&iqjkus o vkèkqfudrk&izkphurk ds }a}
ls mits Hkko cksèk dk n'kZu gksrk gSA
^fnokLoIuh*] ^[kyukf;dk vkSj ck:n ds iwQy*] ^lhek,¡*] ^Nykax*] ^nkEiR;*] ^pqfIi;k¡* vkfn
izse&lacaèkksa ds fofoèk igyqvksa dks mn~?kkfVr djus okyh dgkfu;k¡ gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa esa fd'kksjo;]
nkEiR;] ;qokoLFkk ds izse dks fpf=kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA buesa izse ds Lo:i esa vk,
ifjorZuksa o }a}ksa dk izkekf.kd fp=k izLrqr gqvk gSA
^[kyukf;dk vkSj ck:n ds iwQy* uked dgkuh esa egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vè;;u
djus okys Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds chp izse&lacaèkksa ds cnyrs Lo:i dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA dgkuh dh
ukf;dk ^lqeu* eq[; ik=k êSa* ls izse djrh gSA mlds lkFk thus ejus dh dlesa [kkrh gS] 'kknh Hkh
djuk pkgrh gSA ijarq mls ifr ds :i esa vPNh dekbZ djus okyk yM+dk fey tkrk gSA vr% og
êSa* ls 'kknh ds fy, euk dj nsrh gSA euk djus ds ckn Hkh dgkuh ds uk;d ls feyrh gS vkSj
Li'kZ lq[k Hkh izkIr djrh gSA og êSa* ls vkxzg djrh gS fd og ,d ,slh dgkuh fy[ks] ftlls iq#"k
ds izse ij fo'okl u jgsA lqeu ,slk blfy, pkgrh gS fd mldh NksVh cgu izse fookg u djsA
dgkuh esa lqeu dh ekufldrk bu iafDr;ksa esa izdV gksrh gS& ¶eq>s xyr er le>uk] esjk izse vkRek
dk gSA og ejrs ne rd D;k tUe&tUekarj rd jgsxkA mlus dgk fd og esjs vykok fdlh vkSj
dks viuk ân; ugha ns ldrh Hkys gh ru nsuk iM+sA--- vkSj ns[kks] eq>s vc fdlh dgkuh&ogkuh esa
fpf=kr er djukA esjh 'kknh gksus okyh gS] ukgd D;ksa fdlh dks 'kd gks\¸15 xkSj ls ns[kk tk; rks
lqeu êSa* ls izse ugha djrhA og ,d [kqnxtZ yM+dh gS tks vius LokFkZ dks izse dk tkek iguk nsrh
gSA
^Nykax* dgkuh esa ,d fd'kksj vkSj izkS<+ efgyk ds izse dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA Jherh Tosy]
tks ,d izkS<+ efgyk gSa] ds izfr ,d fd'kksj o; dk yM+dk vkdf"kZr gSA og Jherh Tosy dks dkeqd
n`f"V ls ns[krk gS vkSj mudss 'kjhj ls dHkh&dHkkj f[kyokM+ Hkh djrk gSA Jherh Tosy fd'kksj ds
mu gjdrksa dks utjvankt djrh gSaA laHkor% mUgsa Hkh ;s lc vPNk yx jgk gSA Jherh Tosy dh
mnklhurk dks og fd'kksj izse le> ysrk gSA vkxs pydj fd'kksj dks viuh xyrh dk ,glkl gksrk
gS vkSj og mls lq/kjus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
^pqfIi;k¡* esa dj.k ehuw ls I;kj djrk gS tks mldh iwQisQjh cgu gSA ^nkEiR;* dgkuh esa
ifr&iRuh ds chp ijLij rkyesy ugha cSB ikrkA muds fopkjksa esa dkiQh varj gSA vr% muds
izse&lacaèk ij bldk izHkko iM+rk gSA ^gkL;jl* esa êSa* dk fookg mldh izsfedk ls gks tkrk gS ijarq
og fookg ds mijkar izse esa gq, ifjorZu dks eglwl djrk gSA og Lo;a dks viuh iRuh ls ijkftr
eglwl djrk gS vkSj mlls cnyk Hkh pkgrk gSA viuh iRuh ds izfr mlds eu esa 'kadk dk Hkko Hkh
iy jgk gS& ¶,slh fL=k;ksa (iRuh) ds pfj=k dk D;k Hkjkslk fd;k tk;s\ dc fdl nwljs ij fiQly
iM+s\¸16 bl izdkj Kkujatu ifr&iRuh ds chp izse ds cnyrs Lo:i dks izse ds fofoèk lanHkks± esa
fn[kkrs gSaA
oLrqr% Kkujatu us viuh dgkfu;ksa esa izse ds vkn'kZ :i dks gh izLrqr fd;k gS] ysfdu cnyrs
ifjos'k vkSj rnuq:i ekax dks mUgksaus è;ku esa j[kdj dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSaA ;qx vkSj ifjos'k ds vuqlkj
izse ds ikjaifjd vFkZ [kksus yxs gSa vkSj mldh txg izse ds u, ek;us iuius yxs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa
MkW- eksfudk gkfjr dk dguk gS fd ¶izse ds vFkZ o lanHkZ vc cny x, gSaA vc izse ân; dk
jkxkRed rRo u jgdkj [kkyhiu o fuBYysiu ls mRiUu ek;qlh o fujk'kk dks nwj djus dk lkèku
cu x;k gSA¸17 MkW- eksfudk ds bl dFku ls orZeku le; esa izse ds cnys Lo:i dk ladsr fey
jgk gS] ftls izse dk O;kogkfjd i{k dgk tk ldrk gSA Kkujatu dh dgkfu;ksa ds izseh ik=k Hkh bl
O;kogkfjd i{k dks viukdj pys gSaA gkyk¡fd] muesa izse ds vkn'kZ :i ds izfr Hkh vkd"kZ.k gSA os
pkgrs rks vkn'kZ izse gh gSa ijarq ;FkkFkZ ds cgko esa os O;kogkfjdrk dh vksj py iM+rs gSaA
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Kkujatu viuh dgkfu;ksa esa ftl Hkkocksèk dks ysdj lkeus
vkrs gSa og cnyrs ifjos'k ls mits ;FkkFkZ dk Hkkocksèk gS] ftlesa cnyrs ewY;ksa dks ysdj }a} gS]
VwVrs ewY;ksa rFkk fo?kVu dks ysdj xgjh ihM+k vkSj la'k; dh fLFkfr gSA bUgha fLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk Kkujatu
ds ik=k lkeatL; cSBkus dk iz;kl djrs gq, fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA
lanHkZ %
1- ^{k.kthoh*] liuk ugha] Kkujatu] i`- 43
2- ogh] i`- 43&44-
3- lacaèk] i`- 153
4- ogh] i`- 153
5- MkW- iq"iiky flag] ledkyhu dgkuh ;qx cksèk dk lanHkZ] i`- 93
6- MkW- Jherh izse flag] lkBksÙkjh dgkuh vkSj ifjofrZr ewY;] i`- 102
7- Kkujatu] ^firk*] liuk ugha] i`- 162
8- Kkujatu] ^[kyukf;dk vkSj ck:n ds iwQy*] liuk ugha] i`- 63
9- Kkujatu] ^gkL; jl*] liuk ugha] i`- 110
qqq

vkys [ k
vejdkar dh dgkfu;ksa esa eè;oxhZ; ;FkkFkZ

m xqÏh dqekjh
dgkuh thou ds xaHkhj rFkk tfVy {k.kksa dks vkd"kZd rjhds ls O;ÙkQ djus okyh lkfgR; dh
lcls ljy vkSj •qyh fo/k gSA ;FkkFkZ ij idM+ ds lkFk&lkFk ljyrk ds dkj.k ;g dHkh mckÅ
ugha gksrhA û;h dgkuh* ds nkSj esa ^vejdkar* ,d ,sls jpukdkj ds :i esa fn•ykbZ iM+rs gSa tks
eè;oxhZ; lekt ds rkus&ckus dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA dLckbZ rFkk x¡obZ thou dks viuh dgkfu;ksa
esa çeq• LFkku nsrs gSaA ftldh dye eè;oxZ dks iq"V djus dh fn'kk esa ugha cfYd mldh leL;k;ksa]
vkykspukvksa] folaxfr;ksa vkfn dks çdV djrh gqbZ pyrh gSA bl oxZ dh folaxfr;k¡ gh bldh
vkykspuk gSA vejdkar eè;oxhZ; lekt ds mu ik=kksa dks viuh dgkfu;ksa esa LFkku nsrs gSa tks lekt
ds ik•aM] :f<+xzLrrk] vU/fo'okl] eè;oxhZ; ekufldrk ml le; ds lekt dh ekStwnk O;oLFkk
dks lkeus ykus esa enn djrk gSA budh dgkfu;ksa esa fuEuoxZ ,oa eè;oxZ dk ltho :i ns•us dks
feyrk gSA ;s thou ls lh/k vkSj •qyk lk{kkRdkj djrh gSaA ckr O;fÙkQ;ksa ls 'kq: dj O;oLFkk rd
igq¡prh gSaA lHkh çdkj ds NÁ] <ksax] ifjos'kxr varfoZjks/ksa dks fueZerk ls phjrs&iQkM+rs ,d csgrj
lekt ds fy, la?k"kZ djrh fn•rh gSaA ifjos'k ls rky feykrs gq, pyrh gSaA budh dgkuh êwl* dk
vkjEHk gh xjhc cLrh ds ifjos'k ls gksrk gS] tgk¡ êwl* jgrk gSA ogk¡ jkrHkj nqxZU/ vkSj /qy mM+rh
gSA dqÙks HkkSadrs jgrs gSaA vkl&ikl Hkh chekj yksx Hkjs iM+s gSaA êwl* pkj iQwV dk nqcyk&iryk vkneh
gS tks pkyhl dh mez ikj dj pqdk gSA vius NksVs dn ds dkj.k og yksxksa esa gkL; dk ik=k cuk
jgrk gSA mls viuh iRuh ls Hkh bTtr ugha feyrhA ewl pqipki xnZu >qdkdj mldh lkjh f>M+fd;k¡
lqurk vkSj lgrk gSA ¶ewl dk thou ml efj;y cSy dh rjg Fkk] tks pqipki ekj lgrk gS vkSj
pqipki uhan esa Hkwlk •krk gSA og ,d ,slh iqjkuh e'khu dh rjg yxrk gS tks o"kks± ls dke djrs
jgus ij Hkh [kjkc ugha gksrhA ,d dksus esa nqcd dj og jksfV;k¡ jksxh dh rjg fuxyrkA¸1 ;gh ewl
tc fdlh vU; L=kh ds laidZ esa vkrk gS rks mlij vR;kpkj djus ls ugha pwdrkA vius enZ gksus
ij mls xqeku gksrk gS] fdUrq viuh xyfr;ksa ds fy, iNrkrk Hkh gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ifjos'k
O;fÙkQ dks fdl gn rd cscl] ykpkj vkSj vgadkjh cuk nsrk gSA ,d LoLFk lekt ij O;fÙkQ dk
vkpj.k O;ogkj vkSj laLdkj fuHkZj djrk gSA fuEu eè;oxhZ; yksxksa dh n'kk vkSj euksn'kk dk ,slk
thoUr fp=k.k vejdkar ds vkykok dgha vkSj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA budh jpukvksa dh vux<+rk] foiUurk]
vkSj ;FkkFkZokfnrk gh bldh fo'ks"krk gSA ifjfLFkfr dks fcuk ykx&yisV ds ;FkkfLFkfr çLrqr djuk
çsepan ds vkykok vejdkar esa gh fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA ftl çdkj lkekftd thou ij O;fÙkQ dh
ekufldrk fuHkZj djrh gS rks ikfjokfjd ifjos'k O;fÙkQ dks thou dh Å¡pkb;ksa vkSj xgjkbZ;ksa ls :c:

djkrh gSaA ^fMIVh&dyDVjh* ,slh gh ikfjokfjd ifjos'k dh dFkk dgrh gS tc firk ^'kdynhi ckcw*
ds csVs ukjk;.k dks ^fMIVh&dyDVjh* esa liQyrk u feyus ij ?kj esa fujk'kk vkSj ek;wlh Nk tkrh
gSA 'kdynhi ckcq ds dkj vkSj caxys ds lius pdukpwj gks tkrs gSaA ijUrq mUgsa iq=k ukjk;.k dh fpark
lrkrh gS fd og dgha grk'k gksdj vkRegR;k u dj ys! ¶mudk psgjk iryk iM+ x;k Fkk] vk¡•sa
/¡l x;h Fkha vkSj eq• ij ewNsa >kM+w dh Hkkafr iQM+d jgh FkhaA muds iSj dk¡i jgs Fks vkSj lkjk 'kjhj
dk¡i jgk Fkk] mudh lkal xys esa vVd tk jgh FkhA¸2 eè;oxhZ; vkneh ,slh cnukeh ugha ipk ikrkA
fdUrq ukjk;.k ds lks tkus ij og mlds djhc tkdj mldh ân; dh /Mdusa vkSj lk¡lksa dk
vkokxeu lqurs gSaA mudh [kq'kh dk fBdkuk ugha jgrk fd iq=k thfor gSA ;gk¡ vkdj dgkuh fdruh
ewY;oku cu tkrh gSA e/qjs'k ds 'kCnksa esa&¶fMIVh&dyDVjh* gh ,dek=k ,slh dgkuh gS ftls vius
;qx ds bl jksekafVd çHkko ls cpk u ikus dk mngkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA ^fMIVh&dyDVjh* dh
ml Hkksyh vkSj vkosx&rjy çrh{kk esa ;g jksekuh Hkko fn•kbZ nsrk gS vkSj ;g Hkksyh çrh{kk tSlk fd
cgqrksa us ladsr fd;k gSA ,d rjiQ ls ml le; dh dgkuh dk ewy Loj FkkA¸3
vejdkar viuh dgkfu;ksa esa la;qÙkQ ifjokj ds fo?kVu dh leL;k ij dye pykrs gSaA la;qÙkQ
ifjokj rks çsepan ds le; ls gh VwVus yxs FksA igys la;qÙkQ ifjokj gqvk djrs Fks] laifÙk dk lzksr
tehu gqvk djrh FkhA ijUrq tehuh caVokjs ls vkfFkZd ladV mRiUu gksus yxs] yksx 'kgjksa esa tkus yxsA
^dqgklk* dgkuh esa eè;oxhZ; firk }kjk vius iq=k dks blhfy, ekjk&ihVk tkrk gS vkSj ?kj ls fudky
fn;k tkrk gS fd og mls jksVh rd ugha ns ikrkA ;gk¡ vejdkar ikfjokfjd ifjfLFkfr vkSj vkfFkZd
ladV dk ,slk n`'; çLrqr djrs gSa ftlls eè;oxhZ; ifjokj ds fo?kVu ds çeq• dkj.k dk vanktk
yx tkrk gSA ¶llqj <<~<w dk ikM+k gks x;k] dksbZ dke /ke ugha djrk] jkr&fnu nkx&nkx ?kwerk jgrk
gSA lkiQ lkiQ le> ys] eSa rq>s cSBkdj f•yk ugha ldrkA tgk¡ eu gks tkdj eu fiVk] tSlk pkgs
viuk xM~<k HkjA xk¡o ds dbZ yM+ds 'kgj esa fjD'kk pykdj iSls ihV jgs gSa] ?kj pyk jgs gSaA ;g
lwvj gS fd ;gk¡ tkaxj&pksjh dj jgk gSA¸4 vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa ds dkj.k gh ;gk¡ eè;ofxZ;ksa ds
ikfjokfjd laca/ksa esa dVqrk mRiUu gksrh gS ysfdu tjk lk Hkh vk'oklu ;k mldk vk/kj ikrs gh
O;fÙkQ vius vki dks fiQj ls tqM+k gqvk vuqHko djus yxrk gSA vejdkar us blh çdkj viuh vU;
dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh eè;oxZ dh leL;kvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA
jktuhfrd vkSj ç'kklfud ifjos'k ls eè;oxZ gh lcls vf/d çHkkfor gksrk gSA vktknh ds ckn
ns'k dh jktuhfrd vkSj ç'kklkfud fLFkfr bl dnj fcxM+h ftldh dHkh dYiuk ugha dh x;h FkhA
yxHkx lHkh esa bZekunkjh vkSj uSfrdrk dk vHkko vkSj LokFkZ dh Hkkouk c<+ x;hA ns'k&çse ,d 'kCn
cudj jg x;kA 'kgj esa naxs gks jgs Fks] dÝ;Zw yxk;k tk jgk FkkA eè;oxZ ftldh vkthfodk dk lkèku
ukSdjh gS] csgn ijs'kku vkSj Mjk gqvk FkkA êkSr dk uxj* uked dgkuh esa ys•d us yksxksa esa iQSys
Mj dks fpf=kr fd;k gSA ¶LVs'ku ds ikl ,d vkneh dks Nwjk yxk gSA ^fgUnw gS*\] ûgha eksgeMu
gS* ^D;k fgEerxat esa fdlh dh yk'k feyh gS\* ^gk¡*] êksgeMu gS\*] ûgha* fgUnw gSA¸5 fjD'ks esa
ikl cSBs fgUnw eqfLye ,d nwljs ls Mjs gq, FksA nksuksa tkfr;k¡ ,d nwljs ls vk¡• ugha feyk ik jgs
FksA nksuksa tku x, Fks fd xyfr;k¡ nksuksa rjiQ ls gqbZ gSaA fjD'ks ls mrjdj eqlyeku dgrk gS fd]
¶nsf•, vkt 'kke dks ykSVdj igq¡prk gw¡ ;k ughaA¸6 ;g bl ckr dk ladsr gS fd ekSr ds uxj dk
Mj iwjh rjg Nk;k gqvk gSA ^chp dh tehu* Hkh dÝ;Zw dh gh dgkuh gSA ,slk yxrk gS 'kgj nks ugha
cfYd dbZ VqdM+ksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gS_ ,sls ifjos'k esa Hkh LFkkuh; usrk }kjk esy&feyki dk] HkkbZpkjk dk
ukVd djrs gSa] D;ksafd os ,sls gh ekgkSy dk bartkj djrs gSa fd dc 'kkafr Hkax gks] naxk gks vkSj os
'kkafr;k=kk fudkysAa vejdkar ;gk¡ usrkvksa rFkk rFkkdfFkr lekt ds Bsdns kjksa ij vR;ar ljyrk ls xaHkhj
O;aX; djrs fn•kbZ iM+rs gSaA bUgksaus viuh vU; dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh jktuhfrd vkSj ç'kklfud O;oLFkk
ij pksV fd;k gSA ^bUVjO;w*] ^?kqM+lokj*] ^fNidyh*] ^gR;kjs* vkfn dgkfu;ksa esa ç'kklu ds Hkz"Vkpkjh
:i dks c•wch mtkxj fd;k gSA ^bUVjO;w* dgkuh esa ^bUVjO;w* tgk¡ ek=k ,d fn•kos dh pht gS
D;ksafd ^bUVjO;w* ds p;u dh çfØ;k esa fj'or •ksjh gS] mUgha dk p;u gksrk gS ftlij fdlh usrk
;k /uoku dk gkFk gSA ogha gR;kjs ds ik=kksa dks dgkuhdkj us bruk fxjk;k gqvk fn•yk;k gS fd oks
gesa nsj rd lkspus ij foo'k dj nsrh gSaA buds i=k dk dFku gS fd ç/kuea=kh usg: us detksj
yhMjf'ki ds rgr çkbe fefuLVªh rd nsuh pkgh vkSj ykLdh rks ^xzkej vkWiQ ikWfyfVDl* fy•okus
mlds ikl gh vk;k FkkA bruh cM+h&cM+h Mhaxs gkadus okyk oks ;qod(ik=k) ,d xjhc os';k dk 'kjhj
Hkksxdj mlds iSls ysdj Hkkx tkrk gS vkSj ihNk djus okys dks pkdw Hkksaddj mldh gR;k dj nsrk
gSA dgkuh us mudks bruk fxjk;k gS fd mudk dksbZ dk;Z pko ugha vkrkA eè;oxZ ds ;s ;qod csjkstxkj
Fks] gR;kjs ugha Fks ijUrq rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr vkSj ifjos'k dh ekax buls ,slk dk;Z djok x;hA
Hkw•] xjhch] vHkko] dqaBk] ;s lc fuEuoxZ esa Hkh gS] ysfdu eè;oxZ bls fNikus dh Hkjld
dksf'k'k djrk gS tks O;FkZ gSA viuh jpukvksa esa vejdkar ;FkkFkZoknh fp=k.k dh txg vk/qfudrk ;k
iQS'ku ijd fp=k.k djus ls cprs gSa] os eè;oxhZ; thou dh raxgkyh esa tkdj >kadrs gSaA thou dh
tfVyrkvksa dks cM+s vkjke ls ljy 'kCnksa esa O;ÙkQ dj nsrs gSaA mudh cks/xE;rk vFkZxE;rk esa cny
tkrh gSA
eè;oxhZ; thou vkSj ekufldrk ls vejdkUr Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gSaA eè;oxZ dh viuh lksp
vkSj /kj.kk,¡ gSaA og vius lkFk&lkFk nwljksa ds dke esa Hkh n•y nsus ls ugha pwdrk] ij&mins'k vkSj
cseryc jksd&Vksd eè;oxZ dh vknrksa esa 'kkfey gSA cgqr lh ckrsa eè;oxZ vius Åij vks<+ ysrk
gSA eè;oxZ vkSj fuEueè;oxZ vU/fo'oklh Hkh gaSA va/fo'okl muesa Hkhrj xgjkbZ rd lekfgr gSA
nqfu;k pkgs fdruh Hkh mUufr dj ys] foKku pkgs fdruh Hkh rjDdh dj ys] fdUrq eè;oxZ dks
i'kq&if{kvksa esa nsoh&nsorkvksa dk okl feyrk gSA og mudh iwtk djrk gS] mUgsa viuk vkjkè; ekurk
gSA va/fo'okl gekjs Hkhrj Mj iSnk djrk gS tks gekjh çxfr esa ck/d gSA ^cmjk;k&dksoks* esa ge
eè;oxZ dh vU/fo'oklh ekufldrk vkSj /ekZU/rk dh ijkdk"Bk ns•rs gSaA dksoks jrkdj ikxy vkSj
vlarqfyr gks x;k x/k tks fcuk otg nqyÙkh ekjrk] viQjk&riQjh epkrk fiQjrk gS] mldh yksx
iwtk&vpZuk djus yxrs gSaA mUgsa yxrk gS blesa fdlh vykSfdd 'kfÙkQ dk okl gks x;k gS& ¶;g xèkk
ugha dksbZ vorkj gS] tks thokRek egku gksrh gS] mlh esa ijekRek vorfjr gksrk gSA gekjs iki deZ
ls ;s ukjkt gSaA budh iwtk djks] buds gkFk tksM+ks] budks 'kkar djksA¸7 ;g gekjk nqHkkZX; gS fd i<+s
fy•s yksx Hkh va/fo'okl dh pisV esa vklkuh ls vk tkrs gSaA ^dykorh* tks efgyksRFkku fudsru
dh lnL;k Fkh] og vius ny cy ds lkFk xnZHkjkt(x/k) dh vksj ns•dj iwtk ds xhr xkus yxrh
gSA ,d x/s dh oanuk djuk dSlh vthc vkSj fofp=k fLFkfr gSA ;gk¡ eè;oxZ dk dk¡b;k¡iu lkiQ
nh•rk gSA lksp&fopkj dh 'kfÙkQ tSls lekIr lh gks x;h gSA ;gk¡ va/fo'okl ij fo'okl dh vfr
dks Li"V ns• ldrs gSaA vejdkar ik=kksa ds ekè;e ls vn~Hkqr O;aX; djrs gSa jktsaæ ;kno ds 'kCnksa esa&
¶vejdkar VqPps] nq"V vkSj dehus yksxksa ds euksfoKku dk ekLVj gSA mudh rdZ i¼fr] ekufldrk
vkSj O;ogkj dks ftruh xgjkbZ ls vejdkar tkurk gS] esjs [;ky ls fganh dk dksbZ nwljk ys•d ugha
tkurkA igys og bl VqPpsiu dh vksj ladsr djrk gS] fiQj js•kafdr djus yxrk gS] fiQj jl ysrs
gq, rVLFk o.kZu ds nkSjku dc lSfMLV gks tkrk gS] irk ugha pyrkA¸8
vejdkar dh dgkfu;ksa dh vf/dka'k ?kVuk,¡ mudk Hkksxk gqvk ;FkkFkZ gSA eè;oxhZ; folaxfr;ksa]
ihM+k] la=kkl] vk'kk&vkdka{kk] fujk'kk] ?kqVu vkfn dks bUgksaus djhc ls ns•k Hkh Fkk vkSj ft;k Hkh FkkA
og Lo;a Hkh mlh oxZ ls laca/ j•rs FksA mUgksaus tkuk fd bu lcdk vk/kj vHkkoxzLrrk vkSj vkfFkZd
foiUurk gSA ^nksigj dk Hkkstu* eè;oxhZ; fLFkfr dh vHkkotU;rk dk thoUr fp=k.k çLrqr djrh
gSA Hkkstu v/qjk gksrs gq, Hkh jkepaæ dks ruko ugha gksrk og dgrk gS& ¶ugha] ugha tjk Hkh ugha] esjk
isV igys gh Hkj pqdk gSA eSa rks og Hkh NksM+us okyk gw¡A cl] vc ugha¸9 ,slh xjhch vkSj foiUurk
ds ckotwn Hkh fl¼s'ojh ikfjokfjd lkeatL; dks cuk, j•us dk Hkjld ç;kl djrh gSA ?kj esa isV
Hkjus yk;d Hkkstu u gksus ij Hkh og ifr vkSj iq=k dks vkHkkl ugha gksus nsrh cfYd muesa lkeatL;
cuk, j•us dk ç;kl djrh jgrh gSA ifjokj ds yksxksa dks ;|fi bl ckr dk Hkku gS os jgL;e;h
<ax ls jlksbZ ?kj dh rjiQ ns•rs gSa vkSj vk/k isV •kdj Hkh ;g dgrs gSa fd isV Hkj x;kA fl¼s'ojh
Lo;a tyh jksVh dk vk/k VqdM+k vkSj yksVs Hkj ikuh ysdj Hkkstu djus djus cSBrh gS vkSj mlds
vk¡•ksa ls vkalw Vi&Vi pwus yxrs gSaA vkfFkZd ladVksa ls yxkrkj VwVrs eè;oxZ dk fp=k.k vejdkar
dh dgkfu;ksa dh ewy laosnuk gSA bl n`f"V ls vejdkar dh dgkfu;k¡ fof'k"V gSaA vU; dgkuhdkjksa
dh dgkfu;ksa esa vkfFkZd vHkkoksa ls VwVdj ik=k vf/dka'kr% ekufld ruko ls xzLr gksdj
vkRek&fo'okl •ks nsrs gSaA ogha vejdkar ds ik=k vHkkotU; fLFkfr ds gksrs gq, Hkh mldk lkeuk
djrs gSa] tw>rs gSa rFkk viuk vkRek&fo'okl cuk, j•rs gSa] os vk'kkoku gSa] os vliQy gksrs gSa] fujk'k
gksrs gSa vkSj fiQj ls mRlkfgr gksdj nqfu;k Hkj ds lius latksus yxrs gSaA eqfÙkQcks/ ds 'kCnksa esa&
¶eè;oxhZ; lekt dh lkaoyh xgjkb;ksa dh :a/h gok dh xa/ ls eSa bl rjg okfdiQ gw¡ tSls vYykg
leanj dh uedhu gok lsA¸10
dnkfpr ;gh Hkko vejdkar dk Hkh jgkA dFkkdkj viuh iSuh n`f"V ls eè;oxZ dh gj ml
O;oLFkk ij] ekufldrk ij n`f"Vikr djrk gS tks VwVdj fc•j tkus dh fLFkfr esa Hkh thou ls fujk'k
u gksdj viuh vk'kkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa ij thfor jgrk gS rks lkFk gh nwljh rjiQ mldk ,d vkSj
psgjk Hkh gS tks LokFkZ] yksHk] /qy] çiap vkfn ls Hkjk gqvk gSA ftldh dksbZ uSfrdrk ugha] tks NÁos'k
/kj.k fd, gq, gSA vejdkar eè;oxZ ds bUgha cnyrs :iksa dks ewrZ :i nsrs vkxs c<+rs jgs gSaA ^ftanxh
vkSj tksad* dk ^jtqvk* ,d ,slk ik=k gS ;k ;wa dgsa fd ik=k ds ekè;e ls eè;oxhZ; lekt ij djkjk
O;aX; gS] ftlds ekè;e ls eè;oxZ dh foÑr ekufldrk mHkj dj vkrh gSA jtqvk ,d fHk•eaxk
Fkk ml ij pksjh dk >wBk bYtke yxkdj mls csjgeh ls ihVk tkrk gS ijUrq dqN fnuksa ckn ogh jtqvk
lkoZtfud ukSdj cu tkrk gSA gj dksbZ mlls dke ysrk gS] xkfy;k¡ nsrk gSA ¶lwvj] /ks•k nsrk gS\
dg nsrk] ugha vkÅaxkA vc vkt eSa rq>ls fnu&Hkj dke djkÅaxk] ns•sa dkSu lkyk jksdrk gS\ vkf•j
ge Hkh eksgYys esa jgrs gSa fd ughaA¸11 euekuk dke djok dj yksx mls de etnwjh nsrs gSaA jtqvk
dh cqvk cuh ^cju dh cgw* ftlds ikl og viuh esgur dh dekbZ tek djrk Fkk] mlds nl
#i, ekj ysrh gSA çÑfr dk çdksi Hkh ml ij gksrk gSA igys rks mls gStk gks tkrk gS] fiQj •qtyhA
og gfîó;ksa dk <k¡pk cu tkrk gSA bu lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls xqtjrs gq, Hkh mldh thus dh ykylk de
ugha gksrhA i'kq leku thou thrs gq, Hkh og eLr gSA vius thus Hkj dks og ftanxh dk jl fudky
ysrk gSA tgk¡ ls ftruk fey tk, og çlUu gSA
dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd ukSdjksa dk vkt Hkh mlh çdkj 'kks"k.k gks jgk gS] tSls lkeUrh ;qx esa
gksrk FkkA çsepan dh ^diQu* dgkuh dh Hkk¡fr gh vejdkar dh ^ftanxh vkSj tksad* lekt dh
Hk;kud fo"kerk ,oa ekuoh; vliQyrk dk fp=k mifLFkr djrh gSA euq"; dks tgk¡ i'kq leku thou
thuk iM+s] og lekt laiw.kZ ifjorZu dh ekax djrk gSA blds fy, vko';d gS ekuo dks ekuorkoknh
n`f"V dks.k ls ns•k tk;A mUgsa euq"; le>k tk;A
vejdkar lPpkbZ ls tqM+rs gq, çxfr'khy lekt ls tqM+rs gSaA vktkn fgUnqLrku dk eè;oxhZ;
lekt vusd rjg dh folaxfr;ksa dks lkFk esa ysdj vkxs c<+rk jgk gSA vktknh ds le; eè;oxhZ;
lekt ftu vkUnksyuksa ls tqM+k gqvk Fkk mlls /hjs&/hjs dVrk pyk x;kA ifj.kker% ;g vusd çdkj
dh dqjhfr;ksa ls Hkjrk pyk x;kA vejdkar eè;oxZ gks jgs bl ifjorZu ds çR;{kn'khZ Fks tks budh
dgkfu;ksa esa Li"V :i ls ns•k tk ldrk gSA mUgksaus dgha eè;oxhZ; voljokfn;ksa dks vkM+s gkFk fy;k
rks dgha eè;oxhZ; thou ewY;ksa dks çfrf"Br djus dk lkFkZd ç;kl fd;kA budh dgkfu;k¡a
eè;oxhZ; ;FkkFkZ dk ftoar nLrkost gSaA eè;oxZ vkSj budh dgkfu;k¡ ,d&nwljs ds iwjd gSaA
lUnHkZ%
1- vejdkar] ewl(dgkuh)] vejdkar dh laiw.kZ dgkfu;k¡] Hkkx&1] i`-la- 173-
2- vejdkar dh laiw.kZ dgkfu;k¡] Hkkx&1] i`-la- 107
3- bUæukFk enku] fganh dgkuh dh igpku vkSj ij•] i`-la- 1973] fyfi çdk'ku] fnYyh
6- ogh] i`-la& 382
8- MkW- y{ehukjk;.k yky] fganh dgkuh dh f'kYi&fof/ dk fodkl] i`- 339
10- eqfÙkQcks/ % lrg ls mBrk vkneh] i`-la- 14
qqq

vkys [ k
vejdkar dh jpukèkfeZrk dh i`"BHkwfe % ,d ewY;kadu

m lqykspuk dqekjh
vejdkUr dk O;fÙkQRo mUur] Js"B vkSj vrqyuh; gSA os tu&tu ds dFkkdkj gSaA mUgsa viuh
feêðh dh igpku vkSj ijokg gSA mudh lkekftd psruk vkSj nkf;Ro cks/ mUgsa çsepan ds djhc yk
•M+k djrk gS] ftldk vU; mnkgj.k ugha gSA ekuoh; laons u'khy ,oa çxfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k dk lw=kikr
çsepan us fd;k Fkk] ftldk pje fodkl vejdkar esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ekuorkoknh ewY;ksa ds j{kd
bl egkekuo dh n`f"V esa lkekftd U;k; vkSj lekurk ds ewY; dk LFkku lokZsifj gSA muds lkfgR;
dh vkRek dk fuekZ.k blh ewY; ls gksrk gSA
ifjokj dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko % ifjokj cPpksa dk çFke ikB'kkyk gS vkSj ekrk&firk muds çFke
xq#A tkus&vutkus esa cPpksa ds thou ij mudk çHkko vo'; gh iM+rk gSA vejdkar esa tks bZekunkjh]
deZfu"Bk] laosnu'khyrk] laxhrfç;rk vkfn xq.k Fks] ekrk&firk ls gh feys FksA 'ks•j tks'kh fy•rs gSa
fd ¶fdLlkxksbZ vkSj O;aX; dk ,slk vuks•k okrkoj.k vejdkar dks vius ifjokj ls fojklr esa feyk
gSA¸1 ^ftanxh vkSj tksad*] ^fMIVh dyDVjh* vkfn dgkfu;ksa dh çsj.kk mUgsa ifjokj ls gh feyh FkhA
vejdkar Lo;a dgrs gSa %
¶jtqvk & oks djsDVj gS] ftls cfy;k esa gh ns•k Fkk geusA gekjs okys eksgYys dk gh Fkk ogA
djhc nl ,d fnu yxs gksaxs& dEIyhV gks x;hA blds iwjk gksrs gh nwljh mBk yhA ,d fnu Hkh nsj
ugha dhA ;s Hkh gekjs ifjokj dh FkhA HkkbZ ykW djds cfy;k vk x;s FksA cfy;k tSls NksVs 'kgj esa
jgdj mudk fcuk lqfo/k] vius cwrs vkbZ-,-,l esa cSBuk] firk dh vk'kk,¡] çrh{kk vki ^fMIVh
dyDVjh* esa ns• ldrs gSaA¸2
pyrk iqLrdky; dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko% mu fnuksa cfy;k 'kgj ds yksxksa ij vk;Z lekt dk
vPNk çHkko FkkA vk;Z lekt ds inkf/dkjh ckcw tkudh çlkn }kjk lapkfyr ^pyrk iqLrdky;*
ls yksxksa dks iqLrdsa i<+us nh tkrh FkhaA vejdkar ds firk ml iqLrdky; ds lnL; FksA iqLrdky;
ls vkbZ iqLrdksa dks i<+us ds fy, muds ikl le; ugha FkkA bUgha iqLrdksa us vejdkar dk è;ku viuh
vksj vkdf"kZr fd;kA os jkr&jkr Hkj tkxdj ykyVsu ;k f<cjh ds çdk'k esa mu iqLrdksa dks i<+rs
FksA iqLrd i<+us dh mudh #fp fujarj c<+rh gh xbZA pyrk iqLrdky; ls vkus okyh iqLrdksa esa
dgkuh] miU;kl] gkL;&O;aX; dh jpuk,¡] ;ksxkH;kl] /kfeZd ,oa ,sfrgkfld iqLrdsa gqvk djrh FkhaA
buds vfrfjÙkQ vuwfnr iqLrdsa Hkh ogk¡ miyCèk FkhaA blh iqLrdky; ls vejdkar us johUæ ukFk VSxksj]
ij'kqjke] 'kjrpUæ pêðksikè;k;] cafdepaæ pVthZ vkfn ds lkfgR; ls ifjp; çkIr fd;kA bu iqLrdksa
us mudh HkkoHkwfe vkSj fopkjksa dks ,d •kl fn'kk çnku dhA ^pyrk iqLrdky;* dh iqLrdksa dks

gh i<+dj muds eu esa lkfgR; ds cht cks, x,A ¶,d 'kke dh ;kn mls vkrh gSA ekSle esa dqN
gYdh&iQqYdh flgju FkhA mlus 'kjrpUæ dh dksbZ l'kÙkQ dgkuh i<+dj vHkh&vHkh lekIr dh FkhA
va/js k f?kjus yxk FkkA iqLrd lekIr djrs gh mlus vius vanj ,d vn~Hkqr ifjorZu dk vuqHko fd;k]
tSls fctyh nkSM+ xbZ gksA og cjkens ls ckgj fudy vk;kA edku vkSj lkeus dh lM+d ds chp
ets dh •qyh txg FkhA og ogk¡ Vgyus yxkA lglk mlds vanj ls dksbZ vkokt mBh_ êSa fy•
ldrk gw¡ Bhd oSlk gh] mlh rjg*A ;g lkspdj mls jksekap gks vk;kA ,d vlaHko dYiuk FkhA lc
dqN vfo'oluh;A lkeus /qvk¡ ls vkleku esa fueZy pk¡n fudy vk;k FkkA flj ds Åij ihiy ds
iÙks gYdh gok esa papy gks jgs FksA ftldk o.kZu ugha gks ldrk] oSls gh dkseyrk] d#.kk ,oa •q'kh
mlds vanj yckyc Hkjh gqbZ FkhA mldh vk¡•ksa esa vk¡lw meM+us yxsA¸3
fganh f'k{kd dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko% gkbZ Ldwy ds fgUnh f'k{kd x.ks'k çlkn dk vejdkar
ij çHkko xgjkbZ ls gqvkA os lkfgR; ds vPNs tkudkj FksA vius Nk=kksa dks os lkfgfR;d xfrfof/;ksa
esa #fp ysus ds fy, çsfjr djrs jgrs FksA fuca/ ds LFkku ij muls dgkfu;k¡ fy•ok;k djrs FksA muds
}kjk gLrfyf•r if=kdk Hkh fudyokrs FksA vejdkar fy•rs gSa %
¶x.ks'k çlkn th lkns dkxt dh iryh&iryh fLyiksa ij ifjJeiwoZd lqUnj v{kjksa esa cgqr&lh
dfork,¡ fy•dj ys vk, Fks] ftuesa eq[; :i ls ?kukuan] iÁkdj] jRukdj] nso] jl•ku] efrjke]
gfj'paæ] rqylhnkl] lwjnkl vkfn dh jpuk,¡ FkhaA HkfÙkQ] Ükàxkj] ohj vkfn lHkh jlksa dh mu dforkvksa
dh e/qjrk ,oa 'kCn] èofu vkSj vFkZ dh O;atuk,¡ Jksrkvksa dks eqX/ vkSj vkuafnr djus esa leFkZ FkhaA¸4
os bUgha fnuksa ls dfork,¡ ;kn djus yxsA 'kjrpUæ ,oa x.ks'k çlkn ls çjs.kk xzg.k dj vejdkar us
dgkfu;k¡ fy•uh 'kq: dhaA mUgksaus gLrfyf•r if=kdk fudkyh vkSj vark{kjh Vhe esa Hkh 'kkfey gq,]
ijUrq mudk n`f"Vdks.k vHkh Li"V ugha FkkA
Økafrdkjh xfrfof/] lkslfyLV ikVhZ ,oa fopkjdksa dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko% iwjs ns'k dks
vktknh dh I;kl yxh FkhA NksVs&NksVs cPps Hkh xk¡/h&usg: ds uke ls ifjfpr FksA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds
ckjs esa Hkh mUgksaus lqu j•k FkkA ns'k&çse ls Hkjs gq, xhr mUgsa daBLFk FksA /hjs&/hjs mudk ifjp;
LFkkuh; Økafrdkfj;ksa rFkk muds Økafrdkjh lkfgR; ls gqvkA vè;;u ds fy, lkexzh pksjh&Nqis
miyC/ gksrh FkhA eUeFkukFk xqIr dh iqLrdsa ^Hkkjr esa l'kÙkQ ØkfUr dh ps"Vk*] ^pk¡n* dk îQk¡lh*
vad vkSj ,slh vU; dbZ iqLrdksa ls vejdkar dh thou fn'kk vo'; gh cnyhA muds vanj ns'k&çse
dh Hkkouk meM+us yxhA LFkkuh; fe=kksa us feydj jktuhfrd lrdZrk Hkh fn•kbZA blh lrdZrk dk
fp=k.k vejdkar us dqN iQsj&cny ds lkFk viuk miU;kl ^lw•k iÙkk* esa fd;k gSA lgikBh pafædk
dk çHkko Hkh vejdkar th ds O;fÙkQRo ij iM+k gSA
ekè;fed f'k{kk çkIr djus ds ckn vejdkar vius dqN fe=kksa ds tfj, ^dkaxsl z lks'kfyLV ikVhZ*
ds laidZ esa vk,A mu fnuksa bl ikVhZ dh d{kk,¡ Jh ueZns'oj prqoZsnh ds }kjk pyrh FkhaA Lora=krk]
lektokn] lektoknh ns'k] oSKkfud lektokn dh iqLrdsa i<+us dks nh tkrh FkhaA vejdkar th buls
ykHkkfUor gq,A ujsUæ nso] jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] xk¡/h] usg:] t;çdk'k ukjk;.k] MkW- yksfg;k vkfn dh
fopkj/kjkvksa ls Hkh os voxr gq,A blh chp xksdhZ] eksiklk] VkYlVk;] ps•o] nksLrks;oLdh] rqxZuso
vkfn ys•dksa ds lkfgR; ls çHkkfor gq,A xk¡/h ,oa usg: ls çHkkfor gksdj os •íj iguus yxsA
t;çdk'k ukjk;.k ls çHkkfor gksdj mudh ikVhZ dk lnL; cu x,A vke turk rd igq¡pdj mUgsa
laxfBr vkSj la?k"kZ'khy cukus dh t:jr dks os vHkh gh rkM+ x, FksA
xk¡/hth dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko% lu~ 1942 esa xk¡/hth ds ^djks ;k ejks* ds ukjs dk ns'kHkj esa
cgqr çHkko iM+k vkSj ns'k ds vufxur Nk=kksa ds lkFk vejdkar Hkh i<+kbZ&fy•kbZ NksM+ ns'k dks vktkn
djkus esa tqV x,A os xk¡/h dh rjg vius&vkidks iwjh rjg ifo=k j•dj cM+k&ls&cM+k dke djuk
pkgrs FksA mu fnuksa os vthc ekufld }U} ls xqtj jgs FksA muds Åij xk¡/hth ds çHkko dks fuEu
iafÙkQ;ksa ds }kjk eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS %
¶xk¡/hth ds dkj.k gh og iki&iq.; ds iQsj esa Hkh iM+ x;kA og 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i
ls vius dks iw.kZ ifo=k j•uk pkgrk Fkk] ij ckj&ckj mls Hkkouk,¡ ncksp ysrh FkhaA og thruh gh
egurk dh Å¡pkb;ksa ij tkuk pkgrk Fkk] mruk gh og vius dks uhps tkrk gqvk eglwl djrk FkkA
og lsDl vkSj çse dh Hkkoukvksa ls yxkrkj yM+ jgk FkkA mlus vius vUnj ls gj çdkj dh
egRokdka{kk fudkyus dh dksf'k'k dh] bldk Hk;adj vlj gqvk vkSj og vkRegR;k dk [okc ns•us
yxkA¸5
'kjrpUæ ds jksekafVflTe] Lora=krk vkanksyu ,oa ns'kHkÙkQksa dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko %
Lora=krk vkUnksyu ds le; vejdkar dh dYiuk'khyrk pje ij FkhA dYiuk esa jksekafVflTe dh
çèkkurk FkhA 'kq: ls gh os 'kjrpUæ pêðksikè;k; ls çHkkfor Fks] mUgha ds rtZ ij çse vkSj d#.kk ls
Hkjh dgkfu;k¡ fy• jgs FksA vejdkar fy•rs gSa fd ¶,d eè;eoxhZ; ifjokj esa ftl ykM+ vkSj I;kj
ls og iyk Fkk] tSls ca/s] fiNM+s vkSj xzkeh.k lekt esa og jgrk Fkk] tSlh dPph mez vkSj mldk
ns'k ftl d"V] ihM+k] vU;k; vkSj xqykeh ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk Fkk vkSj tSlk og Lo;a vO;kogkfjd
,oa dYiuk'khy Fkk & ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa jksekafVflTe ,d vfuok;Z ifj.kke FkkA 'kjrpUæ dk
jksekafVflTe] O;fÙkQokn] dksjh dkYifudrk] dykckth vkSj NÁ vk/qfudrk ij vk/kfjr ugha gSA
mudh jpuk,¡ vius le; ds çxfr'khy ;FkkFkZ dh xgjh le> ds cy ij •M+h gksrh gS vkSj ifjorZu
dh dkeuk dks rhozrk ls O;ÙkQ djrh gSA¸6
ekufld fLFkfr ds Li"V ugha gksus ds dkj.k os le> ugha ik jgs Fks fd mUgsa djuk D;k gSA
dHkh os fujk'kk ds Hkko ls Hkj tkrs rks dHkh dYiuk yksd esa fopjus yxrsA tc ;s ckrsa gkL;tud
ekywe iM+rha rks fiQj mUgsa ns'k dh fpark lrkus yxrhA vthcksxjhc fLFkfr Fkh mudhA bu fujk'kk ds
fnuksa esa mUgksaus Mk;jh fy•uh 'kq: dhA fnu Hkj dh vkichrh dks os viuh Mk;jh esa fy•us yxsA
vkarfjd }U}ksa ds chp esa iM+ os m/sM+cqu esa th jgs FksA ysfdu ekufld }U} ds ;q¼&LFky ds fdlh
,d dksus esa lkfgR; lsok dh ckr iwjh laHkkouk ds lkFk vo'; nch gqbZ FkhA os ns'kçse dh dfork
xkus esa •q'kh eglwl djrs FksA ns'kçse dh dfork xkus ls mUgsa ,d rjg dh vkarfjd 'kfÙkQ feyrh
FkhA os Lo;a fy•rs gSa %
¶mu fnuksa tc vktknh dh yM+kbZ gks jgh Fkh vkSj ckn esa Hkh ladV] nq• vkSj fujk'kk ds le;
eSaus bl xhr dks ,dkar esa xk&xkdj lkgl] 'kfÙkQ vkSj lacy çkIr fd;k gSA ;kn dh xbZ vU;
dforkvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh esjh ;gh fLFkfr jgrh gSA Hkko&foày ân; dh Hkk"kk gS dfork] vr% ân;
ls ân; dh ckr gksuk vklku gSA ysfdu vk'p;Z dh ckr rks ;g gS fd ân; dh xgjkb;ksa ls fudyh
Ükàxkj jl dh dfork,¡ Hkh fgEer nsrh gSa vkSj vkidks ekuoh; lPpkb;ksa ds i{k esa •M+k gksus dh rkdr
HkhA¸7 os dgrs gSa fd ¶tc eSa cM+k gqvk] ml le; ns'k xqyke FkkA Lora=krk ds fy, yM+us okys
ns'k HkÙkQksa dh dqckZfu;ksa us eq>s dkiQh >d>ksjkA mlds ckn & ,d ;k nks o"kZ ckn gh eq>s ekDlZoknh
fopkj/kjk ls ifjfpr gksus dk volj feykA¸8
lu~ 1946 bZú esa tc ns'k dk Lora=k gksuk fuf'pr gks x;k rc mUgksaus viuh i<+kbZ iqu% 'kq:
dhA Lora=krk rks feyh ijUrq vk'kk,¡ iwjh ugha gks ldhaA ns'k foHkktu vkSj foHkktu ls mRiUu fodV
fLFkfr us vejdkar th dks vanj rd >d>ksj fn;kA
Nk=kkokl] çxfr'khy ys•d la?k] i=kdkj ,oa jpukdkjksa dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko% bykgkckn
ds fgUnw cksfM±x gkml esa jgdj vejdkar us Lukrd dh i<+kbZ iwjh dhA MkW- j?kqoa'k Hkh blh Nk=kkokl
esa jgdj 'kks/ dj jgs FksA bl le; rd vejdkar fgUnh lkfgR; txr ls ifjfpr ugha FksA mudk
fo"k; Hkh fgUnh ugha FkkA Ldwy ds fnuksa ds fe=kksa ls mudh eqykdkr fiQj bl Nk=kkokl esa gqbZA bu
fe=kksa ds lkFk feydj mUgksaus ,d gLrfyf•r if=kdk fudkyhA lkfgR; vè;;u dk fo"k; ugha gksus
ij Hkh x.ks'k çlkn us tks lkfgR; fu"Bk dk cht vejdkUr ds vanj cks;k x;k Fkk] og vadqfjr gksus
yxk FkkA
vkxjk fo'ofo|ky; ls Lukrd djus ds ckn mUgksua s i<+kbZ NksM+ nhA vkxjk esa gh jgus okyk pkpk
lk/q'kj.k oekZ dh enn ls vkxjk ls fudyus okyk nSfud i=k ^lSfud* ds laikndh; foHkkx esa mUgsa
ukSdjh fey xbZA ^lSfud* esa gh dk;Zjr fo'oukFk HkVsys ds lkFk os çxfr'khy ys•d la?k dh cSBd
esa tkus yxsA bUgha cSBdksa esa mudh eqykdkr MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ] jktsaæ ;kno] jktsaæ j?kqoa'kh] ?ku';ke
vLFkkuk] iÁ flag 'kekZ] deys'oj] jkax;s jk?ko tSls lkfgR;dkjksa ls gqbAZ ogk¡ mudk ifjp; ,d xty
xk;d ds :i esa djk;k x;kA vark{kjh Vhe dk lnL; gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa cgqr lkjh iafÙkQ;k¡ xtyksa
vkSj dforkvksa dh ;kn Hkh FkhaA vius dks dfo dgyokus esa mudh #fp ,dne ugha Fkh] ijUrq
jkefoykl 'kekZ dk vkxzg os Vky ugha ldrs FksA blls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, mUgksaus dgkuh fy•us
dk fu'p; fd;kA vxyh cSBd esa mUgksaus fcuk nsj fd, •qn ?kks"k.kk dj nh fd os dgkuh lquk,¡xsA
vkSj mUgksaus viuh dgkuh ^baVjO;w* lqukbZA lHkh lnL;ksa us bl dgkuh dh Hkjiwj ç'kalk dhA ;gha ls
vejdkar dks ,d lkfgfR;d igpku feyuh 'kq: gks xbZA MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ ls os cgqr çHkkfor
FksA vejdkar fy•rs gSa %
¶vxj eSa çxfr'khy ys•d la?k dh ehfVax esa ugha x;k gksrk vkSj jkefoykl 'kekZ dh çjs.kk
ugha feyh gksrh rks eSa vc rd HkVdrk jgrkA¸9 mudh çFke dgkuh ^ckcw* 1949 bZú esa ^lSfud*
if=kdk esa NihA ^bUVjO;w* (1952 bZú) dgkuh MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ tSls fnXxt leh{kd }kjk ç'kaflr
gqbAZ
rhu o"kZ rd vkxjk esa jgus ds ckn vejdkarth bykgkckn okil vk x,A bykgkckn ls fudyus
okys ^ve`r* uked nSfud if=kdk ds laikndh; foHkkx esa mUgsa dk;Z feyk x;kA os ;gk¡ Hkh çxfr'khy
ys•d la?k ls tqM+s jgsA îfjey* vkSj ^çxfr'khyksa* dh uksad&>ksad ls Hkh os voxr gq,A HkSjo çlkn
xqIr] ekd±Ms;] 'ks•j tks'kh] vkseçdk'k okYehfd] deys'oj] nq";ar dqekj] 'ke'ksj cgknqj flag] ve`r
jk;] JhÑ".k nkl] usehpan tSu] igkM+h] MkW- ,tkt gqlSu vkfn vusd fganh vkSj mnZw jpukdkjksa dk
lkfuè; mUgsa çkIr gqvkA vejdkar fy•rs gSa %
¶/eZ] jktuhfr] f'k{kk ,oa lkfgR; dk çeq• dsUæ Fkk bykgkcknA ;gk¡ dk fo'ofo|ky; ns'kHkj
esa e'kgwjA çns'k ds lokZsÙke yM+ds f'k{kk ds fy, bykgkckn vkrs vkrs FksA yxrk Fkk fd fgUnh ds
reke ç[;kr ys•d bykgkckn esa gh jgrs gSaA fujkyk] lqfe=kkuanu iar] egknsoh oekZ] 'ke'ksj cgknqj
flag] çdk'k pUæ xqIr] Jhir jk;] ve`r jk;] HkSjo çlkn xqIr] JhÑ".k nkl] usehpan tSu] MkW- Hkxor
'kj.k mikè;k;] xaxk çlkn ikaMs;] ujs'k esgrk] igkM+h] /eZohj Hkkjrh] loZs'ojn;ky lDlsuk] y{eh
dkUr oekZ] y{eh ukjk;.k yky rFkk vusd vU; mHkjrs ;qok ys•dA rc Hkqous'oj Hkh fof{kIr
voLFkk esa ;gha jgrs FksA¸10
bykgkckn ds lkfgfR;d ifjos'k ls os vPNh rjg tqM+ x,A HkSjo çlkn xqIr vkSj 'ke'ksj cgknqj
flag ls vejdkarth lokZf/d çHkkfor gq,A ekd±Ms; vkSj 'ks•j tks'kh muds fç; fe=kksa esa ls FksA
vejdkar vkSj 'ks•j tks'kh dh tksM+h ^t;&oh:* dh rjg çfl¼ FkhA bykgkckn ls fudyus okyh
HkSjo çlkn xqIr dh ^dgkuh* if=kdk ds os ilanhnk dgkuhdkj FksA bykgkckn esa 'kq:&'kq: esa vejdkar
lHkh ds fy, vifjfpr gh FksA Jh çdk'k pUæ xqIr mUgsa igys ls tkurs FksA
vejdkar dks jtqvk dgkuh dk var ugha lw> jgk Fkka blfy, dgkuh ^ftUnxh vkSj tksad* tYnh
ugha fy•h tk jgh FkhA mUgsa ^ve`r* if=kdk ds vius lhfu;j i=kdkj fe=k Ñ".k paæ 'kekZ ls og
var feykA 'kekZth us mUgsa crk;k fd muds }kj ij ,d fnu ,d etnwj vk;k] ftlds flj ij dkSvk
vkdj cSB x;k FkkA xk¡oksa esa flj ij dkS, dk cSBuk cM+k vi'kxqu ekuk tkrk gS vkSj bl vi'kxqu
dks Vkyus dk ,d rjhdk ;g le>k tkrk gS fd lacaf/r O;fÙkQ ds fdlh fudV fj'rsnkj dks >wB&ewB
fy• fn;k tk; fd lacaf/r O;fÙkQ ej x;k gSA og etnwj 'kekZth ls vius fj'rsnkj dks fy•ok;k
fd etnwj dk fu/u gks x;k gSA cl vejdkar th dks bl dgkuh dk var fey x;kA ^ladsr* if=kdk
esa Nidj jtqvk dh dgkuh ^ftanxh vkSj tksad* dkiQh yksdfç; gqb±A MkW- ok".kZs; us ml dgkuh dks
chú ,ú ikBÔØe esa yxk;kA og dgkuh chú,pú;wú esa Hkh ikBÔØe esa 'kkfey dh x;h gSA mudk
miU;kl ^[kcjksa dk lwjt* i=kdkj thou ij vk/kfjr gS] tks v/wjk gSA
chekj voLFkk esa y•uÅ vkdj vejdkar grk'k ugha gq,A mUgksaus vius iQkmUVsu isu esa fiQj
ls L;kgh Mkyh vkSj ^nksigj dk Hkkstu* uked l'kÙkQ dgkuh fy•dj viuh 'kfÙkQ dks dsfUær fd;kA
mlds ckn rks os yxkrkj fy•rs gh jgsA vkxs pydj mUgsa çsepan] tSusUæ] vKs;] bykpaæ tks'kh vkSj
fo'o lkfgR; ls ifjp; çkIr gqvk rks mudh le> vkSj fodflr gksrh pyh xbZA 1954 bZú esa chekj
iM+us ij mudk ckgj fudyuk de gks x;k Fkk] ijUrq mudk ys•u dk;Z tkjh gh jgkA os u;s jpukdkjksa
dks Hkh i<+ jgs FksA os dgrs gSa %
¶i=k&if=kdkvksa ds fo"k; esa eSa bruk t:j dguk pkgw¡xk fd ;fn mUgsa laxfBr <ax ls fudkyk
tk,xk rks yksx i<+saxsA mUgsa ikBdksa rd igq¡pkus dh ftEesnkjh Hkh fudkyus okyksa dh gSA b/j chekjh
ds dkj.k eSa cgqr u;s ys•dksa vkSj ysf•dkvksa dks i<+ ugha ik;k gw¡] fiQj Hkh] mn; çdk'k] vf•ys'k]
eS=ks;h] eerk dkfy;k] fp=kk eqn~xy us vPNh dgkfu;k¡ vkSj miU;kl fy•s gSaA¸11
ns'k foHkktu] Hkh"k.k ujlagkj ,oa vU; çHkko % le> ds fodflr gksus ls vejdkar ij
jksekal vkSj vkn'kZ ds çHkko de gksrs x,A ns'k foHkktu vkSj Hkh"k.k ujlagkj ls Hkh ;s de gq,A mUgha
ds 'kCnksa esa %
¶jksekal vkSj vkn'kZ ls eqÙkQ gksus dk ,d çeq• dkj.k vktknh ds le; foHkktu vkSj iQyLo:i
gqvk ujlagkj Hkh FkkA vki le> gh jgs gksaxs fd gesa vktknh ujlagkj ds chp feyhA bldk Hkh ,d
cM+k ^lsV cSd* yxkA tks yksx ns'k vkSj Hkkjr ekrk ds fy, cM+s&cM+s vkn'kZ cksyrs Fks] os gh yksx
lÙkk vkSj in ds fy, foHkktu dh ckr djus yxs] ftldk ifj.kke ujlagkj gqvk] mlls vkn'kZ ds
çfr tks ,d xgjh HkkokRedrk Fkh] og VwVh vkSj ;g le> esa vk;k fd vkn'kZ dksbZ gyqvk ugha gS]
ftls •k fy;k tk,A vkn'kZ ;FkkFkZ ds chp ls vkuk pkfg, u fd dksjh dYiuk ;k HkkokRedrk lsA¸12
vejdkar ;gk¡ çsepan ds ;FkkFkkZsUeq• vkn'kZokn ds djhc gSaA çsepan ds lkfgR; dks i<+dj os
lekt ds u, Lo:i ls voxr gq, vkSj lekt esa O;kIr va/fo'okl] 'kks"k.k] vR;kpkj] dqjhfr;ksa vkfn
dks ns•us dh mudh utfj;k cnyh ,oa fodkflr gqbZ A mUgksaus ;FkkFkZ thou esa la?k"kZ ds fy, vkn'kZ
dks vfuok;Z crk;kA lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk;k fd ;FkkFkZ ls la?k"kZ djrs gq, gh O;fÙkQ vkn'kks± dk fuekZ.k
dj ldrk gSA
vejdkar cgqr gh laosnu'khy O;fr FksA muls fdlh dk nq%• ugha ns•k tkrk FkkA vkil esa
>xM+k ;k eueqVko mUgsa fcYdqy ilan ugha FkkA etnwj oxZ us mUgsa cpiu ls gh viuh vksj vkdf"kZr
fd;k gSA etnwjksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dks ns•dj os fopfyr gks tkrs FksA thrksM+ esgur ds ckn Hkh
mUgsa mfpr etnwjh ugha feyuk vkSj muds 'kjhj ij ds fpFkM+s mUgsa O;kdqy dj fn;k djrsA fnuHkj
dh dM+h esgur ds ckn tc os viuh dkSfM+;ksa esa feyh ux.; etnwjh dk fglkc&fdrkc yxkrs rks
vejdkarth muds nqcys&irys 'kjhj] vanj dh rjiQ /als xky] psgjs ij fudyh gfîó;ksa dks ns•rsA
os rc rd dqN&dqN fxurh vkSj igkM+k lh• x, FksA fdlh Hkh fnu etnwjksa dks mUgksaus viuh dekbZ
dk ,d #i;k çkIr djrk ugha ik;kA etnwjksa dh ,slh fLFkfr;ksa dks ns•dj os mnkl gks tkrs FksA
lexzr% vejdkar vius vklikl ds okrkoj.k ds çfr os ges'kk gh ltx vkSj laosnu'khy jgs gSaA mÙkQ
lHkh fLFkfr;k¡ mUgsa vanj ls m}sfyr dj çsfjr djrh jgh gSaA
vejdkar dk thou la?k"kks± ls Hkjk jgkA vk; dk dksbZ fuf'pr lk/u ugha gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa
ges'kk vkfFkZd raxh >syuh iM+h FkhA Lora=k ys•u ls çkIr vk; ls os thou&;kiu djrs FksA ,d rjiQ
chekjh vkSj nwljh rjiQ vkfFkZd ijs'kkuhA bu lcls tw>rs gq, ys•u dyk dks cpk, j•uk ,d pqukSrh
FkkA vejdkar bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj dj tx dk tax thr x,A thou dh fo"kerkvksa ij fy•rs
le; os thou la?k"kZ dks pqukSrh ds :i esa ysrs FksA nwljksa ds nq•ksa] d"Vksa] la?k"kks±] nqfo/kvksa dks os
furkar futh ekudj jpuk esa mrkjs gSaA
vejdkar us vius vanj ,d vtc vuq'kklu fodflr fd;k FkkA vkRekuq'kklu gh mudh
çsjd&'kfÙkQ jgh gSA mudh jpukvksa esa Hkh vkRekuq'kklu fn•kbZ nsrk gSA muds O;fÙkQRo dh ljyrk]
lgtrk] ltxrk] leatu&{kerk vkSj laosnu'khyrk dh vfeV Nki mudh jpuk esa fo|eku gSA mudh
dgkfu;k¡ Hkkjrh; thou vkSj ifjos'k dk vewY; /jksgj gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa tks ns'khiu feyrk gS]
og yksxksa dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA vejdkar dks i<+us okys muds dk;y gq, fcuk jg gh ugha
ldrsA os rVLFk gksdj ekuo&thou dh lPpkb;ksa dks fpf=kr djrs gSa] tks ikBd dks vius gh thou
dh lPpkbZ yxrh gSA vkfFkZd raxh vkSj chekjh ds chp mUgksua s ys•u dks vius thou dk vkèkkj cukus
dk ladYi fy;k vkSj thou i;ZUr vius ladYi ij MVs jgsA Lokra=;ksÙkj ;qx dks lkekftd ç;kstu
dh dlkSVh ij jpus okys Økafrdkjh ys•d vejdkar ;FkkFkZoknh /kjk ds vf}rh; jpukdkj gSaA
lanHkZ %
1- dqN ;knsa dqN ckrsa] vejdkar] vejdkar o"kZ&1] i`-la-& 38
2- lk{kkRdkj] dFkkns'k] ekpZ 2006] i`-la-& 17
3- ns'k ds yksx vkSj og] vejdkar dh lEiw.kZ dgkfu;k¡] i`-la-& 4] 5
4- dqN ;knsa dqN ckrsa] vejdkar] laLej.k] i`-la-& 11
5- ns'k ds yksx vkSj og % vejdkar] o"kZ&1] i`-la-& 27
6- o"kZ&1] i`-la-&24] 25
7- dqN ;knsa dqN ckrsa] vejdkar] laLej.k] i`-la-&12]
8- feJ] lR;çdk'k ^vejdkUr ls ,d lk{kkRdkj*] i`-la-& 111
9- dqN ;knsa dqN ckrs] vejdkar] laLej.k] i`-la-& 25
10- dqN ;knsa dqN ckrsa] olq/k if=kdk] tqykbZ&flrEcj 2005] i`-la-& 32@
11- lk{kkRdkj] olq/k] tqykbZ&flrEcj 2005] i`-la-& 121
12- lk{kkRdkj] olq/k] tqykbZ&flrEcj 2005] i`-la-& 119
qqq

vkys [ k
vkpk;Z f'koiwtu lgk; dh dgkfu;k¡ % ,d ewY;kadu

m ehuk
vkpk;Z f'koiwtu lgk; fgUnh lkfgR; dh uhao dks iq[+rk djus okys ri%iwr lkfgR;dkjksa esa ls
,d FksA oLrqr% egkohj çlkn f}osnh ds ckn ftl O;fÙkQ us fgUnh lkfgR; ds mRFkku ds fy,
lokZfèkd m|ksx fd;k] os ckcw f'koiwtu lgk; gh FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;|fi muds lkfgfR;d&xq#
bZ'ojh çlkn 'kekZ Fks] rFkkfi viuk vkjkè; xq# os vkpk;Z f}osnh dks gh ekurs Fks vkSj mUgha ds
in&fpÉksa ij pyrs gq, os pqipki fgUnh&lkfgR; dh Jho`f¼ esa yxs jgsA dgk tkrk gS fd
fganh&uotkxj.k ds bl vxznwr us lkfgR;&l`tu dh vis{kk ^lkfgR;&lsok* ij viuk è;ku vf/d
dsfUær fd;kA bruk gh ugha] ftl mRlkg ls mUgksaus ^fgUnh&lsok* dk ozr fy;k] mlh mRlkg vkSj
n`<+rk ls mls fuHkk;k HkhA dgrs gSa fd ejus ds fnu rd mUgksaus viuh dye dks foJke ugha fn;k
FkkA rHkh rks mUgsa ^fgUnh dk n/hfp*] ^vtkr'k=kq* vkSj ^½f"k* rd dgk tkrk gSA lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh
^fujkyk* mUgsa ^fgUnh&Hkw"k.k* dgrs Fks] rks jkeo`{k csuhiqjh viuk ^lkfgfR;d firk*A D;ksafd bl egku
lkfgR;dkj ds fy, fgUnh&lsok gh jk"Vªlsok FkhA
njvly] os fgUnh dks ,d fo'oO;kih Hkk"kk curs gq, ns•uk pkgrs FksA cfYd mudk fo'okl
Fkk fd ,d fnu jk"Vªla?k dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgUnh gh gksxhA vLrq] os fgUnh dh mUufr ds fy, lnSo fpfUrr
jgrs FksA mUgksaus dgk Hkh Fkk& ¶ge lc fgUnh&HkÙkQksa dks feydj ,slk ç;Ru djuk pkfg, fd lkfgR;
ds lHkh vfodflr vaxksa dh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr iqf"V gks vkSj vfganh Hkkf"k;ksa dh eukso`fÙk fganh ds vuqdwy
gks tk,A muds fo"k; esa vkpk;Z gtkjhçlkn f}osnh us dgk Fkk&¶vkpk;Z f'koiwtu lgk; vR;ar
fu"Bkoku] lân; vkSj fujarj deZ djrs jgus eas fo'okl djus okys fgUnh ds ,d egku lkfgR;dkj
FksA dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh mUgksaus Å¡ps vkn'kks± vkSj lkfgR;dkj ds xkSjoiw.kZ vkRekfHkeku dks dHkh
ugha >qdus fn;kA mudh lkfgR; lsok,¡ cgqewY; FkhaA os uezrk] 'kkyhurk vkSj deZBrk ds ewfrZeku :i
FksA¸
vkpk;Z f'koiwtu lgk; dk dgkuh&ys•u ds fy, viuk ,d n`f"Vdks.k FkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk
fd lkfgR;&ys•u ;fn lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls tqM+ tk, rks og tuf'k{k.k vkSj lkaLÑfrd&mRFkku dk
,d l'kÙkQ ekè;e cudj mHkjrh gSA vkSj blh eas lkfgR; dh lkFkZdrk Hkh gSA ^foHkwfr* f'koiwtu
lgk; dh dgkfu;ksa dk vn~Hkqr laxzg gSA ;s dgkfu;k¡ fgUnh dFkk&lkfgR; dh vewY;&/jksgj gSaA
fgUnh&dgkuh dh fodkl&;k=kk esa bu dgkfu;ksa dk viuk fof'k"V ;ksxnku gSA
^foHkwfr* esa dqy lksyg dgkfu;k¡ gSA ^foHkwfr* dh Hkwfedk esa ys•d us Lo;a fy•k gS&¶bldh
iUæg dgkfu;k¡ ekSfyd gSa vkSj vafre dgkuh ^cqycqy vkSj xqykc* vaxt sz h ls vuqokfnr gS] tks vkWLdj

okbYM dh gSA ekSfyd dgkfu;k¡ lPph ?kVukvksa ds vk/kj ij gh fy•h xbZ gSaA dksbZ dgkuh dfYir
ugha gSA lcdk ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd vk/kj lR; gSA¸1 MkW- eaxyewfrZ dk fopkj gS fd vuqokfnr
dgkuh dks Hkh ,d ekSfyd jpuk dh rjg ns•k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd blesa ekSfyd l`tukRedrk dk
jax iwjh jpuk ij iQSyk gqvk fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA
êaqMeky* f'koiwtu lgk; dh igyh vej dgkuh gSA blesa ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe esa gkM+kjkuh
vkSj egkjkt pwMk+ or ds çse vkSj vkRe&R;kx dk euksoKS kfud o.kZu gSA L=kh dk vkd"kZ.k vkSj lEeksgu
fdl çdkj iq#"k dks dÙkZO;&ikyu ls foeq• vFkok f'kfFky dj nsrk gS] bldk cM+k gh ;FkkFkZoknh
fp=k.k bl dgkuh esa gqvk gSA ohj {kf=k; pwM+kor dh eu%fLFkfr egkHkkjr ds vtZqu tSlh çrhr gksrh
gS] tks eksgo'k vius dÙkZO; ls mnklhu cuk jgrk gSA ijUrq gkM+kjkuh dk eq.M ikdj og loZFkk fu}ZU}
gks tkrk gS vkSj lejHkwfe esa th&tku ls dwn iM+rk gSA oLrqr% jktiwr j.kckadqjksa o ohjkaxukvksa ds
viwoZ&'kkS;Z ,oa vfHkeku dk tSlk fp=k bl dgkuhdkj us •hapk gS og vU;=k nqyZHk gSA rHkh os fganh
lkfgR; esa ^'kSyh ds vkpk;Z* ekus tkrs gSaA2
,sfrgkfld ohjxkFkktfur dgkfu;ksa ds vfrfjÙkQ f'koiwtu ckcw us lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] :f<+;ksa
,oa mlds nq"ifj.kkeksa ij vk/kfjr lkekftd dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy•h gSAa ^çk;f'pr*] ôh.kk*] ^grHkkfxuh*
rFkk ^paærkjk* çHk`fr dgkfu;ksa esa ys•d us ukjh ds vkRe&cfynku dk cM+k gh ân;ækod n`';
vafdr fd;k gSA
^dgkuh dk IykV* budh lcls çkS<+ dgkuh gSA blesa vkpk;Z us fganw&lekt esa ukjh dk LFkku
fu/kZfjr djus dh ps"Vk dh gSA blds lkFk gh ngst&çFkk dh cqjkbZ dks mUgksaus lcds lkeus •ksydj
j• fn;k gSA njvly] dgkuh dk IykV gh dgkuh dh dyk gSA
^dqta h* f'koiwtu lgk; dh ,d vU; euksoKS kfud dgkuh gSA çks- eqjyh/j JhokLro ds vuqlkj
;g mudh lokZsRÑ"V jpuk gSA3 blesa ys•d us ^dqath* ds cgkus thou ds jgL; dk cM+k gh
fpÙkkd"kZd mn~?kkVu fd;k gSA muds 'kCnksa esa ¶;gh dqath esjs vKku dk rkyk •ksyus esa leFkZ gqbZA
ogha eSaus bl lalkj dk vlyh :i ns•kA ogha esjh rhljh vk¡• •qyhA¸
^rwrh&eSuk* esa ,d ouokfluh Hkksyh&Hkkyh LoPNan yM+dh dk jkt&çklkn ds foykflrkiw.kZ
thou&'kSyh esa <y tkus dk cM+k gh e/qj o.kZu gqvk gSA ^grHkkfxuh rkjk* rFkk ^çk;f'pr* esa ?kVuk
vR;ar eeZLi'khZ gSA ^•ksiM+h ds v{kj* esa fganw&lekt dh oSokfgd leL;k ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
^gBHkxrth* esa /eZ ds fgr Dys'k lgus okys lR;fu"B O;fÙkQ dk pfj=k vafdr gSA
ôh.kk* vkSj ^fopkjfp=k* uked dgkfu;k¡ x|&dkO; ds vf/d fudV gSaA ^'kj.kkxr&j{kk*
,sfrgkfld dFkk dks vk/kj cukdj fy•h xbZ gS] ftldk eq[; mís'; Hkkjro"kZ esa fganw&eqfLye ,drk
dks çksRlkfgr djuk gSA bu dgkfu;ksa ds vfrfjÙkQ Hkh mudh dqN vU; çdkf'kr dgkfu;k¡ gSa] ftuesa
^lrhRo dh mTToy çHkk* vkSj ^vuwBh v¡xwBh* mYys•uh; gSaA4
fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd mudh ;s dgkfu;k¡ vk/qfud 'kSyhxr n`f"V ls iqjkuh Hkys gh
gksa] ij çHkko] jl vkSj vius lkfgfR;d lkS"Bo ls ;s ikBdksa dks vuk;kl gh eqX/ dj ysrh gSaA ;gk¡
Hkk"kk dk ykfyR; gS] rks vkstxq.k dk etcwr vk/kj HkhA mudh Hkk"kk cM+h lgt FkhA bUgksaus vius
ys•u esa mnZw ds 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx /M+Yys ls fd;k gSA lekt esa çpfyr eqgkojksa dk lVhd ç;ksx
yksd#fp dks Nwus dh ps"Vk djrk gSA ijUrq dgha&dgha vyadkj ç/ku] vuqçkl cgqy laLÑfu"B Hkk"kk
dk O;ogkj Hkh gqvk gSA bu lcds e/qj&feJ.k ls muds x| esa i| dh NVk mRiUu gks xbZ gSA rFkkfi
muds ys•u esa xkEHkh;Z dk vHkko ugha gSA oLrqr% mudh dgkfu;ksa dh dFkkoLrq ftruh ;FkkFkZ ,oa
lektijd gS] mudh Hkk"kk Hkh fo"k;kuq:i ,oa jkspd gSA mudh Hkk"kk fo"k;&oLrq ds vuq:i curh]
cnyrh jgrh gSA Hkk"kk vkSj Hkko dk lkeatL; mudh dgkfu;ksa esa vR;Ur lqUnj :i esa gqvk gSA
Hkk"kk dh ,slh ljlrk] vuqçklksa dk bruk lqanj ç;ksx] rRle 'kCnksa dk Hkh bruk lgt ,oa
çokgiw.kZ ç;ksx ^f'koth* dh Hkk"kk esa gh ns•us dks feyrh gSA budh Hkk"kk FkksM+h&cgqr jktk
jkfèkdkje.k çlkn flag dh ^dqlqekatyh* dh Hkk"kk ls esy •krh gSA Hkk"kk ds laca/ esa mudh egÙkk
dk çfriknu djrs gq, MkW- dqekj foey us fy•k fd ¶lgk; th dh x|'kSyh dks Hkh eSa fganh lkfgR;
ds fy, mudh ,d nsu ekurk gw¡A¸5
bl çdkj ge ns•rs gSa fd f'koiwtuckcw us thou ls i`Fkd lkfgR; ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj
gh ugha fd;kA cfYd os blh ds bnZ&fxnZ viuh dgkfu;ksa dk rkuk&ckuk cqurs jgsA lkfgR; ,oa f'k{kk
ds {ks=k esa muds vçfre ;ksxnku dks lu~ 1960 esa îÁ&Hkw"k.k* nsdj lEekfur fd;k x;kA
fganh&lkfgR; ds ,sls vf}rh; dFkkf'kYih Fks vkpk;Z f'koiwtu lgk;A
lanHkZ %
1- foHkwfr] prqFkZ laLdj.k] 1950 dh Hkwfedk
2- çfrfuf/ dgkfu;k¡] çks- dsljh dqekj] i`-& 45
3- vk/qfud fcgkj ds x|&fuekZrk] çks- eqjyh/j JhokLro] i`- 12
4- fganh dgkuh ds fodkl esa fcgkj dk ;ksxnku] paæHkw"k.k feJ] i`- 40
5- lkfgR;rih vkpk;Z f'koiwtu lgk;] çks- dqekj foey] ubZ /kjk&f'koiwtu Le`fr vad] i`- 53
qqq

vkys [ k
gfj'kadj ijlkbZ ds fucaèkksa esa lkfgR;] lekt vkSj jktuhfr

m vCnqy yrhQ
vktknh ds iwoZ ftl çdkj çsepan us thou dh lPpkb;ksa dks vius jpuk deZ ds dsaæ esa
çfrf"Br fd;k Fkk] mlh çdkj vktkn Hkkjr esa gfj'kadj ijlkbZ us viuh ys•uh dk mi;ksx Bksl
;FkkFkZ ds fp=k.k esa fd;kA ledkyhu vkneh dh jkstejkZ dh rdyhiQ dks mUgksaus fudV ls ns•kA
vktknh ds ckn 'kkld oxZ ds Hkz"Vkpkj ls turk cqjh rjg ihfM+r FkhA bl dVq ;FkkFkZ dks ijlkbZ
us viuh jpukvksa ds ekè;e ls çLrqr fd;kA ,d çfrc¼ jpukdkj gksus ds ukrs gekjs lekt esa O;kIr
ik•.M] vekuoh;rk vkSj cgqe• q h Hkz"Vkpkjksa ij tksjnkj çgkj dj ifjorZu ds fy, turk dks tkx:d
fd;kA ijlkbZ ds lkfgR; ds lanHkZ esa fo'oukFk f=kikBh dk dguk gS fd& ¶gekjk fopkj gS fd Hkkjr
dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr ds fofo/ :iksa dks le>us ds fy, lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dh fdrkcksa
dks i<+us ls mruh tkudkjh ugha feyrh] ftruh dh ijlkbZ dh jpukvksa dks i<+us lsA¸1 ijlkbZ dk
lkfgR; cgqr gh çkekf.kd nLrkost gSA bls i<+dj dsoy vius ns'k dh gh ugha_ cfYd nqfu;k dh
jktuhfr ls ifjfpr gksrs gSaA ijlkbZ dh jpukvksa esa vius ;qx ds Hkkjr dk foæwie; ;FkkFkZ vkSj mlls
tw>rs eè;oxhZ; O;fÙkQ dk =kkln la?k"kZ gSA ijlkbZ us vius fucaèkksa ds ekè;e ls foÑr lekt dks
u;k ewY; nsus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
lekt ds fy, lkfgR; cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA D;ksafd lkfgR; lekt esa O;kIr folaxfr;ksa ds çfr
ikBdksa dks lpsr djrk gS vkSj og tSlk gS] ml fLFkfr ls Åij mBkuk pkgrk gSA lkfgR; lekt dks]
vkSj Lo;a dks le>us ds fy, çsfjr djrk gSA çfrc¼ lkfgR;dkj vius lkfgR;&l`tu ls yksxksa dks
u;h fn'kk nsrk gSA fdUrq tks pwd x, gSa] os lkfgR; dh çxfr dh jkg esa jksM+s cudj •M+s gks tkrs
gSaA ^çsepan ds iQVs twrs* fuca/ esa ijlkbZ blh leL;k dks lkeus j•rs gSaA bl fuca/ ds ekè;e ls
ijlkbZ us mu lkfgR;dkjksa ij O;aX; fd;k] tks okLrfod leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, turk dks
çsfjr u dj O;oLFkk ls le>kSrk dj ysrk gSA ;s ys•d çflf¼ ikus ds fy, ;k iw¡thifr vkSj
jktusrkvksa dk Ñikik=k cuus ds fy, lR; ls nwj jgrk gSA vkSj ,d çdkj ls vius ikBd dks /ks•k
nsrk gSA ijlkbZ çsepan dks ;kn djrs gSaA çsepan turk ds ys•d gSaA mUgksaus O;oLFkk ls le>kSrk djuk
ugha lh•k FkkA ysfdu lekt esa mudh fLFkfr ,slh gS & ¶iQksVksxzkiQj us tc ^jsMh&Iyht* dgk gksxk]
rc ijaijk ds vuqlkj rqeus eqLdku ykus dh dksf'k'k dh gksxh] nnZ ds xgjs dq,¡ ds ry esa dgha iM+h
eqLdku dks /hjs&/hjs •hap dj Åij fudky jgs gksxsa fd chp esa gh ^fDyd* djds iQksVksxzkiQj us
^FkSad ;w* dg fn;k gksxkA fofp=k gS ;g v/wjh eqLdkuA ;g eqLdku ugha blesa migkl gS] O;aX; gSA¸2
çsepan la?k"kZ'khy euq"; dh ml VªstsMh ds çrhd gSa tks ,d vksj vliQy gksrk gS nwljh vksj

lkFkZdA tks vius ls cM+h vekuoh; 'kfÙkQ ls ijkftr gksrk gS vkSj ekuo dh xfjek dks vkSnkÙk çnku
djrk gSA çsepan egku dFkkdkj] miU;kl lezkV] ;qx çorZd tkus D;k&D;k dgykrs Fks] ij mudk
twrk iQVk gSA og g¡l jgk gS mu yksxksa ds çfr tks fn•kos esa thrs gSA lekt folaxfriw.kZ gS& ¶twrk
ges'kk Vksih ls dherh jgk gSA vc rks twrs dh dher vkSj c<+ x;h gS vkSj ,d twrs ij iphlksa Vksfi;k¡
U;kSNkoj gksrh gSaA¸3
ij çsepan lgt vkSj vkMEcj jfgr gaSA og fn•kos esa th ugha ldrs vkSj jktusrk] iw¡thifr;ksa
ls le>kSrk djuk Hkh mUgsa ugha vkrkA
lkfgR; dk l`tu ,d ifo=k dke gSA ysfdu lkfgR; esa Hkh vc Hkz"Vkpkj dk cksyckyk gSA
lkfgR; dk mís'; reke çdkj dh folaxfr;ksa dks nwjdj ,d LoPN lekt dk fuekZ.k gS] ij ys•d
O;fÙkQxr LokFkZ ds fy, bl mís'; dks Hkwy pwdk gS & ¶lksprk gw¡] ge dgk¡ ds ifo=k gSaA geesa ls
vfèkdka'k us viuh ys•uh dks j.Mh cuk fn;k gS] tks iSls ds fy, fdlh ds Hkh lkFk lks tkrh gSA
lÙkk bl ys•uh ls cykRdkj dj ysrh gS vkSj ge fjiksVZ rd ugha djrsA¸4
ijlkbZ th mu oxks± ds i{k/j gSa] tks 'kksf"kr gSaA Hkkjr esa djksM+ks yksxksa dks vkt Hkh jksVh] diM+k]
edku vkfn cgqr gh eqf'dy ls çkIr gksrk gSA ij blh lekt esa ,sls Hkh yksx gSa] tks iSlk dk mi;ksx
euksjatu esa vf/d djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ lcdk ç;kstu vyx&vyx gSA jke cknyksa ds xtZu ls Mj jgk
gS] D;ksafd og fØ;kghu gSA ysfdu ,sls yksx Hkh gaS tks cknyksa ds xtZu ls Mjrs gSa rkfd isV •kyh
u jgs] edku esa ikuh Hkj u vk;s& ¶os fdlh fdjk;s ds edku esa prqekZl dkVrs rks HkkbZ dks ,slh
ckrsa FkksM+s gh fl•krs fd gs y{e.k ! ioZr cwanksa ds vk?kkr dks ,sls lg jgs gSa] tSls lar tu nq"Vksa
ds opu lgrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd gs y{e.k! esjs Bhd fljgkus ,d cM+k Vidk gS_ eq>s jkr dks uhan
ugha vkbZA vkt Bhd djkukA vkSj y{e.k ^tks vkKk* dgdj edku okyksa ls f'kdk;r djus py nsrsA
ioZr pkgs cw¡nksa dk vk?kkr fdruk gh lgsa] y{e.k cnkZ'r ugha djrsA os ck.k ekj dj cknyksa dks Hkxk
nsrs ;k edku ekfyd dk gh f'kjPNsn dj nsrsA¸5
lekt esa O;kIr Hkw•ejh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj nks ,sls rRo gSa] ftudk ykHk mBkdj dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ
lekt dk /uh O;fÙkQ cu ldrk gSA lekt esa O;kIr bu folaxfr;ksa ds fy, jktusrk vkSj iw¡thifr
oxZ leku :i ls mÙkjnk;h gSaA lÙkk esa vkus ds ckn lÙkk/kjh ny iw¡thifr;ksa ds lkFk feydj turk
dk 'kks"k.k djuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSa] tks vktknh ls ysdj vktrd ns•us dks fey jgk gSA ¶gs Hkkjr HkkX;
fo/krk] iatkc] fla/] xqtjkr] ejkBk] ækfoM+ mRdy cax& lc txg vU; dks ekjdj niQuk fn;k x;kA
dksfV&dksfV uj&ukjh vU; ladV ds lw=k esa ca/dj ,d gks x, gSaA Hkw•ejh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkjh gekjh
jk"Vªh; ,drk ds lcls rkdroj rRo cu x, gSaA¸6
bu reke folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, lpsr gksuk iM+sxk] çxfr'khy cuuk iM+sxk& ¶tks dkSe
Hkw• ls ekjh tkus ij flusek esa cSB tk;s] og vius fnu dSls cnysxh! vn~Hkqr lgu'khyrk gS bl
ns'k ds vkneh esaA vkSj cM+h Hk;kog rVLFkrk! dksbZ mls ihVdj mlds iSls Nhu ys] rks og nku dk
ea=k i<+us yxrk gSA¸7
lekt esa tc Hkz"Vkpkj c<+ tkrk gS] rc Hkz"V vkpj.k vkneh dk LoHkko cu tkrk gSA Hkz"Vrk
dk laLdkj bruk tM+ vkSj fu;ec¼ gks tkrk gS fd tks Hkz"V ugha gS] og lekt esa fof'k"V] vf}rh;
vkSj vlkèkkj.k u yxdj vtuch vkSj vlkekU; fn•kbZ nsus yxrk gSA ,sls yksxksa dks vO;kogkfjd
ekudj yksx ihNs&ihNs mu dh etkd mM+kus yxrs gSaA og lekt ls VwVdj vyx&Fkyx iM+ tkrk
gSA
^csbZekuh dh ijr* fuca/ esa ijlkbZth us bUgha folaxfr;ksa dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k gS & ¶ftUgsa eksVs
jguk gS] os nwljksa ij yns jgus dk lqHkhrk dj ysrs gSa & usrk turk ij ynrk gS] lk/q HkÙkQksa ij] vkpk;Z
egRokdka{kh Nk=kksa ij vkSj cM+k lkgc twfu;jksa ijA¸8
/eZ] lkfgR; vkSj jktuhfr vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa O;kIr folaxfr;ksa dk çHkko eè;oxZ vkSj fuEuoxZ
ij iM+rk gSA iafMr] jktusrk /eZ vkSj 'kklu ds uke ij 'kks"k.k djrk jgrk gSA blfy, lekt esa
Hksn&Hkko] Å¡p&uhp dh •kbZ c<+ tkrh gSA vehj vkSj vehj rFkk xjhc vkSj xjhc cu tkrk gS& ¶,d
vkSj rjg dh ltZjh gS] ftlesa fcuk pkdw ds isV dkVk tk ldrk gSA orZeku lH;rk esa bl jÙkQghu
ltZjh us dkiQh mUufr dh gSA tks nl&ik¡p ds isV dkV lds mldk isV cM+k gks tkrk gSA os lkjs
isV mlds isV esa fpid tkrs gSaA¸9
ftl lekt esa /eZ] tkfr] fyax vkfn dk Hksn Hkko pje ij gks] ml lekt esa U;k; fdl çdkj
fey ldrk gS\ tekuk ixMafM;ksa dk gSA vke lM+d ij pyus okyk csodwiQ ;k ikxy le>k tkrk
gSA ^jk/s';ke* iSls&iSls dh fcØh dk lgh fglkc j•k vkSj nÝrj ys x;kA ogk¡ mls dgk x;k gS
fd fglkc >wBk gS] blfy, mUgsa ?kwl nsuh iM+hA blfy, mUgksua s egaxk bZeku NksM+ fn;kA ,d L=kh ukSdjh
ds flyflys esa ,d cM+s vkneh ds ikl lPpfj=krk dk çek.k&i=k ysuh xbZA cM+s vkneh us mls
'k;u&d{k esa ys tkuk pkgkA blfy, ijlkbZ th dgrs gSa & ¶igys nsork vkneh cudj Bxrs Fks] vc
vkneh nsork cudj Bxrs gSaA¸10
^f'kdk;r eq>s Hkh gS* fuca/ esa ijlkbZth us ns'k dh mu uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk dh ftlesa
çfrHkkvksa dk vknj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA vU;k;] vfu;e vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k ,d oSKkfud dks
mldh t:jr dk lkeku Hkh miyC/ ugha djk;k tkrk] ftlds dkj.k os fons'kksa dh vksj :•dj
tkrsA bl Hkz"Vkpkj dk uewuk ijlkbZ us bl çdkj çLrqr fd;k gS & ¶,d oSKkfud dks eSaus fpidk
fn;k FkkA ,d fnu og cM+h iQqrhZ esa dgha pyk tk jgk FkkA gekjs ,y-Mh-lh- us mls idM+ fy;kA
iwNk] ¶dgk tk jgs gks\¸ mlus dgk] ¶ç;ksx'kkykA ,d cf<+;k pht lw> x;h gSA¸ ,y- Mh- lh- us
mldk gkFk iM+dj dgk] ¶,sls ugha tk ldrsA ^Fkzw çkij pSuy* tkvksA ykSVksA¸ og ^Fkzw çkij pSuy*
le>k gh ughaA og mls bafXy'k pSuy le>k vkSj ikj dj x;kA lquk gS bafXy'k pSuy viuh çkij
pSuy ls de pkSM+h gSA¸11
vktknh ds ckn ls lcls T;knk Hkz"Vkpkj jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa ns•us dks feyrk gSA ftldk çHkko
lkfgR;] /eZ] lekt lHkh ij iM+kA lÙkk esa cus jgus ds fy, jktusrk fdlh Hkh gn rd tk ldrs
gSaA gekjs lekt esa lR; dbZ ijrksa ds uhps nck gSA ^fodykax J¼k dk nkSj* fuca/ esa ijlkbZ th us
bu ncs lR; dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k gS & ¶ftl usr`Ùo ij J¼k Fkh] mls uaxk fd;k tk jgk gSA tks u;k
usrR` o vk;k gS] og mrkoysiu esa vius diM+s •qn mrkj jgk gSA dqN usrk rks vaMjfo;j esa gh gSAa dkuwu
ls fo'okl x;kA vnkyr ls fo'okl Nhu fy;k x;kA cqf¼thfo;ksa dh uLy ij gh 'kadk dh tk jgh
gSA MkWDVjksa dks chekjh iSnk djus okyk fl¼ fd;k tk jgk gSA dgha dksbZ J¼k ugha] fo'okl ughaA¸12
ijlkbZ th us lcls T;knk O;aX; jktuhfrd folaxfr;ksa ij fd;k gSA D;ksafd os jktuhfr dks euq";
thou dh lcls cM+h fu.kkZ;d 'kfÙkQ ekurs gSaA ¶thou ,d lEiw.kZ rF; gSA jktuhfr gekjs thou dk
fgLlk gS] jktuhfr esa cM+h 'kfÙkQ gksrh gS] og euq"; dh fu;fr r; djrh gSA¸13 ijlkbZ th ekDlZoknh
fopkj/kjk ds leFkZd Fks] os fdlh Hkh leL;kvksa dk gy ekDlZoknh n`f"V ls djuk pkgrs gSa & ¶ftls
jktuhfrd fopkj/kjk dgk tkrk gS] og lEiw.kZ thou&n'kZu gS_ og ekDlZokn gSA og dsoy jkt lÙkk
dk o.kZu ugha gSA thou dh iw.kZ O;k[;k gSA bfrgkl dh iw.kZ O;k[;k gSA¸14 ijlkbZ th ds vuqlkj
lekt dk dksbZ Hkh egRoiw.kZ dke vjktuSfrd ugha gks ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ jktuhfr ls vyx
ugha jg ldrk gSA vxj dksbZ lkfgR;dkj vius dks vjktuSfrd dgrk gSa] rks og okLro esa lekt
ds çeq• leL;kvksa ls nwj jguk pkgrk gSA ijlkbZ th dgrs gSa & ¶jktuhfr ls eq>s ijgst ughaA tks
ys•d jktuhfr ls iYyk cpkrs gSa] os oksV D;ksa nsrs gSa\ oksV nsus ls gh jktuhfr r; gksrh gSA cqf¼thoh
pkgs lfØ; jktuhfr esa Hkkx u ys] ij og vjktuSfrd ugha gks ldrkA tks vjktuSfrd gksus dk nkok
djrs gSa] mudh jktuhfr cM+h •rjukd vkSj xanh gksrh gSA¸15
vktknh ds ckn ds jktuhfrd voljokfnrk] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn vkfn ls ijlkbZ th Hkyh çdkj
ifjfpr FksA ftldk çek.k ^fBBqjrk gqvk x.kra=k* fuca/ esa feyrk gSA fczfV'k 'kklu esa pkjksa rjiQ
vU;k;] vR;kpkj] Hkz"Vkpkj] Å¡p&uhp dk HksnHkko vkfn leL;kvksa dk dkj.k vaxst z h 'kklu gh yxrk
FkkA blfy, ns'k ds lHkh oxks± ds yksxksa us Hkkjr dks vktkn djkus esa viuk ;ksxnku fd;kA ij Lora=krk
ds ckn Hkh bu leL;kvksa dk dksbZ lek/ku ugha gqvkA vktknh ds ckn ,d lPpk lektokn ykdj
vke turk dks U;k; fnykuk Fkk] ij ;g lc ,d liuk gh cuk jgkA lHkh jktuhfrd ikfVZ;k¡
lektokn ykus dh ?kks"k.kk viuh ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa djrh gSaA vke turk rkfy;k¡ ctkrh gS & ¶ysfdu
ge ugha ctk jgs gSa] fiQj Hkh rkfy;k¡ ct jgh gSaA eSnku esa tehu ij cSBs os yksx ctk jgs gSa] ftuds
ikl gkFk xekZus ds fy, dksV ugha gSA yxrk gS] x.kra=k fBBqjrs gq, gkFkksa dh rkfy;ksa ij fVdk gSA
x.kra=k dks mUgha gkFkksa dh rkyh feyrh gS] ftuds ekfyd ds ikl gkFk xje djus ds fy, xeZ diM+k
ugha gSA¸16
vktknh ds ckn ns'k esa Hkz"Vkpkj] lkEçnkf;drk] tkfrxr HksnHkko vkfn çeq• leL;k jgk gS]
tks vkt Hkh dk;e gSA ;s leL;k,¡ Hkkjr ds gj jkT; esa O;kIr gaSA ij x.kra=k ls ekjs gesa x.kra=k dh
tks >k¡dh fudyrh gS] og fodkl&dk;Z] tuthou] bfrgkl vkfn ij vk/kfjr jgrs gSaA ijlkbZ th
ds vuqlkj ;s viuh jkT; dh çfrfuf/Ro ugha djrh gSaA os ekuoh;rk dks 'keZlkj djus okyh mu
?kVukvksa dks ;kn fnykrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k og jkT; varjjk"Vªh; ppkZ dk fo"k; cuk gqvk Fkk &
¶xqtjkr dh >k¡dh esa bl lky naxs dk n`'; gksuk pkfg,] tyrk gqvk ?kj vkSj vkx esa >ksads tkrs
cPpsA fiNys lky eSaus mEehn dh Fkh fd vka/z dh >k¡dh esa gfjtu tykrs gq, fn•k, tk;saxsA exj
,slk ugha fn•kA ---esjs eè; çns'k us nks lky igys lR; ds utnhd igq¡pus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA >k¡dh
esa vdky&jkgr dk;Z cryk;s x, FksA ij lR; v/wjk jg x;k FkkA eè; çns'k ml lky jkgr&dk;ks±
ds dkj.k ugha] jkgr&dk;ks± esa ?kiys ds dkj.k e'kgwj gqvk FkkA¸17
bl çdkj ijlkbZ th us vktknh ds ckn ds Hkkjr dk okLrfod fp=k çLrqr fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds
vktkn gksrs gh jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj] lkEçnkf;drk] tkfrxr Hksn Hkko vkfn vusd leL;k lkeus
vk;haA vkSj jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa us bu leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds cnys bldk mi;ksx vius futh LokFkZ
ds fy, fd;kA bu lcdk cqjk vlj lcls T;knk eè;oxZ vkSj fuEuoxZ ij iM+kA vkSj jktusrk ,oa
iw¡thifr;ksa us feydj ftl çdkj bu nksuksa oxks± dk 'kks"k.k fd;k mldk flyflysokj o.kZu ijlkbZ
ds fuca/ksa esa feyrk gSA
lUnHkZ %
1- f=kikBh] fo'oukFk & gfj'kadj ijlkbZ] eksuksxzkiQ] i`"B 80
2- Kkujatu (laiknd)] ^çsepan ds iQVs twrs* (O;aX; laxgz )] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh] nlok¡ laLdj.k
2015] i`"B 33
3- ogh] i`"B 34
4- ogh] i`"B 118
5- ogh] i`"B 24
6- ogh] i`"B 52
7- ogh] i`"B 53
8- ogh] i`"B 45
9- ogh] i`"B 47
10- ogh] i`"B 77
11- ogh] i`"B 134
12- ogh] i`"B 105
13- lkfjdk] 1 ekpZ 1980] i`"B 31
14- ogh] i`"B 31
15- deyk] çlkn (la-)] vk¡•u ns•h] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] f}rh; laLdj.k 2000] i`"B 102
16- Kkujatu (la-)] ^çsepan ds iQVs twrs*] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh] nlok¡ laLdj.k 2015] i`"B 42
17- ogh] i`"B 42
qqq

dks'k&dk;Z
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* dh Hkwfedk

m deys'k oekZ
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa Nk;kokn ds pkj dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa ls çfof"V;k¡ yh x;h

gSaA 1918&1936 ds nkSj esa Nk;koknh dfork fy•usokyksa dh cM+h la[;k Fkh] exj dkyØe ls ;g
ekU;rk :<+ gks x;h fd Nk;koknh dfo ds rkSj ij t;'kadj çlkn (1889&1937)] lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh
fujkyk (1898&1961)] lqfe=kkuanu iar (1900&1977) vkSj egknsoh oekZ (1907&1988) dh
dforkvksa dks gh le>k tk,A ukeoj flag us Nk;kokn ds uke vkSj dfo;ksa ij fopkj djus ds Øe
esa fy•k gS] ¶Nk;kokn uke lcls iqjkuk gksus ds lkFk gh çlkn] fujkyk] iar] egknsoh dh dfork
ds fy, :<+ Hkh gks x;k gSA ,slh gkyr esa ^Nk;kokn* 'kCn dk vFkZ pkgs tks gks] ijarq O;kogkfjd
n`f"V ls ;g çlkn] fujkyk] iar] egknsoh dh mu leLr dforkvksa dk |ksrd gS] tks 1918 ls 36*
bZ- ds chp fy•h x;haA Nk;kokn dh euekuh ifjHkk"kk djus dh vis{kk mlds ,sfrgkfld vkSj
O;kogkfjd vFkZ dks Lohdkj djuk vf/d oSKkfud gSA¸1
blfy, çLrqr dks'k esa Nk;kokn ds bu pkj dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa ls gh çfof"V;k¡ yh x;h
gSAa bu pkjksa dfo;ksa dh lHkh dfork,¡ Nk;kokn ds varxZr 'kkfey ugha dh x;h gSAa çlkn vkSj egknsoh
dh dforkvksa dk T;knkrj fgLlk Nk;koknh gSA fujkyk dh yxHkx vk/h dfork,¡ Nk;koknh nkSj esa
fy•h x;h gSaA iar dh dforkvksa dk xSj&Nk;koknh fgLlk mudh Nk;koknh dforkvksa dh rqyuk esa
cgqr cM+k gSA bu pkj dfo;ksa dh Nk;koknh dforkvksa dk fooj.k dqN bl çdkj curk gS &
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha t;'kadj çlkn dh jpuk,¡ &
dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ % >juk (1918)] ygj (1935)] vk¡lw (1925@1933)] dkek;uh (1936)]
vladfyr dfork,¡
ukVÔ&Ñfr;k¡ % bu ukVdksa esa lfEefyr xhr@dfork,¡
fo'kk• (1921)] vtkr'k=kq (1922)] tUest; dk ukx&;K (1924)] dkeuk
(1927)] ,d ?kw¡V (1929)] LdUnxqIr (1928)] pUæxqIr (1931)] èkzqoLokfeuh
(1933)] vfXufe=k (viw.kZ)
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha t;'kadj çlkn dh dqy dforkvksa dh la[;k &
dfork,¡ & 94
çca/kRed dkO;&iqLrd & 02 (vk¡lw] dkek;uh)
ukVdksa esa xhr@dfork,¡ & 111
1- Nk;kokn & ukeoj flag] jktdey çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] 1993] i`-& 16
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh ^fujkyk* dh jpuk,¡
dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ % vukfedk (1923@1939)] ifjey (1929)] xhfrdk (1936)] rqylhnkl (1934@1939)]
24 vladfyr dfork,¡] 02 dfork,¡ ^xhr&xqat* ls
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh ^fujkyk* dh dqy dforkvksa dh
la[;k
dfork,¡ & 228
çca/kRed dkO;&iqLrd & 01(rqylhnkl)
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha lqfe=kkuanu iar dh jpuk,¡
dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ % oh.kk(1927)] xzfUFk(1920@1929)] iYyo (1926)] xqatu (1932)] ;qxkUr(1936)]
ukVÔ&Ñfr;k¡ % T;ksRLuk (1934)] ijh (tuojh] 1925)
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha lqfe=kkuanu iar dh dqy dforkvksa dh la[;k &
dfork,¡ & 176
çca/kRed dkO;&iqLrd & 01 (xzfUFk)
ukVdksa esa xhr@dfork,¡ & 50
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha egknsoh oekZ dh jpuk,¡ %
uhgkj (1930)] jf'e (1932)] uhjtk (1935)] lkaè;xhr (1936)] nhif'k•k (1942)
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;ha egknsoh oekZ dh dqy dforkvksa dh la[;k &
dfork,¡ & 236
Åij dh lwph ls dqN ckrsa lkeus vkrh gSaA igyh ckr ;g fd bu pkjksa dfo;ksa ds ,d ls vf/d
dkO;&laxzg çdkf'kr gq, FksA çlkn] fujkyk vkSj iar us çca/kRed jpuk,¡ fy•h Fkha] exj egknsoh us dksbZ
Hkh çca/kRed dkO;&iqLrd ugha fy•h FkhA çlkn vkSj iar us vius ukVdksa esa xhrksa dh Hkh jpuk dh FkhA
fujkyk vkSj egknsoh us ukVd fy•s gh ugha FksA ifjf'k"V esa bu pkjksa ys•dksa dh lEiw.kZ Ñfr;ksa dh lwph
nh x;h gS] ftls ns•dj tkuk tk ldrk gS fd mudh fdu jpukvksa dks Nk;kokn dh lhek ls ckgj ekuk x;k
gSA bl lhek ds fu/kZj.k dk vk/kj çk;% 1918 ls 1936 dh vof/ dks gh cuk;k x;k gSA bldk ,dek=k
viokn 1942 esa çdkf'kr egknsoh oekZ dk dkO;&laxzg ^nhif'k•k* gSA bl laxzg esa 1936 ls 1942 rd
dh dfork,¡ laxg` hr gSAa 1936 ds ckn dh dfork,¡ gksus ds ckotwn ^nhif'k•k* dh igpku Nk;koknh&jgL;oknh
dkO;&laxzg ds :i esa gh jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl laxzg ls Hkh çfof"V;k¡ yh x;h gSA
bl dks'k esa yxHkx 12664 çfof"V;k¡ gSAa ifjek.k dh n`f"V ls t;'kadj çlkn us lcls T;knk Nk;koknh
dfork,¡ fy•h Fkha] blfy, mudh dforkvksa ls yh x;h çfof"V;ksa dh la[;k Hkh ckdh rhuksa ls T;knk gSaA
çlkn ls 4599] fujkyk ls 3648] iar ls 2224 vkSj egknsoh ls 2193 çfof"V;k¡ bl dks'k esa yh x;h gSa]
ftUgsa tksM+dj dqy la[;k curh gS & 12664 çklafxd rkSj ij mYys• fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ^fujkyk
dkO;&dks'k* esa yxHkx 6500 vkSj ^çlkn dkO;&dks'k* esa yxHkx 6600 çfof"V;k¡ ekStwn gSaA bu nksuksa dks'kksa

ls dsoy Nk;koknh dforkvksa dh çfof"V;k¡ ysdj bl ^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey dh x;h gSaA çR;sd dfo
ls yh x;h çfof"V;ksa dh la[;k ls vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd 'kCn dh n`f"V ls fdl dfo us Nk;koknh dfork
dks fdruk foLrkj fn;kA ukeoj flag us Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa t;'kadj çlkn ds egÙo dks fcYdqy Bhd igpkuk
Fkk] ¶çlkn bu lHkh dfo;ksa dh liQyrkvksa dks iqathHkwr djus esa lcls vf/d liQy jgsA blhfy, mudh
^dkek;uh* Nk;kokn dk çfrfuf/ dkO; gSA çlkn esa uoksUes"k lcls de gS] fiQj Hkh Nk;kokn dk iwjk çfrfufèkRo
ogh djrs gSaA¸2 bl dks'k dh ,d frgkbZ çfof"V;k¡ çlkn ls yh x;h gSaA
mYys•uh; gS fd çlkn ds dkO; dk T;knkrj fgLlk Nk;koknh nk;js esa 'kkfey gS] tcfd fujkyk ds dkO;
dk dsoy vk/k fgLlkA ^fujkyk jpukoyh* ds nks •aMksa esa mudh dfork,¡ ladfyr gSa] ftuesa ls dsoy igys •aM
dh dfork,¡ (vafre 26 dforkvksa dks NksM+dj) Nk;koknh nkSj esa jph x;h gSaA iar us foiqy ek=kk esa dfork,¡ jph
Fkha] ysfdu mudh dqy dforkvksa dk vf/dre 20 çfr'kr fgLlk gh Nk;koknh nk;js esa vkrk gSA egknsoh dh
dforkvksa dk vf/dka'k Nk;koknh gSA
Nk;koknh dforkvksa dks i<+rs gq;s 'kCnksa ds vFkZ rd igq¡pus dh çfØ;k dks ;g dks'k vius Hkhrj lesVs gq,
gSA ^fujkyk dkO;&dks'k*3 vkSj ^çlkn dkO;&dks'k*4 dh rjg gh çLrqr dks'k esa ik¡p dkWye cuk, x, gSa &
1- 'kCn & 'kCn&p;u ds vk/kj & vFkZ dh dfBukbZ] lkekfld in] fof'k"V vFkZ esa ç;qÙkQ 'kCnA bl dks'k
esa v/Z iapek{kj dh txg vuqLokj dks çkFkfedrk nh x;h gS] rkfd ,d:irk cuh jgsA Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us bu
nksuksa :iksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gS] tSls& vapy@v×k~py] vuar@vuUr] dacq@dEcq vkfnA dks'k ds ^'kCn* dkWye esa
vapy] vuar] dacq vkfn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq ^dkO;&iafÙkQ* esa ^xzUFkkoyh@jpukoyh* ds ikB dks j•k x;k
gSA 'kCnksa ls cuh çfof"V;ksa dks o.kkZuqØe ls rks j•k gh x;k gS] blesa ,d vkSj O;oLFkk cukus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k
gSA Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa mez ds vuqlkj ofj"Brk dk Øe bl çdkj curk gS & çlkn&fujkyk&iar&egknsohA ;fn
dksbZ çfof"V pkjksa dfo;ksa esa feyh gS rks mUgsa j•us dk Øe ;gh ofj"Brk viuk;h x;h gS] tSls &
varLry& ^mBrh varLry ls lnSo % ân;] vkarfjd Hkko ç-xz-a &2@157 bZ";kZ@dkek;uh
nqyZfyr ykylk tks fd dkar*
♦ ûHk&lkxj ds varLry esa tSls fNi tkrk egk ehu* % •wc vUnj] xgjkbZ esa ç-xz-a &2@178 bM+k@dkek;uh
♦ ^dsoy vUrLry esa esjs lq• dh Le`fr dh vuqie % ân;] eu fu-j-&1@103 çxYHk çse
/kjk ,d cgsxh*
♦ ^fo'o ds vUrLry esa pkg* % ân; fu-j-&1@143 Le`fr
♦ ^fo'o •kstrk vUrLry esa* % vius ân; esa ia-xz-a &1@368 f}rh; n`';@ijh
♦ ^nhid lk tyrk varLry@lafpr dj vk¡lw ds ckny*% esjk ân; e-lk-&1@184 crkrk tk js
vfHkekuh!@uhjtk
^varLry* 'kCn dh çfof"V pkjksa dfo;ksa ls yh x;h gSA çlkn ls 2] fujkyk ls 2] iar ls 1 vkSj egknsoh
ls 1 & dqy 6 çfof"V;ksa dks çlkn&fujkyk&iar&egknsoh ds Øe esa j•k x;k gSA ;g Hkh è;ku fn;k x;k gS fd
çlkn dh igyh vkSj nwljh çfof"V dk Øe xzUFkkoyh dh •aM la[;k vkSj fiQj mudh i`"B la[;k ds Øe esa
gksA ç-xza- ds nwljs •aM dh i`"B la[;k 157 dh çfof"V ds ckn i`-la- 178 dh çfof"V j•h x;h gSA fu-j- ds igys
•aM dh i`-la- 103 ij vk, ^varLry* dks igys j•k x;k gS vkSj i`-la- 143 ij vk, ^varLry* dks mlds ckn
2- Nk;kokn & ukeoj flag] jktdey çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] 1993] i`-& 154
3- fujkyk dkO;&dks'k & deys'k oekZ] laLÑfr çdk'ku] Hkkxyiqj
4- çlkn dkO;&dks'k & deys'k oekZ] lqfprk oekZ] n ekftZuykbTM] u;h fnYyh
j•k x;k gSA xzaFkkofy;ksa esa çk;% dkyØe ls jpukvksa dks j•k x;k gS] blfy, muls yh x;h çfof"V;ksa dks
i`-la- ds vuqlkj j•us ij 'kCn&ç;ksx dks Hkh dkyØekuqlkj le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g O;oLFkk fujkyk] iar vkSj
egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa cukbZ j•h tk ldh gSA çlkn ds ukVdksa ds xhr xzUFkkoyh ds rhljs vkSj pkSFks •aM esa
gSa] ftuls çfof"V;k¡ yh x;h gSaA ^vk¡lw* ds nwljs laLdj.k dk çdk'ku ^ygj* ls igys gks pqdk Fkk] exj ç-xza- ds
igys •aM esa ^ygj* gS vkSj nwljs •aM esa ^vk¡lw*A tcfd dkyØe ls ^vk¡lw* (1925@1933) igys gS vkSj ^ygj*
(1935) ckn esaA blfy, ç-xza- ds çR;sd •aM ds Hkhrj gh i`-la- ds vuqlkj c<+rs dkyØe dks ekuk tk
ldrk gSA
2- dkO;&iafÙkQ & dfork dh iafÙkQ dks ,dy m¼j.k fpÉ (^ *) ds vUnj frjNh orZuh (bVSfyd iQkW.V)
esa j•k x;k gSA dfork ds ikB dks vfody j•us dk gj laHko ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA ^xzUFkkoyh@jpukoyh* esa
dgha&dgha çwiQ dh xfYr;k¡ ;k ikB dk Hkze gksus ij dkO;&laxzgksa ;k vU; lzksrksa ls feykus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k
gS] rkfd lgh ikB rd igq¡pk tk ldsA fiQj Hkh] dqN 'kCn ,sls Hkh feys ftuds lgh ikB rd igq¡pus dk jkLrk
ugha fey ik;kA fujkyk esa ^?kksj&?kUekn&xzLr* vkSj çlkn esa ^foJky* dk ç;ksx feyk] ftuds ckjs esa ;Fkk'kfÙkQ
Nkuchu ds ckn eq>s ;gh yxk fd ;s =kqfViw.kZ gSaA bu nksuksa ç;ksxksa dks o.kkZuqØe ls ;FkkLFkku j•dj fVIi.kh dj
nh x;h gSA
3- vFkZ & lanHkZxr vFkZ nsus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gS vkSj vFkZ dh oLrqfu"Brk dks çkFkfedrk nh x;h gSA
:id ls tqM+s vFkZ dks Li"V djus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gSA vko';drk iM+us ij nk'kZfud i{k dk ladsr fd;k
x;k gSA dksf'k'k dh x;h gS fd Nk;koknh dforkvksa esa #fp j•usokys dks 'kCn ds vFkZ dh dfBukbZ dk lkeuk
ugha djuk iM+sA vFkZ dks vko';drkuqlkj foLrkj ;k ladksp fn;k x;k gSA Nk;koknh dforkvksa dks lqy>s gq, :i
esa le>us dk ,d fouez ç;kl bl dks'k dk y{; gSA
4- xzaFkkoyh@i`-la- & bl dks'k ds fuekZ.k esa fuEufyf•r xzaFkkofy;ksa vkSj muds laLdj.kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k
x;k gS &
♦ t;'kadj çlkn xzUFkkoyh (dqy 7 •aM)] laiknd % vkseçdk'k flag] çdk'ku laLFkku] nfj;kxat] u;h
fnYyh] 2014 (bl dks'k esa •aM la[;k 1] 2] 3 ,oa 4 dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS)
♦ fujkyk jpukoyh (dqy 8 •aM)] lEiknd % uUnfd'kksj uoy] jktdey çdk'ku] nfj;kxat] u;h
fnYyh] 1998 (bl dks'k esa •aM la[;k 1 dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS)
♦ lqfe=kkuanu iar xzUFkkoyh (dqy 7 •aM)] jktdey çdk'ku] nfj;kxat] u;h fnYyh] 2011 (bl dks'k
esa •aM la[;k 1 ,oa 2 dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS)
♦ egknsoh lkfgR; (dqy 4 •aM)] lEiknd % fueZyk tSu] ok.kh çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] 2007 (bl dks'k
esa •aM la[;k 1 dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS)
bUgha laLdj.kksa ds •aM vkSj i`"B la[;k dk ladsr bl dkWye esa fd;k x;k gSA bu xzaFkkofy;ksa ds fcuk
lzksr@lUnHkZ vkSj i`"B la[;k dk mYys• djus esa my>ko c<+ tkrkA bl dke dks iwjk djus esa Hkh dfBukbZ Hkh c<+
tkrhA bu xzaFkkofy;ksa ds lEikndksa ds çfr ÑrKrk Kkfir djrk gw¡A çks- uanfd'kksj uoy vkSj çks- vkseçdk'k flag
dk Nk=k gksus dk xkSjo bl dke ds Øe esa dbZ ckj eglwl gqvkA

5- lzksr@lUnHkZ & bl dkWye esa ^dkO;&iafÙkQ* ls tqM+s lUnHkZ dks j•k x;k gS] rkfd tkuk tk lds fd og
^'kCn* ;k ^dkO;&iafÙkQ* fdl dfork ls gS vkSj og dfork fdl iqLrd esa gSA fofHkUu iqLrdksa ds Lo:i ds
vuqlkj bl dkWye esa] fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlh ,d rjg ls ladsr] çR;sd çfof"V ds lkFk fd;k x;k gS&
• dfork dk 'kh"kZd@iqLrd dk uke & mB mB jh y?kq y?kq yksy ygj@ygj
& •|ksr@;qxiFk
& tgk¡ gS fuækeXu olar@uhgkj
• lxZ@dkek;uh & fpark@dkek;uh
• ukVd dk vad ;k n`';@ukVd dk uke & çFke n`';@d#.kky; ;k çFke vad@pUæxqIr
& rhu@T;ksRLuk
• dkO;&iqLrd dk uke & çseifFkd ;k vk¡lw ;k egkjk.kk dk egÙo
& xzfUFk
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa pkjksa dfo;ksa dh fofHkUu iqLrdksa ls yh x;h çfof"V;ksa dh la[;k bl çdkj gS &
t;'kadj çlkn lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh fujkyk lqfe=kkuanu iar egknsoh oekZ

12 ukVd 504 ifjey 1274 oh.kk 343 uhgkj 473
>juk 318 vukfedk 979 xzfUFk 173 jf'e 368
ygj 641 xhfrdk 704 iYyo 732 uhjtk 507
vk¡lw 342 rqylhnkl 419 xqt
a u 384 lkaè;xhr 431
dkek;uh 2777 xhr&xqt
a 3 T;ksRLuk 267 nhif'k•k 414
vladfyr 17 vladfyr 269 ijh 82
dfork,¡ dfork,¡
;qxkar@;qxiFk 243
dqy 4599 3648 2224 2193
dqy çfof"V;ksa dh la[;k ¾ 12664
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds 'kCn&ç;ksx ij vkykspdksa us tks fVIif.k;k¡ dh gSa mudh ifjf/ dqN gh 'kCnksa rd lhfer
gSA tcfd Nk;koknh dfork dh 'kCn&lEink foiqy gSA bu pkjksa dfo;ksa ds chp rqyuk djus dh lEHkkouk Hkh i;kZIr
gSA çLrqr dks'k ds ekè;e ls ,slh rqyuk djus ds jkLrs •qyrs gSaA
vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us Nk;kokn ij fopkj djus ds Øe esa fy•k gS] ¶v¡xzsth dkO;ksa ls ifjfpr fgUnh dfo
lh/s v¡xzsth ls rjg rjg ds yk{kf.kd ç;ksx ysdj muds T;ksa ds R;ksa vuqokn txg txg viuh jpukvksa esa tM+us
yxsA ^dud çHkkr*] ^fopkjksa esa cPpksa dh lk¡l*] ^Lo.kZ le;*] ^çFke eèkqcky*] ^rkfjdkvksa dh rku*] ^LofIuy
dkafr* ,sls ç;ksx vtk;c?kj ds tkuojksa dh rjg mudh jpukvksa ds Hkhrj b/j m/j feyus yxsA¸5
5- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl & vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy] ukxjh çpkfj.kh lHkk] okjk.klh] la- 2047 fo-] i`- & 354

ukeoj flag us Hkh dqN blh rjg dh fVIi.kh dh gS] ¶ ^czksdsu gkVZ* ds otu ij x<+k gqvk ^HkXu ân;*]
^gsosUyh ykbV* ds fy, ^LoxhZ; çdk'k*] ^xksYMsu Mªhe* ds fy, ^lqugyk LoIu* vkSj blh rjg lqugyk Li'kZ] Lo.kZ
dk dky vkfn 'kCn cqjs ugha gSaA¸6
vkpk;Z 'kqDy dh fVIi.kh esa vk;k gqvk ^dud çHkkr* fujkyk ds }kjk ç;qÙkQ gqvk gS (ns- ^dud&çHkkr*]
^fdj.k&lEikr*)A ^fopkjksa esa cPpksa dh lk¡l* dk ç;ksx iar us fd;k gS] tks çfl¼ gSA ysfdu ^Lo.kZ le;*] ^çFke
e/qcky*] ^rkfjdkvksa dh rku*] ^LofIuy dkafr* dk ç;ksx bu pkjksa dfo;ksa us dgha ugha fd;k gSA laHko gS fd
bu pkj dfo;ksa ds vykok vU; Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa ls fdlh us bu 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gks! ukeoj flag ds
Åij ds dFku esa vk, gq, 'kCn & ^HkXu ân;*] ^LoxhZ; çdk'k*] ^lqugyk LoIu*] ^lqugyk Li'kZ*] ^Lo.kZ dk
dky* & dk ç;ksx Hkh pkjksa dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa esa dgha ugha feyrk gSA ^lqo.kZ dk dky* iar dh îfjorZu*
dfork esa vk;k gS] exj ^Lo.kZ dk dky* ugha gSA iar ^lqo.kZ volku* 'kCn dk ç;ksx êkSu fuea=k.k* dfork esa
djrs gSaA ukeoj flag dk tksj ^lqugyk* (^xksYMsu*) 'kCn ij gSA ^lqugyk@lqugyh* 'kCn egknsoh vkSj çlkn esa
lokZfèkd vk;k gS] iar esa dqN gh ckj vkSj fujkyk esa ,d ckj Hkh ughaA è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd 'kCn&fuekZ.k
esa vaxzsth dk çHkko çlkn vkSj egknsoh ij lcls de jgk gSA iar ^lqugyk* ds ctk, ^Lo.kZ* ;k ^Lof.kZe* 'kCn
dk ç;ksx T;knk djrs gSaA mUgksaus Nk;koknh nkSj ds ckn ^Lo.kZfdj.k* vkSj ^Lo.kZ/wfy* 'kh"kZd ls dkO;&laxgz Hkh rS;kj
fd, FksA
ukeoj flag ds dqN vkSj dFkuksa dks m¼`r djrs gq, ;g ns•k tk ldrk gS fd Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds
'kCn&ç;ksxksa ds ckjs esa dgh x;h ckrksa esa fdl rjg dh folaxfr;k¡ pyrh vk;h gSaA bldk dkj.k ;gh jgk fd vkt
rd pkjksa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds }kjk ç;qÙkQ 'kCnksa dks ,d lkFk fdlh dks'k esa O;ofLFkr djds vè;;u ugha fd;k
tk ldk FkkA çLrqr dks'k dh çfof"V;k¡ pkjksa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds 'kCn&ç;ksxksa dks O;ofLFkr rjhds ls ikBdksa ds
lkeus j•us dk ,d ç;kl gSA
ukeoj flag fy•rs gSa] ¶dqy feykdj ;fn Nk;kokn ds leLr 'kCnksa dh lwph cukdj fopkj fd;k tk,
rks irk pysxk fd vlhe] vuar] LofIuy] rafæy] mfeZy] uhjo] fu%'okl] mPN~okl] Lianu] daiu] flgju] mUeu]
xqatu] dydy] Vyey] Ny&Ny vkfn dqN ,sls 'kCn gSa] ftudh vko`fÙk;k¡ cgqr vf/d gqb±A ;s 'kCn Nk;kokfn;ksa
ds rfd;kdyke&ls gks x, FksA¸7 ^Nk;kokn ds leLr 'kCnksa dh lwph* rHkh cu ldrh Fkh tc dks'k&fuekZ.k dk
dk;Z fd;k tk,A ukeojth us vuqeku ls 'kCn&ç;ksxksa ds ckjs esa fy•k gS] D;ksafd muds lkeus ,slh dksbZ ^lwph*
ugha FkhA bl m¼j.k esa tks 'kCn vk, gSa mudh vko`fÙk dks çLrqr dks'k ds ekè;e ls tk¡pk tk ldrk gSA bu 'kCnksa
dks ukeojth ^rfd;kdyke* Hkh dg jgs gSaA ;g lgh gS fd ^vlhe* vkSj ^vuar* dk ç;ksx pkjksa dfo;ksa ds }kjk
vusd ckj fd;k x;k gSA exj buds fooj.k Hkh vyx&vyx gSaA ^vlhe* dk ç;ksx egknsoh esa lokZf/d gS vkSj
lcls de iar esaA çlkn&fujkyk esa yxHkx cjkcj! ^vuar* lcls T;knk ckj çlkn esa vk;k gS vkSj lcls de iar
esaA ^vuar* ds ç;ksx esa egknsoh] fujkyk ls i;kZIr vkxs gSaA dqy feykdj ^vlhe* vkSj ^vuar* ds çfr lokZf/d
yxko egknsoh esa gS vkSj lcls de iar esaA ^vlhe* vkSj ^vuar* ds çfr ^ckylqyHk ftKklk* T;knk nsj fVd Hkh
ugha ldrh Fkh! blds fy, ftl ifjiDo O;fÙkQRo dh t:jr Fkh] og fuf'pr :i ls egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa
ekStwn gS!
6- Nk;kokn & ukeoj flag] jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1993] i`- & 115

ukeojth us ^LofIuy* 'kCn dks Hkh rfd;kdyke crk;k gSA iar us yxHkx ik¡p ls vf/d ckj bl 'kCn dk
ç;ksx fd;k gSA fujkyk us dsoy ,d ckj ^tkxks fiQj ,d ckj* dfork esa vkSj egknsoh us Hkh dsoy ,d ckj
^LofIuy gkyk* dks dfork esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA çlkn ds foiqy dkO; esa ^LofIuy* 'kCn ,d ckj Hkh ugha
vk;k gSA blfy, bl 'kCn dks iar dk ^rfd;kdyke* rks dgk tk ldrk gS] exj Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk ughaA
(ukeoj th us Åij ds m¼j.k ds rqjar ckn ;g fy•k t:j gS fd ^lHkh Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds rfd;kdyke ,d
ls ugha gSa*A) ukeoj th ds }kjk crk, x, vyx&vyx rfd;kdyke dh tk¡p Hkh bl dks'k ds ekè;e ls dh
tk ldrh gSA
Åij ds m¼j.k dk vxyk 'kCn gS ^rafæy*A ;g iar esa yxHkx pkj ckj vkSj egknsoh esa nks ckj vk;k gSA
çlkn&fujkyk esa ,d ckj Hkh ughaA D;k bruh de vko`fÙk gksus ij Hkh bls Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk ^rfd;kdyke*
dgk tk ldrk gS\ çlkn&fujkyk us ^raækyl* dk ç;ksx t:j fd;k gS] exj ,d&nks ckj ghA ;g 'kCn iar esa Hkh
feyrk gS] exj egknsoh esa ,d ckj Hkh ughaA
vxyk 'kCn gS ^mfeZy*A ukeojth us ^ÅfeZy* dh ppkZ ugha dh gSA çlkn vkSj fujkyk us bu nksuksa :iksa dk
ç;ksx pkj&ik¡p ckj fd;k gSA iar us ^mfeZy* dk ç;ksx ,d ckj Hkh ugha fd;k gS] mUgsa nh?kZ :i ^ÅfeZy* ilan
gSA egknsoh dh dfork,¡ u rks ^mfeZy* gksrh gSa vkSj u gh ^ÅfeZy*A vxj ^rfd;kdyke* dguk gh gks rks ^mfeZ*
vkSj ^ÅfeZ* dks dgk tk ldrk gSA budk ç;ksx egknsoh dks NksM+dj rhuksa dfo;ksa us vusd ckj fd;k gSA
ûhjo* vkSj mlls cus gq, 'kCnksa dh çfof"V;k¡ bl dks'k esa dqy 28 gS]a ftuesa ls 15 egknsoh ls lEcfU/r gSaA
ûhjo* dk lokZf/d ç;ksx egknsoh us fd;k gS vkSj lcls de fujkyk usA fujkyk dh rqyuk esa ûhjo* 'kCn dk
nl xquk T;knk ç;ksx egknsoh esa feyrk gS] çlkn vkSj iar esa yxHkx rhu xqukA ûhjo* 'kCn dks fufoZokn :i ls
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk rfd;kdyke dgk tk ldrk gSA
^fu%'okl* dk ç;ksx u rks fujkyk us fd;k gS vkSj u gh egknsoh us! iar us ,d&nks ckj fd;k gSA çlkn esa
;g dbZ ckj vk;k gSA egknsoh ^lk¡l* dk T;knk ç;ksx djrh gSa vkSj fujkyk ^'okl* dkA ;fn bu rhuksa 'kCnksa dks
feykdj ns•k tk, rks budh lokZf/d vkoktkgh çlkn dh dforkvksa esa gSa vkSj lcls de fujkyk esaA ,slh fLFkfr
esa ^fu%'okl* 'kCn dks Hkh Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk ^rfd;kdyke* ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA
^mPN~okl* 'kCn iar ls tqM+k gqvk gSA bl 'kh"kZd ls mudh çfl¼ dfork îYyo* esa lax`ghr gSA exj rF;
;g gS fd bl 'kCn dk viuh dforkvksa esa lcls de ç;ksx iar us fd;k gSA pkjksa dfo;ksa esa fujkyk bldk mi;ksx
lcls T;knk djrs gSaA çlkn vkSj egknsoh us dgha&dgha blls dke fy;k gSA ;g rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl 'kCn
dk ç;ksx pkjksa dfo;ksa us fd;k Fkk] exj bls Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk rfd;kdyke ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA ^Vyey*
'kCn fujkyk dh dforkvksa esa Ng&lkr ckj vk;k gS vkSj iUr esa ,d ckj (ns- ^py&djry*)A çlkn vkSj egknsoh
us bldk ç;ksx ugha fd;k gSA
ukeoj flag us Åij dh fVIi.kh ds vkxs fy•k gS] ¶bu 'kCnksa dk ;fn FkksM+k vkSj ckjhdh ls vè;;u fd;k
tk, rks ekywe gksxk fd lHkh Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds rfd;kdyke ,d ls ugha gSaA iar ds ;gk¡ LofIuy] mfeZy] e`nqy
vkfn T;knk gSa_ çlkn ds ;gk¡ e/q] ek/o] ek/oh vkfn_ fujkyk ds ;gk¡ uo ;k fiQj fojkVrk ds cks/d cM+s&cM+s
'kCn_ vkSj egknsoh ds ;gk¡ nhi] ckrh] rwyh] vksl] vJq vkfnA¸8

^LofIuy* vkSj ^mfeZy* ij Åij fVIi.kh dh tk pqdh gSA iqu% è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd iar ^mfeZy* ds
ctk, ^ÅfeZy* dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA ê`nqy* dk ç;ksx egknsoh us lcls T;knk ckj fd;k gSA muls rhu&pkSFkkbZ ckj
çlkn us vkSj ,d&pkSFkkbZ ckj iar vkSj fujkyk usA bruk gh ugha ê`n*q vkSj blls cus 'kCnksa dk lokZf/d ç;ksx egknsoh
oekZ us fd;k gSA blfy, ukeoj flag dk ;g fu"d"kZ xyr gS fd iar ds ;gk¡ ê`nqy* T;knk ckj vk;k gSA ukeojth
dk ;g fu"d"kZ lgh gS fd ê/q*] êk/o* vkSj êk/oh* dk ç;ksx lcls T;knk çlkn esa feyrk gSA ê/q* vkSj
blls cus 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx esa nwljs uEcj ij egknsoh gSa] fiQj Øe'k% iar vkSj fujkykA ;g 'kCn Nk;koknh dfo;ksa
dks cgqr fç; gSA ê/q* vkSj blls cus 'kCnksa dh çfof"V;k¡ bl dks'k esa 218 gSa] tks ,d cM+h la[;k gSA êk/o*
'kCn fujkyk&iar esa gS gh ugha vkSj êk/oh* 'kCn iar&egknsoh esa ugha gSA ûo* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fujkyk ds cjkcj
çlkn esa Hkh feyrk gSA ûo* vkSj mlls cus 'kCnksa dh çfof"V;k¡ bl dks'k esa 76 gSa] ftuesa ls 31 çlkn ls gSa vkSj
24 fujkyk lsA blfy, ûo* ds ç;ksx ds ekeys esa fujkyk] çlkn ls vkxs ugha gSaA ukeojth fcYdqy Bhd fy•rs
gSa fd ^nhi* dk ç;ksx egknsoh esa T;knk gSA ;g la[;k bruh cM+h gS fd muds vkxs rhuksa dfo;ksa ds ç;ksx ux.;
ekus tk,¡xs! ^vJq* vkSj ^vk¡lw* & nksuksa egknsoh ds ikl lokZf/d gSa] lcls de fujkyk ds ikl! çlkn ds ikl
^vk¡lw* uke dh fdrkc gS vkSj iar ds ikl ^vk¡lw* 'kh"kZd egt ,d dfork] exj ;g 'kCn ekuks cw¡n cudj iar
esa çlkn ls T;knk >jk gS!
ukeoj flag us egknsoh oekZ ds ckjs esa ^ftlds vkxs jkg ugha* 'kh"kZd vè;k; esa tks dqN fy•k gS mlls
èofur gksrk gS fd egknsoh dk ,dkdh thou ^vr`fIr* ls Hkjk FkkA ckgjh thou ls dVh gqbZ egknsoh dk thou
^lk¡lksa dh lekf/ u gks tk, rks D;k gks\* os fy•rs gSa] ¶igys tgk¡ ^vr`fIr* dh ç/kurk Fkh] ckn esa r`fIr dk
dkYifud vkuUn vuqHko fd;k tkus yxkA¸9 bl vk'k; dh tk¡p ;fn 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls dh tk, rks nwljh fLFkfr
lkeus vkrh gSA ;fn ^vr`fIr* 'kCn dks è;ku esa j•k tk, rks bldk lokZf/d ç;ksx çlkn us fd;k gSA egknsoh us
dsoy nks&rhu ckj bldk mi;ksx fd;k gSA ^r`fIr* 'kCn Hkh çlkn esa gh lokZf/d gS vkSj egknsoh esa cgqr de!
blh rjg dk vFkZ nsusokyk 'kCn gS Î;kl*A ;g Hkh çlkn ds ikl gh lcls T;knk gSA blh rjg dk ,d 'kCn gS
^r`"kk*A ;g egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa vk;k gh ugha gSSA bl çlax esa ôkluk* ls T;knk vPNk 'kCn Hkyk D;k gksxk!
ôkluk* Hkh çlkn esa lcls vf/d gSA muls vk/h ek=kk esa fujkyk ds ikl gS vkSj iar esa dke pykus Hkj! egknsoh
ôkluk* ls eqÙkQ gSaA ^dke* dh vko`fÙk dks ns•k tk, rks ;g Hkh çlkn esa gh vf/dre gS vkSj mldk vk/k fujkyk
esa! ;g jkspd gS fd ^dke* vkSj ôkluk* dh ek=kk çlkn esa fujkyk dh vis{kk nksxquh gSA ôkluk* dh rjg gh
^dke* 'kCn egknsoh dh dfork esa vk;k gh ugha gS (nqLrj dke & êq>s D;ksa nsrs gks vfHkjke@Fkkg ikus dk nqLrj
dke* & ;gk¡ ^dke* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ^dk;Z* ds vFkZ esa gqvk gSA)A oSls ^dke* iar esa Hkh ugha gSA tkfgj lh ckr
gS fd iar ^dkenso* dk Hkh ftØ ugha djrs] gkyk¡fd îYyo* esa mudh ,d dfork gh gS & ^vuax*A cspkjk
dkenso lkaxksikax u vkdj ^vuax* gh jgk iar dh dfork esa! rhuksa iq#"kksa us leku #fp ysdj ^jfr* dks ljkgk gS]
exj egknsoh us ^jfr* dks viuh dforkvksa esa vkus gh ugha fn;k gS vkSj ^dkenso* rks ckgj gS gh! mUgsa ^vuax*
ls Hkh dqN ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA ^çse* 'kCn dh Hkh fLFkfr blh rjg dh gSA ;g çlkn esa vusd ckj vk;k gS] fujkyk&iar
esa de gh la[;k esa gS vkSj egknsoh esa lcls de ckjA egknsoh us ûhgkj* esa ^çse dh pedhyh vkdj* fy•k
gS vkSj ,d txg ^çse* vk;k Hkh gS rks cspkjk ^çsee; nq•* cudj! ^ç.k;* ds ekeys esa Hkh çlkn lcls vkxs gSa
vkSj lcls ihNs egknsoh! egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa u rks îq#"k* gS vkSj u gh ûkjh*] tcfd rhuksa iq#"k dfo;ksa

esa îq#"k* Hkh gS vkSj ukjh HkhA îq#"k* vkSj ûkjh* ds ç;ksx esa Hkh dek;kuhdkj lcls vkxs gS_ vkSj dsoy mlh
dh dfork esa îkS#"k* vkSj îq#"kRo* feyrk gSA ûkjh* ls pksV •k, ^rqylhnkl* esa fujkyk us dsoy ,d ckj bl
'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k gS vkSj iar viuh ,d dfork dk 'kh"kZd&Hkj ns ik, & ûkjh :i*A blh dfork dh vej
iafÙkQ gS & ^nsfo! ek! lgpfj! çk.k!* iwjh dfork esa dsoy ,d ckj vk;k gS ûkfj* &
^rqEgkjs jkse&jkse ls] ukfj!
eq>s gS Lusg vikj_*
^Lusg vikj* ds nkos ds ckotwn iar dh dfork esa ûkjh* ugha vk;hA ^L=kh* 'kCn dk ç;ksx pkjksa esa ls fdlh
us ugha fd;k gS!
bl rjg ^r`fIr* gks ;k ^vr`fIr*] Î;kl* gks ;k ^r`"kk*] ^dke* gks ;k ôkluk*] ^çse* gks ;k ^ç.k;*] îq#"k*
gks ;k ûkjh* & çlkn Nk;kokfn;ksa esa lcls vkxs gSa vkSj egknsoh bu lcls lokZf/d eqÙkQA
'kCnksa ds mi;ZqÙkQ p;u ls Hkh bu dfo;ksa dh ço`fÙk;ksa dh iqf"V dh tk ldrh gS- egknsoh dk ^fç;* rks gS
ftlls os iwNrh gSa & ^dkSu rqe esjs ân; esa \*] exj og îq#"k* ;k ûkjh* ds :i esa fpfÉr ugha gSA mlls egknsoh
dk tks fj'rk gS mlesa ^çsee; nq•* rks gS exj ^dke* ;k ôkluk* ds fy, txg ugha gSA iar dh çse Hkkouk esa
iq#"k&ukjh gSa t:j] exj muesa ^vuax&Hkko* dh ç/kurk gS! fujkyk dk ^çse* lkalkfjd ds lkFk&lkFk nk'kZfud
Hkh gSA bl ekeys esa 'kh"kZ ij gSa t;'kadj çlknA ^çse* ds ftrus Hkh i{k bu 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls •qy ldrs gSa]
os lc mudh dforkvksa esa •wclwjrh ls O;ÙkQ gq, gSaA
fujkyk us ^vf/okl* 'kh"kZd dfork esa ,d iafÙkQ fy•h & êSaus êSa*&'kSyh viuk;h* & Nk;kokn dh
oS;fÙkQdrk dh igpku cu x;h ;g iafÙkQ! ukeoj flag us fy•k Hkh gS] ¶Nk;koknh dfork dk vkjEHk blh
O;fÙkQoknh Hkkouk ls gqvkA¸ 10 fgUnh vkykspuk us êSa* dh ç/kurk ds fy, fujkyk dh lokZf/d ç'kalk dh gSA exj
êSa* dk mi;ksx egknsoh us fujkyk dh rqyuk esa yxHkx nksxquk ls dqN de fd;k gSA fujkyk dh Nk;koknh dforkvksa
esa êSa* vkSj êSaus* dk mi;ksx 100 ls T;knk ckj gqvk gS vkSj egknsoh esa de ls de 200 ckjA ^dkek;uh* dh
dFkkRedrk ds ckotwn çlkn ds ;gk¡ ;g la[;k 100 ls dqN de gksxh vkSj iar dh dforkvksa esa eqf'dy ls 40
ckjA êsjk*] êsjs* vkSj êsjh* dk ç;ksx Hkh lcls T;knk egknsoh us fd;k gSA
jkefoykl 'kekZ us fy•k gS] ¶fujkyk dk ,d fç; 'kCn gS ^vjky*A ^lezkV~ v"Ve ,MoMZ ds çfr* ds vkjaHk
esa lkSUn;Z dh mnkÙk Hkafxek ds fp=k.k esa bldk ç;ksx gqvk gS %
oh{k.k % vjky
ct jgs tgk¡
thou dk Loj Hkj Nan rkyA
Hk; dk O;kid çHkko fn•kus ds fy, ^vpZuk* esa bldk cM+k liQy ç;ksx gqvk gS %
fufoM+ fofiu iFk vjkyA¸ 11
fujkyk us ^csyk* ds ,d xhr esa Hkh bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k gS & ^tks ljy ogh ns•k vjky* ('kh"kZd &
ê`R;q gS tgk¡---*)A Nk;koknh nkSj esa fujkyk us ^vjky* 'kCn dk ç;ksx dsoy ,d ckj fd;k gS vkSj og Hkh viuh
vafre Nk;koknh dfork esa (^lezkV~ v"Ve ,MoMZ ds çfr* & jpukdky % 12 fnlEcj] 1936] ^ljLorh*] ekfld]
ç;kx] tuojh] 1937] esa çdkf'kr)A ^csyk* (1946) vkSj ^vpZuk* (1950) rks Nk;kokn ds ckn dh iqLrdsa gSaA
11- fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/uk& 2] jkefoykl 'kekZ] jktdey çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] 1994] i`- & 384
fujkyk dh iwjh dkO;&;k=kk esa ^vjky* 'kCn dsoy rhu ckj vk;k gS vkSj jkefoyklth us bls fujkyk dk ^fç;
'kCn* dgk gS! ;g Bhd ugha dgk tk ldrkA ^vjky* 'kCn dk ç;ksx çlkn vkSj iar us Hkh fd;k gSA ^bM+k* lxZ
esa ;g 'kCn ,d ckj vk;k gS (ns- ^vjky*)A iar us ^xqatu*(1932) esa bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx rhu ckj fd;k gSA tkfgj
lh ckr gS fd çlkn vkSj iar us Nk;koknh nkSj esa ^vjky* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fujkyk ls igys dj fy;k Fkk vkSj T;knk
ckj fd;k Fkk!
jkefoyklth us ;g ckr fcYdqy Bhd fy•h gS] ¶fujkyk us n`x 'kCn dk cgqr ç;ksx fd;k gSA¸12 ^n`x*
dk lcls de ç;ksx iar us fd;k gSA çlkn esa Hkh ;g 'kCn i;kZIr ek=kk esa gSA bl 'kCn ds ç;ksx ds ekeys esa fujkyk
dks VDdj nsrh gSa egknsoh! mUgksaus fujkyk dh vis{kk vius NksVs dkO;&lalkj esa] fujkyk ls dqN T;knk ckj] ^n`x*
'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k gS!
iar ds îYyo* (1926) dh Hkwfedk vkSj ukeoj flag ds ^Nk;kokn* (1954) ls ysdj vkt rd bu pkj
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds 'kCn&ç;ksx ij tks fopkj feyrs gSa] muesa ,slh folaxfr;k¡ fey tkuk LokHkkfod gS ftudk
ftØ Åij fd;k x;k gSA ukeoj flag us ^Nk;kokn ds leLr 'kCnksa dh lwph* dh tks ppkZ dh gS] mldk u gksuk
gh ,slh folaxfr;ksa dh otg jgh gSA ^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* ,d ,slk ç;kl gS ftlesa bu pkj dfo;ksa dh Nk;koknh
dforkvksa ls ;FkklEHko vko';d çfof"V;k¡ yh x;h gSaA fiQj Hkh] nkok ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS fd bl dke ds
ekè;e ls 'kCnksa dh rqyukRed la[;k ds ckjs esa tks fo'ys"k.k j•k tk jgk gS og fcYdqy funkZ"s k gks gh! dks'k&fuekZ.k
ds Øe esa 'kCnksa ds ys•k&tks•k j•us dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gS] exj blesa Hkwy gks ldrh gSA blfy, ,sls nks"kksa ds
feyus ij iwjh fouezrk ds lkFk la'kks/u dk ç;kl fd;k tk,xk!
'kCn&fuekZ.k dh fofHkUu ço`fÙk;ksa ds ckjs esa ckr dh tk, rks ge ikrs gSa fd pkjksa dfo;ksa ds ikl dqN 'kCn
,sls t:j gSa] tks 'ks"k rhu dfo;ksa ds ikl ugha gSaA ;g Hkh fn•kbZ iM+rk gS fd dqN 'kCn fdUgha rhu dfo;ksa ds
ikl rks gSa] exj pkSFks ds ikl ugha gSaA dqN 'kCn ,sls Hkh gSa tks nks dfo;ksa ds ikl gSa] rks ckdh nks ds ikl ugha
gSaA ;g Hkh ns•k x;k gS dqN 'kCnksa ds i;kZ; ds :i esa cM+h la[;k esa vyx&vyx 'kCn ç;qÙkQ gq, gSaA fdlh ,d
milxZ ds vk/kj ij ipklksa 'kCn jps x, gSaA dqN 'kCn ,sls Hkh feyrs gSa ftudk fuekZ.k dfo us Lo;a fd;k vkSj
ç;ksx Hkh dsoy ,d ckj gh fd;k!
pkjksa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa esa dqN 'kCn ,sls feyrs gS]a tks 'ks"k rhu dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa esa ugha feyrs
gSAa bl ekeys esa fujkyk lcls vkxs gSa vkSj lcls ihNs egknsohA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij dqN 'kCn ;gk¡ j•s tk jgs gSa &
çlkn fujkyk iar egknsoh
vJkar vfpaR; tu&rkdk Kku xzho fr;Zd~ ?kfM+;ky
xSfjd vkjk/u ftr xzhokfyaxu pkgd
xSy fDyUu ftok¡ paækri pqik vkbZ
xzg&iFk f{kç Vyey fparkij tkod
paækyksd f{kIr rw.kZ pqukrh ir>kj
pafædk ioZ •y•y f=kdqVh tM+okn ikgqu
pØoky xrkpkj n"V tM+ oLrqokn çfrf'kjk
pisVk xrk?kzk.k nqjkØkUr tuiFk czhM+k
12- fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/uk& 2] jkefoykl 'kekZ] jktdey çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] 1994] i`- & 385

pej xrkyksd nq"dj ftRoj ltyk
py&pØ xE;rk f/d~ ftã
fpfr xE;&nqxeZ iquokZj T;k
pqyd q xqMkds'k iqj'pj.k nf;rkuqjkx
trqxg` xq#Me çfrns'k;qÙkQ nqjh
tuin dY;k.kh xzh"e fojy çfryV nqjs
tu&jatu&djh ?kksj&xa/ çR;w"k nq/jZ
nqyZfyr paM çR;wg ukfnr
}a} pØkad&iqPN çHkkiw;Z uke&uky
};rk pejkS/s ç'kfer ifjgr
u•r p;uksRdy euksgjk iqjkphu
ukjkp fparkef.k ejtkn çfr;ke
ixyh fpaR; jkthou;u fcye vfy
ifjjaHk phRdkjksRdy foPNqfjr fooluk
iqjksMk'k tM+korZ O;f"V Jkark
çfrÑfr tfM+ek 'kadkdqy lq•ek
çR;korZu@çR;koÙkZu tM+hHkwr lef"V LofxZd
çR;k'kk lq/
fcy•krh lq/h
e/qjkdk LoxhZ;k
;k;koj
jfÙkQe
ozhM+k
leUo;
lejl
;g lwph vkSj yEch gks ldrh gSA Nk;kokn ds çR;sd dfo us vius <ax ls 'kCnksa dk p;u fd;k vkSj dbZ
ckj x<+k HkhA bl ekeys esa fujkyk dh cjkcjh dksbZ ugha dj ldkA fujkyk u dsoy u, 'kCn ysdj vk, Fks] cfYd
vius }kjk ç;qÙkQ 'kCnksa dks ,d&nks ckj ç;ksx djds NksM+ nsus dh ço`fÙk Hkh muesa T;knk FkhA ^fujkyk jpukoyh*
ds vuqlkj mudh igyh dfork gS & ^tUeHkwfe* (1920)A bl dfork esa ,d 'kCn vk;k gS &^txUegkjkuh*A ;g
'kCn fujkyk ds dkO; esa nksckjk ugha vk;k gSA ^jke dh 'kfÙkQ&iwtk* dh çfl¼ iafÙkQ gS & ^y• 'kadkdqy gks x,
vrqy&cy 'ks"k&'k;u] &*A blesa ç;qÙkQ ^'kadkdqy* fujkyk dh Nk;koknh dforkvksa esa dsoy ;gha ,d ckj ç;qÙkQ
gqvk gSA bldk nksckjk ç;ksx mUgksaus Nk;kokn ds ckn 1949 ds ,d xhr esa fd;k gS & ^'kadkdqy fu'kk x;h*A
^jke dh 'kfÙkQ&iwtk* esa ç;qÙkQ çfl¼ 'kCn gS & ^vkjk/u* (^vkjk/u dk n`<+ vkjk/u ls nks mÙkj*)A ;g 'kCn bl
iafÙkQ esa nks ckj vk;k gSA blls igys ^dfo* ds çfr* (1924) 'kh"kZd dfork esa fujkyk ^vkjk/u* dk ,d ckj
ç;ksx dj pqds FksA ;g 'kCn ckdh rhuksa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa ugha gSA vkxs pydj fujkyk dk laxzg vk;k
^vkjk/uk* (1953)] exj ^vkjk/u* dk ç;ksx ugha feyrkA fujkyk ^vkjk/u* dks Nk;kokn esa ys vk,] mls çflf¼
Hkh feyh_ exj dqy tek nks dforkvksa esa txg feyh vkSj ç;ksx dsoy rhu ckj! ^jke dh 'kfÙkQ&iwtk* dk
^•y•y*] blls igys ^ckny&jkx* esa vk pqdk FkkA exj fujkyk us bldk ç;ksx dsoy nks gh ckj fd;kA
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dks tSls ^vlhe* vkSj ^vuar* fç; gSa] oSls gh bu 'kCnksa dks çdV :i ls fn•kusokys ^leqæ*
vkSj ^vkdk'k* ds i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dh mudh dforkvksa esa Hkjekj feyrh gSA ^leqæ* ls T;knk ^vkdk'k* ds
i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fn•kbZ iM+rk gSA mÙkj çns'k ds bu pkjksa dfo;ksa ds fy, ^leqæ* thoar lEidZ ls ckgj
Fkk] exj vkdk'k rks lcds ikl gS! fojkVrk ds cks/d bu nksuksa çkÑfrd i{kksa dks Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us vusd çdkj
ds 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls O;ÙkQ fd;kA ^leqæ* ds fy, de ls de 25 vkSj ^vkdk'k* ds fy, de ls de 50 'kCnksa
dk ç;ksx Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN 'kCnksa dh lwph nh tk jgh gS &
^ leqæ* ds fy, ç;qÙkQ vU; 'kCn ^vkdk'k* ds fy, ç;qÙkQ vU; 'kCn
vacqf/ vacj uhyuHk
vuar vdkl uhye
vfC/ vdwy uhyef.k
mnf/ vtku uhykacj
•kjs mPN~oklksa esa vuar uhykacjk
ty oSHko vodk'k uhyka'kqd
tyf/ mèoZ iFk uhyk vapy
tyfuf/ dud&Fkky uhykdk'k
fuf/ f{kfrt uhfyek
uhy xxu uhyh
uhfyek xxukaxu çlUukdk'k
uhyh ygjksa chp Nk;k&iFk iQyd
i;ksf/ thou 'kwU;k Hkhekdk'k
i;ksfuf/ relkdkj euksuHk
ikjkokj fnxar e#rkdk'k
Hkh"k.k gklksa esa u{k=k&nhi&d{k egkdk'k
jrukdj uHk egkuhy
jRufuf/ uHk&xaxk es?k&iFk
jRukdj uHkksn's k jkx&iVy
o#.kky; uhy u;u fo'o&efUnj
okMo uhy fuy; O;kse
okfjf/ uhy iVh 'kjnkdk'k
okjh'k uhy olu 'kwU;
lkxj uhy fla/q lqo.kZ
fla/q uhy lwus esa
uhy&dapq LoxZxa k
uhyxxu LoykZsd

jkefoykl 'kekZ us fy•k gS] ¶vf/dka'k çdk'k&çseh Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dh rqyuk esa fujkyk dh jpukvksa esa
çdk'k ls va/dkj vf/d gSA¸13 bl ckr dh tk¡p ;fn ^re* vkSj ^frfej* 'kCn ds vk/kj ij dh tk,] rks lcls
vkxs egknsoh fn•kbZ iM+rh gSaA çlkn vkSj fujkyk esa ;s nksuksa 'kCn yxHkx cjkcj la[;k esa ç;qÙkQ gq, gSaA iar esa ^re*
rks gS exj ^frfej* cgqr de! ^èokar* dk vFkZ gksrk gS & v¡/sjkA ;g çlkn esa nks ckj vk;k gS vkSj iar esa ,d
ckjA fujkyk&egknsoh esa ;g 'kCn gS gh ughaA
eqfÙkQcks/ us ^dkek;uh* ij tks îqufoZpkj* fd;k gS mldk ewy Loj ;gh gS fd çlkn lkearoknh ewY;ksa ls
;qÙkQ nso&l`f"V ds èoal ij euq dk foyki fn•k jgs gSa vkSj ekuo dh lH;rk ds :i esa iw¡thoknh lH;rk dh rjiQ
•M+s gks tk jgs gSaA ekDlZoknh n`f"V dh cqfu;kn gS & }a}kRedrkA eqfÙkQcks/ ekDlZoknh n`f"V ls ^dkek;uh* ij
iqufoZpkj dj jgs FksA ;fn 'kCn dk lgkjk ysa] rks Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa dsoy çlkn ^}a}* 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
^};rk* Hkh dsoy mUgha ds ikl gS vkSj ;s nksuksa 'kCn ^dkek;uh* esa gh gSaA egknsoh vkSj fujkyk ds ikl ^}Sr* t:j
gSA iar ds ikl ^}Sr* Hkh ugha gSA
çlkn ij îyk;uoknh* vkSj ^fu;froknh* gksus ds vkjksi yxsA dgk x;k fd ^ys py ogk¡ Hkqykok nsdj@esjs
ukfod! /hjs /hjs* esa tks ûkfod* gS og çlkn dh ^fu;fr* gS] ftlds gkFk esa mUgksaus Lo;a dks NksM+ fn;k gSA
;g 'kCn fujkyk dks NksM+dj iar&egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa Hkh gSA iar us bldk mi;ksx ,dk/ ckj fd;k gSA egknsoh
us rks ^fu;fr* ds vFkZ esa gh bl 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k gS (ns- ûkfod*] êsjs ukfod*)
^psru* ;k ^psruk* dk ç;ksx lcls T;knk çlkn dh dforkvksa esa gS] fiQj fujkyk esAa iar vkSj egknsoh esa budk
ç;ksx ugha feyrk gSA ^psruk* dks 'kkUr djus ds fgek;rh çlkn ^cslq/* dk Hkh ç;ksx djrs gSaA exj] ^cslq/* vkSj
^lqf/* dk ç;ksx lcls T;knk egknsoh us fd;k gSA blfy, ^psruk* ;k ^lq/* ls eqÙkQ gksus dk vkxzg dsoy çlkn
esa ugha gS] og egknsoh esa Hkh çcy gSA ysfdu ^csl/
q * rks rc gqvk tk ldrk gS] tc ^lqf/* u gks! ysfdu ^lqf/* bruh
T;knk gS egknsoh esa fd 'ks"k rhuksa dfo feydj Hkh muds nl çfr'kr ds cjkcj bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx ugha djrs gSaA
çlkn esa ^lqf/* gS gh ugha] fujkyk esa dsoy ,d ckj] iar esa yxHkx nl ckjA ^lqf/* dk Jqfr&le&fHkUukFkZd 'kCn
^lq/h* dsoy fujkyk esa gS vkSj dsoy ,d ckj!
Nk;koknh dforkvksa esa êgk* milxZ dk mi;ksx è;ku •haprk gSA pkjksa dfo;ksa us bldk mi;ksx fd;k gSA
Nk;kokn esa fojkVrk dk cks/ djkus dh ço`fÙk fn•kbZ iM+rh gSA ukeoj flag us fy•k Hkh gS fd fojkVrk dk cks/
djkus okys 'kCn fujkyk esa T;knk gSaA lEHko gS fd ^fojkVrk* dks çdV djus okys 'kCn ftrus çdkj ds gks ldrs
gSa] mu lcdh tk¡p djus ij ukeojth dh ckr lgh fudys! exj dsoy êgk* 'kCn dh tk¡p dh tk, rks blls
cuus okys 'kCnksa dh lokZf/d la[;k çlkn dh dforkvksa esa gSA çlkn us êgk* dk mi;ksx dsoy milxZ ds :i
esa gh ugha fd;k gS] cfYd os ^Hkwy egk* (ns-) dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd ;gk¡ vFkZ êgk Hkwy* gh gSA êgk*
ds mi;ksx dks çnf'kZr djus ds fy, pkjksa dfo;ksa ds }kjk ç;qÙkQ 'kCnksa dh ,d lwph nh tk ldrh gS] ftlds lgkjs
rqyuk dh çfØ;k dks xfr nh tk ldrh gS&
13- jkx&fojkx & lEiknd & jkefoykl 'kekZ] yksdHkkjrh çdk'ku] bykgckn] 2016] i`- & 23

çlkn fujkyk iar egknsoh
Hkwy egk egkd"kZ.k egkdkj egk'kwU;
egk xaHkhj (ns- ^vrykar*) egkdfo egkdky egkfuæk
egk p"kd (ns- ^lkse&jfgr) egkdky egkdk'k
egk feyu egkdk'k egkuan
egk es/ egkdqaMfyuh egkTokyk
egkdPNi egkKku
egkdky egkfuy;
egkdk'k egkçk.k
egkfpfr egkiQyd
egkT;ksfr egkcy
egkTokyk egkfC/
egk&r# egkHkko
egknaHk egkjko
egk&nq%• egkfody
egkns'k egkohj
egkun egk'kfÙkQ
egkuhy egklÁ
egkuhyk egklkxj
egku`R; egkfla/q
egk&cV
egkHkwr
egkea=k
egkeRL;
egkeksne;
egk;a=k
egkfo"ke
egk'kwU;
egk'osr
egklfÙkQ
egklehj
egkßn

ûhyk* jax bu dfo;ksa dks cgqr fç; gSA ûhy* vkSj mlls cus gq, 'kCnksa dh Hkjekj fn•kbZ iM+rh gSA bl
dks'k esa blls lEcfU/r 77 çfof"V;k¡ gSa] ftuesa ls 35 çlkn ls gSaA jfoHkw"k.k th dk 1971&72 dk ,d vkys•
gS & ^dkek;uh* esa ûhy o.kZ* & fuf'pr :i ls çlkn us ûhy* 'kCn dk ç;ksx lcls T;knk ckj fd;k gSA bl
'kCn ds lgkjs os vusd 'kCn cukrs gSaA mudh dforkvksa esa bl 'kCn dk mi;ksx 200 ckj ls de ugha gqvk gksxkA
fujkyk bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx yxHkx 50 ckj djrs gSa] iar vkSj egknsoh esa de gh la[;k feyrh gSA çlkn ûhyk*
vkSj ûhfyek* dk ç;ksx Hkh lokZf/d ckj djrs gSaA exj] ûhye* dk ç;ksx egknsoh esa lokZf/d gS vkSj og çlkn
ls yxHkx rhu xquk gSA
fujkyk dh Nfo ^;ks¼k* dh rjg crk;h x;h gS] os vkRen;k ls nwj gSaA mUgsa ikS#"k dk Hkh dfo Hkh dgk
tkrk jgk gSA ijh{kkvksa esa ,sls ç'u iwNs tkrs jgs gSa fd fl¼ dhft, fd fujkyk ikS#"k ds dfo gSaA ^Nk;koknh
dkO;&dks'k* esa vkbZ gqbZ çfof"V;ksa ds vk/kj ij mi;ZqÙkQ ckrksa dh tk¡p dh tk ldrh gSA ^Mj* dk vFkZ çnku
djusokys dqN 'kCn Nk;koknh dfork esa feyrs gSa] tSls & ^Hkh#*] ^Hkhr*] ^Hkhfr] ^Hk;*] ^Hk;kud*A bu 'kCnksa dh
fLFkfr ,d&,d dj ns•h tk ldrh gSA egknsoh vkSj çlkn ^Hkh#* ugha gSaA lqdqekj dfo iar ^Hkh#* gSa] exj buls
nksxquk ^Hkh#* fujkyk gSa! ^Hkhr* lcls de egknsoh gSa vkSj lcls T;knk iarA ^Hkhfr* egknsoh ds ikl dsoy ,d
ckj vkrh gS] exj fujkyk ds êgkçk.k* ij Nk;h gqbZ gSA ^Hk;* lcls de egknsoh dks gS vkSj lcls T;knk
çlkn&fujkyk dksA egknsoh dks dqN Hkh ^Hk;kud* ugha yxrk] exj çlkn dks cgqr&lh phtsa ^Hk;kud* ekywe iM+rh
gSa! lkjka'k ;g fd bu rhuksa ênks±* dh rqyuk esa egknsoh dks ^Mj* lcls de gS!
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds }kjk ç;qÙkQ 'kCnksa dh vko`fÙk dks vkuqikfrd :i ls j•k tk ldrk gSA ^Nk;koknh
dkO;&dks'k* ds fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa 'kCnksa dh x.kuk dk ç;kl bl rjg ls fd;k x;k gS fd pkjksa dfo;ksa ds
chp fdlh 'kCn ds ç;ksx ds vuqikr ds Øe dks le>k tk ldsA çlkn % fujkyk % iar % egknsoh ds Øe esa
bl vuqikr dks lwph cukdj fn•k;k tk ldrk gSA bl vuqikr dks crkusokyh la[;k ;g ladrs djsxh fd bu dfo;ksa
ds ç;ksx esa fdlh 'kCn dh vko`fÙk dk vuqikr fdruk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fy•k tk ldrk gS & ^vuar* &
86%47%26%69- bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ^vuar* 'kCn dk ç;ksx çlkn] fujkyk] iar vkSj egknsoh us Øe'k%
86%47%26%69 ds vuqikr esa fd;k gS- fuf'pr :i ls ^vuar* dk ç;ksx lcls T;knk ckj çlkn us fd;k gS] fiQj
egknsoh us] fiQj fujkyk us vkSj lcls de iar usA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd çlkn us dsoy 86 ckj bl 'kCn
dk ç;ksx fd;k gS] ;k iar us dsoy 26 ckj! ;g la[;kRed eku dsoy rqyuk djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k vkuqikfrd
Øe gSA dqN ,sls 'kCnksa dh vkuqikfrd lwph nh tk jgh gS] ftudk ç;ksx pkjksa dfo;ksa us fd;k gS &
'kCn & çlkn % fujkyk % iar % egknsoh
v#.k & 96%22%16%82 vyl & 28%18%10%15 voxqaBu & 8%3%8%29 vfojr & 7%8%3%6
vJq & 9%8%13%61 vk¡lw & 41%6%96%116 vlhe & 21%19%5%59 vLiQqV & 6%2%19%11
vkyksd & 69%19%10%30 mÙkky & 2%9%2%5 mj & 10%136%58%115 ân;& 210%102%78%70
m"kk & 99%3%2%3 Å"kk & 19%7%4%2 mPN~okl & 6%14%1%5 d#.k & 30%10%13%103
dy & 25%35%29%15 piyk & 21%2%3%10 fprou & 5%37%10%56 d#.kk & 53%38%27%70
pqacu & 21%37%8%5 fpj & 90%33%50%224 Nfo & 36%52%36%13 Nk;k& 258%41%154%145
ty & 105%76%61%99 re & 57%92%32%123 rjy & 54%8%11%50 fnf'k & 8%1%27%7
rq"kkj & 17%3%3%7 frfej & 28%32%13%79 nhi & 45%17%33%150 nqdwy & 1%6%14%6

fut & 88%55%28%7 fu;fr & 49%5%6%10 uhjo & 34%9%37%106 nq%• & 96%9%19%95
uwiqj & 15%39%6%20 uhy & 136%46%23%12 uhye & 13%6%1%39 nq• & 26%51%16%50
ifjey & 7%2%8%12 iYyo & 11%4%2%12 ikol & 25%6%11%21 ç.k; & 43%26%13%3
eaxy & 82%15%8%3 eatq & 10%31%3%10 eu & 209%203%54%79 e/q & 161%64%41%114
ey; & 53%11%14%25 ekul & 91%18%22%73 ek;k & 94%66%21%01 eeZj & 2%10%9%12
eqÙkQ & 38%117%33%12 eqfÙkQ & 26%24%5%15 eqÙkQk & 23%26%27%17 feyu & 57%20%10%67
ewd & 2%8%10%93 e`R;q & 24%37%13%37 e`nq & 67%54%65%106 fojg & 23%46%13%89
ekSu & 43%61%24%38 ;kSou & 75%82%14%1 jgL; & 44%9%2%16 es?k & 26%21%7%47
y?kq & 74%5%39%51 oj & 5%44%5%26 olar & 52%72%35%60 jkx & 54%153%10%87
fody & 99%24%7%23 fotu & 28%21%17%5 fo'o& 197%95%110%63 fodp & 1%25%13%3
osnuk & 52%19%8%76 'kr & 51%101%33%47 'kf'k & 46%22%35%12 foLe`fr & 36%13%6%24
'kqfp & 14%47%25%5 'kwU; & 65%14%25%85 'kSy & 31%6%10%1 f'kfFky & 46%17%13%22
Je & 83%36%42%9 Jkar & 52%10%12%2 lal`fr & 88%30%14%29 ';ke & 80%22%4%30
lehj & 33%106%11%9 flr & 14%7%1%41 lqanj&209%122%112%63 lty & 46%10%15%56
lqeu & 42%23%13%37 l`f"V & 139%41%31%18 lkSjHk & 28%11%16%40 lq• & 144%114%47%75
Le`fr & 56%30%2%5 LoIu & 38%39%65%43 Loj & 72%121%28%69 fLer & 19%9%4%62
Lo.kZ & 26%23%47%43 gr & 5%20%7%2 fge & 64%19%4%6 fLefr & 26%5%11%4
Åij dh lwph esa vk, gq, 'kCn pkjksa dfo;ksa ds }kjk ç;ksx esa yk, x, gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dh la[;k vkSj Hkh gks
ldrh gSA uewus ds rkSj ij bl lwph esa 100 'kCn j•s x, gSaA bl fooj.k ls ;g Hkh tkuk tk ldrk gS fd fdl
'kCn dk ç;ksx nwljs 'kCn dh rqyuk fdlh dfo dh dfork esa T;knk ;k de ckj gqvk gSA tSls &
vJq & 9%8%13%61 vk¡lw & 41%6%96%116
bu nksuksa 'kCnksa ds ckjs esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd egknsoh esa ^vk¡lw* dk ç;ksx ^vJq* dh rqyuk esa yxHkx
nksxquk gS] ysfdu fujkyk us ^vJq* dk ç;ksx ^vk¡lw* dh rqyuk esa T;knk ckj fd;k gSA 'ks"k nksuksa dfo;ksa ds ikl
Hkh ^vk¡l*w T;knk gS]a ^vJq* de! ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ^vk¡l*w ds jpf;rk çlkn ds ikl egknsoh ls de ^vk¡l*w gSAa
blh rjg Åij dh lwph ls ^nq%•* vkSj ^nq•* dks nsf•, & nq%• & 96%9%19%95 nq• & 26%51%16%50
bu nksuksa 'kCn&:iksa dks feykdj ns•sa rks 95 vkSj 50 dh la[;k feydj egknsoh dks nq%•@nq• ds 'kh"kZ ij igq¡pk
nsrh gSA è;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS fd fujkyk ds ikl ^nq%•* ls T;knk ^nq•* gSA jkeLo:i prqoZsnh us vius ,d
vkys• esa bl ckr dh rjiQ è;ku fnyk;k Fkk fd fujkyk ^nq•* esa T;knk xgjkbZ eglwl djrs gSaA mUgksaus iQSt dh
çfl¼ iafÙkQ ^vkSj Hkh nq%• gSa tekus esa eqgCcr ds flok* esa ^nq%•* dks js•kafdr fd;k gS vkSj crk;k fd ;g ^xe*
ls xgjk gSA egknsoh us ^lkaè; xhr* dh ,d dfork êsjk lty eq• ns• ysrs!* esa ,d gh txg ij ^nq%•* vkSj
^nq•* nksuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gS & ^nq%•e; lq•@lq•Hkjk nq•*
Åij nh x;h lwph rFkk bl Hkwfedk esa 'kkfey vU; lwfp;ksa dk mi;ksx dbZ rjg ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk
fo'ys"k.k djds vkykspukRed ys•u dks le`¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA Å¡ph d{kkvksa esa Nk;koknh dforkvksa ds
vè;;u&vè;kiu vkSj 'kks/&dk;Z ds Øe esa buls lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA ;gk¡ uewus ds rkSj ij dsoy dqN 'kCnksa
ds ckjs esa fVIi.kh dh x;h gSA
,d lwph ,sls 'kCnksa dh nh tk jgh gS] ftudk ç;ksx fdUgha rhu dfo;ksa us rks fd;k gS exj ,d dfo us
ugha fd;k gSA tSls & ^vonkr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx çlkn us ,d ckj Hkh ugha fd;k gS] exj fujkyk&iar&egknsoh us
fd;k gSA bls O;ÙkQ djus fy, lwph esa fy•k tk,xk & vonkr & 0%4%17%14 bldk vFkZ gqvk fd çlkn us
^vonkr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ,d ckj Hkh ugha fd;k gSA fujkyk] iar vkSj egknsoh us bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx 4%17%14 ds
vkuqikfrd Øe esa fd;k gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ Hkh fudyk fd ^vonkr* 'kCn dk lokZf/d ç;ksx iar us fd;k gSA
vonkr & 0%4%17%14 papyk & 6%2%0%3 T;ksfr & 22%79%14%0 r#.k & 1%29%23%0
rqax & 18%3%0%4 rqfgu & 11%0%31%44 rwfydk & 7%8%0%5 r`"kk & 7%5%9%0
nfyr & 29%16%10%0 nqLrj & 0%5%6%3 nso & 67%5%0%25 uhj & 9%3%0%19
uhfyek & 12%2%0%1 uhyk & 20%5%0%1 iq#"k & 40%15%5%0 ukjh & 15%1%1%0
çÑfr & 140%41%30%0 çkph & 37%7%0%7 iQsu & 6%0%15%4 ckgq & 12%21%5%0
fctyh & 37%2%0%1 eaæ & 5%25%0%4 eaæ & 5%25%0%4 edjan & 48%1%0%15
el`.k & 4%6%2%0 ;kfeuh & 9%28%0%32 jÙkQ & 22%5%5%0 jtr & 27%0%29%56
jtuh & 66%0%2%62 jfr & 6%7%5%0 jkdk & 21%1%0%1 jksj & 0%6%7%2
o"kkZ & 37%9%10%0 okluk & 50%26%1%0 foLe`r & 6%8%0%7 fogkx & 7%8%0%17
'kfÙkQ & 74%43%13%0 f'kf'kj & 22%62%14%0 'yFk & 2%23%7%0 ldy & 35%73%3%0
lrr & 28%1%5%0 lehj.k & 0%20%6%22 fldrk & 21%0%1%15 lhek & 27%13%0%35
lqf/ & 0%1%9%102 lqugyk & 8%0%4%8 lqugyh & 17%0%6%28 lqgkx & 11%26%0%13
LofIuy & 0%3%11%5 LoxhZ; & 7%6%3%0 LoxZaxk & 11%1%1%0 gse & 17%2%1%0
vc ,d ,slh lwph nh tk jgh gS] ftlesa fdUgha nks dfo;ksa ds }kjk ç;qÙkQ 'kCn lfEefyr gSaA tSls &
^vfodp*A bldk ç;ksx dsoy fujkyk vkSj iar us fd;k gSA çlkn vkSj egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa ^vfodp* 'kCn
dk ç;ksx ,d ckj Hkh ugha gqvk gSA vfodp & 0%2%8%0
vfodp & 0%2%8%0 vkuan & 38%13%0%0 dke & 53%24%0%0 {kkj & 0%1%0%15
f•Uu & 1%5%0%0 nqfjr & 0%9%2%0 nqnZe & 0%9%4%0 p"kd & 17%0%0%2
pk# & 0%12%12%0 fprpksj & 0%0%2%1 psru & 51%15%0%0 Nan & 7%8%0%0
Nyuk & 7%0%0%5 Nfy;k & 3%0%0%2 Nyh & 6%0%0%2 fu%'okl & 19%0%3%0
çruq & 0%16%7%0 Hkh# & 0%15%8%0 ejan & 44%0%2%0 e;kZnk & 4%1%0%0
ek/o & 19%0%0%5 ek/oh & 46%2%0%0 fojkx & 36%0%0%6 lSdr & 0%4%8%0
flÙkQ & 0%15%0%8 lqHkx & 0%0%10%25 lqgkfxuh & 1%0%0%8 L•yu & 6%2%0%0
L•fyr & 0%7%1%0
'kCn&ç;ksx ds ckjs esa dqN vkSj rF;ksa dk ftØ vkxs fd;k tk jgk gSA bu fooj.kksa ls Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ds
fetkt dks le>us esa enn feysxhA

^vofu* vkSj ^vouh* & nksuksa ds ç;ksx feyrs gSaA fujkyk bu nksuksa :iksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] çlkn vkSj
egknsoh dsoy ^vouh* dk bLrseky djrs gSaA iar dh dforkvksa esa dsoy ^vofu* gSA
^vkuan* çlkn&fujkyk esa gS] iar&egknsoh esa ughaA iar esa êgkuan* t:j gSA
iar dks tqxquw cgqr ilan gSaA os buds fy, ,d gh 'kCn ds dbZ :iksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSa & mMxu] mM+xu]
mMx.k] mMqx.k] mMqxuA ^•|ksr* Hkh muesa cgqç;qÙkQ gSA
^mRk~* vkSj ^mi* milxZ dh lgk;rk ls vusd 'kCn cuk, x, gSA Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dks ;s nksuksa milxZ •wc
ilan gSaAiwjh Nk;koknh dfork esa ^bl* ls dgha T;knk ^ml* dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA bu dforkvksa esa ^fu%* ls cuusokys
'kCn nks lkS ls Åij gksaxsA
^{khj* egknsoh esa dbZ ckj vk;k gSA çlkn esa dsoy ,d ckj & ^dgk¡ ty fcUnq ]dgk¡ fuf/ {khj* (ns- ^fuf/
{khj*) fujkyk&iar ^{khj*&foghu gSaA
^•y•y* g¡lrk gS jko.k vkSj mlls cgqr igys ckny! ^jke dh 'kfÙkQ&iwtk* vkSj ^ckny jkx* ds vykok
iwjs Nk;koknh dkO; esa bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx ugha feyrk gSA
^pk¡nuh* dk ç;ksx fujkyk us Nk;kokfn;ksa esa lcls de fd;k gS- ^pki* rhu dfo;ksa ds ikl •wc gS] exj
çlkn ds ikl ^pki* ugha ^baæpki* gSSA
^Nan* ds fy, lokZf/d pfpZr fujkyk ds ikl ;g 'kCn çlkn ds yxHkx cjkcj dh la[;k esa gSA iar&egknsoh
^Nan* 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gh ugha gSaA
çse esa ^Ny* gksrk gS] çseh ^Nfy;k* fudy ldrk gS] fiQj Hkh og ^Nyh* cudj eu esa lek;k jg ldrk
gSA ^Nyuk* esa Hkh fo'okl ?kuk gks ldrk gSA çse ds bu i{kksa dks çlkn vkSj egknsoh c•wch tkurs gSA mudh
dforkvksa esa ^Ny*] ^Nfy;k*] ^Nyh*] ^Nyuk* dk mi;ksx vusd ckj gqvk gS] exj fujkyk vkSj iar çse ds bu
i{kksa ls cs•cj gSa!
fujkyk dks ^th.kZ* dh cgqr fpark gS] iar&çlkn dks FkksM+h cgqrA egknsoh ds lalkj esa dqN Hkh ^th.kZ* ugha
gksrk! ^th.kZ* dh rjg gh ^Kku* cgqç;qÙkQ gS fujkyk esa] fiQj Øe'k% çlkn vkSj iar esaA egknsoh dfork esa ^Kku*
ls ijgst djrh gSaA ^T;ksfr* ls cus 'kCnksa dh la[;k lcls T;knk fujkyk esa gS] çlkn&iar Hkh bldk mi;ksx djrs
gSaA exj] lcls T;knk nhid tykusokyh egknsoh ^T;ksfr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ,d ckj Hkh ugha djrhaA os ^T;ksrh* dk
ç;ksx djrh gSa] og Hkh dsoy ,d ckj! ^T;ksRLuk* pkjksa ds ikl gS] exj çlkn dks ;g T;knk gh yqHkkrh gSA ^>a>k*
dh fpark pkjksa dks gS] exj egknsoh ds ikl pw¡fd ^nhid* T;knk gSa] blfy, os ^>a>k* dks lcdh rqyuk esa T;knk
ckj ;kn djrh gSaA rjyrk Hkh Nk;kokn dh ,d igpku gSA t;'kadj çlkn us ^Nk;kokn* ds ckjs esa crkrs gq,
^rjyrk* dh ppkZ dh gSA ^rjy* dk ç;ksx çlkn us viuh dforkvksa esa Hkh ckdh dfo;ksa ls T;knk ckj fd;k gS]
muls FkksM+k gh de egknsoh esa ;g 'kCn gSA fujkyk vkSj iar us de gh ckj ^rjy* dk ç;ksx fd;k gS!
^r#.k* Hkko ds dfo gSa fujkyk vkSj iarA bu nksuksa us r#.kkbZ esa Nk;kokn dks viuk;k Fkk] 'kk;n blhfy, os
^r#.k* vkSj ^r#.kh* 'kCn dk ç;ksx T;knk ckj djrs gSaA buesa Hkh fujkyk ds ç;ksx iar ls nksxquk ls T;knk gSaA cztHkk"kk
ls 'kq: djusokys çlkn yxHkx rhl lky dh mez esa Nk;koknh curs gSa] os Hkyk ^r#.k*&^r#.kh* dk D;k mi;ksx
djrs! ys&nsdj dsoy ,d ckj os ^r#.k* 'kCn dk mi;ksx djrs gSa og Hkh ^riLoh* cukdj & ^r#.k riLoh&lk
og cSBk*A egknsoh dh ^r#.k*&^r#.kh* esa dksbZ #fp ugha gS] os budk mi;ksx ,d ckj Hkh ugha djrha!
egknsoh ^frfej* vkSj ^re* ls f?kjh gSa] 'kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fd mudh dforkvksa esa ^rkjd* •wc peds&cq>s
vkSj fVefVek, gSa! rkjdksa dh lcls de t:jr fujkyk dks iM+h gS] 'kk;n blfy, Hkh D;ksafd va/dkj dk vFkZ
nsusokys 'kCn lcls de fujkyk esa gSa vkSj lcls T;knk egknsoh esaA
fgeky; Nk;kokfn;ksa dks •wc vkdf"kZr djrk gS] Hkys gh budk thou çk;% eSnkuh {ks=k esa chrk FkkA bu pkjksa
esa ls dsoy iar dk lEcU/ fgeky; ls tqM+rk gS] D;ksafd os vYeksM+k ds FksA Å¡ph pksVh ds fy, Nk;kokfn;ksa us
'kCn pquk & ^rqax*A vc fgeky; ls T;knk Å¡ph pksfV;k¡ Hkyk dgk¡ fn• ldrh gSa! dkek;uhdkj çlkn dks ;g
'kCn •wc fç; gSA fujkyk vkSj egknsoh esa Hkh bldk ç;ksx nks&pkj ckj feyrk gSA exj] fgeky; ds lcls utnhd
ds dfo iar dh dforkvksa esa ^rqax* 'kCn ,d ckj Hkh ugha vk;k gSA os ûx* 'kCn dk Hkh ç;ksx ugha djrsA igkM+ksa
ls nwj cukjl esa jgusokys çlkn ûx* dk ç;ksx lcls T;knk ckj djrs gSa] fujkyk ,dk/ ckjA egknsoh Hkh bldk
mi;ksx ugha djrhaA ^rqfgu* dk ç;ksx fujkyk us Nk;koknh nkSj dh dforkvksa esa ,d ckj Hkh ugha fd;k gSA vkxs
pydj ^csyk* (1946) dh ,d dfork ^dqUn&gkl esa veUn* esa fujkyk ^rqfgu&dksj* 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
^nfyr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx egknsoh dks NksM+dj rhuksa dfo;ksa us fd;k gS- cgl dh t:jr ugha fd Nk;koknh
nkSj esa bl 'kCn dk vFkZ og ugha Fkk tks ^nfyr foe'kZ* esa ekStwn gS- ^nqdwy* dh t:jr egknsoh ls Hkh T;knk
iar dks iM+h Fkh] çlkn dsoy ,d ckj ^pUæxqIr* ukVd ds ,d xhr esa bldk ç;ksx djrs gSa& ^vc lkUè;&ey;
vkdqfyr nqdwy&@dfyr gks] ;ksa fNirs gks D;ksa\*
ûHk* pkjksa ds ikl gS] exj ûHk eqÙkQ dqaryk /j.kh* dsoy çlkn ds ikl] ûHkksns'k* dsoy fujkyk ds ikl]
ûHkpkfj.kh* dsoy iar ds ikl vkSj ûHk dh pkg* dsoy egknsoh ds ikl gSa- û;u* rks pkjksa ds ikl Fks gh] exj
û;uksa dh uhye dh ?kkVh* dsoy çlkn ds ikl] û;uksa ds Mksjs yky* dsoy fujkyk ds ikl] û;urk* dsoy
iar ds ikl vkSj û;ulkj* dsoy egknsoh ds ikl gSaA
çlkn us ,d ckj vius ûkfod* dks dg fn;k fd ^ys py ogk¡ Hkqykok nsdj---* vkSj ,d ,slk irk crk;k
ftls •kstuk cgqr eqf'dy FkkA vc ,slh txg dgk¡ feysxh tgk¡ futZu gks] vouh dk dksykgy u gks vkSj lkxj
dh ygjh vacj ds dkuksa esa fu'Ny çse dh dFkk dg jgh gks! çlkn •qn Hkh 'kk;n ugha tkurs Fks fd ,slh txg
Bhd&Bhd dgk¡ ekStwn gS! blfy, uko ij p<+dj •qn dks ukfod ds Hkjksls NksM+ fn;k! ys py HkkbZ] eq>s crkus
dh t:jr ugha fd rqe fdl jkLrs ls ml txg ij eq>s igq¡pkvksxs! tSls Hkh cu iM+s eq>s ml irs ij igq¡pk nks!
vkSj çlkn dks cnuke dj fn;k x;k fd os ^fu;froknh* gSaA ûkfod* 'kCn çlkn esa dbZ ckj vk;k gS] bl dks'k
esa çfof"V;ksa dks ns•k tk ldrk gSA bldk ç;ksx fujkyk us ugha fd;k FkkA iar esa ,d ckj bldk mi;ksx feyrk
gS & ^g¡l •sy&•sy js ukfod*A egknsoh us ûkfod* 'kCn dk ç;ksx çlkn dh rqyuk esa dqN gh de ckj fd;k
gSA os Hkh bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx ^fu;fr* ds vFkZ esa djrh gSa] exj ^fu;froknh* gksus dh cnukeh dsoy çlkn dh
fu;fr esa Fkh!
îapHkwr* 'kCn dks dfork dk 'kCn cuk;k çlkn vkSj fujkyk usA bls çflf¼ feyh ^dkek;uh* esa 'kkfey gksdj &
îapHkwr dk HkSjo feJ.k---*A iar&egknsoh bldk ç;ksx ugha djrsA blh rjg dk ,d 'kCn gS & ^fHkUu* & çlkn
us dsoy ,d ckj bldk bLrseky fd;k gS & ^Kku nwj dqN fØ;k fHkUu gS---* fujkyk us ^çs;lh* dfork esa fy•k &
^nksuksa ge fHkUu o.kZ---* & blesa ;g 'kCn pkj ckj vk;k gSA ^rqylhnkl* esa dsoy ,d ckj ;g vk;k gS (ns- ^fHkUu
Hkh nsg*)A iar us ^fHkUu* dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k gS] ,d txg ^fHkUurk* t:j gS (ns- ^Hkwfj*)A egknsoh esa Hkh ,d
gh ckj gS (ns- ^mÙkki*)A ^fHkUu* 'kCn ^çs;lh* dfork ds ,d gh ifjPNsn esa pkj ckj vk;k vkSj ;g va'k vusd
ckj m¼`r gqvkA blh dfork esa gS & ^fHkUu lkSUn;Z ls cU/u LoxhZ; gS*] exj ;g iafÙkQ T;knk pfpZr ugha gks ik;hA
bl dfork ds Hkkocks/ dks çdV djusokyk ;g ^fHkUu* 'kCn Nk;koknh dfork dh gh ugha] cfYd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
dh fofo/rk dk çrhd cu x;kA çlkn dh mi;ZqÙkQ iafÙkQ Hkh nk'kZfud cudj çpfyr gqbZA bls fdlh dfo dh
rkdr gh ekuuk pkfg, fd mldk vdsyk ç;ksx lcdh tqcku ij p<+ x;kA

çlkn&fujkyk&egknsoh us îkxy* 'kCn dk lgkjk fy;k gS] iar us ughaA exj îxyh* dk ç;ksx dsoy çlkn
us fd;k gS vkSj Hkjiwj vkReh;rk ds lkFkA bl rjg ds 'kCn dk dfork esa liQy ç;ksx vklku ugha gksrkA çlkn
us de ls de ik¡p txgksa ij bldk ç;ksx fd;k gS &
^Vdjkrh fcy•krh lh@ixyh&lh nsrh iQsjh* & vk¡lw
^rqe rqfgu cjl nks du&du@;g ixyh lks;s vc Hkh* & vk¡lw
^rjy rjaxksa esa mB&fxj dj cgrh ixyh ckjEckj* & fpark@dkek;uh
îxyh gk¡ lEgky ys dSls NwV iM+k rsjk vapy* & vk'kk@dkek;uh
îxyh&lh dksbZ varj esa cSBh tSls vuqfnu cdrh* & yTtk@dkek;uh
egknsoh îr>kj* dks fprou ls gjk djus dk ç;kl djrh gSa vkSj çlkn îr>M+* esa vfrlqdqekj olar ds
nwr dks ns•rs gSaA egknsoh ds ikl îr>M+* ugha gS vkSj çlkn ds ikl îr>kj* ughaA fujkyk ds ikl ,dk/ ckj
îr>M+* gS dsoyA çÑfr ds lqdqekj dfo iar ds ½rqpØ esa u rks îr>M+* vkrk gS vkSj u gh îr>kj*A
îfjey* Hkys gh fujkyk dk dkO;&laxzg gS] exj bl 'kCn dk mi;ksx vU; rhuksa dh rqyuk esa os lcls
de ckj djrs gSaA ;gh gky îYyo* dk gS] iar us bldk mi;ksx lcls de ckj fd;k gSA
îfjjaHk* dh Le`fr dsoy çlkn dks gSA iar vkSj egknsoh dh bl 'kCn ls nwjh rks le> esa vkrh gS] exj
^fç;&dj&dfBu&mjkst&ijl dl---* tSlh míke Ükàxkj dh iafÙkQ fy•usokys fujkyk Hkh bl 'kCn dk mi;ksx u
dj ldsA Nk;kokn esa îfjjaHk* 'kCn çfl¼ •wc gqvk] dsoy çlkn ds ne ij!
egknsoh dk vKkr fç;re îkgqu* gSA ;g dsoy mUgha ds ikl gSA çlkn] fujkyk vkSj iar dk dksbZ îkgqu*
ugha gSA
Nk;kokn dh fo'kky dkO;&jkf'k esa îhM+k* dk lkezkT; egknsoh ds uke gSA ckdh ds ;gk¡ bldh çfof"V;k¡
fNViqV gh fn•kbZ iM+rh gSaA
^çR;k'kk* vc jktHkk"kk fgUnh dk çpfyr 'kCn gSA çlkn us bl 'kCn dk dkO;kRed ç;ksx fd;k FkkA 'ks"k
rhuksa Nk;kokfn;ksa ds ikl ^çR;k'kk* ugha gSA
Nk;koknh dfork esa ^çy;* ds lw=k/kj çlkn gSaA ^vk¡lw*] ^dkek;uh* ls ysdj ^çy; dh Nk;k* ls xqtjrs
gq, ^LdUnxqIr* ds ,d xhr esa ^çy;* viuk dke dj jgk gSA oSls ;g 'kCn gS ckdh rhuksa ds ikl Hkh] exj vYi
la[;k esaA
vklkuh ls vankt yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lcls T;knk îQsu* iSnk fd;k gksxk iar usA çlkn&egknsoh esa ;g
de gS vkSj fujkyk dks bldh t:jr gh ugha iM+hA
^cky* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ^ds'k* vkSj ^ckyd* ds vFkZ esa Nk;kokfn;ksa us fd;k gSA exj ^ckyd* vFkZ dh
ç/kurk gSA
^fc•j*] ^fc•jk*] ^fc•jh* vkfn 'kCn&:iksa ds ekè;e ls fc•jus dk lokZf/d Hkko çlkn esa gSA egknsoh
esa bu 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fc•j dj iQSyus ds vFkZ esa T;knk gqvk gS] tSls & ^fotu ou esa fc•jk dj jkx*] ^futZu
esa fc•jk gS e/qekl* vkfnA
çlkn us ^fctyh* 'kCn dks Nk;koknh 'kCn&lEink ls tksM+kA os bldk ç;ksx vusd ckj djrs gSa (ns- ^foHkze*]
^Vksads*] ^>a>k >dksj*] ^dknafcuh*] ^fnok&jkf=k*] ês?k&ou*] ^fctyh dk iQwy*] ûhjnekyk*] ^fctyh dh
ekyk&lh* vkfn)A bldk ç;ksx fujkyk (ns- ^pk#*] ^Lian*) vkSj egknsoh (ns- ^lkFkZokg*) esa de gh ckj feyrk gSA

^Hkzw* ds Hkax vkSj ^HkkSagksa* ds lapkyu ls egknsoh dh dfork,¡ eqÙkQ gSaA rhuksa iq#"kksa dh utj ^Hkzw* vkSj ^HkkSag*
ij gSA
êu* lcds ikl gS vkSj •wc gS] exj êuksgjk* dsoy fujkyk ds ikl gS vkSj og Hkh dsoy ,d ckj &
^j¡x x;h ix&ix /U; /jk@gqbZ tx txex euksgjk*A fujkyk us viuh ^LoxhZ;k&fç;k* dks ;kn rks nwljh txgksa ij
fd;k t:j gS] exj uke ysdj dsoy ,d ckj!
êjan* dks Nk;koknh dfork esa LFkkfir fd;k çlkn usA fujkyk vkSj egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa êjan* ugha
feyrkA iar esa dsoy nks ckj (ns- ^p;*] ^Lo.kZ&ejan*)A
êeZj* Nk;kokfn;ksa dk nqykjk 'kCn gS] exj çlkn ds ;gk¡ ;g lcls de gSA
êk;k* dk vlj çlkn&fujkyk ij lcls T;knk gS] iar esa Hkh ;g dbZ ckj vk;k gSA ftl L=kh dks êk;k*
dgk tkrk jgk gS mlds ikl Nk;koknh dkO;&cks/ esa dsoy ,d ckj ^liuksa dh ek;k* (ûhgkj*) gSA
^feyu* vkSj ^fojg* dh ppkZ lcls T;knk egknsoh esa gS vkSj lcls de iar esaA
êqÙkQ*] êqfÙkQ* vkSj êqÙkQk* ds ç;ksx esa fujkyk lcls vkxs gSa vkSj egknsoh lcls ihNs! exj ^ca/u* ds ç;ksx
esa egknsoh lcls vkxs gSaA ;g vyx ckr gS fd mudh dforkvksa esa dsoy êkse ds ca/u lthys* gh ugha gSa] cfYd
^vkt oj nks eqfÙkQ vkos cU/uksa dh dkeuk ys!* (ns- ^ca/uksa dh dkeuk*) Hkh gSA bl rjg egknsoh dh dforkvksa
esa ^ca/u* dk Lo:i vyx <ax dk gSA
^;k;koj* 'kCn dh ppkZ gksus ij vKs; dh ;kn gks vkrh gS &^vjs ;k;koj jgsxk ;kn*A ;g 'kCn dsoy ,d
ckj ^dkek;uh* esa vk;k gSA vU; rhuksa us bldk ç;ksx ,d ckj Hkh ugha fd;k gSA bl 'kCn dks fgUnh dfork esa
vKs; ls igys ysdj vk, Fks çlknA
^;qx* vkSj ^;qxy* 'kCn dk ç;ksx Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us ^nks* ;k ^tksM+k* ds vFkZ esa T;knk fd;k gSA
^;kSou* dk çHkko lcls T;knk çlkn vkSj fujkyk ij gS] iar ij cgqr deA egknsoh esa lEHkor% ,d gh ckj
(ns- ^ykylk dh efnjk*)A
^jÙkQ* dh lokZf/d ek=kk çlkn esa gSA egknsoh esa u ^jÙkQ* gS u ^jfÙkQe*A Nk;kokfn;ksa esa ^jfÙkQe* dk ç;ksx
dsoy çlkn us fd;k gSA ^•wu* dk ç;ksx êgkjkt f'kokth dk i=k* esa gqvk gSA lEHkor% Nk;koknh dfork esa ^•wu*
dk ;g ,dek=k ç;ksx gSA ^ygw* 'kCn dk ç;ksx buesa ls fdlh us ugha fd;k gSA
^jtr* egknsoh dks •wc fç; gSA çlkn&iar us Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k gS] exj fujkyk us bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx
Nk;koknh nkSj ds ckn dh dforkvksa esa fd;k gS (ns- fujkyk dkO;&dks'k & laLÑfr çdk'ku] Hkkxyiqj] fcgkj)A
Nk;kokn dh euksHkwfe ds vuqdwy gS ^jtuh* 'kCnA çlkn vkSj egknsoh us bldk •wc mi;ksx fd;k gSA exj
iar esa ;g 'kCn dsoy ,d ckj feyrk gS & ^cky jtuh&lh vyd Fkh Mksyrh*A fujkyk ^jtuh* dk rks ugha] ij
^jke dh 'kfÙkQ&iwtk* esa ^jtuhpj* dk ç;ksx ,d ckj djrs gSaA Nk;kokn ds ckn mUgksaus ,d xhr fy•k & ^tufu]
eksg dh jtuh* (1950)A ^?ku re ls vko`r /j.kh gS* (1950) rFkk ^dqatksa dh jkr çHkkr gqbZ* (1952) xhrksa
esa fujkyk us ^jtuh* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k gS] exj ;g lc Nk;kokn ds ckn dk ekeyk gSA
^jfo* ds çfr fujkyk dk vkd"kZ.k lcls T;knk gS vkSj ^jf'e* ds çfr egknsoh dkA ^çFke jf'e* tSlh liQy
vkSj çfl¼ dfork fy•us ds ckotwn iar us ^jf'e* 'kCn dk vU;=k ç;ksx de gh fd;k gSA
^jgL;* 'kCn ds mi;ksx esa çlkn jgL;oknh egknsoh ls vkxs gSaA iar us bldk mi;ksx ,d&nks txg gh fd;k
gS] exj blh vFkZ esa ^jgl* 'kCn ds os vdsys ç;ksÙkQk gSaA

^jkdk* vkSj ê/qjkdk* çlkn esa dbZ ckj vkrh gS] fujkyk&egknsoh ,d&,d ckj ^jkdk* dk mi;ksx djrs
gSaA iar esa u rks ^jkdk* gS vkSj u gh ê/qjkdk*_ gk¡] ^jkdkifr* t:j gS vkSj ;g 'kCn fdlh nwljs ds ikl gS Hkh
ughaA ê/qjkdk* Hkh dsoy çlkn ds ikl gSA
çlkn esa ^jkx* dh rqyuk esa ^fojkx* de gSA fujkyk esa ^jkx* dh ek=kk çlkn ls rhu xquk T;knk gS] exj
^fojkx* gS gh ughaA jkefoykl 'kekZ us ^jkx&fojkx* uke ls fujkyk dh dqN dforkvksa dk ladyu t:j cuk;k
gS] exj êrokyk* ds mís'; dh ?kks"k.kk djusokys Nan esa ^jkx&fojkx Hkjk I;kyk* ds vykok fujkyk us viuh fdlh
dfork esa ^fojkx* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k gSA gk¡] ^jkx&fojkx* vius tksM+s esa çlkn vkSj egknsoh dh dforkvksa
esa t:j O;ÙkQ gqvk gS (ns- ^jkx&fojkx*] ^jkx&fojkxksa*)A
^LoIu* lxZ esa çlkn us fy•k gS & ^v/&fodp dyh* & ^fodp* dk ,dek=k ;gh ç;ksx çlkn esa feyrk
gSA fujkyk bldk •wc ç;ksx djrs gSaA egknsoh us bldk de gh mi;ksx fd;k gSA
^foHkkojh* dks lokZf/d yksdfç;rk feyh & ^chrh foHkkojh tkx jh* & dfork lsA çlkn ds vykok fujkyk
vkSj egknsoh esa ;g 'kCn feyrk gS] exj iar bldk mi;ksx ugha djrsA ^fooluk* dsoy iar esa gSA
^fo'o* vkSj bl 'kCn ds lgkjs cus 'kCnksa dh çfof"V;k¡ bl dks'k esa 65 dh la[;k esa gSa] ftues ls 32 dsoy
çlkn ls gSaA çlkn esa ;g lokZf/d gS vkSj egknsoh esa lcls deA ôsyk* çlkn&egknsoh esa gS] fujkyk&iar esa ughaA
^fo"k* vkSj ^fo"kkn* Hkh çlkn esa lokZf/d gSa vkSj egknsoh esa lcls deA Ô;Fkk* vkSj Ô;fFkr* dk ç;ksx
iar us cgqr de fd;k gS] çlkn&egknsoh esa ;s cgqç;qÙkQ gSaA îhM+k* Hkh çlkn&egknsoh esa T;knk gSA Ô;Lr*
çlkn&egknsoh gSa] fujkyk ugha] iar dHkh&dHkkj!
çlkn us ôzhM+k* vkSj egknsoh us ^czhM+k* dk mi;ksx ,d gh vFkZ esa fd;k gSA çlkn esa ^czhM+k* ugha gS vkSj
egknsoh esa ôzhM+k*A fujkyk&iar u rks ^czhM+k* dk ç;ksx djrs gSa vkSj u gh ôzhM+k* dkA
^jke dh 'kfÙkQ&iwtk* dh bruh ppkZ gqbZ fd ^'kfÙkQ* 'kCn ekuks fujkyk ls tqM+ x;kA jkeLo:i prqoZsnh us
Nk;kokn dks ^'kfÙkQ&dkO;* dgk Hkh gS ftldh vo/kj.kkRed le> esa fuf'pr :i ls bl dfork dk ;ksxnku
gSA ysfdu ^'kfÙkQ* 'kCn dk ç;ksx lcls T;knk çlkn esa feyrk gSA ^n'kZu* vkSj ^jgL;* lxZ esa bl 'kCn dk mi;ksx
vusd ckj gqvk gSA dqy feykdj çlkn dh dforkvksa esa ^'kfÙkQ* 'kCn 50 ls T;knk ckj vk;k gS] vkSj fujkyk esa
40 ls de ckj! iar esa eqf'dy ls 5&6 ckj bldk ç;ksx feyrk gSA egknsoh bl 'kCn ls ijgst djrh gSaA
^'kfÙkQ&dkO;* dh vo/kj.kk esa egknsoh ds fy, txg cukus dk dksbZ vkSj mik; gks ldrk gS D;k\ L=kh dks ^'kfÙkQ*
:ik crkusokyh oSpkfjdh ls egknsoh vlger gSa D;k\ çlkn vkSj fujkyk dh ^'kfÙkQ* dh le> ,d tSlh
ugha gS!
^J¼k* dks Nk;kokn esa tks Å¡ph txg feyh gqbZ gS] og çlkn dh nsu gSA vius xhrksa esa nhid] nhi] iwtu]
vpZuk] v{kr vkfn dh ckr djusokyh egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa ,d ckj Hkh ^J¼k* 'kCn ugha feyrk! iar esa Hkh
;g 'kCn ugha gSA fujkyk esa dsoy ,d ckj ^rqylhnkl* esa (ns- ^lef"V*)A
^Je* vkSj blls cus 'kCn lcls T;knk çlkn esa gSaA ^Je* djds ^Jkar* gks tkuk Hkh çlkn gh lcls T;knk
tkurs gSaA exj jfr&Je ls tks ^Jkark* gS mls dsoy iar tkurs gS & ^jfr Jkark*A
^'kh.kZ* ds lokZf/d ç;ksÙkQk fujkyk ^'yFk* Hkh lcls T;knk gksrs gSaA iar dqN gh ckj bldk mi;ksx djrs
gSa vkSj çlkn rks dsoy ,d ckjA egknsoh u rks ^th.kZ* gSa] u ^'kh.kZ* gSa vkSj u gh ^'yFk*A bu rhuksa fo'ks"k.kksa dh
t:jr lcls T;knk fujkyk dks iM+h Fkh] tks viuh vafre dfork rd îqu% losjk* dh mEehn Hkh cuk, gq, FksA
Nk;koknh dfork esa ^'kke* 'kCn dk ç;ksx ugha gqvk gSA ^laè;k* vkSj ^xks/wfy* ;k ^xks/wyh* ds ç;ksx esa lcls
vkxs çlkn gSa] fiQj egknsohA ^laè;k&lqanjh* dfork fy•usokys fujkyk bl ekeys esa lcls ihNs gSaA ^lty* pkjksa

ds ikl gS] exj ^ltyk* dsoy egknsoh ds iklA ^lrr* 'kCn çlkn dks fç; gS] fujkyk&iar dHkh&dHkkj bldk
mi;ksx djrs gSa (ns- ^xfref;*)A egknsoh bldk mi;ksx ugha djrh gSaA
^leUo;* vkSj ^lejl* dh vdsyh dksf'k'k çlkn dh gSA ^lehj* vkSj ^lehj.k* dk lokZf/d çokg fujkyk
esa gS] fiQj egknsoh esaA çlkn esa ^lehj* dk cgko rks gS] exj ^lehj.k* ugha vkrkA
^fldrk* dk ç;ksx çlkn esa vf/d gS] fiQj egknsoh esaA iar esa dsoy ,d ckj & ^fldrk dh lfLer lhih
ij---* (ûkSdk&fogkj*)A fujkyk us Nk;koknh nkSj esa bl 'kCn dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k gSA os vkxs pydj ^nsoh
ljLorh* (1946) dfork esa bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSa] ¶xaxk dh fldrk dh@osnh jph_ eU=k i<+dj¸A fujkyk
Nk;koknh nkSj esa ^lSdr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA ;g iar esa fujkyk ls Hkh T;knk ckj vk;k gSA çlkn&egknsoh us
bldk mi;ksx ugha fd;k gSA
^lq"kek* dk ç;ksx çlkn&egknsoh us dbZ ckj fd;k gSA blh vFkZ dks O;ÙkQ djus ds fy, ^lq•ek* dk ç;ksx
dsoy iar us fd;k gSA iar us ^lq"ke* vkSj ^lq"kek* dk Hkh bLrseky ,d&nks ckj gh fd;k gSA exj Nk;koknh nkSj
esa fujkyk dh dforkvksa esa ^lq"kek* 'kCn ugha feyrkA ckn dh dforkvksa esa muds ;gk¡ ;g 'kCn fn•kbZ iM+rk gS]
tSls & ^jkts fnudj tSls* (1946)] ^tkod t; pj.kksa ij Nk;h* (1952)A
^lqgkx* dk lokZf/d mi;ksx fujkyk us fd;k gS vkSj ^lqgkfxuh* dk egknsoh usA çlkn esa bu 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx
de gqvk gSA iar esa u rks ^lqgkx* vkSj u gh ^lqgkfxuh*A ^lwuk*] ^lwus*] ^lwuh* rFkk ^lwukiu* ds ç;ksxksa dks ns•k
tk, rks egknsoh rhuksa dfo;ksa ls vkxs gSaA çlkn esa muls FkksM+h de la[;k feyrh gSA iar esa rks dqN ckj dh ekStwnxh
gS Hkh] fdUrq fujkyk esa ugha ds cjkcj! ^L•yu* vkSj ^L•fyr* tSls 'kCn egknsoh dks 'kk;n fcYdqy ilan
ugha gSaA ihM+k dk lkezkT; l¡Hkkyusokyh egknsoh dh dforkvksa esa ^fLer* vkSj ^fLefr* dh pk¡nuh dh ped lcls
T;knk gSA ^foLe`fr* ds iSjksdkj çlkn esa ^Le`fr* dh la[;k Hkh lokZf/d gSA ^lzLr* fujkyk&iar esa gS] çlkn&egknsoh
esa ughaA
ukeoj flag us jk"Vªh; Lok/hurk vkUnksyu dks Nk;kokn esa O;ÙkQ fd, tkus ds lUnHkZ esa ckr djrs gq, fy•k
gS] ¶bu lcesa fujkyk lcls vkxs jgsA¸14 ;fn ^Lora=k* 'kCn dks vk/kj cuk;k tk, rks bldk ç;ksx fujkyk us dsoy
,d ckj fd;k gS & ^fç; Lora=k jo---* A çlkn esa ^Lora=k* vkSj ^Lora=krk* tSls 'kCnksa dh vko`fÙk T;knk ckj gqbZ
gS (ns- ^Lora=krk iqdkjrh*] ^ân; dh ijo'krk*] ^fpj Lora=k* bR;kfn)A Nk;koknh dforkvksa esa ^Loj* dh fpark
cgqr gSA ;g fpark lcls T;knk O;ÙkQ gqbZ gS fujkyk esa vkSj lcls de iar esAa çlkn&egknsoh esa i;kZIr vko`fÙk feyrh
gSA ^Loj* dk vkxzg Hkh êqfÙkQ* dk gh vkxzg gSA
^LoxZ* ds çfr lokZf/d vkd"kZ.k iar esa gS vkSj ^LofxZd* ds ,dek=k ç;ksÙkQk os gh gSaA ^LoxZaxk* dh vko`fÙk
çlkn esa yxHkx 5 ckj gS] iar&fujkyk esa dsoy ,d&,d ckjA egknsoh esa dsoy ^LoxZ* gS] os ^LofxZd*] ^LoxhZ;*
;k ^LoxZaxk* dk ç;ksx ugha djrh gSaA ^LoxhZ;* rks rhuksa dfo;ksa ds ikl gS] exj ^LoxhZ;k* 'kCn dk ç;ksx dsoy
fujkyk djrs gSa] og Hkh dsoy ,d ckj ^ljkst&Le`fr* esa viuh iRuh euksgj nsoh dks ;kn djrs gq, & ^xk;k
LoxhZ;k&fç;&lax---*
çlkn] fujkyk vkSj egknsoh dh orZuh ^Lokrh* gS] exj iar dh ^Lokfr*A ^Loh;* dk ç;ksx fujkyk vkSj iar
us fd;k & iar us nks ckj (ns- ^Loh;*] ^Loh; Lo:i*) vkSj fujkyk us dsoy ,d ckj & ^T;ksfr%çikr LoxhZ;] &
Kkr Nfo çFke Loh;*A ^jke dh 'kfÙkQ&iwtk* esa ç;qÙkQ gksdj ;g 'kCn Nk;koknh dfork ds ikBdksa ds fy,
tkuk&igpkuk gks x;kA nq%•&ihM+k dh çeq•rk ds ckotwn Nk;koknh dfork esa ^gkl*] ^g¡l* vkSj ^g¡lh* dh Hkjiwj
la[;k lHkh dfo;ksa esa gSA
^gkyk* vkSj ^gkykgy* dk ç;ksx dsoy egknsoh us fd;k gSA çlkn vkSj fujkyk ^gykgy* dk ç;ksx djrs
gSaA iar esa ^gkyk*] ^gkykgy* vkSj ^gykgy* esa ls dqN Hkh ugha gSA çlkn us Nk;koknh nkSj ls igys dh ,d dfork
êfyuk* (1910) esa ^gkyk* dk ç;ksx fd;k FkkA fujkyk us Nk;kokn ds ckn ^gkyk* 'kCn dk ç;ksx viuh nks
dforkvksa esa fd;k Fkk & ^nq• ds lq• ft;ks*(1952)] îQwyksa ds nhiksa dh ekyk*(1961)A
^fge* vkSj mlls cuh çfof"V;ksa dh la[;k bl dks'k esa 61 gSa] ftuesa ls 27 çlkn ls gSaA Li"V gS fd buds
ç;ksx esa çlkn lcls vkxs gSaA budk lcls de ç;ksx fujkyk us fd;k gSA blh rjg ^gse* vkSj mlls cus 'kCnksa dk
lokZf/d ç;ksx çlkn us fd;k gSA
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* dh çfof"V;ksa ds vk/kj ij viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj vU; çdkj dh •kst Hkh
dh tk ldrh gSA ;gk¡ dqN gh 'kCnksa ds ckjs esa gh fVIi.kh dh x;h gSA
dks'k ds var esa dqN ifjf'k"V fn, x, gSaA
igys ifjf'k"V esa Nk;koknh dforkvksa dh lwph o.kkZuØ q e ls nh x;h gSA bu pkj dfo;ksa dh ftu dforkvksa
dks Nk;kokn ds nk;js esa ekuk tkrk gS mu lcdks blesa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA dfork dk 'kh"kZd ;k dfork dh
igyh iafÙkQ ('kh"kZd u gksus ij) dks j•rs gq, bl lwph dks o.kkZuqØe ls O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA çR;sd 'kh"kZd
ds lkeus dkO;&laxzg@iqLrd dk uke fn;k x;kA fiQj xzUFkkoyh vkSj i`-la- nh x;h gS rkfd vklkuh ls bPNqd
O;fÙkQ iwjh dfork rd igq¡p ldsA vafre dkWye esa ml dfork dk çdk'ku o"kZ ;k jpuk o"kZ fn;k x;k gSA bl
pkSFks dkWye esa le:irk ugha vk ik;h gS] D;ksafd bu pkjksa dfo;ksa dh xzaFkkofy;ksa ds lEiknu dh xq.koÙkk esa dkiQh
varj gSA ^fujkyk jpukoyh* (lEiknd & uanfd'kksj uoy) vkSj ^t;'kadj çlkn xzUFkkoyh* (lEiknd &
vkseçdk'k flag) esa çdk'ku o"kZ ;k jpuk o"kZ ds çfr ltxrk gSA bu nksuksa xzaFkkofy;ksa esa ;FkklEHko ;g Hkh lwpuk
nh x;h gS fd ;g dfork igyh ckj fdl if=kdk ds fdl vad (frfFk] eghuk vkSj o"kZ ds lkFk) esa çdkf'kr
gqbZA iar dh xzUFkkoyh esa lEiknd ds :i esa fdlh dk uke fn;k gqvk ugha gSA çdk'kd us vius oÙkQO; esa fy•k
gS fd bl xzUFkkoyh dk vf/drj dke iar dh ns•&js• esa gqvk FkkA bl xzUFkkoyh esa çR;sd dfork ds uhps o"kZ
rks fn;k gqvk gS] exj blds çFke çdk'ku ls lEcfU/r dksbZ lwpuk ugha nh x;h gSA lcls nqcZy lEiknu gS êgknsoh
lkfgR;* (la- & fueZyk tSu) dkA blesa dsoy ;g crk;k x;k gS fd fdl laxzg esa dc ls dc rd dh dfork,¡
gSaA fdlh Hkh dfork ds lkFk ;g ugha crk;k x;k gS fd bldk çdk'ku o"kZ ;k jpuk o"kZ dc dk gSA Li"V gS
fd fdlh dfork ds çFke çdk'ku&lEcU/h lwpuk blesa Hkyk dSls gks ldrh gS\
bl dks'k esa bu xzaFkkofy;ksa ls çkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kj ij gh çdk'ku o"kZ ;k jpuk o"kZ fn;k x;k gSA
blds ckn ds pkj ifjf'k"Vksa esa çlkn] fujkyk] iar vkSj egknsoh dh dsoy Nk;koknh dforkvksa dh
vyx&vyx lwph dkyØe ls nh x;h gSA bl lwph ls tkuk tk ldrk gS fd bu dfo;ksa dh dfork,¡ fdl
dkyØe ls çdkf'kr gqbZ Fkha ;k jph x;h FkhaA blesa Hkh lEcfU/r dkO;&laxzg ;k iqLrd dh lwph çR;sd dfork
ds lkeus nh x;h gSA xzUFkkoyh dh •aM la[;k vkSj i`"B la[;k Hkh nh x;h gSA
lcls var esa pkj ifjf'k"V vkSj fn, x, gSaA buesa pkjksa dfo;ksa dh leLr iqLrdksa dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gS
vkSj ;g Hkh fn;k x;k gS bu lHkh iqLrdksa esa ls fdu&fdu iqLrdksa ;k va'kksa dks ^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* esa 'kkfey
fd;k x;k gSA
^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* dks rS;kj djus esa yack le; yxk gSA fiNys iUæg&lksyg o"kks± ls ;g dke /heh
xfr ls pyrk jgk gSA <sj lkjk ifjJe vkSj FkksM+k lk ifj.kke & dks'k&fuekZ.k dh i¼fr gSA vkt blds iwjk gksus
ij cgqr vPNk yx jgk gSA vkt eq>s vius xq#tu fiQj ls ;kn vk jgs gSa] ftudk fl•k;k&i<+k;k bl dks'k esa dke
vk;k gSA çks- dsnkjukFk flag us ^fujkyk dkO;&dks'k* dks ns•dj çlUurk çdV dh FkhA mUgksaus iQksu ij dgk Fkk
fd ^fujkyk egkdks'k* cukvks] ftlesa fujkyk ds leLr ys•u ls çfof"V;k¡ yh tk,¡! ;g cgqr cM+k dke gksxk]
irk ugha xq#nso dh ;g bPNk iwjh dj ldus dk lkSHkkX; feysxk ;k ugha\ vkt xq#oj dfooj dsnkjukFk th gksrs
rks ^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* dks ns•dj t:j •q'k gksrs! çks- uanfd'kksj uoy ls fujkyk dh NksVh dforkvksa dks i<+us
dk volj feyk FkkA mudh d{kk,¡ vkSj fujkyk ij fy•h mudh iqLrdksa dk cM+k ;ksxnku gS fujkyk dks le>us
esaA ^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* ds iw.kZ gksus ds volj ij xq#oj dks lknj ç.kke djrk gw¡! çks- r#.k dqekj us ch-,-
dh d{kkvksa esa ^jkx&fojkx* i<k;k FkkA fujkyk dks tkuus dh tehu mUgksaus gh rS;kj dh FkhA mudh çsj.kk ls gh
tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh esa i<+us dh yyd iSnk gqbZ FkhA mUgksaus eq>s lnSo mRlkfgr fd;k vkSj
,d lPps 'kqHkfpard dh rjg mfpr ekxZn'kZu fd;kA Hkkjr Hkkj}kt th ls esjh dHkh eqykdkr ugha gqbZ gS] exj
mUgksaus ^fujkyk dkO;&dks'k* ds lUnHkZ esa] ,d fookfnr fLFkfr esa] lkoZtfud :i ls •qydj esjs i{k esa fy•k
vkSj ^gal* ds vius dkWye esa Niok;k HkhA ,d ^vKkrdqy'khy* dh lgk;rk djuk de yksxksa ds LoHkko esa gksrk
gSA Hkkjr Hkkj}kt th ^Nk;koknh dkO;&dks'k* dks ns•dj fuf'pr :i ls •q'k gksaxsA
çks- eSustj ik.Ms; us ^çlkn dkO;&dks'k* ds foekspu dk;ZØe (17 fnlEcj] 2017] ts-,u-;w-) esa bPNk
tkfgj dh Fkh fd vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy ds }kjk ç;qÙkQ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa ds vk/kj ij ,d dks'k dk fuekZ.k gesa
djuk pkfg,A mudk vkns'k eu esa xw¡trk jgrk gS] ysfdu vkpk;Z 'kqDy ij dke djuk vkSj dlkSVh xq#oj eSustj
ik.Ms; dh & ^vleFkZ ekurk eu m|r gks gkj&gkj*A ;fn ;g dke gks ldk rks eSa vius dks cM+Hkkxh ekuw¡xk!
qqq

;k=k
tgk¡ vtuch ifjans us txk;k

¼9osa fo'o fganh lEesyu ds lanHkZ esa½
m dsnkj flag
ifjanksa us ge euq";ksa dks HkkSfrd lhekvksa dks yka?kdj viuh gh rjg gtkjksa iQhV vkleku dh
Å¡pkb;ksa ij mM+us dh çsj.kk nh gSA vkdk'k esa ia• iQSyk, ;s gh ifjans gekjs vUr%dj.k vkSj dYiuk
dks vfHkO;ÙkQ djrs gSaA fnukad 21-09-2012 dh jkf=k dk vafre igj] LFkku nf{k.k vÚhdk]
tksgkaloxZ] dSFkfju LVªhV fLFkr osLV iQksMZ gksVy] dejk ua-&16 esa LoPN pknj fcNs vyx&vyx
fcLrj ij eSa vkSj gekjs fe=k MkW- Ñ".k dqekj xqIrk e•eyh dacy esa fyiVk] xqykch Ba< dk vkuUn
ysrs gq, lqcg gksus dk bartkj dj jgs FksA ogk¡ Ba< lekIr gks jgh Fkh] fdUrq vHkh Hkh FkksM+h&FkksM+h
Ba< iM+ jgh FkhA blh chp ,d >idh vkbZ vkSj ubZ fnYyh] bfUnjk xk¡/h varjjk"Vªh; gokbZ vîók ds
VfeZuy&3 ls mM+rs gq, dsU;kbZ foeku dk ifjn`'; lkeus vk x;kA fnukad 21-09-2012 dks jkf=k
12%45 cts 9osa fo'o fganh lEesyu esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, vusd fo}ku ,oa vU; ;k=kh bl foeku
esa lokj gq,A ge lHkh foeku ds bdksukseh Dykl dh lhVksa ij cSBs FksA ckabZ] nkabZ Nksj dh lHkh lhVksa
ij ;k=kh cSBs gq, FksA eè; drkj okyh lhVsa chp esa dqN •kyh FkhaA vHkh foeku dks juos ij nkSM+kus
dh rS;kjh py gh jgh Fkh fd ,d iryh&nqcyh] Njgjh dk;k okyh] fons'kh ckyk] lqMkSy]
yach&yach Vkaxs] iryh dej] pkSM+k yykV] cM+h&cM+h lq•Z vk¡•sa] gksaBksa esa yky xgjs jax dh
fyfifLVd] ekFks esa xw¡Fkh gqbZ lSdM+ksa pksfV;k¡] uktqd&uktqd Å¡xfy;k¡] xgjs uhys jax yxs yacs&yacs
uk•wu] NksVs&NksVs rax oL=kksa esa] dkyh] fdUrq •qclwjr] tokuh ekuks ftLe dks iQkM+dj ckgj fudy
tkus dks vkrqj] vius cka;h gkFk esa ,d NksVk i'kZ >qykrs gq,] ,d lEeksgd eqLdku fc•sjrs gq, ièkkjh
vkSj eè; drkj okyh •kyh lhV ij cSB xbZA foeku juos ls mM+ pqdk FkkA dqN nsj rd fnYyh
dh pdkpkSa/ djus okyh jks'kuh fn•kbZ nsrh jgh] fiQj lc dqN va/dkj esa foyhu gksrk pyk x;kA
lHkh ;k=kh viuh&viuh lhVksa dks ihNs f•ldkdj lksus dh rS;kjh esa yx x,A fdUrq eSa f•M+dh ls
ckgj >k¡d jgk FkkA vius ns'k esa vHkh cjlkr dk ekSle Fkk] LoPN rkjksa Hkjk •qyk vlhe vkdk'k]
pkjks vksj iljk gqvk cknyksa dk leanj] :bZ dh <sfj;ksa ds chp dHkh&dHkh fogalrk gqvk pk¡n] vn~Hkqr
utkjk FkkA /jrh ls rhl gtkj iQhV dh Å¡pkbZ ij gtkjksa fdyksehVj dh jÝrkj ls mM+rk gqvk foeku]
fdUrq vUnj ,d Bgjko] lUukVk vkSj /qa/yh jks'kuhA çR;sd lhVksa ds lkFk Åij yxs NksVs&NksVs Vh-
oh- LØhuksa ij] /jkry ls Å¡pkbZ] jÝrkj] leqæry ls nwjh vkfn dh tkudkjh nh tk jgh FkhA eSa dHkh
f•M+dh ds ckgj >k¡ddj ns•rk rks dHkh vUnj yxs LØhu ij fMLiys gksrh gqbZ tkudkfj;ksa dksA eSa
è;ku eXu Fkk fd rHkh fdlh us eq>s Nwrs gq,& gYyks! dgkA eSaus ns•k yky LdVZ ,oa lVZ igus gq,

dsU;k ,;jost dh ,d ,;j gksLVsl Hkkstu dh Vªkyh fy, eqLdqjk jgh FkhA eSaus mlls 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu
,oa ,d tw'k dk ,d iSdsV fy;kA og g¡lrh gqbZ vkxs c<+ xbZA eSaus ns•k nkb± vksj tks yM+dh chp
okyh drkj dh lhV ij cSBh Fkh] og uuost ds lkFk okbZu dh cksrysa Hkh ys jgh Fkh] mlus ,d
ugha] nks ugha] rhu okbZu dh NksVh&NksVh cksrysa yh vkSj ns•rs gh ns•rs Hkkstu ds lkFk okbZu Hkh xVd
xbZA Hkkjrh; le;kuqlkj vHkh jkf=k ds <kbZ ct jgs FksA eSaus lkspk vHkh •kus dk le; ugha gS] fdUrq
lgHkkxh ;kf=k;ksa dks •krs gq, ns•dj eSaus Hkh viuk iSdsV •ksy dj •kuk 'kq: fd;kA vHkh ,d
pEep mBk;k gh Fkk fd elkys dh ,slh xa/ yxh fd eSa rRdky iSdsV candj ,Iiy tw'k ihdj
lksus dk ç;kl djus yxkA foeku esa lokj lHkh ;k=kh lks pqds Fks] ifjpkfjdkvksa dk vkuk&tkuk can
gks x;k Fkk] pkjks vksj •keks'kh Nk xbZ Fkh] tgkt viuh rhoz jÝrkj esa vkleku dks phjrk gqvk vkxs
c<+rk tk jgk FkkA eSa Hkh LofIuy voLFkk esa uhan dh vkxks'k esa lekrk pyk x;kA FkksM+h nsj ckn tc
esjh uhan •qyh rks vk¡•sa eyrs gq, nkb± rjiQ >kaddj ns•k] cxy okyh lhV •kyh FkhA og yM+dh
nks lhV vkSj ihNs pyh xbZ Fkh vkSj mls ,d ;qod pwers gq, utj vk;kA vk¡•sa candj eSa iqu% lksus
dk vliQy ç;kl djus yxkA u tkus fiQj dc uhan vk xbZ \
lqcg tc vk¡• •qyh rks ns•k tgkt viuh iwjh rkdr ls vkleku dks jkSanrk gqvk vkxs c<+rk
gh tk jgk FkkA vUnj gypy gksus yxh Fkh] ,;j gksLVsl viuh&viuh Vªkfy;k¡ ysdj lkÝV fMªaDl]
czsd iQkLV loZ djus yxh FkhaA u ckFk:e] u czl ,slh fLFkfr esa czsd iQkLV dSlk \ vkSj eSaus b'kkjs
ls ,;j gksLVsl dks euk dj fn;kA
vc gekjk foeku uSjksch gokbZ vîós ij mrjus okyk FkkA mn~?kks"kd us csYV ck¡/ ysus dh ?kks"k.kk
dhA tgkt ml uSjksch ds HkO;] fo'kky Hkw•.M dh gokbZ iêðh ij mrj pqdk FkkA ogk¡ dh HkO;rk
ns•rs gh cu jgh FkhA ogk¡ gj {k.k fdlh u fdlh ns'k ds fy, foeku mM+ jgs Fks vkSj ySaM Hkh dj
jgs FksA vusd foeku txg&txg ij •M+s FksA ,d ?kaVs ds i'pkr~ ge lHkh iqu% 9%45 cts uSjksch gokbZ
vîós ds VfeZuy ^,* ls ,d tgkt ij lokj gksdj nf{k.k vÚhdk] tksgkalcxZ fLFkr vks-vkj-racks
bUVjus'kuy gokbZ vîós ds fy, çLFkku dj x,A
foeku ls mrjrs oÙkQ geus ns•k fd ml foeku ls lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, 10] 11
çfrHkkxh gekjs lkFk mrjsA gekjh vxqvkuh ds fy, tksgkalcxZ ds çfrfuf/ ûkSosa fo'o fganh lEesyu*
dh rf[r;k¡ ysdj igys ls gh •M+s FksA fu/kZfjr ,d NksVh xkM+h ij lokj gksdj ge lHkh çfrHkkxh
vius&vius gksVy ds fy, çLFkku dj x,A jkLrs esa cwank&ckanh ds ckn xqykch f•yh /wi] tksgkalcxZ
dh fpduh] pkSM+h lM+dsa] ogk¡ dh gfj;kyh cM+h Hkyh yx jgh FkhA djhc vk/s ?kaVs dh ;k=kk ds
ckn gekjk gksVy vk x;kA :e esa vkdj ge nksuksa Ús'k gq,A vc Hkw• lrkus yxh FkhA •kus dh dksbZ
O;oLFkk ughaA uhps Lokxr d{k esa vkdj ckr&phr dh rks Kkr gqvk fd ;gk¡ ls djhc ,d fdyksehVj
nwjh ij lSaMVu flVh ds 'kkWfiax ekWy esa •kus&ihus dh phtsa fey ldrh gSaA ubZ txg] vutku jkLrk]
vtuch yksx dSls tk;k tk; ml 'kkWfiax ekWy rd \ eSa lksp jgk Fkk vkSj Lokxr d{k esa lksiQs ij
cSBs ,d vtuch lTtu dks viuh dkrj fuxkgksa ls ns• jgk FkkA ckrphr ds Øe esa mUgksaus crk;k
fd eSa ;gk¡ dk LFkkuh; fuoklh gw¡ vkSj VSDlh pykrk gwA¡ vHkh tks O;fÙkQ esjs lkFk ga]S oks nf{k.k Hkkjrh;
gSa] mUgsa vHkh mlh ekWy ds gksVy esa Hkkstu ds fy, tkuk gSA vxj bPNk gks rks vkiyksx Hkh py
ldrs gSaA FkksM+h nsj esa ,d ;qod dejs ls ckgj fudyk] rks ml Mªkboj us ifjp; djkrs gq, dgk
fd ;s yksx Hkkjrh; gSaA ;gk¡ fo'o fganh lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, vk, gq, gSaA vxj vkidks dksbZ
vkifÙk ugha rks ;s yksx Hkh geyksxksa ds lkFk ekWy rd pysaxsA ml ;qod us geyksxksa ls gkFk feykrs
gq, dgk& blesa vkifÙk dh D;k ckr gSA VSDlh ij lokj gksdj geyksx FkksM+h nsj esa ekWy igq¡p x,A
ogk¡ mu yksxksa us ,d gksVy dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq, dgk& blh gksVy esa vkb,] dqN •k fy;k tk;A
gksVy ds njokts ij geyksxksa us T;ksa gh dne j•s elkys dh ,slh xa/ vkbZ fd vUnj tkus dh fgEer
ugha gqbZA okil eSa vkSj Ñ".kk th ekWy ds nwljh nqdkuksa dh vksj py fn,A cgqr nwj rd ekWy ds
vUnj <w¡<us ij ,d cM+h nqdku esa •kus&ihus dh dqN phtsa fn•kbZ iM+haA geus ogk¡ ls fcfLdV] czsM]
dsyk] lso vkfn •jhns vkSj okil mUgha yksxksa ds lkFk gksVy dh vksj py fn,A gksVy vkdj
fcfLdV] czsM •k, rc tkdj 'kkfUr feyhA dc 'kke gqbZ] jkr gqbZ] irk gh ugha pykA vHkh tc jkf=k
ds vafre igj gh Fkk fd dksbZ fpfM+;k¡ vkokt yxkdj iwjs tksgkUlcxZ dks txkus dk vkàku djus
yxh ftlls esjh Hkh uhan •qy xbZA mldh vkokt esa xtc dk vkd"kZ.k Fkk] ,d xw¡t Fkh] dks;y
dh dwd tSlk ehBk jl ?kksy jgh FkhA ij ;g dks;y dh vkokt ugha FkhA ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd ;gh
^dgha* vkl&ikl ls gh ;g vkokt vk jgh gSA eSaus b/j&m/j >k¡d dj ns•k] gksVy ds ckgj lM+d
ij fudydj tkuus dh dksf'k'k dh fd fofp=k fpfM+;k¡ dh ;g vkokt dgk¡ ls vk jgh gS\ rc
eq>s oM~ZloFkZ dh ckrsa Lej.k esa vkbZa& ^rqe ,d i{kh gks ;k HkVdh gqbZ vkokt \* eSa okil dejs
esa vkdj Ús'k gksdj fo'o fganh lEesyu esa tkus dh rS;kjh esa yx x;kA
vk;kstu LFky lSaMVu dUosa'ku lsaVj ds usY'ku eaMsyk lHkkxkj esa FkkA gksVy ls geyksx iSny
gh py iM+sA lHkkLFky rd igq¡prs&igq¡prs fnu ds nl ct pqds FksA mn~?kkVu l=k çkjaHk gksus okyk
FkkA cM+h la[;k esa ns'k&fons'k ds fganh çsfe;kas dk egkdqaHk yxus okyk FkkA yksx tYnh&tYnh pk;]
ukLrk ds i'pkr~ lHkkxkj esa igq¡p tkuk pkgrs FksA uk'rk] pk; ds lkFk ,d nwljs ds lkFk ckrphr]
ifjp;] vfHkoknu Hkh dj jgs FksA ;g lEesyu iwjh rjg xk¡/h ds jaxksa esa jaxk gqvk fn• jgk Fkk] D;ksfa d
lSaMVu dUosa'ku lsaVj ds ftl rYys ij ;g lEesyu vk;ksftr gks jgk Fkk ml fgLls dk uke xk¡èkh
xzke j•k x;k FkkA iwjs lEesyu dks mn~?kkVu ,oa lekiu dks NksM+dj dqy ukS l=kksa esa ck¡Vk x;k FkkA
mu ukS l=kksa ds vk;kstu d{k ds uke Hkh egkRek xk¡èkh ,oa muds fl¼karksa dks lefiZr FksA ;Fkk& 'kkafr
d{k] U;k;d{k] uhfrd{k] vfgalk d{k vkfnA
fnukad 22-09-2012 LFkku usY'ku eaMsyk lHkkxkj dk HkO;] lqlfTtr] fganh çsfe;ksa ls •pk•p
Hkjk d{k ,oa lkeus ,d cM+k vkd"kZd eap] eap ij mifLFkr Hkkjr dh fons'k jkT;ea=kh Jherh çuhr
dkSj] Jh ohjsUæ xqIrk] Hkkjrh; mPpk;qÙkQ nf{k.k vÚhdk] Jh lR;ozr prqoZsnh] Hkkjrh; lkaln ,oa
fo'o fganh lEesyu lapkyu lfefr ds vè;{k] Jh çnhi xksj/ku] foÙk ea=kh] nf{k.k vÚhdk] Jh
eqds'oj pquh] dyk ,oa laLÑfr ea=kh] ekWjh'kl] ekyrh jkecyh] vè;{k] fgUnh f'k{kk la?k] nf{k.k
vÚhdk] byk xk¡èkh] çikS=kh egkRek xk¡èkh vkfnA volj Fkk] 9osa fo'o fganh lEesyu dk mn~?kkVuA
bl HkO; vuq"Bku dk HkO; vkxkt Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd dsUæ] tksgkUlcxZ ,oa Mjcu ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa
}kjk Lokxrxhr& ^Lokxr 'kqHk Lokxr@vkuan eaxy&eaxye~@ furfç; Hkkjr Hkkjre~* ls gksrk gSA Hkkjr
ds çfr vxk/ fu"Bk vkSj çse Hkjs bl leosr Loj dks lqu] iwjk lHkkxkj rjaxkf;r gks mBkA iqu% Hkkjrh;
fons'k jkT; ea=kh Jherh çuhr dkSj rFkk vU; eapLFk jktuf;dksa] fo}kuksa }kjk çTTofyr nhi us iwjs
çklkn dks jks'ku dj fn;kA çTTofyr nhi dh ykS ekuks ;g lans'k ns jgh Fkh fd ^vkRe nhiks Hko%*
dh Hkkouk ysdj fganh dh lsok esa lefiZr gksaA
nf{k.k vÚhdk esa Hkkjrh; mPpk;qÙkQ Jh ohjsUæ xqIrk ds Lokxr oÙkQO; ls lEesyu dh fofèkor
'kq#vkr gksrh gSA mUgksaus vius Lokxr oÙkQO; esa dgk fd Hkkjr rFkk vÚhdh ns'kksa ds chp fganh lsrq
cudj nksuksa ns'kksa dh laLÑfr;ksa dks tksM+us dk dke dj jgh gSA blh ds lkFk mUgksaus vU; xfrfofèk;ksa
dh Hkh tkudkjh nhA bl Lokxr oÙkQO; ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh ls çdkf'kr ^fo'o
fganh lEesyu* if=kdk ,oa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr laca/ ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh ls çdkf'kr ^xxukapy* dk
foekspu fd;k x;kA blds i'pkr~ ^nf{k.k vÚhdk fganh f'k{kk la?k* dh vè;{k Jherh ekyrh
jkecyh us Hkk"kk ds fo"k; esa fopkj çdV djrs gq, dgk fd ^Hkk"kk eqêòh esa can jsr dh rjg gksrh
gS] bls lko/kuh ls bLrseky ugha djksxs] rks vaxqfy;ksa ds iksjksa ls >M+ tk,xhA*
lcls T;knk HkkokRed ckrsa ekWjh'kl ds f'k{kk] dyk ea=kh Jh eqds'oj pqUuh th us dghA mUgksaus
fu%ladksp Hkko ls Lohdkj fd;k fd esjh fganh f'k{kk Ldwy ;k dkWyst ds ekè;e ls ugha gqbZ gSA eSaus
tks fganh lh•h gS] ;g Hkkjrh; fganh fiQYeksa ,oa /kjkokfgdksa lsA budk cM+k midkj gS esjs ÅijA fiQj
Hkh mUgksaus fganh esa vius oÙkQo; fn,A mUgksaus lgt] ljy ,oa lefiZr Hkko ls vius fopkjksa dks j•kA
muds mn~xkj fnekx ls ugha fny ls fudy jgs FksA mudh ckrksa dks lqudj mifLFkr tulewg Hkkoqd
gks mBh FkhA bl mn~?kkVu l=k dks Hkkjrh; fons'k ea=kky; ds lfpo Jh ,e- x.kir] fo'o fganh
lfpoky; dh lfpo Jherh iwue tqustk] egkRek xk¡èkh dh çikS=kh Jherh byk xk¡èkh] lkaln lR;ozr
prqoZsnh] nf{k.k vÚhdk ds foÙk ea=kh Jh çnhi xksj/ku vkfn egkuqHkkoksa us Hkh lacksf/r fd;kA
vPNk yxk tc vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k Hkkjrh; fons'k jkT; ea=kh] vfganh Hkk"kh Jherh çuhr dkSj us
fo'o fganh lEesyu ds bfrgkl ,oa miyfC/;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fganh esa dgk fd fganh dks la;Ùq kQ
jk"Vª la?k dh vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk cuus dk vf/dkj curk gSA lkFk gh mUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk fd nf{k.k
vÚhdk fo'o fganh lEesyu ds fy, ,d /kfeZd LFky dh rjg cu x;k gSA bl mn~?kkVu l=k dk
dq'ky lapkyu fonq"kh efgyk Jherh lquhfr 'kekZ] milfpo (fganh) fons'k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
us fd;kA
bl mn~?kkVu l=k ds lkFk gh mlh usY'ku eaMsyk lHkkxkj ds cxy esa gh nf{k.k vÚhdk esa fganh
dk vy• txkus okys iafMr ujnso ujksÙke osnkyadkj dh çfrek dk vukoj.k ,oa lR; eaMi esa
egkRek xk¡èkh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky;] o/kZ rFkk lh&MSd }kjk fganh lkfgR;] n'kZu] foKku
daI;wVj] usV ls lEc¼ iqLrdsa] midj.kksa vkfn dh çn'kZuh dk Hkh mn~?kkVu fd;k x;kA
nksigj esa Hkkstukodk'k ds i'pkr~ fofHkUu d{kksa esa fu/kZfjr fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ] ifjppkZ] foe'kZ]
lk{kkRdkj ds nkSj çkjaHk gq,A 'kke esa pk;] ukLrk ds ckn lkaLÑfrd laè;k çkjaHk gqbZA lkaLÑfrd
dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr ns'k&fons'k ds pfpZr ;qok dykdkj 'ks•j lsu us dchj ij dsfUær ,dy
xhfr&ukVÔ dh çLrqfr dhA Lo;a funZs'kd] xk;d] laxhrdkj ,oa vfHkusrk 'ks•j lsu us vius vfHku;
esa 38 vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa] 43 jkxksa ds ekè;e ls dchj ds cpiu ls ysdj thou ds var rd
dh dFkk dks cM+s ekfeZd vankt esa çLrqr fd;kA mifLFkr yksxksa us ea=keqX/ gksdj lquk vkSj ns•k rFkk
dykdkj us •wc rkfy;k¡ cVksjhaA jkf=k Hkkstu ds ckn yksx vius&vius gksVy ykSV vk,A lk;adky ls
gh vkleku esa dkys&dkys es?k •.M ge vfrfFk;ksa dh rjg ,df=kr gks jgs FksA jkf=k esa es?kksa dk xtZu
;g lans'k ns jgk Fkk fd ge fnu Hkj fganhe; dk;ZØe ls bruh ÅtkZ gkfly dj pqds gSa fd mls
iwjh nqfu;k ij cjlk;s cxSj ugha #d ldrs& vFkkZr~ tksgkalcxZ esa vk;ksftr 9osa fo'o fganh lEesyu
esa fganh ds ln~Hkko dh vuqxwat laiw.kZ fo'o dks lqukbZ iM+sxhA
lEesyu ds nwljs fnu fnukad 23-09-2012 ds dk;ZØeksa dh 'kq#vkr Hkh lR;] vfgalk vkfn
d{kk esa fofHkUu 'kS{kf.kd l=kksa ls gqbZA fnuHkj fganh Hkk"kk dks ysdj ns'k&fons'k ds yksxksa }kjk
fparu&euu fd;k x;kA usY'ku eaMsyk gkml esa fo'o fganh lEesyu ds fy, fufeZr xk¡èkh xzke dk
okrkoj.k cM+k ifo=ke; FkkA yksx O;fÙkQxr nq•&nnZ fpark ls eqÙkQ gksdj fganh Hkk"kk ds fy, fopkj
dj jgs FksA esjs ys• dk fo"k; Fkk& ^fganh ds fodkl esa fons'kh@çoklh ys•dksa dh Hkwfedk*A eSaus
bl fo"k; ij fu/kZfjr le; esa viuk oÙkQO; çLrqr fd;k vkSj blds mijkUr vU; foe'kZ d{kksa esa
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij çLrqr fd, tkus okys oÙkQO;ksa dks Hkh è;ku iwoZd lqukA ogk¡ eSaus ns•k fd Hkkjrh;]
çoklh fo}kuksa ds lkFk fons'kh fo}kuksa }kjk Hkh fganh ds fy, fpark trk;h tk jgh gS& Hkkjrh;ksa ds
vfrfjÙkQ fons'kh] çoklh ;qokvksa dks vf/d ls vf/d la[;k esa fganh ls tksM+us] vuqokn dk {ks=k
foLrkj djus] fons'kksa esa vkSj vf/d fganh dk çpkj&çlkj djus] fganh dks vkSj vf/d Kku&foKku]
rduhdh] fof/] dyk ls tksM+dj jkstxkj dh Hkk"kk cukus] nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dks Hkh vknj nsus vkfn ls
lacaf/r ckrsa gks jgh FkhaA fo}kuksa dh ckrsa lqudj lHkh d{kksa esa mifLFkr yksx larq"V utj vk jgs Fks
vkSj lksp jgs Fks& ^ftl fganh Hkk"kk ds •sr esa Hkkoksa dh ,slh lqugyh iQly ygygk jgh gS] mldh
LokHkkfod moZjrk v{kq..k jgsxhA fiQj gjhfrek ds lqfnu vk,axs vkSj ikS"k ekl esa fiQj uokUu mRlo
vk;ksftr gksxkA* (johUæ ukFk Bkdqj)
lquk Fkk nf{k.k vÚhdk ou ,oa i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls dkiQh le`¼ gSA gtkjkas] yk•ksa gsDVj esa
iQSys i'kq] if{k;ksa ls Hkjs vusd jk"Vªh; m|ku] laxzgky; gSaA lEesyu esa mn~?kkVu ds nkSjku ppkZ Hkh
gqbZ fd bUgha n'kZuh; LFkyksa ds dkj.k ;gk¡ i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA ,sls Hkh
nf{k.k vÚhdk dh ppkZ esa ogk¡ ds taxyksa dh ppkZ vo'; gksrh gSA vxj nf{k.k vÚhdk vkdj bu
fogalrs gq, miouksa dks u ns•k tk; rks ;k=kk v/wjh jg tk;sxhA ,slk eSa fopkj dj gh jgk Fkk fd
blh chp tkudkjh feyh fd lEesyu esa vk;s dqN çfrHkkfx;ksa dks i;ZVu ds nkSjku ywV fy;k x;k]
;g lqudj eSaus viuk fopkj cny fy;kA
'kke esa lkaLÑfrd laè;k ds vUrxZr nf{k.k vÚhdk vkSj Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksd dykdkjksa }kjk
vuqlw;k fiYybZ ds funZs'ku esa u`R;] xhr] laxhr dk cM+k euksgkjh dk;ZØe çLrqr fd;k x;kA jkf=k
Hkkstu ds i'pkr~ ge lHkh foJke x`g ykSV vk,A
fnukad 24-09-2012 dh lqcg&lqcg] mlh vtuch i{kh dh vkokt us uhjork dks Hkax fd;kA
vkt mldh vkokt lqudj ,slk yxk] ekuksa og dg jgh gS& vfrfFk rqEgkjk ykSVus dk le; gks x;k
gSA vkt rqe Lons'k ykSV tkvksxsA ge ifjanksa dh rks iwjh nqfu;k gh Lons'k gS vkSj gekjh Hkk"kk Hkh ,d
gh gSA vkt gksVy NksM+ nsuk FkkA tYnh&tYnh rS;kj gksdj vius&vius lkeku cSx esa j•dj ge
lEesyu LFky dh vksj py fn,A
vkt Hkh dkiQh O;Lrre fnu FkkA bl Hkk"kk mRlo esa fo'oHkj ls djhc lkr lkS yksx fgLlk
ysus ds fy, vk, gq, FksA lkjs dk;ZØe O;ofLFkr <ax ls lapkfyr gks jgs FksA bl liQyrk dk Js;
egkRek xk¡èkh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky;] o/kZ ,oa Hkkjrh; fons'k ea=kky; dk fganhe; vkReh;
O;ogkj FkkA lekiu l=k esa vk;ksftr dk;ZØeksa dh leh{kk rFkk fganh Hkk"kk ds fy, ukS lw=kh ikfjr
earO;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] lEesyu esa vk, Hkkjr lfgr lksyg ns'kksa ds fo}kuksa] ys•dksa] i=kdkjksa]
laLÑfrdfeZ;ksa dks lEekfur fd;k x;kA bl lkjLor vuq"Bku dh 'kke dfork ds uke FkhA bl
varjjk"Vªh; dfo lEesyu ds ckn dk;ZØe lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA
'kke pkj cts gksVy ls fudydj fjlsIlu dkÅUVj esa pkHkh ykSVkus x;k rks ogk¡ •M+h vÚhdh
ckyk eqLdqjk dj fonk dj jgh FkhA bl jkstxkjksUeq• eqLdku esa Hkh xtc dh vkReh;rk Fkh] çR;qÙkj
esa geus vius gkFk tksM+ fy, vkSj ofj"B xhrdkj dqaoj cspSu }kjk lEesyu esa lqukbZ xbZ bu iafÙkQ;ksa
dks xquxqukrs gq, ckgj fudy x,&
^gS I;kj dh Hkk"kk fganh
?kj ckj dh Hkk"kk fganh
fganh gS ehBh ok.kh
lRdkj dh Hkk"kk fganhA*
qqq

lk{kkRdkj
fganh vkSj rfey ds lkèkd % MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku

m txeksgu flag
MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku th ls lk{kkRdkj dk nwljh ckj volj rc vk;k tc mUgsa fo'oHkkjrh us lEeku
fn;kA 14 flracj] 2016 dks MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku dks fo'odfo johUæukFk VSxksj ds vkn'kks± ,oa fo'oHkkjrh
ds ewy ea=k dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, jktHkk"kk fganh&fnol ds volj ij fganh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; ds çpkj
&çlkj ds fy, fo'oHkkjrh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fganh vkSj rfey ds lkfgR; lsrq ds fy, lEeku fn;k
x;kA ;g lekjksg fganh Hkou ds çkax.k esa vk;ksftr gqvkA bl lekjksg ds mn?kkVudrkZ f=kiqjk ds
jkT;iky rFkkxr jk; th FksA fganh Hkou dh vè;{kk çks- 'kadqryk feJ ds vkea=k.k dks Lohdkj djrs
gq, rFkkxr jk; th us lekjksg dh 'kksHkk c<+kbZA yxHkx 85 ds ikl igq¡p pqds ,e- 'ks"ku ds psgjs
esa vkt Hkh rst fo|eku gSA muds ân; esa fganh ds çfr vikj lEeku dh Hkkouk gSA os lqnwj çkar
psUubZ ds oklh gSaA rfey Hkk"kh gSaA ekr`Hkk"kk rfey vkSj fganh esa mudh xgjh iSB gSA nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa
ij mudk vlk/kj.k vf/dkj gSA
13 flracj] 2016 dh laè;k dks gh MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku 'kkafrfudsru vk x, FksA blh chp ns'k ds
vU; çkUrksa ls Hkh ofj"B fo}rx.kksa dk vkxeu 'kkafrfudsru esa tkjh FkkA mu fo}kuksa esa cukjl ls çks-
vo/s'k ç/ku] jk¡ph ls çks- taxcgknqj ik.Ms] iVuk ls çks- cyjke frokjh] fnYyh ls çks- gfjeksgu 'kekZ]
dksydkrk ls çks- lqczr ykfgM+h dk vkxeu tkjh FkkA ogha nwljh vksj foHkkx ds ofj"B vè;kid Hkh
mifLFkr Fks ftuesa çks- jkes'oj feJ] çks- 'kadqryk feJ (vè;{k)] çks- gfj'paæ feJ] çks- eatwjkuh flag
,oa çks- eqÙkQs'oj ukFk frokjh vkfn çeq• FksA ,d HkO; fopkj&l=k dk ekgkSy ;gk¡ mRiUu gks x;k
FkkA esjs Hkh ân; esa fopkj çcy gks mBs fd D;ksa u ,e- 'ks"ku th ds fopkjksa dks fganh ds lanHkZ esa
•axkyk tk,A le; cgqr de FkkA lHkh fo}ku ,d txg mifLFkr FksA fopkj&l=k tkjh FkkA mlh nkSjku
eSa ,e- 'ks"ku th ls viuh ftKklk O;ÙkQ djrk tk jgk FkkA os esjk ekxZ n'kZu djrs tk jgs FksA vU;
fo}ku Hkh ogha mifLFkr FksA eSa muls Hkh ykHkkfUor gks jgk FkkA ;g lk{kkRdkj ,d cSBd esa iw.kZ ugha
gqbZ] cfYd VqdfM+;ksa esa eq>s dbZ ckj viuh ftKklk 'kkar djus dk volj feykA vr% cgqr vfèkd
eSa viuh ftKklk 'kkar ugha dj ik;kA çLrqr gS MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku ds lkFk VqdfM+;ksa esa fy, x, lk{kkRdkj
ds dqN va'k &
txeksgu flag% fganh Hkk"kk dh Le`f¼ ds fy, vkids fopkj D;k gSa\
MkW-,e-'ks"ku % lcls cM+h ckr ;gh gS fd fganh Hkk"kk dk leUo; vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk
djuk gksxkA fganh dk laidZ ;fn vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk gksrk gS rks bldh le`f¼ vo'; gksxhA

lcls igys fganh okyksa dks viuh ladh.kZ eukso`fÙk dks R;kxuk gksxkA vius ân; esa vU; Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa
ds çfr lEeku dh Hkkouk j•uh gksxhA nwljs Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa ds ân; esa vU; Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa ds çfr
lEeku dh Hkkouk j[kuh gksxhA D;ksafd tc rd lHkh ds ân; esa ladh.kZ Hkkouk fo|eku gS fodkl
dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA fganh ftl rjg lHkh dks tksM+us dk dke djrh gS vU; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh
nwljksa dks tksM+dj fganh dks vkSj le`¼ djrh gSaA
txeksgu flag % tc vki ;qok Fks ml le; fganh Hkk"kk dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh \
MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku % ml le; fganh dh fLFkfr ,dne Bhd ugha FkhA vkt fiQj Hkh fganh dh fLFkfr
igys ls csgrj gSA 1960&65 dh ckr gksxh !! ----gesa Lora=k gq, dbZ o"kZ gks pqds Fks] ijarq yksxksa ds
ân; esa fganh ds çfr vHkh Hkh {kksHk dh Hkkouk FkhA rfeyukMq vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa bldks ysdj
eu&eqVko T;knk FkkA eSa fganh i<+rk FkkA fganh ds çfr esjs ân; esa lEeku dh Hkkouk FkhA bldk yksx
iqjtksj fojks/ djrs FksA eSa cukjl esa i<+rk Fkk vkSj ogk¡ ls tc ?kj vkrk Fkk nf{k.k Hkkjr ds yksx
eq>ls ?k`.kk djrs FksA fganh ds fy, dke djus ij yksx HkM+d mBrs FksA dbZ ckj yksxksa us esjs uke
ds iksLVj yxk;s Fks ftlesa esjk ^fganh fgrS"kh* dgdj fojks/ fd;k x;k FkkA yksx fganh dks ^jk{klh
Hkk"kk* dgrs FksA yksx dgrs Fks fd ;s ^jk{klh Hkk"kk* dk lg;ksxh gSA nqjkxzg dh Hkkouk yksxksa ds ân;
esa cgqr FkhA ;g lc gksus ds ckotwn eSaus dHkh gkj ugha ekuhA viuh eafty ij igq¡p x;k vkSj vkt
eq>s fganh Hkk"kk us cgqr dqN fn;k gSA
txeksgu flag% lquk gS os'kHkw"kk ds dkj.k Hkh vkidks dbZ ckj etkd dk ik=k cuuk iM+k FkkA
MkW- ,e-'ks"ku% og cgqr nq•n ?kVuk FkhA eSa tc ;qok Fkk fo|ky; esa viuh rfey os'kHkw"kk esa jgrk
FkkA blds dkj.k eSa yM+dksa ds etkd dk ik=k cu tkrk FkkA lHkh dgrs Fks] ^ns•ks&ns•ks bldh
os'kHkw"kk] ;s yqaxh igurk gSA ;g eæklh Hkh cksyrk gSA* yksx vHkæ fVIif.k;k¡ fd;k djrs FksA ml le;
cgqr d"V gksrk FkkA yksxksa dh ekufldrk ls my>uk lgt ugha FkkA mudk tckc nsuk dbZ vkSj my>us
mRiUu dj ldrh Fkh] blh dkj.k eSa pqi jgrk FkkA mu ?kVukvksa dks ;kn dj os lkjs n`'; vk¡•ksa
ds le{k vkt Hkh ltho ls gks mBrs gSaA D;k os fnu Fks \ mlls dgha csgrj fLFkfr vkt gS vkSj
fganh Hkk"kk rks vkSj vPNh fLFkfr esa gSA
txeksgu flag% fganh ds fodkl ds fy, fdl rjg dh ekufldrk dh vko';drk gS \
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% gesa vius ân; ls nqjkxzg dh Hkkouk dks fudkyuk gksxkA og mldh Hkk"kk gS] og esjh
Hkk"kk gS] bl Hkkouk dks R;kxuk gksxkA nqjkxzg dh Hkkouk gh oSeuL; dh fLFkfr dks mRiUu djrh gSA
fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh mUufr esa vke tuekul dk lg;ksx] Hkkxhnkjh eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA tc rd
ân; mnkj ugha gksxk] Hkk"kk dk fodkl Hkh laHko ughaA fganh lHkh Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa dks tksM+us dk dke
djrh gSA vr% gesa nqjkxzg dh Hkkouk ls mcjuk gksxkA
txeksgu flag% vkius rfey Hkk"kk ij cgqr dqN fy•k gS | dqN crk,¡xs \
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% esjh yxHkx 35 iqLrdsa rfey Hkk"kk esa gSa] D;ksafd eSa rfey Hkk"kh gw¡ bl dkj.k viuh
ekr`Hkk"kk esa Hkh fy•rk jgrk gw¡A blds vfrfjÙkQ fganh fdrkcksa dk rfey vuqokn Hkh eSaus fd;k gSA

bl rjg rfey Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh ,oa fganh Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh vkSj utnhd vkrs gSAa vkilh fopkjksa dk vknku&çnku
gksrk gSA nks laLÑfr;ksa dk esy gksrk gSA Hkk"kk vkSj le`¼ gksrh gSA
txeksgu flag% ekr`Hkk"kk ds fodkl ds ckjs esa vki D;k dguk pkgsaxs \
MkW- ,e-'ks"ku% orZeku esa ;qokvksa dh fLFkfr dks ns•dj eq>s nq%• gksrk gSA vkt oS'ohdj.k dk nkSj
gSA blesa gekjh viuh Hkk"kk,¡ fil jgh gSaA vkt ds ;qokvksa dks de ls de nks Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku gksuk
gh pkfg,] ijarq vkt ds ;qok u gh viuh ekr`Hkk"kk esa vPNh idM+ j•rs gSa vkSj u gh fganh ijA blls
fodkl dSls gksxk \ ekr`Hkk"kk esa okrkZyki Hkys gh lc dj ysrs gksa] fdUrq fy•uk vkSj i<+uk cgqr
de yksx gh tkurs gSaA blls gekjh viuh Hkk"kk,¡ detksj gksdj /hjs&/hjs yqIr gks jgh gSaA er`Hkk"kk
ds vfLrRo ij ladV eaMjk jgk gSA mUgsa yqIr gksus ls cpkuk gksxkA gesa de ls de nks Hkk"kkvksa esa
çxYHkrk ykuh gksxhA rHkh gekjh er`Hkk"kk,¡ cph jg ldrh gSaA
txeksgu flag% lquk gS vki xksYM esMfyLV gSa !!
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% eq>s dqy feykdj rhu xksYM esMy feys gSaA ml le; nf{k.k Hkkjr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
eSa çFke xksYM esMfyLV FkkA eq>s nf{k.k Hkkjr ls pquk x;k Fkk] tks mÙkj Hkkjr (cukjl) esa vkdj
viuk iBu&ikBu lqpk: :i ls dj jgk FkkA og fnu ;kn dj eSa cgqr çlUu gksrk gw¡A yxrk gS fd
;g dy gh dh ckr gSA fnu u tkus dSls xqtj tkrs gSa \
txeksgu flag % uotkxj.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vki çdk'k Mkyuk pkgsaxs\
MkW-,e-'ks"ku % uotkxj.k dh 'kq#vkr caxky esa loZçFke gqbZA fodkl ;gk¡ loZçFke gqvkA caxky ds
lkFk&lkFk nf{k.k Hkkjr Hkh leqæ ls lVk gksus ds dkj.k fodkl ls tqM+kA fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk
O;kikj dh laHkkouk,¡ c<+hAa fo'ks"k :i ls eækl vkSj eqca bZ tqM]s+ ijarq caxky esa uotkxj.k lçZFke vk;kA
;gk¡ ds cqf¼thfo;ksa us fczfV'kksa ds lkFk feydj fodkl dks vkxs c<+k;kA caxky ds yksxksa esa ç•j
cqf¼ FkhA os fdlh Hkh ckr dks rdZ ds vk/kj ij ewY;kadu vfr lw{e n`f"V ls djrs Fks] fdUrq vkt
;gk¡ ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cnyh gqbZ tku iM+rh gSaA vktknh ds igys vkSj vkt esa varj gSA yksx vc fleVus
yxs gSaA
txeksgu flag % vkius rfey&fganh dh ek/q;Z&ikluk ij dke fd;k gS ! crkuk pkgsaxs !
MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku % th gk¡ ! eSaus rfey&fganh dh ek/q;Z&ikluk ij dke fd;k gS] ftlesa laLrqfr
fot;sUæ Lukrd us nh gSA cqf¼thfo&oxZ us esjs dke dh ljkguk dh vkSj dgk ^;g pkSiy ds va'k
tSlk yxrk gSA* ek/q;Z&ikluk ij dke djrs gq, eSaus oS".koksa dh vis{kk 'kSoksa ij vf/d lw{e n`f"V
ls voyksdu fd;k gSA eSaus ^vkos Hkko* vkSj ^Ñik Hkko* dh foospuk djrs gq, f'ko dh mikluk
vkSj fo".kq dh mikluk ds eeZ dks mtkxj djrs gq, muesa varj dks ifjyf{kr fd;k gS esjs bl dke
ij dbZ yksxksa us viuh çfrfØ;k Hksth gSA
txeksgu flag% Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds Åij Hkh vkius dke fd;k gS \
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% eSaus Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fganh ds var%laca/ ij dke fd;k gSA eSaus fn•k;k gS fd
fdl rjg fganh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks tksM+us esa l{ke jgh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh laokfgdk jgh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ewyHkwr rRo fganh ds cxSj v/wjs gSaA
txeksgu flag% bykgkckn vkidk vkuk&tkuk yxk jgrk FkkA Le`fr ds dksbZ {k.k lka>k djsaxs \
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% cukjl esa jgrs gq, esjk bykgkckn vkuk&tkuk yxkrkj gksrk FkkA bl nkSjku esjh HksaV dbZ
cM+s&cM+s lkfgR;djksa ls gqbZA mlh nkSjku eSaus jkeLo:i prqoZsnh th ls Hkh HksaV dh FkhA mUgksaus eq>ls
oS".koksa ds L=kksr&xhr dh tkudkjh tkuuh pkgh FkhA eSaus muls dgk Fkk fd ek/q;Z&ikluk ds L=kksr
xhr dk lzksr rfey gSA ek/q;iZ kluk vkSj 'kkar jl nksuksa dk lzksr rfey gSA ;g nksuksa 'kCn rst ls mRiUu
gqvk gSA os mRlqd gksdj esjh ckr lqu jgs FksA mUgksaus esjs 'kks/ dh ç'kalk dh Fkh vkSj og {k.k dkiQh
fopkjoku gks x;k FkkA ;g esjh Le`fr&iVy esa vkt Hkh thfor gSA
txeksgu flag% vkidks Mh- yhV- dh mikf/ Hkh nh tk pqdh gS !!
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% th gk¡ !! ;g mikf/ vHkh eq>s dqN fnu iwoZ gh nh xbZ gSA ;g mikf/ eq>s ^rfey
lkekftd bfrgkl* uked 'kks/&dk;Z ij nh xbZ gSA bl 'kks/ dks eSaus rhu dkyksa esa ck¡Vk gSA çFke
çkxSfrgkfld dky] nwljk eè;dky ,oa rhljk vk/qfud dkyA vfr'kh?kz iqLrd :i esa ;g 'kks/ vk
tkus dh laHkkouk gSA
txeksgu flag% vkidks Mh-yhV- djus dh çsj.kk dgk¡ ls feyh \
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% ;qokoLFkk esa esjh HksaV cM+s&cM+s lkfgR;dkjksa ls gksrh jgrh FkhA pw¡fd eSa nf{k.k Hkkjrh;
Fkk] lkFk gh fganh Hkh i<+ jgk Fkk] yksx vk'p;Zpfdr gks tkrs Fks fd ,d nf{k.k Hkkjrh; ;qok fganh
dh lsok esa jr gSA yxkrkj cM+s&cM+s lkfgR;dkjksa dk lkgp;Z eq>s çkIr gqvkA lkFk gh esjh idM+
ekr`Hkk"kk rfey ij Hkh FkhA blfy, dbZ fopkjdksa] Kkfu;ksa us eq>s lykg nh Fkh fd ,d cf<+;k¡ dke
rfey bfrgkl ds Åij gksuk pkfg,] ijarq le; xqtjrk x;k vkSj dHkh eq>s bl fo"k; ij dke djus
dk volj gh ugha feykA ,d vkl NwV jgh FkhA eSaus dqN o"kZ iwoZ bl fo"k; ij dke djuk vkjaHk
fd;k vkSj ;g vc iw.kZ Hkh gks x;kA vc FkksM+k vius vki dks gYdk eglwl dj jgk gw¡A
txeksgu flag% orZeku dh fLFkfr ladVe; gksrh tk jgh gSA ;qok&oxZ blls vR;f/d vkØkar gSA
dksbZ n`f"V nsuk pkgsaxs\
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% orZeku esa nks ckrsa lcls vf/d ?kkrd fl¼ gks jgh gSaA çFke HkkSfrdoknh n`f"V vkSj
nwljh fons'k tkus dh gksM+A vkt HkkSfrdoknh n`f"V us yksxksa dks v'kkar cuk fn;k gSA cktkj esa çyksHku
dh oLrq,¡ iVh iM+h gSaA yksx u pkgrs gq, Hkh bldh rjiQ vkdf"kZr gks gh tk jgs gSaA yksx bu oLrqvksa
ds ihNs iM+dj fnu&jkr fil jgs gSaA bl rjg os •qn dks v'kkar cuk jgs gSaA ;qok&oxZ dh n`f"V bu
HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dh vksj vkSj vf/d pyh xbZ gSA og bu HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dk eksg R;kx ugha ik jgk
gSA iQyLo:i ekxZ HkVd jgk gSA viuh laLÑfr dks Hkwy x;k gSA ;gh ugha vkt fons'k tkus dh gksM+
us Hkh Hkkjrh;rk dh Hkkouk dks /wfey fd;k gSA vkt f'kf{kr oxZ vius ns'k esa ugha jguk pkgrk gSA
yxHkx lHkh osns'kksa esa iyk;u djuk pkgrs gSaA ;qokvksa dks yxrk gS fd fons'kksa esa mudh lq•&lqfoèkk
dh mfpr O;oLFkk lqyHk gSA og vkjke ls ogk¡ viuk thou ;kiu dj ldrs gSaA ;gh Hkkouk ;qokvksa
dks ekxZ ls HkVdk jgh gSA ;qokvksa dks pkfg, fd os ,sls fopkjksa dks R;kxas ,oa vius ;gk¡ fodkl djsA
blls jk"Vª ds lkFk&lkFk ;qokvksa dk dY;k.k Hkh lqfuf'pr gSA

txeksgu flag % ;g lEeku ysrs gq, vkidks dSlk yx jgk gS \
MkW-,e-'ks"ku% cgqr vPNk yx jgk gSA vHkh eq>s vkSj Hkh rfey vkSj fganh lkfgR; ij dbZ dke djuk
gSA
¹ 'kkafrfudsru ls fonk gksrs gq, MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku Hkko foHkksj gks x,A mUgksaus eq>s vkf'kokZn fn;k
vkSj fuR; vkxs c<+rs jgus dh çsj.kk nhA esjs nksuksa cktqvksa dks vius gkFkksa ls >d>ksjdj <sjksa vk'kh"k
nhA og {k.k thou i;±r eSa ugha Hkwy ldrkA bruh lgtrk] bruh lknxh de fo}kuksa esa ns•h tkrh
gSA lpeqp MkW- ,e- 'ks"ku fganh vkSj rfey Hkk"kk dks tksMu+ s okys egku lk/d gSAa mudh egkurk mudh
lgtrk ls lkiQ çdV gks jgh FkhA º
qqq

'kks / kkys [ k
fcgkj esa bfrgkl&ys[ku vkSj fcgkj ds bfrgkldkj

m fudgr rcLlqe
bfrgkl dk mís';&vrhr ds ;FkkFkZ dks çdV djuk] vrhr dk mlh :i esa iqufuZekZ.k djuk]
tSlk og Fkk rFkk vrhr ds fy, ,sls niZ.k dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djuk fd mldk lR; çfrfcfEcr gks ldsA
¶bfrgkl&ys•u ds mís'; vkSj mlds mi;ksx ,d le; ls nwljs le; vkSj ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k
esa vyx&vyx jgs gSaA¸1 ekdZ Cyk• us viuh iqLrd bfrgkldkj dk f'kYi dh 'kq#vkr vius iq=k
ds eq• ls bl ç'u ds }kjk dh gS fd ¶bfrgkl dh mi;ksfxrk D;k gS\¸ vkt ;g ç'u lekt ds
le{k ,d Toyar ,oa fopkj.kh; iz'u ds :i esa mifLFkr gSA flljks us dgk Fkk fd ¶vius tUe ls
igys ds bfrgkl dks u tkuuk ges'kk cPpk cus jg tkus ds leku gSA¸3 fcLekdZ ds fopkj esa ¶;s
csodwiQ dgrs gSa fd Lo;a ds vuqHkoksa ls lh•rs gSa] eSa nwljksa ds vuqHkoksa ls lh•uk ilUn djrk gw¡A
dksbZ Hkh lekt vius bfrgkl ds ekè;e ls gh Lo;a vius dks tku ikrk gSA¸4
bfrgkl esa dksbZ Hkh miyfC/ vafre ugha gksrh dksbZ Hkh bfrgkldkj fdrus Hkh nh?kZdky rd
rFkk yxu ls dk;Z D;ksa u djs] og ;g dHkh ugha dg ldrk fd bl fo"k; ij mldk dk;Z vfUre
gSA bfrgkldkj dHkh Hkh fdlh okLrfod ?kVuk dks iw.kZrk esa çLrqr ugha dj ldrkA 19oha lnh ds
bfrgkldkj bl Hkzked /kj.kk ls vksrçksr Fks fd os ¶lHkh rF;ksa dks çLrqr dj mUgsa gh vius fo"k;
esa cksyus dks ckè; djsaxsA¸5 vius vki esa dksbZ Hkh rF; oLrqfu"B ugha gks ldrk cfYd rF; dks
fo"k; ls i`Fkd dj oLrqfu"Brk Fkksih tkrh gS D;ksafd bfrgkl ys•d ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS] mldk
yxko fdlh lekt] tkfr /eZ vksj okrkoj.k ls gksrk gSA bl dkj.k og vius ys•u esa fdlh
voèkkj.kk] n`f"Vdks.k] laLÑfr] O;fÙkQxr bZ";kZ] Hkzkafr rFkk }s"k dk f'kdkj gks ldrk gSA bfrgkl dk
çR;sd fo|kFkhZ bl rF; ls HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gS fd bfrgkldkj rF;ksa ds p;u esa vius okrkoj.k]
ifjos'k ,oa /kfeZd fopkjksa ls çHkkfor jgk gSA ¶bfrgkldkj rF;ksa ds p;u esa vius jktuSfrd]
lkekftd] vkfFkZd o /kfeZd fopkjksa ls çHkkfor jgrk gSA¸6 çks- okY'k dh Li"V /kj.kk ;g gS fd
¶bfrgkl dk vè;;u fo'ks"k n`f"Vdks.k ls djuk pkfg,A¸7 dkyZ csdj us Hkh okY'k dks ckrksa dk
leFkZu djrs gq, fy•k gS] ¶bfrgkl dh jpuk çR;sd euq"; dh Hkkouk ds vuqdwy gksuh pkfg,A¸8
vxj bu fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dks Lohdkj dj fy;k tk, rks ;g rkRi;Z gksxk fd bfrgkl esa
oLrqfu"Brk dk lekos'k vR;Ur nq"dj dk;Z gSA tcfd vf/dka'k oSKkfud bfrgkldkjksa us bfrgkl esa
oLrqfu"Brk dh vko';drk dks Lohdkj fd;kA bfrgkl esa oLrqfu"Brk dk lekos'k ml le;
vR;fèkd ljy gks tk,xk] tc fofHkUu fo}kuksa fl¼kUrksa] vo/kj.kkvksa rFkk n`f"Vdks.k dks lkoZHkkSfed
ekU;rk çnku dh tk ldsxhA orZeku lekt bfrgkldkjksas ls oLrqfu"B jpuk dh vis{kk djrk gSA jsfu;j

us bfrgkl ds fu;eksa ,oa fo/kvksa dks ç/kurk nh gSA D;ksafd bfrgkl&ys•u dh vkpkj lafgrk bfrgkl
esa fufgr gS_ bfrgkldkj esa ughaA pkYlZ vkseu ds vuqlkj bfrgkl esa rF;ksa dks ç/kurk nsdj mlds
oLrqfu"B Lo:i dks lqjf{kr j•k tk ldrk gSA yqbZ cksukikVZ dh 18oha cwesj dh m¼`r mfÙkQ bl ij
çdk'k Mkyrh gS fd ¶ekuo tu viuk bfrgkl Lo;a cukrs gSa] ij vius eupkgs <ax ls ughaA¸9
bfrgkldkj rF;ksa esa ls lR; dh •kst djrk gSA mldk mís'; ml lR; dk vUos"k.k }kjk
lelkef;d lekt ds fy, x;k gSA ¶okY'k ds vuqlkj bfrgkl ds n'kZu esa nks çdkj dh nk'kZfud
leL;k,¡ tUe ysrh gSa& çFke ifjdYiukRed rFkk nwljh fo'ys"k.kkRedA nksuksa dk y{; bfrgkl&n'kZu
ds ekè;e ls lR; dh •kst ,oa foospuk djuk gSA blh dks bfrgkl n'kZu dgk tk ldrk gSA¸10
19oha lnh ds bfrgkldkj bfrgkl&n'kZu ds çfr ltx jgsA bfrgkl D;k gS\ bl ç'u dk mÙkj
nsus okyk çFke O;fÙkQ csdu FkkA mlus dgk fd dsoy L=kksrksa dk vè;;u gh bfrgkl ugha gSA
bfrgkldkj rF;ksa dk foLrkj dj ldrk gSA bfrgkl esa rF;ksa dh çeq•rk vkSj ,dN=krk dks igyh
pqukSrh 19oha 'krkCnh ds uosa vkSj vafre n'kd esa teZuh ls feyhA pqukSrh nsusokys nk'kZfudksa esa ,d
Fks fMYFksA bfrgkl D;k gS\ bl ç'u ds mÙkj esa bZ- ,p- dkj dk dguk gS fd ¶bfrgkl bfrgkldkj
vkSj mlds rF;ksa dh fØ;k&çfrfØ;k dh ,d vuojr~ çfØ;k gS] vrhr vkSj orZeku ds chp ,d
varghu laokn gSA¸11 jkads dk fo'okl Fkk fd ¶vxj bfrgkldkj rF;ksa dh ns•Hkky dj lds rks
bfrgkl dk vFkZ Hkxor~ Ñik ij NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg,A¸12 bfrgkldkj rFkk bfrgkl ds rF; ,d
nwljs ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA ftl çdkj fcuk rF; ds bfrgkldkj vk/kj foghu gS mlh çdkj
bfrgkldkj ds fcuk rF; egRoghu ,oa fujFkZd gSA ¶rF; fdrus gh oLrqxr vkSj fujis{k yxs muds
ekè;e ls bfrgkldkj Hkh cksyrk gSA¸13 bfrgkldkj rFkk rF;ksa ds chp vknku&çnku çfØ;k ds }kjk
gh orZeku rFkk vrhr ds chp laokn laHko gSA ¶orZeku fcuk vrhr ls tqM+s vuke] vLohÑr] vKku
vkSj vKs; cuk jgsxkA¸14 euq"; dks vrhrdkfyd lekt ls ifjfpr djkuk ,oa orZekudkfyd lekt
ds Åij mlds fu;a=k.k dh o`f¼ djuk bfrgkl dk ;g f}fo/ dÙkZO; gSA ¶gsjksMksVl us igys gh
bl ckr dks ;ksa dgk Fkk] tks dqN ?kfVr gqvk] mls lquk nsuk¸15 rF;ksa ls foghu bfrgkldkj fcuk
tM+ dk vkSj O;FkZ gksrk gSA ¶blhfy, dqy feykdj lk{; dh vkykspuk le:i vkSj fHkUu:i ,d
vkSj vusd ds lgtcks/ ls yC/ n'kZu ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA¸16 ysfdu bfrgkldkj gkClcke rF;ksa
ds çfr lpsr n`f"Vdks.k j•us dh psrkouh nsrs gSaA bfrgkl ds rF;ksa ds çfr gekjh gekjh lkekU;
ftEesnkjh gS vkSj blds jktuSfrd&oSpkfjd nq:i;ksx ds •aMu ds fy, gekjh fo'ks"k ftEesnkjh gSA¸17
bfrgkl dh vo/kj.kk vkSj n'kZu ds bfrgkl dks çkjEHk djus dk Js; ;wukuh bfrgkldkjksa dks
tkrk gSA ,sfrgkfld jpukvksa esa gsjksMksVl dk ;ksxnku vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ gSA mls bfrgkl dk tud
ekuk tkrk gSA gsjksMksVl dh jpukvksa dk xEHkhj vè;;u djus ds ckn ;g irk pyrk gS fd mlds
ys•u esa bfrgkl n'kZu dk lekos'k FkkA og fdlh ;kstu fo'ks"k ls çHkkfor Fkk vkSj ;g ;kstuk fo'ks"k
vekuoh; 'kfÙkQ;k¡ Fkha ftUgksaus ?kVukvksa dk ekxZ&n'kZu fd;kA gsjksMksVl bfrgkl dh nSoh ;kstuk ls
çHkkfor Fkk ftls mlus viuh jpukvksa esa n'kkZ;k gSA ¶ghxy vkSj jkads 'kSyh ds bfrgkldkj Hkh bfrgkl
dks ^,d nSoÑr çfØ;k] ds :i esa ns•us dh ckr ij lger FksA¸18
fcgkj esa bfrgkl&ys•u dh viuh ijEijk jgh gSA fcgkj dh /jrh ges'kk xkSjo'kkyh ,oa lkèku
laiUu jgh gSA fcgkj viuh lk/u lEiUurk ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa gh ugha fo'o ds bfrgkl esa egRoiw.kZ
LFkku j•rk gSA fo'o ds ns'kksa esa •kldj ,f'k;kbZ ns'k fcgkj dh /jrh ij vkdj bldh çpqj lkèku
lEiUurk ls iQk;nk mBkus dk çlkl djrs jgs gSaA tgk¡ çkphudky esa vusd ns'k ;gk¡ ds ckSf¼d
vkè;kfRed Kku ds çdk'k ls çdk'keku gq,] ogha eè;dky esa jktuhfrd&/kfeZd dkj.kksa dh iwfrZ
gsrq fonsf'k;ksa dks fcgkj dh /jrh ij vkus ds fy, çsfjr fd;k A
fcgkj ;|fi caxky vkSj mÙkj çns'k ds chp nck jgk] ijUrq fcgkj ges'kk ls viuk Lora=k vfLrRo
dk;e j•us esa liQy jgk gSA eqlyekuksa ds 'kkludky esa fcgkj dk viuk ,d vyx vfLrRo jgk
vkSj ;g iwohZ fgUnqLrku dh dqath ekuk tkrk FkkA caxky vkSj fcgkj çkUr pw¡fd eqx+y dky rFkk mlds
ckn Hkh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa viuk lfØ; Hkwfedk vnk djrs jgs gSaA blfy, caxky vkSj fcgkj ds
,sfrgkfld lkfgR; dh dkiQh vko';drk gSA ysfdu caxky dk Øfed bfrgkl iflZvu esa ^fj;kt~k
ml lykrhu ds igys ugha FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd geyksxkas ds ikl dqN gh ,sfrgkfld thofu;k¡ ;k Lekjd
gSaA tgk¡xhj ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku caxky dk bfrgkl cgkfjLrku&,&xkbch esa feyrk gS tks 'kkgtgk¡
ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku fy•k x;kA tnqukFk ljdkj us Hkh bl ,sfrgkfld mis{kk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
vkSjaxtsc ds ckn 18oha lnh esa caxky vkSj fcgkj ds bfrgkl dk LFkkuh; tehankjksa ds oa'ktksa
ds ikl ,sfrgkfld thofu;ksa ds :i esa egRoiw.kZ L=kksr gSa tks bl Hkkx ds bfrgkl ys•u esa egRoiw.kZ
lkfcr gq, gSa ysfdu nqHkkZX; ;g gS fd mfpr ns•Hkky ds vHkko esa ;s egRoiw.kZ L=kksr u"V gksrs tk
jgs gSa tks fcgkj ds bfrgkl vkSj laLÑfr ds fy, ?kkrd gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ caxky vkSjk fcgkj ds
nks ekud bfrgkl gS] ¶rkjh•&,&caxky* caxky dk bfrgkl lfyeqYykg }kjk jfpr ysfdu ;g vèkqjk
gSaA nwljk ^fj;kt&,&lykrhu* xqyke gqlSu lyhe ds }kjk jfpr gSA iVuk ds bfrgkldkj xqyke gqlSu
rcrkcbZ }kjk jfpr fl;kj my eqr[•hjhu iwohZ {ks=k ds bfrgkl ij lokZsifj gSA¸19
LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds mnkgj.k bLykfed txr esa cgqrk;kr ns•us dks feyrs gSa dsoy jk"Vª ,oa
çkar dk gha ugha cfYd 'kgj dk Hkh viuk vyx&vyx bfrgkl vyx&vyx bfrgkldkjksa }kjk fy•k
x;k gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa ;g çFkk 16oha lnh ls fodflr gqbZ tks xtsfV;j] loZs ,oa thofu;ksa ds foLr`r
fooj.k ds :i esa feyrh gSaA 16oha lnh dk vkbZus vdcjh ,oa vehu vgen jth dk gÝr bdyhe
esa LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk çk:i ns•us dks feyrk gSA
fcgkj esa 16oha lnh ds ;k mlls igys ds LFkkuh; tehankj flDds ds }kjk gesa LFkkuh; bfrgkl
dh tkudkjh esa dkiQh enn feyrh gSaA f'kykys•ksa }kjk 17oha lnh esa fcgkj ds dsoy •M+xiqj ds
jktk rFkk mudh vehjh ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ LFkkuh; jktkvksa ds eqxyksa ds
lkFk yEcs le; rd lEidZ ds dkj.k tehu ds iQjeku] fu'kku ;k jktuhfrd ;k dwVuhfrd i=k]
HkwjktLo ,oa ç'kklu ds ljdkjh nLrkost vkfn cgqrk;ar ek=kk esa feyrs gSa tks fcgkj ds
bfrgkl&ys•u esa egRoiw.kZ L=kksr ds :i esa mi;ksxh gSaA
njHkaxk vkSj csfr;k jkt?kjkus dk viuk egRoiw.kZ ,oa jkspd nLrkost+ gS ftlls os vius ;gk¡ ,d
dejs esa lqjf{kr j•rs FksA bu nLrkostksa }kjk gesa mudh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl dh tkudkjh çkIr gksrh
gSA ;s lkjs nLrkost {ks=kh; rFkk LFkkuh; bfrgkl ys•u dh n`f"V ls cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSAa ysfdu mfpr
ns•Hkky ds vHkko ds dkj.k ;s egRoiw.kZ nLrkost u"V gks jgs gSa tks fcgkj ds lkaLÑfrd bfrgkl
ds fy, ,d cM+h {kfr gSA
fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl ds Ïksr v•cjkr&,&njckj&,&eqYyk esa Hkh feyrk gS] ftlesa i=kksa
dk laxzg] çfl¼ 'kgjksa ,oa uxjksa rFkk nwljs egRo dh tkudkjh Hkh 'kkfey gSA fcgkj ds LFkkuh;
bfrgkl ij dsoy vfHkys•h; ,oa lkfgfR;d Ïksr gh ugha gS cfYd f'kykys•ksa ds vfrfjÙkQ fofHkUu
larksa] f'k{kkfonksa] Hkouksa vkfn ds }kjk gesa ;gk¡ ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
bfrgkl ij fofHkUu çdkj dh tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA eqgEen vyh 'kkg ^vthekcknh*] tks iVuk ds
çfl¼ dfo Fks] mUgksaus iVuk rFkk iVuk flVh ds ckjs esa mYys• fd;k gSA
19oha lnh esa fcgkj esa bfrgkl ys•u ds {ks=k esa fczfV'k fo}ku] iqjkrRoosÙkk ,oa ç'kkld FksA
ysfdu 20oha lnh esa fcgkj esa vusd Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkj tSls lqfoey pUæ ljdkj] vuUr çlkn
cuthZ 'kkL=kh] tksfxUæ ukFk leknj vkfn fo}kuksa us gq, ftUgksaus vkSifuosf'kd bfrgkl&ys•u ds mís';
dks le>k vkSj dfe;ksa dks lkeus j•kA bu lHkh fo}kuksa us fcgkj ds vrhr dks lkeus ykus dk ç;kl
fd;kA vkt bfrgkl ds ys•d fdlh u fdlh er ls çsfjr jgs ysfdu ,l- ,l- vldjh tSls
bfrgkldkj Hkh blh /jrh ij iSnk gq, ftUgksaus fu"i{k ioa Ïksrksa ij vk/kfjr bfrgkl dks egRo çnku
fd;k rFkk muds ys•u us fcgkj esa gh ugha fo'o esa [;kfr çkIr dhA blh çdkj jk/kÑ".k pkS/jh]
txnh'k ukjk;.k ljdkj] misUæ Bkdqj vkfn bfrgkldkjksa ds uke vxz.kh gaSA fcgkj ds lanHkZ esa Hkh
lrh'k pUæ dh ;g mfÙkQ lVhd yxrh gS fd tgk¡ ,d vksj ¶jk"Vªoknh ijEijk us bl {ks=k ds vfLrRo
dks detksj cuk;k ogha nwljh vksj bl ekufldrk us çkjEHk ls gh ;gk¡ ds bfrgkl ys•u dks ,slh
lhekvksa esa ck¡/k ftlls vrhr dk fo'ys"k.k dkiQh gn rd ,d i{kh; gks x;k gSA¸20
fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vktknh ds iwoZ ls gh dk;Z 'kq: gqvkA iVuk
vkSj iVuk fo'ofo|ky; bldk x<+ cukA bfrgkl&ys•u ds iqjkrkfRod egRo dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,]
vktknh ds ckn 1949 bZ- esa iVuk fo'ofo|ky; esa çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj iqjkrRo foHkkx •ksyk
x;kA ds- nso ds lkFk Mk- ,l- vkYrsdj us 1950 bZ- esa oS'kkyh vkSj 1951 bZ- esa dqEgjkj dk mR•uu
fd;kA 1062 bZ- esa jkT; ds iqjkrRo funs'kky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA dk'kh çlkn tk;loky 'kks/
laLFkku us Hkh iqjkrRo esa Hkkx ysuk 'kq: fd;kA tnqukFk ljdkj us bfrgkl ys•u ds vf/dre Kku
dh ifjikVh viukus dh lykg nh gSA¸21 bu lHkh 'kks/&laLFkkuksa us vktknh ds ckn iqjkrkfRod •kstksa
esa Hkkx ysdj muds vk/kj ij fcgkj ds vrhr esa >k¡dus dh dksf'k'k dhA
ds- ih- tk;loky 'kks/ laLFkku ls fdrus gh cM+s&cM+s bfrgkldkj tqM+s jgs rFkk •kst ,oa
vUos"k.k ds v/kj ij bfrgkl dh jpuk dhA ¶ds- ih- tk;loky us ;g lkfcr djus dk chM+k mBk;k
fd çkphu Hkkjr jktuhfrd n`f"V ls fodflr FkkA¸22 ;g laLFkku vkt Hkh mlh rUe;rk ds lkFk vius
bl dk;Z esa yxk gqvk gSA ds- ih- tk;loky 'kks/ laLFkku ds }kjk dqEgjkj dk mR•uu dk;Z 'kq:
fd;k x;kA blus 80 LrEHkksa okyk Hkou dks jktçlkn dh txg ckS¼ksa dk la?kjke cryk;kA ckS¼ laxfr
ds fy, bldk fuekZ.k v'kksd us djok;k FkkA ;gk¡ ,d vkjksX; fogkj Hkh FkkA blh 'kks/ laLFkku ds
mR•uu ds vk/kj ij iQkáku dh bl dFku dh iqf"V gks tkrh gS fd ckS¼ eBksa ls tqM+k gqvk ,d
vkjksX; fogkj Hkh FkkA
fcgkj dh /jrh ns'kh bfrgkldkjksa ds fy, gh ugha fons'kh bfrgkldkjksa ds Hkh ftKklk dk dsUæ
cuk jgkA mUgksaus ;gk¡ vkdj ;gk¡ ds iqjkrRo] lkfgR;] flDds] rkezi=kksa] dkaL; çfrekvksa vkfn dk xgu
vè;;u fd;k rFkk muds ckjs esa fy•kA ;s flyflyk vktknh ds igys rFkk vktknh ds ckn Hkh
cjdjkj jgkA cqdkuu vkSj gSfeYVu us gh cksf/o`{k jktxhj dh fdyscanh ds fy, fo'kky nhokj ,oa
cjkcj ds xqiQkvksa ds egRo ds ckjs esa crk;kA gksVxk¡o us ds'kkfj;k Lrwi Vhyk vkSj vjsjkt v'kksd LraHk
ds ckjs esa cryk;kA eSdsath] LVsiQsal vkfn bfrgkldkjksa us vius ys•u dk {ks=k fcgkj dks pqukA estj
dhVks us cjkcj xqiQkvksa ds ckjs esa fy•k Fkk vkSj dqdhZgkj ds eq[; Vhys dk mR•uu djk;kA ;s lkjs
bfrgkldkjksa us fcgkj ds vrhr dks lkeus ykus dk ç;kl fd;kA
phuh ;kf=k;ksa }kjk fn, x, foojk.kksa ds vk/kj ij bUgksaus mu LFkyksa dh igpku dh rFkk
iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"kksa dk loZs{k.k djds mlls çkIr urhts dk loZs{k.k jiV esa çdkf'kr fd;k] ftuesa
çkphu LFkyksa ls çkIr vfHkys•] Lekjd vkSj flDds dh ppkZ jgrh FkhA bu lHkh iqjkrRoosÙkkvksa us
mu Lrwiksa] LFkyksa dk mR•uu djus ds ckn muls çkIr tkudkjh dks ,d iqLrd dk :i çnku fd;kA
fcgkj ds bfrgkl fo"k;d 'kks/ dh i`"BHkwfe lj tnqukFk ljdkj ds }kjk rS;kj dh x;hA mUgksaus
Lo;a Hkh dkiQh 'kks/ fd;k rFkk ;gk¡ ds yksxksa ds fy, çsj.kk L=kksr cusA
lj tnqukFk ljdkj us iVuk dks viuk dk;Z {ks=k cuk;kA ¶bl ckr dks utjvankt ugha fd;k
tk ldrk fd fcgkj us gh bUgsa egku cuk;kA¸23 ;s fcgkj ds çfr ÑrK Fks vkSj iVuk dks viuh
vkè;kfRed deZHkwfe ekurs FksA ml le; iVuk esa 'kks/ ds {ks=k esa lqfo/kvksa ds vHkko ds ckotwn
mUgksaus O;fÙkQxr rkSj ij Nk=kksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k] ftUgksaus vkxs pydj egku bfrgkldkjksa ds :i esa
çflf¼ ik;h vkSj tnqukFk ljdkj ds oSKkfud bfrgkl ys•u ds ijEijk dks vkxs c<+k;kA
MkW- ljdkj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds çFke bfrgkldkj Fks ftUgksaus bfrgkl&ys•u ds oSKkfud
n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k vkSj rF;ksa ij vk/kfjr bfrgkl&ys•u dh odkyr dhA ¶mUgksaus 'kks/ dk
oSKkfud rjhdk viuk;k FkkA bfro`Ùk dh ekufp=kksa vkSj HkkSxksfyd vè;;u ls tksM+dj mUgksaus rF;ksa
dks lgh ifjizs{; esa LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl fd;k FkkA ljdkj us bfrgkl ys•u ds vf/dre Kku
dh ifjikVh viukbZA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys•u esa oSpkfjd fo'ys"k.k] fparu vkSj oSKkfudrk dh deh
ds çfr lpsr FksA¸24 mudk ekuuk Fkk fd bfrgkldkj dks fu"i{k gksdj ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dk fooj.k
vkSj fo'ys"k.k djuk pkfg,A os viuk 'kks/ dk;Z ekufp=k] igpku] dkykuqØe rFkk iqf"Vdj.k ds
vkèkkj ij djrs FksA
tnqukFk ljdkj us 'kks/ dk;Z esa çkFkfed Ïksrksa ij vf/d tksj fn;kA os ,sfrgkfld egRo ds
LFkyksa] ;q¼ Hkwfe ds {ks=k vkfn dk Hkze.k djds mudk Li"V :i ls o.kZu fd;k djrs FksA ¶mudk
dguk Fkk fd ^fjlpZ* ys•dksa dh fdrkcksa ls udy ;k vuqokn ugha gS] mUgksaus Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys•u
esa çkFkfed Ïksrksa ij tksj fn;kA Ïksrksa rFkk lk{;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij tksj fn;kA¸25
mUgksaus ,sfrgkfld 'kks/ ds vk/kj ij mÙkj eè;dky rFkk 18oha lnh ds bfrgkl dks vius lkB
o"kks± ds ifjJe ls mdsjkA muds }kjk miyC/ fd, x, Ïksrksa ls vkt ds 'kks/kFkhZ ,oa fo|kFkhZ dkiQh
ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA tnqukFk ljdkj ,d lPps 'kks/dÙkkZ FksA os lk{;ksa dks rcrd Lohdkj ugha djrs
Fks tcrd fd fdlh vU; Ïksr ;k ledkyhu lk{; ls bldh iqf"V u dj ysrs gksaA mudk fl¼kUr
Fkk ^nLrkost ugha rks bfrgkl ughaA*
tnqukFk ljdkj dh /kj.kk jk"Vªh; bfrgkl ds çfr O;kid FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd jk"Vªh;
bfrgkl ,slk gks ftlesa rRoksa dh O;[;k gks] lgh vkSj xyr nksuksa rF; j•us pkfg,A lp lkeus gksuk
pkfg, ysfdu bl rjg ls ugha fd ns'k ds xqtjs gq, dky dks nck,¡ vkSj iw.kZ :i ls liQk;k dj
nsa tks fd 'keZukd gksxkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd bfrgkl ys•u ds nkSjku xqtjs gq, dky dh cqjkbZ;ksa
dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk, vkSj mu phtksa dks Hkh fy•k tk, tks fd vPNs dkj.kksa ds fy, dh x;ha
Fkha rkfd vPNs dke cqjs dke dh Nk;k dks feVk nsA ¶bfrgkldkj dks tt dh rjg gksuk pkfg,A¸26
vPNs dke vkSj cqjs dke esa rqyuk djds mldh vPNkbZ fudkyuk pkfg,A tnqukFk ljdkj dh /kj.kk
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ckjs esa cgqr egku FkhA jk"Vªh; bfrgkl nwljs bfrgkl dh rjg gks ftlesa lPpkbZ
iw.kZ:i ls fu"i{k gks] lp vkSj mfpr gks rkfd le>us esa vklkuh gksA ¶bfrgkl ds ç;kstu ,oa
vè;;u ls euq"; dks mnkj ,oa f'k{kkçn Kku çkIr gksrk gSA¸27 mUgksaus ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ds fooj.k
dh vis{k fo'ys"k.k ij vf/d tksj fn;kA mUgsa Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa vk/qfud oSKkfud bfrgkl ys•u
ijEijk dk firk ekuk tk ldrk gSA mudk ys•u ges'kk oLrqfu"Brk dh vksj jgkA mUgksaus dHkh Hkh
rF;ksa dks rksM+ ejksM+ dj is'k ugha fd;kA muds bfrgkl ys•u dk ewy ea=k Fkk ¶tSlk Fkk oLrqr%
FkkA¸ blh dks vk/kj cukdj mUgksaus bfrgkl esa vewY; ;ksxnku fd;kA mudh iqLrd ^fcgkj ,.M
mM+hlk MÔwfjax nh iQky vkWiQ eqxy ,Eik;j* uked iqLrd ls fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl dh tkudkjh
çkIr gksrh gSA
dk'kh çlkn tk;loky ftudh deZHkwfe iVuk jgh gS] is'ks ls odhy FksA ysfdu mudh [;kfr
,d bfrgkldkj ds :i esa gqbZA ;s iqjkfyfi vkSj çkphu eqæk ds vPNs Kkrk FksA bUgksaus bfrgkl ys•u
ds ewy Ïksr iqjk.k] lkfgR;] vfHkys• vkSj flDds vkfn dk vè;;u fd;kA v'kksd ds vfHkys•]
v'kksd ds jkT;kjksg.k dh frfFk] czkãh fyfi dh mRifÙk] vusdkusd vfHkys•ksa ,oa frfFkØe ds vuqlkj
mudh O;k[;k djds vius bfrgkl n'kZu dks egRoiw.kZ cuk;kA vius ys•u esa ,d odhy dh i¼fr
dks viukrs FksA os fdlh Hkh leL;k ij Lo;a ç'u mBkrs vkSj lek/ku ds lHkh laHkkfor lcy vkSj
nqcZy i{kksa dh leh{kk djds viuk mÙkj Hkh nsrs FksA bfrgkl ys•u esa os rqyukRed fof/ dk ç;ksx
djus ds i{k esa lnSo jgsA mudh jpuk ^fgUnw iksfyVh* 1924 bZ- esa çdkf'kr gqbZ ftldh bfrgkl txr
esa dkiQh ç'kalk gqbZA
lqfoey pUæ ljdkj us bfrgkl ds 'kks/ ds dsUæ ds :i esa iVuk dkWyst dks fodflr fd;kA
mUgsa fcgkj esa iVuk Ldwy vkWiQ fjlpZ dh LFkkiuk dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA lqfoey pUæ ljdkj çkphu
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds foHkkxkè;{k FksA muds fujh{k.k esa 'kks/ us ,d ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr
dks çkIr fd;kA mUgksaus fcgkj esa ^fjlpZ* dh ,d ubZ ifjikVh dh 'kq#vkr dhA budk dguk Fkk fd
dbZ vPNh phtksa dh rjg bfrgkl dh 'kq#vkr ?kj ij gksrh gSA bUgksaus frCcr esa miyC/ çkphu
bfrgkl ds Ïksrksa dk vè;;u fd;kA ;s fofHkUu i=k if=kdkvksa ,oa xksf"B;ksa esa pfpZr jgsA
Mk- dkyhfdadj nÙk us Mk- lqfoey pUæ ds funZs'ku esa dsoy 'kks/ dk;Z gh ugha fd;k cfYd
bl 'kks/ ijEijk dks vkxs c<+k;kA ¶os fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk çkUr }kjk tkjh 'kks/ Nk=ko`fÙk ikdj 'kks/
dk;Z djus okys çFke 'kks/kFkhZ FksA¸28 mUgksaus vk/qfud Hkkjr dh vfUre rhu 'krkfCn;ksa ds bfrgkl
dk •kldj fcgkj vkSj caxky ds bfrgkl dk iwjk eaFku fd;k vkSj bfrgkl ds çk;% lHkh igyqvksa
ij fopkj fd;kA mUgksua s iVuk dkWyt s ds bfrgkl foHkkx esa caxky ds vkfFkZd bfrgkl ij MkW- lqfoey
pUæ ljdkj ds funZs'ku esa dke djuk 'kq: fd;kA Mk- lqfoey pUæ ljdkj ds vodk'k xzg.k djus
ij os iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx ds foHkkxkè;{k cuk, x, rFkk iVuk dkWyst ds çkpk;Z
ds in ls vodk'k xzg.k fd;kA blds vfrfjÙkQ os vusd inksa ij viuk ;ksxnku nsrs jgsA fcgkj jkT;
vfHkys•kxkj ds funs'kd vkSj dk'kh çlkn tk;loky 'kks/ laLFkku iVuk ds funs'kd ds inksa dk çHkkj
mUgksaus xzg.k fd;kA cks/ x;k esa ex/ fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rks bUgsa bl fo'ofo|ky; dk
midqyifr cuk;k x;kA ;s {ks=kh; vfHkys• loZs{k.k lfefr esa cgqr o"kks± rd vè;{k jgs vksj bafM;u
fgLVksfjdy jsdM~lZ dfe'ku ls Hkh tqM+s jgsA fcgkj ds lanHkZ esa fy•h x;h budh çfl¼ iqLrdsa gSa]
^fgLVªh vkWiQ ÚhMe ewoesaV bu fcgkj* (rhu •.Mksa esa)] ^ck;ksxzkiQh vkWiQ MkW- jktsUæ çlkn*] ^xk¡èkh
th bu fcgkj*] ^ykbiQ ,.M FkkWV vkWiQ n fiiqy vkWiQ fcgkj*A29
vè;;u] vè;kiu vUos"k.k vusdkusd i{kksa dks Mk- ds- ds- nÙk vius thou dky esa cgqr gh
rUe;rk ls fuHkkrs jgsA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vxj O;fÙkQ vius 'kks/dk;Z ij çfrfnu fu;fer :i ls
nl iafÙkQ Hkh fy•s rks os ,d o"kZ esa vPNh iqLrd rS;kj dj ysxkA MkW- nÙk bl fl¼kUr ij ges'kk
dk;e jgs rFkk ;gh muds thou dh liQyrk dk jkt jgkA dkyhfdadj nÙk dh 'kks/ i¼fr Fkh lHkh
miyC/ Ïksrksa dk laxzg vkSj vkykspukRed vè;;u ds vk/kj ij mldk fu"d"kZ fudkyukA mUgksaus
vius 'kks/ ds }kjk tks Hkh çkIr fd;k mls cM+s gh mPp] Li"V ,oa iBuh; :i ls çLrqr fd;kA Mk-
nÙk ges'kk xq# vkSj f'k"; O;oLFkk ds i{k/j Fks rFkk mUgksua s bl çFkk dk thou Hkj ikyu fd;kA mudk
iwjk ys•u fcgkj ds vk/qfud bfrgkl ys•u ds {ks=k esa f'kyk/kj j•us tSlk gS rFkk bfrgkl ds çfr
mudk ;ksxnku vfoLej.kh; gSA
lÕ;n glu vldjh fcgkj ds ,dek=k ,sls bfrgkldkj gSa tks bfrgkldkj ds lkFk&lkFk
vUos"kd] iqjkrRoosÙkk] lkfgfR;d vkSj lar lkfgR; ds fo'ks"kK FksA fcgkj ds bfrgkl dh 'kks/ lkexzh
dh •kst ,oa vuqla/ku esa gh O;rhr dj fn;kA lqnwj nsgkrksa ,oa xk¡oksa dh ;k=kk djds u;s Ïksrksa dh
•kst ds }kjk xkS.k Ïksrksa dks çdk'k esa ykrs FksA mudh jpuk mUgha xkS.k ,oa çkFkfed Ïksrksa ds vkèkkj
ij gksrh FkhA iVuk dh fdl xyh] fdl dq,¡ vkSj fdl eafnj ;k efLtn dk uke dSls iM+k vkSj
mudk D;k egRo jgk gS bu lkjh ckrksa dk mYys• ,oa bldh çekf.kd tkudkjh os lgt gh ns nsrs
FksA
lwiQh larksa ftUgksaus fcgkj esa bLykfed fopkj /kjk dks iQSykus ,oa /kfeZd lkSgkæZ cukus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] bldh tkudkjh gesa budh jpukvksa ls çkIr gksrh gSA mUgksaus lwfiQ;ksa ds
lkfgR; êyiQqtkr* vkSj êdrwckr* ij 'kks/ dk;Z fd;k ,oa lwiQh larks ads }kjk fcgkj esa fd, x,
dk;ks± dk mYys• fd;kA muds }kjk fd;s x;s vUos"k.k us fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl dks ,d ubZ fn'kk
çnku dhA os ges'kk fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl ,oa lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr tks çkphu dky ls gh mUur
voLFkk esa Fkh mls çdk'k esa ykus ds çfr ç;kljr~ jgsA
fcgkj ds lkekftd bfrgkl ys•u esa mudk cM+k gh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA fcgkj esa
vfHkys•ksa dh cgqyrk ds ckotwn fcgkj ds lkekftd bfrgkl ys•u ij T;knk dk;Z ugha gks ldk
gSA vldjh lkgc dh eyiQqtkr vkSj edrwckr larpfjr~ larpfjr~ ds }kjk fcgkj ds lkekftd bfrgkl
ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa fcgkj ds lkekftd bfrgkl&ys•u esa vkus
okyh dfBukb;ksa dh vksj è;kukd"kZ.k fd;k gSA mUgksaus viuh iqLrd ^bLyke ,.M eqfLye bu
fefM;oy fcgkj30 esa dgk gS fd çkjfEHkd eè;dky esa fcgkj ds lekt vkSj /eZ ds ckjs esa gekjk
Kku •afMr vlkekU;] viw.kZ ,oa vi;kZIr jgk gSA bl dky ds lHkh igyqvksa dk iw.kZ vkSj lEc¼
bfrgkl fy•uk ,d nq"dj dk;Z gSA Mk- vldjh fcgkj ds lkaLÑfrd ,oa /kfeZd thou dks tkuus
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ Ïksrksa dks çdk'k esa yk,A eyiQqtkr ,oa edrwckr ds vfrfjÙkQ iQkjlh Hkk"kk ds ,d
egRoiw.kZ vKkr xzaFk ^'kiQZukek&,&eusjh* dks çdk'k esa yk,A bl xzaFk esa fcgkj ds lekt dk foLr`r
o.kZu çLrqr gSA
lÕ;n glu vldjh fcgkj ds bfrgkldkj Fks vkSj mUgksaus vius vki dks fcgkj ds fy, lefiZr
fd;kA bruk gh ugha os thou i;ZUr fcgkj ds /kfeZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd leUo; ds fcUnqvksa
dks lkeus ykrs jgs] ;gh mudk è;s; ,oa y{; FkkA ¶os fdrkch dhM+k ugha Fks cfYd ,d lfØ;
•kstdÙkkZ vkSj laxzgdÙkkZ] ik.Mqfyfir ,oa jsdkMZl ds mR•uudÙkkZ ,oa iqjkrRoosÙkk FksA vius dk;ks±
dks iwjk djuk mudk vdsys dk dk;Z FkkA dHkh&dHkh gh vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ;k lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn
ysrs FksA31
Mk- txnh'k ukjk;.k ljdkj ,d vU; bfrgkldkj Fks ftUgksaus fcgkj ds bfrgkl dks vius 'kks/
esa lesVkA mudk bfrgkl&ys•u fofo/ {ks=kksa ,oa O;kid ifjf/ dks lesVs gq, Fkk ysfdu mudk T;knk
è;ku eè;dkyhu fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl&ys•u ij dsfUær jgk tks ckSf¼d {ks=k esa ,d u;k ;ksxnku
gSA mUgksaus viuh jpuk ^fgLVksfj;ksxzkiQh nsu ,.M ukm% fefM;oy fcgkj*32 esa ,d vè;k; ds vUrxZr
ledkyhu iQkjlh ys•dksa }kjk fcgkj ds lYrurdkyhu bfrgkl ij fy•s x, va'kksa vkSj lwpukvksa
dk o.kZu fd;k gS tks vHkh rd xkS.k egRo dk jgk FkkA blds }kjk gesa lYrurdkyhu fcgkj ds
bfrgkl dh egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA bl iqLrd ls fcgkj dk lYrurdky esa egRo ,oa
LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa] lSfud egRo] jktuhfrd ,oa /kfeZd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gSA Mk- ljdkj
ds vU; jpukvksa ls Hkh eè;dkyhu fcgkj ds bfrgkl ds Ïksrksa vkSj bfrgkl&ys•u ds ckjs esa tkudkjh
çkIr gksrh gSA bfrgkl&ys•u ,oa iVuk Ldwy vkWiQ fjlpZ* ds 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± dk Hkh
tkudkjh mUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa nh gSA
Mk- ljdkj us viuh iqLrd ^LVMh bu bdksuksfed ykbiQ bu eqxy bafM;k*33 esa caxky ,oa fcgkj
•kldj iVuk ds O;kikfjd laLFkkuksa ,oa mlds egRo ij foLr`r :i ls çdk'k Mkyk gSA vaxzstksa }kjk
iVuk esa O;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksa ,oa iQSDVªh dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk&lkFk vU; ;wjksih;uksa }kjk O;kikfjd
çfrLi/kZ dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA fcgkj ds vkfFkZd tuthou dk fo'ys"k.kkRed o.kZu ,oa mu laLFkkvksa
•kldj m|ksxksa ,oa O;kikfjd bfrgkl ij tksj fn;k gSA
mUgksaus dgk gS fd iVuk dk eè;dkyhu ,oa eqxy dky ds O;kikfjd {ks=k esa viuk egRo jgk
gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ¶iVuk dsoy lwrh oL=k m|ksx gh ugha cfYd flYd m|ksx ds {ks=k esa Hkh
vaxzstksa ds fy, iQk;nsean FkkA¸34 vaxzstksa }kjk flYd m|ksx LFkkfir djus ds ckn ds mís'; ,oa ykHkksa
dk o.kZu fd;k gSA iVuk esa flYd ds fofo/ çdkj ds ckjs esa Hkh mUgksaus fy•k gSA mUgksaus fcgkj
ds 'kksjk m|ksx rFkk O;kikj dk o.kZu fd;k gSA35 'kksjk ds ckjs esa ,oa bldk mi;ksx ftu&ftu {ks=kksa
esa gksrk Fkk mldk o.kZu feyrk gSA mUgksaus 'kksjk ds O;kikj esa ç'kklfud n•yvankth dk Hkh ftØ
fd;k ,oa ;g crk;k gS fd fdl çdkj çkUrh; xoZuj ,oa vf/dkjh ds LFkku ifjoÙkZu ds ckn bldk
çHkko 'kksjk O;kikj ij iM+rk FkkA¸36 blds O;kikj esa fcgkj ds uokcksa dk Hkh gLr{ksi gksrk FkkA ¶fcgkj
ds uokc dks 500 #- dh nLrd is'kd'k nsus dk o.kZu fd;k gSA¸37
budh jpukvksa] tks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl&ys•u esa vewY; fuf/ gS] dks ns•us ds ckn budh fofo/
rkvksa ,oa fo"k; ds çfr xaHkhjrk dk irk pyrk gSA mudk ges'kk ;g ç;kl jgk gS fd fo"k; ls
lEcfUèkr dksbZ Hkh igyw dks vuns•k u fd;k tk;A fdlh Hkh LFkku dk o.kZu djrs le; cM+s gh
lko/kuh ls Ïksrksa dk fujh{k.k djrs Fks ,oa mldk o.kZu cM+k gh lw{e vè;;u ds }kjk djrs FksA
os viuh iqLrdksa esa fo"k; dh iwjh rLohj çLrqr djrs FksA eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds gjsd L=kksr
dk lw{erk ls xgu vè;;u ,oa ijh{k.k ds ckn gh fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs FksA os bfrgkl&ys•u
esa vk/qfud ço`fÙk;ksa dks vkRelkr djus ds i{k/j FksA mudh ys•u i¼fr vk/qfud bfrgkl&ys•u
esa ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqbZA
d;keqíhu vgen ftudh ikfjokfjd i`"B Hkwfe ,sfrgkfld jgh gSA budk ifjokj iVuk
fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl esa ,d ek=k ,slk gS ftldh pkSFkh ih<+h ;gk¡ ds f'k{k.k lsok esa dk;Zjr~
jgh gSA bUgksaus loZçFke fcgkj f'k{kk lsok oxZ&2 ds vUrxZr ds-ih- tk;loky 'kks/ laLFkku iVuk ds
^fjlpZ iQsyks* ds :i esa ;ksxnku fd;k] tks buds fy, dkiQh iQk;nsean jgkA d;keqíhu vgen eqxy
iwoZ fcgkj ds jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS] mUgksaus vius ys•u esa lkfgfR;d ,oa
vfHkys•h; lk{;ksa dk ç;ksx djds fcgkj dh fofHkUu bdkbZ;ksa vFkkZr~ fefFkyk] frjgqr] ex/] >kj•aM
rFkk psjksa vkSj •ks•j {ks=kksa dks ,d gh jktuhfrd ,oa ç'kklfud lÙkk ds vUrxZr lqLi"V fd;k gSA
Mk- d;keqíhu vgen dh {ks=kh; rFkk LFkkuh; bfrgkl ys•u ds çfr xgjh #fp FkhA bUgksaus
fcgkj ds dksus&dksus esa iQSys 200 f'kykys•ksa dks ,df=kr djds mldk lko/kuhiwoZd vè;;u fd;k
rFkk ^dkiZl vkiQ vjfcd ,.M iflZvu bULÑi'ku vkWiQ fcgkj*38 uked iqLrd esa ladfyr fd;kA
;s fdrkc 1973 esa çdkf'kr gqbZA f'kykys•ksa ds vykos bUgksaus iVuk laxzgky; ds eè;dkyhu flDdksa
dh o`gn lwph rS;kj dhA bUgksaus dqN fnuksa rd Mk- lÕ;n glu vldjh ds v/hu dk;Z fd;k ysfdu
iqu% Lora=k :i ls dk;Z djus yxsA çkjEHk esa budk dk;Z njHkaxk rFkk csfr;k jkt ds vfHkys•ksa ds
vè;;u ij FkkA bUgksaus bl jkt?kjkus ds vfHkys•kxkjksa esa iM+h lkefxz;ksa dk dkiQh vè;;u fd;k vkSj
egRoiw.kZ vfHkys•ksa dks mtkxj djus esa liQy gq,A bUgksaus iafMr Jhfuokl 'kekZ ds lkFk iVuk ftyk
ds Hkjriqjk iqLrdky; tkdj ns•k rFkk ^'kkgukek*] ^fldUnjukek*] ôlfyl* vkSj êqry&my&fgUn*
dh ewy çfr;ksa dk fooj.k tc ds- ih- tk;loky 'kks/ laLFkku ds okf"kZd çfrosnu esa Nik rks
Hkkjriqjk iqLrdky; ,dk,d çflf¼ esa vk x;kA
Mk- vgen us lwiQh larksa ds edcjs ij Hkh dk;Z fd;kA budk vxyk vuqla/ku dk;Z ukyank
ftyk ds fgylk ds utnhd vljgh xk¡o esa FkkA ;gk¡ os 16oha lnh ds lwiQh lar 'kkg lqYrku ds
edcjs ij ml le; ds rRdkyhu jkT;iky ds vkxzg ij dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA dk'kh çlkn tk;loky
'kks/ laLFkku ds }kjk ^dEçhgsfUlo fgLVªh vkWiQ fcgkj* rhu •aMksa esa çdkf'kr gqvkA çR;sd •aM nks&nks
Hkkxksa esa gSA êè;dkyhu fcgkj ij çdkf'kr •aM dk laiknu bUgksaus çks- lÕ;n glu vldjh ds lkFk
feydj fd;kA*39 igyh ckj eè;dkyhu fcgkj ds lHkh igyqvksa dk foLr`r çkekf.kd fooj.k çLrqr
gqvkA bUgksaus îVuk Fkzw n ,tst* iqLrd dk laiknu fd;k] ftlesa iVuk vthekckn dk thoar fp=k
çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA thouh ys•u Hkh mudk fç; fo"k; Fkk bafLVVÔwV vkWiQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht]
dydÙkk ls çdkf'kr ^fMD'kujh vkWiQ us'kuy ck;ksxzkiQh lIyhesUV esa*40 buds }kjk fyf•r dkiQh
thofu;k¡ gSaA ;s ges'kk {ks=kh; ,oa LFkkuh; bfrgkl ys•u ij tksj nsrs FksA cgqeq•h çfrHkk ds /uh Mk-
d;keqíhu vgen vius vafre le; rd bfrgkl ds vè;;u ,oa 'kksèk esa rYyhu jgsA
ch- ih- vEc"B thou i;ZUr fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl dks mtkxj djus ds çfr ç;kljr jgsA
eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa xSj iQkjlh Ïksrksa ds ç[;kr fo}ku ds :i esa Hkh os tkus tkrs gSAa mUgksua s
bfrgkl ds lkFk&lkFk Hkwxksy ds vè;;u ij Hkh tksj fn;kA ^fcgkj bu n ,t vkWiQ n xzsV eqxYl*
uked iqLrd dh jpuk dh ftlds vk/kj ij mUgsa Mh- fyV- dh mikf/ çkIr gqbZA mUgksaus ^rkjh•s
'ksj'kkgh* dk laiknu Hkh fd;kA buds vusdksa 'kks/ i=k fcgkj ij çdkf'kr gq,A fcgkj ds mTtSfu;k
'kkldksa ij Hkh bUgksaus 'kks/ fd;kA budh vlkef;d e`R;q us eè;dkyhu fcgkj ds {ks=kh; bfrgkl ds
çfr lefiZr bfrgkldkj dks bfrgkl txr us •ks fn;kA41
orZeku bfrgkldkjksa ds çeq• 'kh"kZLFk bfrgkldkjksa esa fcgkj dh /jrh ij jke'kj.k 'kekZ dk uke
vxz.kh gSA Mh-Mh- dkslkEch vkSj eksgEen gchc }kjk bfrgkl&ys•u esa tks ekDlZoknh ijEijk 'kq: dh
xbZ ml ijEijk dks fcgkj esa jke 'kj.k 'kekZ us vkxs c<+k;kA ;s ns'k ds fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld laLFkkvksa
,oa laxBuksa ls tqM+s jgsA buds laj{k.k esa iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx dk fodkl rsth ls
gqvkA foHkkx ds çk;% lHkh f'k{kd 'kks/ dh vksj ço`Ùk gq, ,oa iwjs ns'k esa bfrgkl foHkkx dh igpku
cuhA foHkkxh; iqLrdky; dkiQh le`¼ gqvk vkSj bfrgkl foHkkx fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh
fo'ks"k lgk;rk ;kstuk esa 'kkfey gqvkA var esa budh ifjiDork dk ykHk fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds
bfrgkl foHkkx dks feyk vkSj ogha ls 1985 bZ- esa vodk'k çkIr fd;kA dk;kZy; ds nkf;Roksa ls eqÙkQ
gksrs gh buds ys•uh dh jÝrkj c<+ x;h vkSj buds }kjk vkt Hkh vusd ekud xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh
tk jgh gSA
çkphu Hkkjr esa uxjksa dk iru uked iqLrd dks lokZsÙke iqLrd dk ntkZ feykA blesa oSfnd
;qx ls xqIrdky rd dk vè;;u çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ^'kwæksa dk çkphu bfrgkl* uked iqLrd esa
mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lekt dh fupyh Js.kh ds vkjafHkd bfrgkl dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;g iqLrd eq[;r%
lkfgfR;d Ïksrksa ij vk/kfjr gS ftlesa fupyh Js.kh ds yksxksa dk mPp Js.kh ds yksxksa ds lkFk lacaèkksa
dk o.kZu muds mRiknu ds lk/uksa ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA42 blh ij mUgsa ih&,p- Mh- dh mikf/
feyhA
Hkkjrh; lkearokn ,d fooknkLin fo"k; jgk gS ftl ij bUgksaus lkekarokn ds mn~Hko vkSj
fodkl ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA ;gk¡ ;wjksih; lkearokn dh rjg lkearokn dh dksbZ /kj.kk ugha Fkh] fiQj
Hkh lkearokn dh dqN fo'ks"krkvksa dks è;ku esa j•dj çks- 'kekZ us ¶Hkkjr esa lkearokn ds mn~Hko vkSj
fodkl ij viuh iqLrd Hkkjrh; lkearokn esa çdk'k Mkyk gSA ;g iqLrd fo}kuksa dks viuh vksj
[khapus esa dke;kc gqbZ ,oa muds chp okn fookn 'kq: gqvkA¸43 Mk- 'kekZ dh ;g iqLrd ys•u txr
esa ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqbZA Hkkjr esa çkphu uxjksa dk iru uked iqLrd Hkkjr esa lkearokn ds
mn~Hko ,oa fodkl lacaf/r çks- 'kekZ ds rdks± dks lqn`<+ djrh gSA blesa bUgksaus iqjkrkfRod lk{kksa ds
vk/kj ij çHkko'kkyh <ax ls ;g çnf'kZr djus dk dke fd;k gS fd vkjafHkd eè;dky esa uxjksa
dk ßkl gqvkA
fodkl dh leL;k us Hkh Hkkjr ds {ks=kh; ,sfrgkfld vè;;uksa dks ,d u;k vkdkj çnku fd;k
gSA çR;sd jkT; vius laLÑfr dh tMa+s •kstus dk ç;Ru dj jgk gS] blfy, vius {ks=kh; ,oa LFkkuh;
vrhr dk vè;;u 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA ¶u, ,sfrgkfld vè;;uksa dk mís'; Hkkjrh; lekt dh çÑfr
vkSj mldh dk;Zç.kkyh vkSj fodkl ds fy, leh{kkRed] cqf¼laxr le> dh Hkkouk iSnk djuk Hkh
gSA44 bfrgkl dh xfr vR;f/d isphnh gS ftls le>us ds fy, o`gr vkSj lw{e rjhds ls vè;;u
dh t:jr gSA vkt tc fcgkj ds bfrgkl ij vè;kiu vkSj 'kks/ nksuksa fd, tk jgs gSa] mijksÙkQ
bfrgkldkjksa ds ;ksxnku dh mikns;rk ges'kk cuh jgsxhA
lanHkZ %
1- lrh'k pUæ] eè;dkyhu Hkkjr esa bfrgkl&ys•u] /eZ vkSj jkT; dk Lo:i] xzaFk f'kYih] ubZ fnYyh
1999] i`"B 59-
2- ekdZ Cyk•] bfrgkldkj dk f'kYi] xzaFk f'kYih] ubZ fnYyh] 2005] i`"B 21-
3- vkFkZj ekjfod] bfrgkl dk Lo:i] xzaFk f'Yih] ubZ fnYyh] 2003] i`"B 13-
4- oghA
5- bfrgkl dk Lo:i foospu (leh{kk)] fxfjtk 'kadj çlkn feJ] bfrgkl Lo:i ,oa fl¼kUr esa
ladfyr] (la-) xksfoUn pUæ ik.Ms;] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 1998] i`"B 183-
6- ukjk;.k flag pw.Mkor] bfrgkl n'kZu] 1990] i`"B 173-
7- oghA
8- oghA
9- ekDlZ la- j-] pkj •.Mksa esa] Hkkx 1] i`"B 133] bfrgkl ys•u dh leL;k,¡] uhydkar (laik-) gkFk
çdk'ku] 1995] i`"B 255-
10- vkFkZj ekjfod] iwokZs¼`r] i`"B 16&17-
11- bZ- ,p- dkj] bfrgkl D;k gS] eSdfeyu çdk'ku] 2001] i`"B 21-
12- ogh] i`"B 11&12-
13- yky cgknqj oekZ] bfrgkl ds ckjs esa] çdk'ku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh] 1988] i`"B 88-
14- ogh] i`"B 12&13-
15- ekdZ Cyk•] iwokZs¼`r] i`"B 128-
16- ogh] i`"B 111-
17- jketh jk;] bfrgkl dh jktuhfr] ledkyhu çdk'ku] iVuk] 2003] i`"B 13-
18- vkFkZj ekjfod] iwokZs¼`r] i`"B 36-
19- J.N. Sarkar, Historiography Then and Now : Medival Bihar, op. cit, p 58
20- vthr dqekj] fcgkj dk bfrgkl] çkDdFku çks- fot; dqekj Bkdqj] tkudh çdk'ku] iVuk] ubZ
fnYyh] 2005
21- yky cgknqj oekZ] bfrgkl ds ckjs esa] i`"B 50-
22- ogh] i`"B 49-
23- txnh'k ukjk;.k ljdkj] fgLVksfj;ksxzkiQh nsu ,.M ukm% fefM;oy fcgkj] iwokZs¼`r] i`"B 125-
24- yky cgknqj oekZ] bfrgkl ds ckjs esa] i`"B 50-
25- ,l- ih- lsu] fMD'kujh vkWiQ us'kuy ck;ksxzkiQh] oksY;we IV, iwokZs¼`r] i`"B 65-
26- ysVj Vw Mk- jktsUæ çlkn] 19 uoEcj] 1937] ,l- ih- lsu (laik-) fMDlujh vkWiQ us'kuy ck;ksxkz iQh
oksY;we IV esa ladfyr] iwokZs¼`r] i`"B 65-
27- ,l- ih- lsu] fMDlujh vkWiQ us'kuy ck;ksxzkiQh oksY;we IV, iwokZs¼`r] i`"B 67-
28- J. N. Sarkar, Historiography then and Now Medieval Bihar, op. cit. p. 132.
29- ogh] ifjf'k"B B, i`"B 163-
30- lÕ;n glu vldjh] bLyke ,.M eqfLye bu fefMoy fcgkj] •qnkc['k vksfj;UVy ifCyd

ykbczsjh] iVuk] 1989-
31- J. N. Sarkar, Historriography Then and Now Medieval Bihar, op. cit, p-134
32- ogh] i`"B&16
33- J. N. Sarkar, Study In Economic life in Mughal Inida, New Delhi, 1975.
34- ogh] i`"B 15-
35- ogh] i`"B 62-
36- ogh] i`"B 65-
37- ogh] i`"B 123-
38- Qeyammuddin Ahmad, Corpus of Arbic & Persian inscriptions of Bihar, K.P. Jayaswal
Research institute, Patna, p-XXI
39- Dr. S. H. Askari, Qeyamuudin, The Comprehensive History of Bihar Vol II part I & II, op.
cit.
40- N. R. Roy, Dictionary of National Biography Supplement, Calcutta 1986.
41- J.N. Sarkar, Historiography Then and Now Medieval Bihar op. cit, p-138/.
42. E. Sreedharan, op. cit, p-474
43- ogh] i`"B 475
44- Qeyamuddin Ahmad, Patna Through the Ages, Patna – 1987.
qqq

'kks / kkys [ k
vafxdk laLdkj xhrksa esa lkaxhfrd rÙo

m lqfiz;k dqekjh
laLdkj xhr vkUrfjd Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gh ugha vfirq ljy Hkk"kk] ljy dkO;] ljy
/quksa ls vkc¼ laxhr gSA blesa fdlh lqfu;ksftr O;oLFkk ;k O;kdj.k dh vko';drk ugha vfirq ;g
izkd`frd ,oa LokHkkfod :i ls Lo;a izLiQqfVd gksrh gSA laLdkj xhrksa dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa&
xs;rk % mÙke laLdkj xhr laxhre; gksrk gSA ;|fi ;g vko';d ugha gS fd og Loj y; ds fu;eksa
ls c¡/h gqbZ gks] rFkkfi laxhr mldk vfuok;Z xq.k gSA ;g laxhr 'kCn dk laxhr Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj
y; dk HkhA dbZ ckj rks lkekU; Hkkookys xhr Hkh dsoy viuh xs;rk ds dkj.k yksdfiz; gks tkrs
gSaA ;g ,d ,slk rÙo gS tks xhr dks ;qxksa&;qxksa rd vej j[krk gSA lwj] dchj] rqylh] ehjk ds xhr
vktdy blh dkj.k vke vkneh dh tqcku ij ftUnk gSA
Hkkoizo.krk % izxhr dkO; dk ewy Ïksr d#.kk dks ekuk x;k gSA vkfn dfo okYehfd dk og izfl¼
'yksd ØkSap i{kh ds d#.k&Øanu dk gh lwpd gSA bruk gh ugha] lqfe=kkuanuiUr ds 'kCnksa esa ¶fo;ksxh
gksxk igyk dfo vkg ls mitk gksxk xkuA meM+dj vk¡[kksa ls pqipki cgh gksxh dfork vutkuA¸
fdUrq bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh ugha gS fd nq[kkRed vuqHkwfr gh xhr gSA bldk vFkZ dsoy ;g gS
fd xhr ;k izxhr ân; dh vR;ar rjy Hkkokfrjsd dh voLFkk dk lwpd gksrk gSA Hkko&izo.krk gh
mldk ewy rÙo Bgjrk gSA ;gk¡ Hkkoksa dk Lor% izoÙkZu gksrk gS&
"Spontancous overflow of Powerful feelings."
dYiuk'kfDr % laLdkj xhrksa esa Hkko dh iz/kurk rks gS gh ijUrq mu Hkkoksa dks dYiuk ds tfj,
foLrkj nsuk gksrk gSA tSlS] okYehfd dk vkjafHkd Hkko dYiuk dk lgkjk ikdj lEiw.kZ egkdkO; cu
x;kA dfo xhrdkj vius ewy&Hkko dks viuh dYiuk&'kfDr ds cy ij u, jaxksa ls Hkj nsrk gSA mlh
izdkj laLdkj xhr xkus okys Hkh vius xhr dks dYiuk 'kfDr ds cy ij u, jaxksa ls Hkj nsrk gSA
jlkRedrk % laLdkj xhr esa ,slh 'kfDr dh vis{kk gksrh gS tks ikBdksa ;k Jksrkvksa dks vkuan vkSj jl
ls ljkcksj dj nsA Loj dh laf{kfIr vkSj foLr`fr vuqHkwfr dks ltx djrh gSA dkseyrk e/qj yxrh
gSA vr% LokuqHkwfr xhr ds ekè;e ls gh loksZÙke vfHkO;fDr ikrh gSA
laLdkj xhr dh Loj jpuk esa fdlh jkx fo'ks"k Loj oSfp=; ;k xed vkfn dk iwoZ fu/kZfjr
cU/u ugha gksrk ysfdu fiQj Hkh ;s lHkh lkaxhfrd rÙo bu xhrksa esa LokHkkfod :i ls fufgr jgrs
gSAa laLdkj xhr fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dk ugha vfirq lkekU; tuekul dh vKkr l`f"V gS ftldh jpuk
esa vutkus gh ekuo dh dYiuk] jkxkRed o`fÙk] Hkkouk rFkk thou dh izR;sd xfrfof/ esa fufgr]
vkd"kZ.k Lo;a lfEefyr gks tkrs gSaA euq"; ds fody eu ls mBh ygj dHkh 'kksd o fojg xhr] dHkh
[kq'kh dh meax] mYykliw.kZ vfHkO;fDr dh vkafxd ps"Vk,¡& u`R;] dHkh Loj o y; ls lqlfTtr xhrA
fdlh Hkh cukoVh o d`f=kerk ls nwj laLdkj xhr esa laxhr ds lkfRod Hkko dk fun'kZu lgt gh
gks tkrk gSA Hkk"kk ds }kjk ftu lw{erkvksa dks O;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] laxhr }kjk lgt gh mu
Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfHkO;fDr dh rjg ;g ijEijk vkfndky ls pyh vk jgh
gSA vius gh g"kZ] mYykl] nq%[k] gkl&ifjgkl dks izdV djus ds fy, Hkk"kk ds vHkko esa ftu èofu;ksa
dk iz;ksx fd;k gksxk] laHkor% bu xhrksa esa iz;qDr gks] NS] ,slh vkfn fujFkZd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx mldh
izkphurk dks izdV djrk gSA ;g xhr iw.kZr% ykSfdd vkuUn dh izkfIr dk lk/u gSaA laLdkj xhr dh
ijEijk vius LoPNUn :i ls laHkor% bl /jrh ds vfLrÙo ds lkFk gh izHkkfor gqbZ gSA vax {ks=k
dh ckr djsa rks ;gk¡ dk yksd laxhr ,d fo'kky lkxj ds leku gSA vusd NksVh ufn;k¡ ftl izdkj
vuUr lkxj esa foyhu gks tkrh gSa] mlh izdkj yksdlaxhr dh vusd 'kk[kk,¡&yksdxhr] yksdxkFkk]
Hktu] dhÙkZu] e.Mfy;k¡] lk¡x ;k Lokax] ukVd yksdu`R; lHkh vax ds yksdlaxhr :ih lkxj esa foyhu
gks x;sA
laLdkj xhrksa esa Nan dk ugha] y; dk ek/q;Z gksrk gSA tks vkuan bu xhrksa dks lquus esa vkrk gSA
og i<+us esa ugha vkrkA buesa vfHkO;fDr dh Hkafxekvksa vkSj fopkjksa dh Hkh foy{k.krk ikbZ tkrh gSA
vius {ks=k dh lH;rk] laLd`fr vkSj ijEijk dh lPph >k¡dh blesa feyrh gSA buds Hkko oSfoè; vkSj
fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa dh dksey la;kstu ls eu eqX/ gks mBrk gSA
lkekftd lejlrk dh foo'krk ds dkj.k vius m¼`r :i ls gh y; vkSj rky dh ij[k ftruh
bu xhrksa esa gS] mruh gesa laLd`r lkfgR; ds fojys Nanksa esa gh fey ldrh gSA ijEijk] fookg vkSj
fookg xhr lalkj dh lH;] v/ZlH;] lHkh tkfr;ksa esa fookg dk laLdkj cM+s mRlkg ds lkFk euk;k
tkrk gSA euq"; ds thou esa fookg dh rqyuk esa dksbZ Hkh laLdkj mruk egÙoiw.kZ ugha gSA ;gh dkj.k
gS fd bl laLdkj dk fo/ku lalkj ds izR;sd Hkkx esa ik;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa fookg lcls
izfl¼ iz/ku laLdkj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
vax izns'k esa yksdxhrksa o jkfxfu;ksa ds vfrfjDr laLdkj xhrksa dk Hkh izpyu gSA xhr ds fy,
bldk Nan&;qDr gksuk vfuok;Z gksrk gS rkfd bldh xs;rk cu ik,A Nan ls gh xhr dks rky] xfr o
y; izkIr gksrh gSA
vax laLdkj xhrksa esa izk;% Ükàxkj&jl ohjjl o d#.k&jl dh iz/kurk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bUgha
jlksa dks vk/kjewy j[krs gq, vf/drj xhrksa esa viuh Hkko&Hkwfe dk p;u fd;k gSA
xhr vfHkO;fDr ds fy, fo'ks"k ek;us j[krs gSa ftls le>us ds fy, LoxhZ; ia- ujsUnz 'kekZ ds
'kCn mfpr gksaxs &
¶x| tc vleFkZ gks tkrk gS rks dfork tUe ysrh gS
dfork tc vleFkZ gks tkrh gS rks xhr tUe ysrk gSA¸
qqq

'kks / kkys [ k
dk;Z LFky ij fnO;kaxksa dh leL;k % pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj vis{kk,¡

m vuqjkuh m fnus'k cYyHk
laf{kfIr %
izLrqr vè;;u dk mís'; fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr 'kkjhfjd :i ls fnO;kax f'kf{kdkvksa dh
muds dk;Z LFky ij leL;k,¡] pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa vis{kkvksa dks fpfÉr djuk gSA izfrn'kZ dk p;u djus
ds fy, vkdfLed&lg&mís';iw.kZ izfrp;u izfof/ dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA rF; laxgz djus ds fy,
LofufeZr [kqyk rFkk vlajfpr lk{kkRdkj izfof/ dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA fu"d"kZ esa ik;k x;k fd
lgdehZ ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa dk vR;f/d lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj v{ke gksus dh Hkkouk dks c<+krk gS rFkk
dk;Z esa fdlh izdkj dh izfr;ksfxrk esa 'kkfey u djuk mudh ckSf¼d {kerk dks utjvankt djuk]
muesa vftZr fuLlgk;rk dk cks/ djkrh gSA mudh izeq[k leL;k jkT; ljdkj ds vfrfjDr 'kS{kf.kd
xfrfof/;k¡ gaSA dk;Z&LFky esa ewy&Hkwr lajpuk fnO;kaxksa ds vuqdwy ugha gksus ls mudh dk;Z {kerk
dks lhfer djrh gS A
ge bZ'oj ds 'kqØxqtkj gSa fd mUgksaus gesa 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i esa iw.kZ l{ke cuk;k ij
,d f'kdk;r Hkh gS fd mUgksaus fnO;kaxka dks tks la?k"kZ'khyrk nh gS] mldk ,glkl gesa lnSo gksrk jgrk
gSA
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) ds vuqlkj ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku tkus
esa vleFkZrk] laKkukRed nks"k] Jo.k lac/ a h nks"k ,oa n`f"V esa deh dks v{kerk fdlh dks vyx&vyx
rjg ds izHkkfor djrh gS] ftlesa LokLF;] ifjokj] nksLrksa ,oa iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk lkekftd laca/ ,oa
LokLF; 'kkfey gksrk gS A fodykaxrk dk rkRi;Z HkkSfrd vFkok ekufld gksrh gSA HkkSfrd v{kerk esa
va/kiu] cgjkiu] isf'k; ,oa Luk;q lac/ a h fodkj rFkk gkFk iSj dk u gksuk] 'kkfey gS] tcfd ekufld
v{kerk esa ekufld chekfj;k¡ ,oa eancqf¼ dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA Kirk (1979) us fodykaxrk
ds pkj izdkj crk,¡ gSa & 'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk] ekufld fodykaxrk] lkekftd fodykaxrk ,oa
HkkokRed fodykaxrkA
WHO (1980) ds vuqlkj 'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk ls rkRi;Z fdlh dk;Z dks djus esa gksus okyh
'kkjhfjd vlqfo/k ;k {kerk esa gksrk gS ftls lkekU; O;fDr vklkuh ls dj ldrk gSA buds vuqlkj
'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk esa og 'kkfey gksrs gSa ftuesa fdlh lkekU; dk;Z dks djus esa laosnh ,oa 'kkjhfjd
ijs'kkuh gksrh gS rFkk mUgsa dk;Z laiUu djus ds fy, ckgjh lg;ksx dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 'kkjhfjd
,oa laosnh v{kerkvksa ls ihfM+r O;fDr dks 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax dgk tkrk gSA 'kkjhfjd :i ls
fodykaxksa dh Js.kh esa eq[;r% vfr fodkj esa ihfM+r O;fDr vax&Hkax] vkx ls tys gq, vax vkfn

dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS A 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykaxrk ls izHkkfor O;fDr esa 'kkjhfjd {kerk lkekU;
O;fDr;ksa ls de gksrh gS] tks bls lkekU; O;fDr;ksa dh rjg fØ;k djus ls jksdrk gS ;k lhfer djrk
gS A
'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax ckyd fodykaxrk ds izfr fofHkUu izdkj dh izfrfØ;k O;Dr dj
ldrk gSA tSls & og fodykaxrk dks Lohdkj dj mlh vuq:i dk;Z dj ldrk gS ;k fiQj fodykaxrk
ls grk'k gksdj udkjkRed izfrfØ;k O;Dr dj ldrk gS tks fd mlds lkekftd lac/ a ksa ij udkjkRed
izHkko Mkyrh gSA (Strang, 1959)
'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk ls O;fDr esa HkkoukRed leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gaS ftlds dkj.k mldk
O;fDrxr lek;kstu Hkh izHkkfor gksrk gSA (Beats, 1983)
vè;;uksa ls ;g ckr Hkh lkeus vk;h gS fd cpiu ls gh fnO;kax ckyd ;qokoLFkk esa grk'k]
fujk'kk ds Hkko iznf'kZr djrs gSa rFkk ,sls ckyd ;qokoLFkk esa vareqZ[kh O;fDrRo ds gks tkrs gSaA
'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk tfur euksoSKkfud fodkjksa esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk ij Hkh [kkst dh x;h gSA
vè;;u ls ik;k x;k gS fd 'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk dk euksoSKkfud fopkjksa ij gksus okyk izHkko bl
ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd fnO;kax O;fDr dk ifjokj fodykaxrk ds izfr D;k n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gSA
(Revenson et.al. 1991) vè;;uksa ls ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk gS fd 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax
ckydksa esa lek;kstu ;k dqlek;kstu ikydksa ds O;ogkj ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA (Mannoni,
1973)
'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk fnO;kaxksa ds vkRe&laizR;; rFkk vkRe fo'okl dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA
vkRe&fo'okl dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA vkRe&laizR;; ls rkRi;Z O;fDr ds mu lHkh igyqvksa ,oa
vuqHkwfr;ksa ls gksrk gS ftlesa O;fDr voxr gksrk gSA gkyk¡fd] mldk ;g izR;{k.k ges'kk lgh ugha gksrk
gSA vkRe&laizR;; dk fuekZ.k ,d ckj gks tkus ds ckn mlesa lkekU;r% ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA tks
vuqHkwfr;k¡ O;fDr ds vkRe&laizR;; ds lkFk vlaxr gksrh gS] mls O;fDr Lohdkj ugha djrk gS] ;fn
Lohdkj Hkh djrk gS rks fod`r :i esaA vkRe laizR;; ls gh vkRe fo'okl dk fodkl gksrk gSA vkRe
fo'okl O;fDr dk viuh Lo/kj.kk ,oa Lo&izR;; ds izfr ,d ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gksrk gS] bldk
vk/kj O;fDr dh Hkkoukvksa] fopkj] vkHkkvksa] LoIuksa ls gS ftlds vk/kj ij og ;g fo'okl djrk
gS fd fu/kZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr og vo'; dj ysxk A
vr% vkRe fo'okl ,d ,slh izo`fÙk gS tks O;fDr dh viuh {kerkvksa ds laca/ esa vk'kkoknh
n`f"Vdks.k dks n'kkZrh gS A
caMwjk (1986) us vkRe fo'okl dks ,d vfHkizsjd ekuk gSA O;fDr ds nSfud thou ds O;ogkj
dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA muds vuqlkj Lo;a dh vkRe /kj.kk ds izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gh vkRe
fo'okl gSA
fodykaxrk gekjs ns'k dh cM+h leL;kvksa eas ls ,d gSA fnO;kaxksa dk lekt esa mfpr LFkku rFkk
muds jkstxkj dh O;oLFkk ns'k ds fy, pqukSrh gSA gekjs ns'k dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ,slh gS
fd fnO;kaxksa dks jkstxkj esa mfpr lgHkkfxrk ugha fey ikrhA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj iw.kZ
tula[;k dk 2-4 izfr'kr yksx fnO;kax gSA tgk¡ iq#"kksa dk izfr'kr 2-44 gS ogha efgyk tula[;k dk
2-1 izfr'kr bl leL;k ls xzflr gSA fnO;kax dh dqy la[;k 1]18]24]355 gS] ftlesa ls 38 izfr'kr
efgyk,¡ 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax gSaA tula[;k 2011 ds vuqlkj 15&59 vk;q lhek ds 50 izfr'kr
fnO;kax fdlh u fdlh vkfFkZd fØ;k vFkok jkstxkj esa gS ftldk ,d cM+k fgLlk 31 izfr'kr yksx
[ksrh ds dk;Z ls tqM+s gSaA budh ljdkjh ukSdjh esa Hkkxhnkjh fliQZ vkj{k.k dksVs rd gh lhfer gSA
mís'; %
izLrqr y?kq 'kks/ dk;Z dk mís'; jktdh; eè;@mPp fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr 'kkjhfjd :i ls fnO;kax
f'kf{kdkvksa dh muds dk;Z LFky ij leL;k,¡] pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa vis{kkvksa dks fpfÉr djuk gS A
fof/;k¡ %
izfrn'kZ % thola[;k ls izfrn'kZ dk p;u djus ds fy, vkdfLed&lg&mís';iw.kZ izfrp;u
izfof/ dk bLrseky x;k] Nijk ,oa iVuk ds fofHkUu mPp fo|ky;ksa ,oa ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa
dk;Zjr 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax f'kf{kdkvksa ij fd;k x;kA bu efgykvksa dk vk;q&izlkj 30 ls 40
o"kZ FkkA
midj.k %
rF; laxzg djus ds fy, LofufeZr [kqyk rFkk vlapfjr lk{kkRdkj izfof/ dk bLrseky fd;k
x;k A
fØ;k&fof/ %
iz;ksT; esa jkxkRed laca/ LFkkfir djus ds ckn 'kks/&leL;k ls lacaf/r iz'u iwNk] fcUnq rF;
muds }kjk fn, x, mÙkjksa dk fjdkMZ rS;kj fd;kA
fo'ys"k.k %
iz;ksT;ksa ls 'kks/ leL;k ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk eq[; fcUnq fnO;kaxksa f'kf{kdkvksa dk vkRe&laizR;;]
lgdehZ ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa dk muds izfr O;ogkj] pqukSfr;k¡] dk;ZLFky dh ewy&Hkwr lajpuk ,oa
vis{kkvksa ls lacaf/r Fkk A
iz;ksT;ksa }kjk fn, x, mÙkjksa ds vk/kj ij fuEu fcUnq Li"V gksrh gS &
pqukSfr;k¡ %
♦ mUgsa dk;Z&LFky ij okLrfodrk ls de vkadk tkrk gS A
♦ mUgsa vf/drj izfrLi/kZ ls ckgj j[kk tkrk gS A
♦ mlds lkFk vR;kf/d lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS A
leL;k,¡ %
♦ fnO;kaxksa ds fy, mfpr ewyHkwr lqfo/kvksa dh deh
♦ xSj&'kS{kf.kd dk;ksZa esa izfrfu;qfDr (tSls& iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd] tux.kuk] feM&Ms&ehy]
pquko&dk;Z)
vis{kk,¡ %
♦ mfpr ewyHkwr lqfo/k,¡ dks miyC/ djkuk
♦ lgdehZ vkSj vf/dkfj;kas ls lg;ksxiw.kZ O;ogkj ,oa LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk dh vis{kk

fu"d"kZ %
izlrqr y?kq 'kks/ esa fuEu fu"d"kZ izkIr gq, &
n lgdehZ ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa dk vR;f/d lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj v{ke gksus dh Hkkouk dks c<+krk
gS rFkk dk;Z esa fdlh izdkj dh izfr;ksfxrk esa 'kkfey u djuk mudh ckSf¼d {kerk dks
utjvankt djuk] muesa vftZr fuLlgk;rk dk cks/ djkrh gSA
n jkT; ljdkj ds vfrfjDr 'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/;k¡ mudh izeq[k leL;k gSA
n dk;Z LFky esa ewy&Hkwr lajpuk fnO;kaxksa ds vuqdy
w ugha gksus ls mudh dk;Z {kerk lhfer gksrh
gSA
izLrqr y?kq 'kks/ esa ckSf¼d {kerk ,d fu;af=kr pj gS vkSj ckSf¼d dk;Z esa 'kkjhfjd v{kerk
dHkh ck/k ugha igq¡pk ldrh] vko';drk gS mudh {kerkvksa dk mfpr mi;ksxA
bl 'kks/ dk;Z esa fnO;kax f'kf{kdkvksa ds }kjk fdlh izdkj dk 'kkjhfjd vFkok okfpd fgalk dk
izfrosfnr ugha fd;k x;kA ijUrq mudks de vkdyu djuk Hkh dksbZ fgalk ls de ughaA
Reference :
1. A Bandura : Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1986, Guilford.
2. www.censusindia.gov.in > disability Data
3. Disability Manual, National Human Rights Commission
4. “The Global Burden of Disease : 2004 update (pdf)
World Health Organisation, 2008
5. Singh AK Uchatars Samaj Manovigyan
6. www.who.int > disability report
qqq

Research Paper
WAITING FOR THE BARBARIANS

EXPOSES THE PERCEPTIONS OF A
THREAT THAT SERVE TO JUSTIFY
IMPERIALIST VIOLENCE
• DR. JAY PRAKASH SINGH
Waiting for the Barbarians, in spite of its gritty subject matter, is a story first and
foremost about love and unspoken forgiveness. In Coetzee’s novels we find no place of
evil monsters, there are only humans who think, feel, and act irrationally, sometimes out
of confusion, sometimes out of insecurity. The Magistrate, a man past his prime who
seeks the sexual bliss of young women, is similar to the flawed David Lurie in Coetzee’s
more recent novel, Disgrace. Neither makes apologies for what they have done or who
they are, nor do they try to persuade their harshest critics that they should be given
leniency. As we see in Disgrace, Prof. Lurie is not ready to confess his guilt that he has
sexual liaison with his student Melanie Issac so in the case of the Magistrate who
refuses to admit to any wrongdoing against the Empire. Though he has been repeatedly
tortured and humiliated, he is adamant on one point that he may prove his innocence
when will put for trial. He goes on insisting repeatedly for trial. The Magistrate and
David Lurie (Disgrace) are two rare breeds in today’s species; both revoke financial,
physical and emotional security in the name of their own principles. But on the other
hand Colonel Joll and his sadistic henchman, Mandel, seem to be devil incarnate. They
are only children, playground bullies with authority gone amok, afraid and unsecured.
The Magistrate thinks that all these tyrannical acts of Colonel Joll and Mandel are the
consequence of their terror, confusion and their inability to understand.
For Coetzee language consciousness acquires a great value. His prose is edgy and
narrative palimpsest as they bring into significance the linguistic play through supplements
as we have earlier discussed in the first chapter. In Waiting for the Barbarians, Coetzee
has showed his excellence of his prose through the first person narrative technique in
which the Old Magistrate is the narrator. The whole plot is divided into three parts as
we have discussed earlier in this chapter. But we have not discussed the contents of the
three parts. The first part deals with the life of the Magistrate discharging his duty as a
District Magistrate and his treatment with the barbarians, especially the barbarian girl.
This part is full of emotion, sympathy, sacrifice and service. The sexual interaction,
fascination and excitement are also the inevitable elements of this part. The metaphor
and allegorical element have also got place in this part. The second part studies the life

of the Magistrate in the prison which is full of suffering, humiliation, hunger. Here also
we find the linguistic excellence in the expression of hatred by the Colonel and Mandel
and the reaction over it of the Old Magistrate. The statements:
‘I am wating for you to prosecute me ! ...
when are you going to do it ?’
..............................................................
‘My private life is none of their business ?’
..............................................................
‘Those pitiable prisoners you brought in—are they the enemy I must fear ? Is that
what you say? You are the enemy, Colonel ?’ have the psycholinguistic touch.
In this novel Mr. Coetzee has found a narrative strategy for controlling the tension
between subject and author.
Mr. Coetzee tells the story of an imaginary Empire, set in an unspecified place and
time, yet recognizable as a “universalized” version of South Africa. This allows Mr.
Coetzee some esthetic distance from his subject, for even while remaining locked with
the history of his moment, he isn’t completely at the mercy of its local chaos and
ugliness. The result is a realistic fable, at once stark, exciting and economical.
The Empire is fabulous, everything that happens in it is realistic. At the Empire’s
edge, live barbarian tribes, nomads who visit the border towns only for trade or medicine.
The Magistrate of one of these towns—”a responsible official ... serving out my days”—
is Mr. Coetzee’s unnamed central character. The Magistrate voice, the voice of a
moderately corrupt yet not brutal man who surveys his realm with a lax good nature,
fills out the book in an unbroken present tense. This Magistrate serves two purposes, as
the eye that sees the action and as a voice that comments. When he is simply a
convenience of vision through whom the story is witnessed, he functions admirably;
when he expresses his own quavering judgments, one suspects that we are really getting
the opinions of Mr. Coetzee.
At the outset the Magistrate is confronted by Colonel Joll, a heartless bureaucrat
sent by the Empire’s secret service, “the Third Bureau”. And at the outset we also
realize that this is to be a novel not about nuances of character but about a clash of
moral slates, a drama of representative ways of governing.
The Third Bureau claims that the barbarians are preparing to mutiny; the Colonel
leads an expedition in search of rebels and returns with a group of nomads in chains,
terrified and mute. Although the Magistrate argues that the barbarians are harmless,
the prisoners are tortured in accord with that “modern psychology”, which is the mark
of all the secret police in our time. The possibility that the barbarians may be innocent of
any revolutionary plans is brushed aside by Colonel Joll in a remarkable description of
how he conducts an interrogation:
“First, I get lies, you see—this is what happens—first lies, then pressure, then
more lies, then more pressure, then the break, then more pressure, then the truth.” Or
as the Magistrate sardonically restates the torture’s creed: “Pain is truth; all else is

subject to doubt.”
Unable to central the emissaries of the Third Bureau, the Magistrate wants to
dissociate himself from their methods even as, in honesty, he has to admit that he and
they are both servants of the Empire. Not that he becomes a critic of imperialism or
romantic defender of barbarians; he simply wants to continue in his slothful ways,
spending his time in “old reactions”, keeping a barbarian girl “for my bed”, reading the
classics in the evening. Weak, guilty, perhaps obsolete, he is at least human.
The barbarian captives are broken by torture and then realised. One of them,
however, an impassive girl with straight black eyebrows and glossy black hair, remains
behind and is taken in by the Magistrate. He wants to shield and nurse her, but also
perhaps to dominate her. The girl yield silently, but the Magistrate, his mind disarranged
by the brutality of the Third Bureau, does not simply take her. Instead, he uses her by
tending her wounds, washing her broken feet and legs, rubbing her body with almond
oil. It is, seemingly, an improvised ritual of domineering guilt, the confused gesture of a
confused man.
There follows the most brilliant part of the novel, a set piece of austere prose in
which the Magistrate, troubled by his uncharted feelings about the girl, decides to take
her back to her tribe. Accompanied by two soldiers and a guide, the Magistrate and the
girl ride off on horseback on a dangerous journey into distant regions, an ordeal of cold,
hunger and fear described with such dazzling vividness that it reminds one of certain
grueling journeys in T.E. Lawrence’s “Seven Pillars of Wisdom.” If Mr. Coetzee is still
insecure in the description of inner states of being, he has become a master in the
description of outer event.
Back home, the Magistrate is charged by the Third Bureau with treasons, “consorting
with the enemy.” He is imprisoned in the same barracks room where the barbarians
were interrogated. He is reduced, through humiliation and torment, to a subhuman level.
And, as he later reflects, he learns the great lesson of the 20th century :
“When (the tortures) first brought me back here ... I wondered
how much pain a plump comfortable old man would be able to
endure in the name of his eccentric notions of how the Empire
should conduct itself. But my tortures were not interested in
degrees of pain. They were interested only in demonstrating to
me what it meant to live in a body, as a body, a body which can
entertain notions of justice only as long as it is whole and well,
which very soon forgets them when its head is gripped and a
pipe is pushed down its gullet and pints of salt water are poured
into it ... They came to my cell to show me the meaning of
humanity, and in the space of an hour they showed me a great
deal.”
To search and destroy the barbarian enemy, the Third Bureau sends troops into the
land beyond the frontiers of the Empire. At first, reports of victory; then, a nervous
silence; finally, the troops return, dazed and bedraggled. “We were not beaten,” says a

survivor, “(the barbarians led us out into the desert and then they vanished! ... They
lured us on and on, we could never catch them. They picked off the stragglers, they cut
our horses loose in the night, they would not stand up to us!”
Colonel Joll and his men retreat; the Magistrate resumes his old authority. The
Empire fades; the barbarians remain. Or is it only the specter of the barbarians ? The
town waits, apprehensive and helpless, expecting attack. Only now in this bitter ending,
do we grasp the full force of Mr. Coetzee’s title, adapted from some lines by the Greek
poet Cavaty: What does this sudden uneasiness mean, and this confusion ? ... Because
it is night and the barbarians have not come, and some men have arrived from the
frontiers and they say that there are no barbarians any longer and now, what will become
of us without barbarians? These people were a kind of solution.
“Waiting for the Barbarians” is a distinguished piece of fiction, and what Mr. Coetzee
has gained from his strategy of creating an imaginary Empire is clear. But are there
perhaps losses too ?
One possible loss is the bite and pain, the urgency that a specified historical place
and time may provide. To create a “universalized” Empire is to court the risk-especially
among sophisticated readers for whom the credos of modernism have become dull
axioms—that a narrative with strong political and social references will be “elevated”
into sterile ruminations about the human condition. As if to make clear what I’m getting
at, Mr. Coetzee’s American publishers quote from a London review of the novel by
Bernard Levin: “Mr. Coetzee sees the heart of darkness in all societies, and gradually it
becomes clear that he is not dealing in politics at all, but inquiring into the nature of beast
that lurks within each of us …”
This is a profundity very much in the spirit of our time, but perhaps I’ll be forgiven
if I say that it’s a shallow profundity. Why should we suppose that it’s a virtue in a novel
such as “Waiting for the Barbarians” that it does not deal “in politics at all?” Of course,
it deals in politics: What is Colonel Joll but the representative of one kind of politics and
the Magistrate another? Nor is politics, as Mr. Levin seems to imply, some sort of
surface triviality, a mere scam on the waters of life; politics is a fundamental human
activity, the way we structure our shared existence. To scant the politics of Mr. Coetzee’s
novel is to pull its teeth.
References:
1. Foucault, Michale. The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York : Pantheon, 1972 : 17
2. Secondary source, Pardick, Seth B., “Becoming one of Them” : The Magistrate and National
Narrative in J.M. Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians, ed. by Kailash C. Baral, J.M. Coetzee,
Critical Perspectives, Pencraft Insternational, 2008: 49
3. Jinghui, Wang; Scrupulous Subjectivity : A Diasporic Deposit in Waiting for the Barbarians, ed.
by Kailash C. Baral; J.M. Coetzee, Critical Perspectives; Pencraft International, 2008 : 60-61
4. Paroathy, S. “Post-Apartheid South African Socio-Political Ethos in J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace”,
Journal of Literature & Aesthetics, Vol. 2, Number 2, July-December 2002 : 71
5. Waiting for the Barbarians, 136-137
qqq

Research Paper
THE BIRSA MOVEMENT (1895-1900)
• TELANI MEENA HORO
The Sardar Larai or Agitation through constitutional methods failed to yield any
result. Its failure convinced the Mundas of fine things - (a) the root cause of their
malady was the British rule; (b) it protected the alien (diku) zamindars, jagirdars and
thikadars who exploited them and deprived them of their ancestral land, (c) it declined
to hear their appeals and to redress their grievances; (d) the British officials and the
Christian missionaries were actually acting hand in glove with the zamindars, jagirdars
and thikadars and (e) they had no alternative to fighting unaided under their own Munda
leader their battle for the recovery of their land and country. When the disappointed and
disheartened Mundas were looking forward to the advent of such a leader, Birsa Munda,
popularly known as Birsa Bhagwan, appeared on the scene. Birsa Munda, one of the
greatest tribal leaders of Chota Nagpur, and one of the most prominent freedom fighters
of India,1 organised and fought the last tribal pitched and bloody battle of Chota Nagpur,
against the British forces, for the freedom of Chota Nagpur and its tribal population.
Birsa Munda was one of the political scene of Chota Nagpur from 1895 A.D. to
1900 A.D. only. However, within that short period, the son of a very poor Munda, with
very little education, Birsa Munda was able to perform some notable deeds, which gave
him name and fame and he goes down in the history as a great tribal leader, reformer
and freedom fighter.
Birsa’s phenomenal rise to the position of the leader of the Mundas was not
accidental. He was, in fact, the product of the age. The Mundas were in need and
search of a leader they from their own men. Birsa was destimed to be the leader they
wanted and expected. He was born on November 14, 1875 A.D. in a village called
Chalkad, in the Khunti Sub-Division of the Ranchi District. His parents were Christian.
His Christian name was Daud. He and his family belonged to the Gossner Evangelical
Luthern Mission. Primary School at Chaibassa in 1886 A.D. He remained there till
1890 A.D. Chaibassa was not very far from the centre of the Sardar Agitation. It is just
possible that he was influenced by the movement. It has already been discussed in the
preceding chapter that when the missionaries decided not to support the Sardar
Movement, many of its leaders criticised the missionaries and withdrew from the Mission.
Birsa too criticised the Gossner missionaries and he was expelled from the school.
This was a turning point in his life. He turned hostile to both the British and the
foreign Christian missionaries. He exclaimed “saheb saheb ek topi hai” ( all whites
wear the same cap). Soon after leaving Chaibassa, in 1890 A.D. Birsa and his family

left the Christian Mission and reverted to the old Munda faith of their ancestors. At
Bandgaon, he came into contact with Anand Panre, a Munshi (clerk) of Jagmohan
Singh, the zamindar of Bandgaon. Anand Panre was not a Brahmin. He was a Swansi.
He was well- versed in the nudimentary from of Vaishnavism that prevailed in the area.
Birsa stayed with him for three years. He regarded him as his Guru.2 Birsa also met a
Vaishnav monk who visited the baraik of Bamani and preached there for two months
and a half. Under his influence, Birsa gave up eating meat altogether, adopted the
sacred thread, worshipped the tulsi plant and wore the sandal mark. These were but
unconscious preparations for a new religion he himself was ere long to preach. Hindu
ideas too, of external and internal purity, appear to have exerted a striong fascination
over his mind.3
In 1894 A.D. Birsa had grown up into a strong and handsome young man, shrewd
and intelligent. In the words of Mr. S.C. Roy, a contemporary auther, who saw him at
Ranchi, “This young man possessed remarkable attractive features for a Munda - a
face intelligent and smiling and withal pensive and thoughtful”4 Under the influence of
Anand Panre and the Vaishnav monk, he soon started a new religion which was a
mixture of Hinduism and Christianity. He told his prople to worship one tribal diety,
Singbonga, the Principal God of the Mundas. Thus, Birsa Munda began his career as a
religious reformer, a leader and a prophet.
The first idea of propagating a new religion was apparently accidental and rather
curious.5 It is said that one day, Birsa was out in the jungle with another Munda youth of
about his own age, but much inferior to him in intelligence in the early monsoon of May
or June, 1895 A.D. A thunder-storm overtook them in the jungle, when a brilliant flash
of lighting passed over Birsa’s features. Just at that moment, Birsa’s companion happened
to turn his eyes towards him, and was struck with astonishment at seeing Birsa’s face
changed for the moment from its ordinary brown-black colour to a glowing red and
white ? On his companion describing to Birsa the marvel he had witnessed, the quick-
witted Birsa was put in mind of his old Biblical studies and promptly declared that he
was just having a revelation from the Diety and that more miracles were forthcoming.
On his return home, Birsa’s companion lost no time in spreading the news of Birsa’s
transfiguration. On his return from the jungle, Birsa found scores of people of his village,
waiting for him and looking at him with amazement. After the incident in the jungle, he
began to behave altogether differently. He remained calm and quiet. He claimed to
possess supernatural powers. He spent most of his time inside the house, on meditation
and kirtans. Soon several young Mundas started coming to his place to listen to his
devotional songs. After kirtan, he gave discourse on religion.
Soon news spread out that Birsa was a miraculous healer too. A Munda mother
first arrived with her baby, whom the fond mother fancied to have been ailing. Birsa
solemnly touched the baby, calmly breathed over it, sonorously chanted some mantras
in an unintelligible jargon, and confidently declared that the baby cured and 10 and
behold, the baby was found all right from that moment ? His fame spread to the remotest
corner of the Munda country. Expectations ran high. The credulous Mundas and even

non-Mundas flocked in from all directions to see the young prophet newly arisen in the
realm. It was in the depth of the rainy season. Birsa’s village was in the heart of a jungle
tract. There were no spare huts in the small village in which the large crowds who had
come up every day could seek shelter from the rain. Heedless of the inclement weather,
the incovenient journey through the woods, and not less inconvenient camping under
trees or under bamboo umbrellas planted on the ground to serve as protection against
the rain, the pilgrims stayed on at Chalked as long as the scanty store of rice they had
carried with them lasted. The lame, the halt, the blind, the sick, came in shoals to Birsa
to be healed. Birsa calmly repeated his strange-sounding incantations, and solemnly
gave assurance that they would soon get well again if only they had faith enough in him.
Within a short time, Birsa had a large following of devoted disciples which in the beginning
included almost the whole of Mundadom even Christian converts not excepted.
Soon Birsa, from a more preacher and a healer, became a prophet and then a God.
He was regarded as “Bhagwan’ or God Himself ‘Dharti Aba’ or ‘the Father of the
World’, was a favourite name applied to Birsa by his disciples.6 The stories of Birsa as
a healer, a miracle-worker, and a preacher and God incarnate himself, spread
exeggerated out of all proportions to the facts. Then it was quite natural. The different
tribes of Chota Nagpur were then passing through much economic hardship. The
Mundas, Oraons and Kharians flocked to chalked to see the new prophet and to be
cured of their ills. Both the Oraons and Munda population upto Barwai and Chechari in
Palamau were convinced Birsaites.7
In keeping with his new position, Birsa Munda suddenly announced that on a near
date which he named, fire and brimstone would descend from heaven and destroy all
men on earth save and except those who had the good sence to repair to Chalkad and
stay near him on that day. They were to put on new clothes for the occasion.8 He
announced the news through John Munda, son of Bir Singh of Chalkad. This accelerated
rush to Chalkad. And, it is said, that, for a time, the demand for clothes became so great
in the Murhu and other neighbouring markets that it considerably exceeded the supply.
The cloth-vendors, who were almost exclusively Hindus, suddenly found themselves
doing a roaring trade.
The appointed day at length arrived. At sunrise on that day, village Chalkad presented
a unique spectaule. Thousands of Mundas-man, women and children – from far and
near, were seen waiting in breathless suspense for the arrival of the fateful hour. The
crowd waited in breathless anxiety for 12 0’clock. When the time was approaching and
the crowd was on the tiptoe of expectation, Birsa stood up to speak. He told the crowd
that there was some probability that the catasrophe might, after all, be postponed for a
time. He then tied a piece of string between two trees. He told the crowd that the whole
thing depended upon whether that string broke or not. Naturally enough, the string did
not break. The world did not come to an end that day. The non-occurrence of the diluge
did not damage Birsa’s popularity as a religious leader.
Out of the religious beginnings of the movement, in 1895 A.D., emerged its agrarian
and political character.9 Behind this change was the growing influence of the Sardars,

prominent among whom were Manga Munda and John Munda of Chalkad, John Munda
of Kasmar and Martin Munda of Naranga. It has already been stated in the previous
chapter that the Sardars had been struggling, through constitutional means, for more
than twenty years, for the recovery of their agrarian rights and privileges. They were
greatly disappointed and displeased with the British officials and the Christian
missionaries. They came to the conclusion that they had no alternative to fighting against
the alien zamindars, jagirdars and thikadars as well as the British, under their own
Munda leader. They, therefore, persuaded the people to visit Birsa. The Roman catholic
Missionary, Fr. J.B.Hoffmann, who had been posted at Sarwada, a mission station
close to chalkad, and who knew the Mundari language, wrote:10
“I distinctly remember how the known Sardars were urging the common people to
go on pilgrime to Birsa Bhagwan. At first I took no notice of what I considered for some
weeks as more acts of semi-savage foolishness. However, the large crowds I soon saw
arriving from all parts on their way to Chalkad and the activity of the Sardars aroused
my suspician. Rumours of miraculous cures and resuscitation of dead men were diligently
spread… Crowds of the Mundas, especially of the known Sardari villages, were
constantly going armed. I got certain news, too, that the religious colouring of Chalkad
was fading more and more and that the real political aims were coming out clearer as
Chalkad was getting more and more crowded with armed men, permanently settled
there with provisions for many a day.”
It is difficult to say as to what extent tha Sardars influenced Birsa and his movement.
This much can be said that the disappointed Sardars began to look towards Birsa when
the later attracted a large number of the Mundas, Oraons and Kharias. They came into
picture when Birsa became a popular leader. His personality and popularity seemed to
provide a stable base for their tottering movement. They persuaded the people of their
own villages to proceed to Chalkad.
It might be that Birsa Munda had information about the activities of the Sardars
but after studying his movement, one at once comes to the conclusion that his aims and
policy were different from those of the Sardars. The latter professed loyalty to the
British and, through peaceful means, tried to effect the removal of their agrarian
grievances. They had no positive political programme. This was provided by Birsa
Munda. His object was the attainment of independence, both religious and political. The
Sardars, finding no alternative, openly supported Birsa and his movement.
There was now a major chabnge in the preaching of Birsa. He began to raise his
voice against all the exploiters of the Mundas. He advised his followers to drive out or
slay all foreigners and establish a Munda Raj. He also advised them to defy the authorities
telling them that the Munda Raj had commenced.11 At a time when none of the political
leaders of India dared think of complete independence, Birsa Munda boldly announced,
“Abua Raj etejana, Maharani Raj tundu Jana” (our Government has began Queen’s
Government has ended).12 He prophesied that, if Government tried to oppose him, their
guns would be turned to wood and the bullets to water and lastly issued an injunction
that the tenants were to pay no rents in future, and were to hold their land rent free.13

These preachings and activities soon attracted the attention of the Government
and three Christian missions. On August 6, 1895 A.D., the chowkidars informed the
Sub-Inspector of police, Tamar, that Birsa had announced that the Government (Sarkar)
had ended. On the same day, the Sub-Inspector deputed the Head constable to Chalkad.
The latter left on August 6 for the purpose of watching the proceeding of the crowd,
and arrived there at 9 P.M., with four constables, and two chowkidars, on August 8. It
was dark and raining and the Head constable could do nothing that night. On the morning
of August 9, order came from the head- quarters and the Head Constable arreated
Birsa. However, Birsa was soon rescused by his father Sugnoo and his men. Immediately
afterwards, Birsa’s followers assembled, armed with spears and
BIRSA MUNDA TAKEN TO RANCHI AFTER HIS FIRST ARREST
axes, and the Head Constable had to return to Tamar, with his menon August 16, without
Birsa.14
This incident naturally alarmed the authorities. A rumour was spread that Birsa
had issued an order for the massacre of missionaries and other unbelievers and a date
had been fixed for the purpose.15 The Government felt that Birsa’s activities were likely
to create a breach of peace. A decision was made on August 2, 1895 A.D., for his
arrest. The plan for his arrest was discussed at a meeting of the district officials. The
District Superintendent of Police, Mr. G.R.K.Meares, was directed to execute the warrant
of arrest. On the morning of August 23, twenty up-country constables were despatched
to Khunti from Ranchi. The Sub-Inspector of Police, Khunti, sent some men to Chalkad,
to bring information at Bandgaon the next day as to how many people Birsa actually
had, the position of his house and the surroundings of the village, in order to enable the
party to take him quietly at night. Mr. Meares came to Khunti from Ranchi. From
Khunti, he moved to Bandgaon. On the way to Bandgaon, Rev. Lusty, the Anglican
Missionary at Murhu, who had reported to the district officials about Birsa, requested to
be allowed to go with the party as he had never seen Birsa. In the afternoon, the men
sent by the Sub-Inspector of police, Khunti, came to Bandgaon, with all information.
Mr. Meares and his party left Bandgaon at 8.30 P.M. on August 24 for Chalkad.
Mr. Meares and Rev. Lusty were on an elephant. Jag Mohan Singh, the zamindar of

Bandgaon, and the twenty armed police-men followed them on foot. They marched
through the rough struck across the steep hills for seven hours. They reached Chalkad
at 3 A.M. Mr. Meares entered Birsa’s house. Birsa was asleep. Mr. Meares seized
him, though he struggled violently.16 He was immediately hand-cuffed. He shouted in
Mundari to his people to come with their weapons before he could be gaged. There was
no opposition. Most of his men were out of Chalkad on their mission to collect people
and arms. Mr. Mears took Birsa on his elephant and the party marched away without
any trouble or resistance. It reached Bandgaon at about 8.30 A.M.
Many adherents of Birsa were seen assembling on the nearby hills. About twenty-
five of his men came to the dak-bunglow at Bandgaon to see what had been done with
Birsa. Seven of them were arrested. No attempt was made by Birsa’s followers for his
rescue. They probably did not try on seeing a considerable number of armed police. To
avoid any disturbance the party left Bandgaon for Khunti at 11.30 A.M., reached there
without any mishap. From Bandgaon, Birsa was carried in a doli (Palanquin). There
were crowds of people to see him all along the route. Birsa smiled and laughed.17 He
was taken to Ranchi. The party reached Ranchi a little later 4 P.M. The Deputy
Commissioner congratulated Mr. Meares and recommended suitable rewards to the
police men for the exceptionally good work done by them.
At Ranchi, Birsa was immediately produced before the Deputy Commissioner.
The latter, Ordered that Birsa should be kept under the observatin of Dr. Rogers, the
Civil Surgeon, in order to ascertain whether he was of sound mind. If Dr. Rogers was
to report him sound and sensible, he was to be tried. At about 7 P.M., Birsa was taken
to the jail. It was raining heavily on that day. As he entered it, a thick mud wall collapsed.
The rumours of the wall collapse immediately spread the country side like wild fire.
Birsa’s followers were greatly happy and they thought he would be with them very
soon. Dr. Rogers found Birsa well and a decision was made for his trial.
On the day after Birsa’s arrest, a large crowd of about 7000 people gathered at
Chalkad and waited until the fourth day expecting the return of their leader, who had
given out that he could not be held for more than three days. A detachment of police
was deputed at Chalkad to watch, the proceedings of the meeting and report their
intention and movement to Bandgaon. The people came from as far as Karra and Basia
circles to Chalkad to ascertain whether the Bhagwan had or had not returned and to
worship at his empty house. After waiting for three days for the re-appearance of
Birsa, the people gave up hope and dispersed. They were shocked and smitten with
grief.
Rev. Hoffmann wrote; “The next morning saw the sullen crowds returning to their
homes in all directions, So disconcerted that they hardly spoke a word, to one another,
One gang I met and questioned as to what had happened, did not design to answer a
word or even to look at me. The prophecy the fiery rain was not the only imprudence
the prophet had committed. A few days before his arrest he had assured his followers
that even if the English police were to take him prisoner he would render himself invisible
and find his way back to them. This, like all his other prophcies coming to fail, caused

discomfiture and bewilderment among members of adherents.”18
The district administration at once took some precuation and measures to check
gatherings and prevent tension from spreading. The venue of the trial of Birsa and his
followers was shifted from Ranchi to Khunti in the heart of the Munda country so as to
give the people who had been deluded by Birsa’s pretensions an opportunity of witnessing
it and of learning of the absurdity of his pretention.19
The trial commenced on October 24, 1895 A.D. But when Birsa’s followers
appeared violent, the proceedings had to be stopped. Birsa and the arrested Birsaites
were taken back to Ranchi for trial. On November 19, 1895 A.D., Birsa was convicted
under section 505 IPC on the charge of rioting and sentenced to a rigorous imprisonment
of two years and to the payment of a fine of Rs. 50 in default of which he was to
undergo an additional term of rigorous imprisoment of six months.20 His followers, who
had been co-accused with him, were also sentenced to various terms of imprisonment,
while those, who had been arrested during the trial at Khunti, were acquitted as it was
found that they really meant no harm but their language had been misunderstood. Fr.
Hoffmann, who knew Mundari, rendered valuable service to the authorities by explaining
the real state of things.
On his conviction, Birsa was transferred to the Hazaribagh jail, where he served
his full term of the two year-sentence. A few days before its expiry, he was re-transferred
to Ranchi jail in order to allow his movements after release to be watched by the Ranchi
police. In jail he was quiet and orderly.21 The Government was impressed with the
absence of signs of activity among his followers and hoped that trouble from that quarter
was over.
Birsa was released from the Ranchi jail, some time before the enpiry of the term
of his sentence, on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee of the reign of the British
Queen, Victoria, in 1897 A.D. As per sentence, Birsa was to be released on May 19,
1898 A.D. He was, however, released on November 30, 1897 A.D., taken to Chalkad
by the police and warned not to indulge in his old activities.22 On December 7, the
Deputy Commissioner visited him at Chalkad or Kochang and Birsa undertook to give
no more trouble.
When Birsa was released from jail, the news flew from village to village. An
enthusiastic reception was given to him. In his honour, the Mundas danced and feasted
for days. People from far and near came to his house for his darshan. For a time,
indeed, things appeared to have quieted down and the police officers, who had been
stationed in the villages which Birsa used to frequent, were withdrawan.
It was not in Birsa’s nature, however, to remain idle for any length of time. With
the help of his fellowmen, Birsa once again, began reorganising his team- this time with
greater zeal. Within a few days of his arrival, his followers met him at Chalkad and
pleaded for setting up an organisation which was necessary to recover their lost rights
and to drive out their enemies. A meeting was arranged at Bartodih, the home of his
Sardar disciple, Donka Munda, and Sali, the women who later served him. The meeting
set the pace for the preparations for the movement. The politico-religious preparations

consisted in establishing an organisation, visits to ancestral places, organising meetings
and launching an intensive propaganda campaign to boost the morale of the people. The
disciples were divided into two groups; one group was concerned with religion and the
other, with the organisation of revolt. Soma Munda of Jalmai was appointed the head of
the religious organisation and Donka Munda, of the political organisation.23 Religious
activities were meant to strengthen the political activities.
At Bortodih, a programme was drawn up for visits to the temples at Chutia,
Jagarnathpur and the Nao Ratangarh at Doisa. They had been built by the Nagbansi
Rajas of Chota Nagpur, whose ancestor, Phani Mukut Rai, was the son of a Munda
Manki, Madra Munda, Chutia was associated with the ancestors of the clan of Chutia
Purti, to which Birsa belonged. Birsa and a large number of his followers visited the
temple at Chutia on the night of January 28, 1897 A.D. After some time, Birsa, along
with some of his followers, visited the Jagarnathpur temple at Barkagarh (now Hatia)
In November 1899 A.D., he with some of his friends, visited the Nao Ratangarh at
Doisa. These visits immensely inspired Birsa and his followers. They strengthened their
relationship with their ancestors, who were once the rulers of Chota Nagpur. These
visits, at the same time, prepared a psychological ground for the open revolt they were
going to raise against the British and other foreign elements. The psychological
preparations for the revolt was complete.
There occurred some severs natural calamities in Chota Nagpur, which forced
Birsa to be very active. The tribals of Chota Nagpur terribly suffered from a severe
famine in 1897 A.D., the severest in the Ranchi District within living memory, the year
1898 A.D., was marked by a wide spread epidemic of cholera; and before the tenantry
could recover from the effects of the terrible famine of 1897 A.D., the winter crop in
1899 A.D., too proved a total failure.24 The period between 1897 A.D., and 1899 A.D.,
was indeed very unfortunate in the Munda region as famile, scarcity and disease showed
their ugly faces. When the tribals were passing through the double attack of famine and
disease, the local zamindars got a God-send opportunity to harass the poor tribal tenants
in various ways. The relation of the Mundas with their landlords was most strained. The
landlords were trying to get all they could out of the raiyats, legally or illegally, the
raiyats refusing to pay any obligations.25 People’s misery was at its zenith. The Christian
missionaries tried their best to serve and help the hard-hit tribals, which in turn, led to
more conversions.
These unfortunate developments greatly moved young Birsa. He and his disciples
were there to help the Mundas while they were struck by famine, epidemic and crop
failure. Everywhere, Birsa’s helping hand was present and his followers actively engaged
themselves in social service. They moved from village to village. While nourishing the
people, they gained their confidence. Birsa saw that the people required his leadership.
The widespread and severe hardships and suffering of his people forced Birsa to
act immediately and organise an open revolt against the zamindars, foreign Christian
missionaries and the British. He could not remain silent and began building up a force
comprising the tribal youths of the nearby villages.26 He started moving about in south

and south-west of the District of Ranchi, stirring the minds of the people to a frantic as
two dozen villages of Khunti and Chakradharpur areas crossing the barriers of hills and
forests.
Secret meetings began to be organised. The centre of the movement was shifted
from Chalkad to Dumbari. This marked the end of a phase in Birsas’s life and the
beginning of another. Chalkad was associated with Birsa as a prophet, Dumbari as a
freedom fighter.27 Chalkad was dangerously close to Bandagaon, situated on the route
between Ranchi and Chaibassa. Dumbari was surrounded on all sides by hills.
A meeting of the Munda representatives was held at Dumbari in February 1898
A.D., in the house of Jagari Munda, at the foot of the Dumbari Hill. The next meeting
was held in March 1898 A.D., in the Simbua Hill, overlooking the Ranchi Catholic
Mission station, Sarwada. Meetings were held all over the Munda region and even
beyond, in Basia, Sisai, Kolebira, Bano Lohardaga, Torpa, Karra, Khunti, Murhu, Tamar,
Bundu, Sonahatu and the Porahat region of Singbhum.28 Usually hillocks and inaccessible
sites were selected as the venues for meetings. Birsa told the people to make bows,
arrows and baluas (axes). These weapons were to be used for killing thikadars and
Jagirdars and Rajas and Hakims and Christians.29 It is said that altogether sixteen
meetings, some small and some large, were held before the actual armed rising. The
Christmas Eve i.e., December 24, 1899 A.D., was fixed as the day on which pre-
planned arson, murder or attempts were to be carried out. Why December 24 evening
was fixed for the start of the revolt, nothing definite can be said. One reason may be
this. The Christmas is an important festival of the Christians. All big British officials
were Christians. Birsa and his followers thought that the Christian tribals and officials
would be engaged in worship and rejoiceings, at that time, and, it was a suitable time for
the start of the movement.
Different persons in different places had been instructed to commit arsons and
murders. Thus, on the eve of December 24, 1899 A.D., riots broke out in different parts
of the police stations of Khunti, Chakradharpur, Karra, Torpa, Tamar and Basia. The
rebels shot arrows at the congregations of the Christians, singing their joyful Christmas
carols, and into churches. In Tamar, there were two cases of assault on the Christians.
At Utihatu, Birsa’s ancestral village, arrows flow into the village church. At Torpa,
three arrows were shot at the Christians, coming out of their houses for the church. At
Marcha, John Pahan, the preacher (catechist) had a narrow escape. In Basia, arrows
were shot into the Germa Mission Church but none was hit. The same thing happened
at Kajra or Kajol. A Christian boy was shot with an arrow in the thigh at Ramtolya. In
Ranchi, one Chedi Mistry was shot with an arrow outside his shop near the German
Mission and he died. One European servant was wounded slightly near police
Superintendent’s residence.30
There were other cases of arrow-shooting. A German wood-merchant of the name
of Mr. Caesar, was shot deed in a village in the depth of a jungle in pargana Sonepur.
Two arrows flew into the Murhu Anglican Mission School building, where Rev. Lusty,
who had been, to some extent, instrumental in the first arrest of Birsa, was listening to

the humns of the boys that Christmas Eve; but fortunately the arrows missed their aim
and did not harm. Fr. Carbery, than at Sarwada, received an arrow on his chest and
narrowly escaped death. Fr. Hoffmann was likewise providentially saved, two arrows
shot at him that evening missed their aim. At Burju, a police constable and four
chowkidars were put to death by the Birsaites.31
The incidents of the eve of December 24, did not amount to an open rebellion or a
rising among the Mundas but the repurcussions spread far and wide. It was unmistakably
the beginning of a real insurrection. The movement soon assumed a full-blooded political
character; its religious content wore thin. Rev. pisching, the Gossner missionary in-
charge of the Burju station, reported that the Mundas were trooping together in the
jungles with the intention of rising en masse and of fighting the police and soldiers. The
murder of Jayram, a police constable of Khunti, at village Etkedih by Gaya Munda and
his sons of January 5, 1900 A.D., the assault on the Deputy Commissioner of Ranchi by
Gaya Munda at Etkedih on January 6, and the attack on the Khunti police station on
January 7 and the bloody fighting at the Sail Rakab Hill on January 9, 1900 A.D., fitted
in with the broad framework of the new strategy adopted by Birsa and his followers.
Following a few incidents of arrow-shooting and arson reported from the south
and east of Khunti, including one at Soeko, the Head constable of Khunti police station
arrived at Soeko on January 4 to hold an enquiry and probably also to apprehend Gaya
Munda of Etkedih, who happened to be a Sardar and a follower of Birsa. Next day, on
January 5, two constables and three chowkidars were despatched to Etkedih. After a
meeting at Gaya Munda’s house, about fifty to sixty Mundas, including Gaya Munda
and his sons, armed with bows and arrows, baluas and swords, went to the tiver Tajna
to the west of the villege. When the police party reached Etkedih, the women told them
that Gaya Munda and his friends had gone to the river. As soon as the police reached
the river, Gaya Munda exclaimed: “Saramko hijulena, mar goekope’ (Sambhar or dear
have come, Kill them). The constables and chowkidars began to run away into the
jungle. Gaya Mundas’s son, Sanre, shot at one constable Jayram, and hit him in the side.
He fell down, Gaya Munda, the first to overtake him, struck him with his axe.32 Then
others too hit him and killed him. When Gaya Munda and his men returned home, their
women turned to greet them and washed their feet with water while men sang hunting
songs.
On receiving the alarming news, the Deputy Commissioner of Ranchi Mr.
Streatfeild, who was camping at Bandgaon, rushed to Etkedih, on January 6. He was
accompanied with Iltaf Hussain, a Sub-Inspector of police and armed police. The party
reached Gaya Munda’s house at 11 A.M. The police called Gaya Munda to come out of
the house. Mr. streatfeild knocked at the door and asked Gaya Munda to come out.
Gaya Munda enquired from inside as to who was he. Mr. Steatfeild replied that he was
the Deputy Commissioner. Immediately reply came from inside that they were black
people and they had nothing to do with him.33 Gaya Munda also said from inside that the
house was his and the Dupty Commissioner had no business to be inside it. The Deputy
Commissioner ordered the family to surrender. When Gaya Munda and his family refused,

the Deputy Commissioner got the police to the front of the house with bayonets unloaded,
and set fire to the house from the back. The whole family came out with arms; Gaya
Munda with a sword, Maki, his wife with a long lathi, their little son with a balua (axe),
grandson Ramu, 14 years with a bow with two arrows, the two daughter- in-laws with
a dauli and a tangi respectively and the three daughters, Thigi, Nagi and Lembu with a
lathi and sword and a tangi respectively. Gaya Mundas waved his sword. Mr. Steatfeild,
fired some shots with his revolver but fearing that firing would lead to the killing of
women and children, he tried to catch hold of Gaya Munda. The latter struck Mr.
Steatfeild with his sword but fortunately it did not cause much injury. Gaya Munda and
Mr. Steatfeild were locked in a struggle. Gaya Munda’s wife, Maki, struck Mr. Streatfeild
with her lathi. Finally, the police picked Gaya Munda and Mr. Steatfeild still locked
together and carried them away from the courtyard. Each of the women fought
desperately before she could be disarmed. Fifty-one men and two women were
handcuffed and taken to Ranchi.34 They reached Ranchi at 9 P.M., and sent to Jail. This
unusual incident highlighted the spirit of stubboroness and hatred of the foreigners that
stimulated the uprising. The pluck and desperration with which old Gaya Munda fought
was a revelation. The role of women in the incident was a new development.
While attempts were being made by Mr. Steatfeiled to arrest Birsa and Gaya
Munda, a meeting of the Birsaites was held at Bortodih on the night of January 6, 1900
A.D. There a decision was made to attack the Khunti police station, the symbol of
authority, in the heart of the Munda land, next day. It is said that about three to four
hundred Mundas, armed with bows and arrows, shields and swords, started from Bortodih
at about 10 A.M., for Khunti. It was Sunday. They arrived at Khunti, dancing, jumping
and brandishing their swords. They were shouting, “Khuntire rahri jaromakana, dolabu
meaea” (The rahar crop at Khunti is ripe, let us cut it). There were then only five
constables, with two rifles, in the police station. The Sub-Inspector and the Head
Constables had gone out to enquire into several cases of arson and arrow shooting in
the area. The Birsaites attacked the police station,35 throwing stones with their slings
and shooting arrows at the constables in the office in the office building. The constable
fired two rounds. But none was hit or injured. The crowd shouted that Birsa Bhagwan
had correctly said that he would change bullets into water36. The constables then ran
away from the building. One of the constables, Raghuni Ram, was, however, caught
and killed. The mob set fire to some houses near the police station. It returned without
doing any harm to the local Catholic Mission or the people. The attack on the Khunti
police station was the first direct clash with the Government authorities.
When the news of the attack on the Khunti police station reached Ranchi, there
was much panic. There were rumours that the Birsaites would attack Ranchi on January
8.37 Volunteers, police constables and officers were put on guard on the roads leading
to the twon. Armed with guns, they patrolled round the clock. Troops from other places
were immediately brought for the protection of Ranchi.
Shortly after the mid-night of January 7, a constable from Khunti, accompanied by
the District Superintendent of Police, conveyed the news of the Birsaites’ attack on the

Khunti police station to Mr. Forbes, the Commissioner. The officer Commanding,
Doranda,was ordered to proceed to Khunti with 150 men of the Native Infantry. The
Commissioner set out for Khunti on the morning of January 8. At Khunti, he got full
information about the incident on January 7. Ram Briksha Singh, the Sub-Inspector was
immediately despatched with ten sepoys to tract the insurgents. The Commissioner
moved on to Burju, a German Mission station, Where he met Mr. Streatfeiled, the
Deputy Commissioner of Ranchi, measures to mop up the Birsaite insurgents in their
villages were discussed and decided. The Commissioner then proceeded to Bandgaon
to meet Mr. Thomson, the Deputy Commissioner of Singhbhum, for the purpose.
On January 9, 1900 A.D. information reached Soeko, at about 8 A.M., that there
was a large gathering of the Birsaites on the top of Sail Rakah Hill, a little away from
Dumbari, and about three miles north of Soeko. Mr. Forbes, the Commissioner, Mr.
Streatfeild, the Deputy Commissioner of Ranchi, and Captain Roche reached near the
hill by noon the same day. The advancing party took up a position within parleying
distance. Mr. Streatfeild, at first, tried his best by explaining the position to the insurgents
in their own language (by means of an interpreter) to induce them to lay down their
arms. The insurgents replied with abuse and shouts of derision, branding axes with a
challenge to come and fight them. The infatuated fanatics derided his proposal and
defined his strength. Mr. Forbes advised the insurgents to surrender their arms and
return to their homes safely.38 One Narsing Munda came forward and made a harangue
from a safe distance to the effect that the Raj was theirs and not that of the British and
that as to the laying down arms, it was they and not the Mundas who should do so, and
that they were ready to fight to the last.39 This was the end of the parley. Forbes
proposed to attack the insurgents but Captain Roche was unwilling to endanger the
lives of his men in a hand-to-hand encounter up the side of the hill. It was, therefore,
decided to open a volume of fire from where they were. Insurgents were once again
given warning and asked to surrender but they remained defiant as ever.
Three volleys were fired. The first was perhaps in the air to frighten the insurgents.
Naturally, none was hurt. It led the Birsaites to belive that Birsa’s prophecy had come
true and that their enemies’ guns had turned int wooden stakes and their bullets to
water. The insurgents replied with renewed cries of derision, though a good many
retired behind the barricades. Two more volleys were fired. Two or three insurgents
fell. All others retired behind the barricades, slinging stones and shooting arrows. At this
stage, Mr. Forbes ordered the troops to change the insurgents. The troops fixed bayonets
and made the final charge. The Birsaites resisted. Despite the order of the Commissioner,
the troops fired at the insurgents. Indiscriminate firing broke the resistances of the
insurgents. Many men and women fell dead. Those who escaped ran down a deep gully
into the jungle beyond. Birsa too escaped.
With regard to the number of persons killed or injured in the firing, there is a sharp
difference of the opinion. Mr. S.C. Roy, on the basis of the Administrative Report of the
Lower Provinces for the year 1899-1900 A.D., p. 4, and Rev. Lusty’s articale on “The
Advent of Birsa in the Wide World Magazing for October, 1910, wrote; “Four Mundas

were found to have been killed and three hundred wounded and the dead bodies of
three women and a boy were discovered in the jungle.”40 According to Fr. Hoffmann,
twenty persons were killed in that firing.41 Another contemporary writer and the Editor
of the Gharbandhu wrote that twenty to twenty-five persons were killed and many
were injured. He further wrote that nobody perhaps would have remained alive if firing
had continued. The Commissioner took pity on them and did not allow the troops to
intercept them while they were running away.42 According to Dr. S.P. Sinha, the auther
of the ‘Life and Times of Birsa Bhagwan’, there was a ghasty scene of human carnage.
Everywhere men, women, old and young and children were dying and lying in pools of
blood. They could not flee because the passage were blocked by the enemies.43 Tiru
Muchi Ray, an inhabitant of a nearby village and author of a booklet ‘Sri Birsa Bhagwan’
maintains that more than 200 persons were killed in the encounter.44 Mr. P.N. Purti and
Mr. R.Kandulna write that many thousands of people were killed and rocks of the hill
became red with blood.45 Mr. P.N. Purti belongs to a village close to Sail Rakah Hill.
According to Rev. (Dr.) Nirmal Minz, only when several of them were shot down at
point blank did the Birsaites escape.46
Whatever might have the exact number, it is a fact that the number of the people
killed must have been quite large. The sail Rakah Hill battle was really a bloody battle.
The Sail Rakah Hill firing was the beginning of the downfall and end of the Birsa
Movement. The Government took quick and massive measures arrest Birsa and other
ring leader. Search parties were sent to different parts of the Munda world. One hundred
and fifty military police were despatched to disturbed areas and a large number of
Birsaites were soon captured and send to Ranchi for trial. The Commissioner announced
a reward of Rs. 500 for the arrest of Birsa. Similar rewards were offered for the arrest
of Birsa’s chief followers.47 The Raja of Seraikela, Kumar Narpal Singh of Porahat and
Jag Mohan Singh, the zamindar of Bandgaon, actively assisted in the operation against
Birsa. Donka Munda and Manjhia Munda and thirty-two others surrendered in body
following the attachment of their property on Januart 28, 1900 A.D. This denoted the
final collapse of the Birsa Movement. Birsa spent his last days, pursued from place to
place, in the fastnesses of porahat in Singhbhum. On February 3, 1900 A.D., his own
men betrayed him. The Government promise of a reward of Rs.500 tampted Kande
Munda of legore and Bir Singh Munda of Kotagara (both in Singhbhum) found his
hiding place and informed the police.48 Later came to the place at night and caught
Birsa in the forest when he was fast asleep. After arrest, Birsa was taken to Bandgaon
dak bunglow, where the Deputy Commissioner of Singhbhum was camping. Information
was immediately sent to Mr. Forbes, the Commissioner at Ranchi. He was told that the
prisoner was being sent to Ranchi and not to Chaibasa.
A large crowd gathered at Bandgaon. Many were his relations and followers. The
police apprehended trouble and Birsa Munda was rushed to Ranchi on a doli via. Khunti.
There were big crowds on the way to see him. Birsa sat in the doli smilling. At Ranchi,
he was lodged in a solitary cell. During the trial, Birsa Munda fell ill. It was said that he
had an attack of Cholera. He died at 9 A.M. on june 9, 1900 A.D., in the jail,49 at the age

of 24 years 6 months. Thus, ended the life of a great freedom fighter.50 Dr. K.K. Datta
wrote; “Thus ended the life of a selfleess leader of the masses whose memory is
enshrined in the hearts of many of his countrymen to inspire them for noble actions.”51
Birsa was cremated by the jail sweepers on the same day on the bank of the Harmu
river near the present distillery at Ranchi. The death of Birsa Munda finally closed that
most striking chapter of the history of Chota Nagpur which deals with the tribal armed
revolts against the British. Tribal unrest continued but tribal revolts were never resumed.
The illness and death of Birsa Munda in the jail have still remained a mystery. Rev.
(Dr.) A.Nottrott, the then Head of the Gossner Mission in Chota Nagpur, and the Editor
of the Gharbandhu wrote; “ It is surprising that only two persons suffered from cholera
i.e., Birsa Munda and Barea Munda out of the many including Birsa and his disciplies,
who lived in their rooms in the courtyard. Birsa died first. All ate the same food, drank
the same water and breathed the same air. Yet only these two were down with cholera.
Certainly these persons (Sardars ? ) who did not want to come into the open and yet
who had instigated Birsa to bring out the revolution were afraid of his giving out all the
secrets of the ulgulan during his trial. In the court a large number of persons gathered
about Birsa and had the opportunity of passing on tobacco or other poisoned substance.
Only God knows if it happened like this.52 There were compelling reasons for removing
him completely from the scene. Life imprisonment could not have removed the living
menace. Poisoning him was thus not improbable.
The trial of the Birsaites lasted for more than a year was the epilogue of the Birsa
Movement. Ever since the Etkedih incident, Prisoners and wounded had poured into
Ranchi in batches. Those arrested were handcuffed and made to march on foot from
the scene of operations to Ranchi. The prisoners included many women. The number
of the people arrested totalled 483; 349 from the Ranchi District and 134 from the
Singhbhum District. Gaya Munda and his son, Sanre, were executed for murder, and
the rest, ninety-six in number, found guilty, were sent to various terms of imprisonment
or transportation to the Andamans, Maki the wife of Gaya Munda was sentenced to
two years rigorous imprisonment for taking an active part in the Etkedih incident. On
appeal to the High Court, a few were let off and the sentence on a few others were
reduced.53
Captured Birsaites escorted to Ranchi

(taken from Bradley-Birt’s Chhotanagpur, a Little known part of the Empire)

Birsa Munda died very young without achieving any success for cause he fought
and gave his life. His movement was short but very sharp. He and many of his followers,
men and women, showed extra-ordinary courage and valour and underwent indescribable
hardships. His case was just and genuine. But his movement was destimed to fail and
end quickly.
Birsa Munda and his followers wholly depended upon their traditional weapons,
bows and arrows, swords, slings and baluas in their war against the British, who had, by
then, become the rulers of the country and had a large police and military force, Armed
with rifles and guns. Dense forests and rugged hills could not afford security to Birsa
and his men for long. Birsa’s movement was actually confined to a small area. Covered
by the Khunti Sub-Division of the Ranchi District and the northern part of the Singhbhum
District. It was purely a Munda Movement. Other fellow-tribes, the Hos, the Santals,
the Oraons, the Kharwars, the Bhumijs, and the Cheros either remained indifferent or
did not take an effective part.
The Birsa movement came to end quickly. Birsa was in the political scene for only
about five years, 1895-1900, but what that very young little educated and poor peasant
Munda did was really great and plausible and he will go down in the history of the
country as a great social and religious reformer, political leader and freedom fighter.
He has rightly been called ‘Birsa Bhagwan’.
Birsa Munda’s movement failed and ended quickly but it had such a tremendous
impact that the foundation of the British rule in Chota Nagpur was shaken for some
time. The Calcutta press highlighted the Sail Rakab Hill firing. Some of the papers
strongly condemned the furing and the Government. The Statesman was the first to
narrate the circumstances leading to the firing. Writing in its editorial,54 the Editor felt
that the disturbances among the Mundas which had occurred recently would occasion
less surprise to the few who knew something of the agrarian politics of that district than
to the army to whom the tale of Ranchi officialdom during the last seven years was a
close book. There was no occasion for surprise because according to the editor the
grievances of the Mundas dated some twenty years back when smouldering discontent
had revealed itself in the shape of a definite agitation against zamindari oppression. For
a decade previously an outbreak had been imminent and about eight years ago the
Ranchi officials caused some forty Mundas and Kols to be imprisoned for long terms
with a view to put an end to the agitation.
Some of the Calcutta papers, particularly the Statesman, did immense service to
the innocent poor aboriginals of Chota Nagpur by ventillating their grievances through
their columns and it was through their pressure that the recalcitrant Ranchi officials
were obliged to adopt some what open and straight forward measures strictly according
to law in dealing with the cases regarding Birsa disturbances.
Birsa movement and the Calcutta papers clearly indicate the real position of the
tribals in chota Nagpur. The Bengal Government realised the seriousness of the movement
and decided to take immediate and effective measures to remove the root cause of the

Munda discontent and disturbances. The authorities were now more anxious than ever
to devise some radical cure for the discontent amongst the Mundas which had now
become chronic. The then Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, Sir Andrew Frasser, took a
personal interest on the matter. The Bengal Government decided to have a correct
record of land holdings of the Mundas, and, according to its order of February 18, 1902
A.D., Survey and Settlement Operations began in 1846 square miles constituting the
Munda country. This comprised the whole of thanas of Tamar, Khunti and Bano, and
one-third of each of the thanas of Basia and Karra, one-fourth of thanas Kolebira,
besides 645 acres in the south of the Ranchi thana.55 The work of Survey and Settlement
Operation was entrusted to Mr. E.Lister. Dr. Hoffmann had yeomen’s service to the
cause of the Mundas by explaining most lucidly to the authorities the true nature and
extent of their rights in Khuntkatti villages and lands.
In a lengthy Government report on the administration of Bengal under Sir Andrew
Fraser, K.C.S.I., it was clearly mentioned; “For generations the aboriginals of Chota
Nagpur had been in a state of unrest owing to their inability to protect what they believe
to be their rights in the land. They enjoy special rights and privileges in respect of the
lands cultivated by them and these are recognised by the indigenous landlords. But, for
many years past, these landlords have gradually losing their estates to aliens, chiefly of
the money lender class; and the latter when they came into possession, always
endeavoured to break down the rights of the cultivators and to enhance their rents. The
result was that there had been constant dispute between landlords and tenants, and,
occasionally armed risings of the latter. To remedy this state of affairs, the Tenures Act
of 1869 and the Landlord and Tenant procedure Act of 1879 were passed; but subsequent
events, culminating in another uprising of this clan, showed that further measures were
required to put an end to the legitimate grievances of the Mundas. Government accordingly
determined to have a record-of-rights prepared for the Ranchi District... The experience
gained in the Settlement made it clear that the local Tenancy Act failed in verious
important aspects to take due account of the rights enjoyed by the aboriginal cultivators.
A rough draft of a revised Bill was prepared in consultation with the officers possessing
most knowledge of the agrarian condition of Chotanagpur... It was decided to re-arrange
and consolidate the whole of the principal enactments relating to landlords and tenant in
Chotanagpur in an entirely new amending Bill. The Bill was introduced in Council and
passed into Law in 1908… The Act is intended for the protection of the aborigional
peasantry of Chotanagpur against alien adventurers.
While the Bill was being drafted, the Government consulted Fr. Hoffmann, who
had a sound knowledge of the Khuntkatti, Bhuinhari and other land tenures of the tribals
of Chota Nagpur. The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act (1908) did not touch the tribal lands
alienated prior to the Survey and Settlement Operation. It safeguarded the still remaining
Khuntkatti and Bhuinhari lands of the tribals of Chota Nagpur. The Act proved a great
relief not to the Mundas but to other tribes of Chota Nagpur. It was the result of Birsas
Movement.

References:
1. A.R.N. Srivastava : Tribal Freedom Fighters of India (1986), p. 22.
2. Ibid, p. 18.
• Umesh Kumar Verma : Bihar Ka Janjatiya Jiwan (1991), p. 275.
• K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement 1874-1901, (1983), p. 41.
3. S.C.Roy : The Mundas and their Country (1912), p. 326.
4. Ibid. p. 326.
5. Ibid.
6. K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement 1874-1901, (1983), p. 51.
7. Fr. Hoffman to Forbes, Commissioner, 14 January 1900.
J. Reid: Survey and Settlement in the Direct of Ranchi (1902-1910), p. 46.
8. S.C. Roy : The Mundas and their Country (1912), p. 329.
• K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement, 1874-1900, (1983), p. 54.
10. Hoffman to Forbes - January 14, 1900. Cited by K.S.Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement (1874
-1901) (1983), p. 57.
11. M.G. Hallet: Ranchi District Gazetteer (1916) p. 50.
12. S.P. Sinha: Life and Times of Birsa Munda Bhagwan (1964), introduction p. V.
13. J. Reid: Survey and Settlement in the Ranchi District (1902-10)
14. K. S. Singh : Birsa Munda and his Movement (1871- 1901) (1983), p. 62.
15. Ibid, p. 67.
• S.C.Roy: The Mundas and their Country (1912), p. 330.
16. Meares to Deputy Commissioner, Lohardaga (Ranchi was then not a district), No. 786 dated
Ranchi, 26th August, 1895.
17. K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement 1874 -1901, (1983), p. 67.
18. Fr. Hoffmann: Birsa Bhagwan, op.cit., p. 568.
19. S.C. Roy: The Mundas and their Country (1912), p. 322.
• K. S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement (1983), p. 71.
• J. Reid: Survey and Settlement Operation in Ranchi District (1902- 1910), p. 46.
21. Fr. Hoffmann to Forbes, Commissioner, 4 January 1900. Cited in K.S. Singh’s Birsa Munda and his
Movement, 1874- 1901, p. 80
22. K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement (1874-1901) (1983) p. 80.
23. Ibid, p. 81.
24. S.C.Roy: The Mundas and their Country (1912), p. 336.
25. S.P. Sinha: Life and Times of Birsa Bhagwan (1964), p. 82.
26. A.R.N. Srivastava: Tribal Freedom Fighters of India (1986) p. 21.
28. Ibid. p. 90.

29. A contemporary witness – quoted in K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement (1874-1901),
(1983), pp. 91-92.
30. K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement 1874 – 1901, ( 1983), p. 101.
31. S.C.Roy: The Mundas and their Country (1912), pp. 338-339.
32. The Gharbandhu -15 May 1900 (A Fortnightly paper published in Hindi by the Gossner Mission).
33. Ibid. 15 January 1900, p. 16.
34. Statement of Streatfeild himself made later. Quoted in K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and his Movement.
1874-1901 (1983), pp. 106-108.
35. Statement of Streatfeild himself made later. Quoted in K.S. Singh’s: Birsa Munda and his Movement,
(1983), pp. 106-108.
• The Gharbandhu, 15th January, 1900, p. 15.
36. Ibid. p. 15.
37. The Gharbandhu, 15 January, 1900. P. 16.
38. Ibid.
39. K.S. Singh: Birsa Munda and His movements 1874 – 1901, (1983), p. 114.
41. Fr. Hoffmann: Encyclopedia Mundarica, Vol. II (B), 1950, p. 570.
42. The Gharbandhu, 15 January 1900, p. 16.
43. S.P. Sinha: Life and Times of Birsa Bhagwan (1964), p. 92.
44. Tiru, M.R.: Sri Birsa Bhagwan (1940), p. 35.
45. P.N. Purti & Mrs. R. Kandulna: Jharkhand Ke Amar Shahid, (1969) pp. 24-25.
46. N. Minz: The Adibasi Problems in Central Tribal Belt of India and their permanent Solution (1968).
p. 11.
47. Commissioners to Manki-Mundas Jan.12, 1900. The Gharbandhu, 15 January, 1900, p. 16.
48. A.R.N. Srivastava: Tribal Freedom fighters of India (1986), p. 22.
50. A.R.N. Srivastava: Tribal freedom Fighters of India (1986), p.22.
51. K.K. Datta: The Comprehensive History of Bihar, Vol, III, part I, (1976), p. 260.
52. The Gharbandhu, 15 June 1900, p. 96.
54. The Statesman: 14 january 1900. Quoted in S.P. Sinha’s – Life and Times of Birsa Munda (1965),
p. 94.
56. Quoted in S.C. Roy: The Mundas and their Country (1912) pp. 344 - 348
qqq

Research Paper
THE POLITICAL JOURNEY OF

MAULANA MAHMUD HASAN
• SHAHID PERWEZ
After the shattering consequences of the rebellion of 1857 many Ulama found
solace in promoting traditional education and played a distinguished role in the field of
political, religious and social reforms. The scholarship of the Ulama reveals the inner
strength of the traditional education system imparted through the maktabs and madrasas
of the period. These educational institutions though lacked in modern educational system,
modern sciences, were nevertheless, capable of producing educated and learned people
who could understand the meaning of conquest, the meaning of rulers and the
consequence of foreign domination.
The Ulama of Deoband particularly of its second generation keeping the traditions
of their predecessors alive, took active part in freedom movement with an avowed
object to keep the British out of the country. It is however, a fact that the involvement of
the Ulama of Deoband was confined to individual efforts like that of Maulana Mahmud
Hasan, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Hussain Ahmad Madni. They threw their weight for the
achievement of the freedom movement of India through revolutionary activities. It is
remarkable that the Ulama who had their madrasa education and apparently opposed to
the modern education and sciences adopted revolutionary postures and attempted to
overthrow the British from India. It was indeed the political development in and outside
India that provoked them to resort to extreme measures.
Needless to say that on the Ulama of Deoband, Shah Waliullah’s influence was
predominant on religion and politics. The reform movement of Syed Ahmad of Raibareilly
and his political ideology which led to a concerted efforts to fight against the pro -
British elements or British Government is too well known. Mahmud Hasan appears to
have derived considerable inspiration from the career of Syed Ahmad and from the
very beginning of his political life he had a plan to execute which aimed at the elimination
of British rule from India. However, while serving as a teacher in Deoband, he appears
to be quietly preparing the ground for the future political activities as the students were
being taught about the political consequences of the British rule in India. His political
activities may be traced from the foundation of many organizations like ‘ Samar- al -
Tarbiyat ‘ ( The fruit of education and training ) . It was founded with a social bias and
could not assume any political activity. After thirty years of its foundation another
organization ‘ Jamiat - ul - Ansar ‘1 was founded with a clear object to maintain a close
contact between the students of Deoband and students joining the institution from abroad

besides preservation and propagation of Islamic Sciences.2 The foundation of Jamiat-
ul - Ansar and it’s offshoot ‘Moatam - ul - Ansar ‘ caused anxiety to the British
Government. The founders of Matam - ul - Ansar despite taking preventive measures
like pressing a resolution in expressing their faithfulness to the British Govt. the British
authorities put Moatam - ul - Ansar under surveillance. Maulana Ahmad Hasan who
presided the first session was interrogated and Mahmud Hasan was penalized through
imposition of Taxes.3 Apart from Jamiatul Ansar , the ‘ Nazarat - ul - Maarif - ul -
Qurania ‘ was also founded in 1903 under the influence of Mahmud Hasan in which
Ubaidullah Sindhi played a significant role.4
The termination of First World War however, created a complex problem for
Indian Muslims specially Sunni Muslims who were keen to protect their theoritical
leader, the Sultan of Turkey against the policies of British and its allies who were
determined to cripple the power of Ottomans. The Indian Muslims had been watching
the British diplomatic consequences on Ottoman empire since 1911 which had entered
into Tripoli and Balkan wars. In India, the tragedy of Machli bazar mosque at Kanpur
had also enhanced the feelings of distrust among them against the British rule.
Here it may be pointed out that in the beginning of 1915 a number of Hindus,
Muslims and Sikh freedom fighters and nationalist had reached Afghanistan to avoid
British arrest. In Afghanistan a scheme for the foundation of a Provisional Govt.of
India was devised with an avowed object to overthrow the British Government.5 On
29th October 1915, the Indian Revolutionary Council held its meeting where the decision
to form Provisional Government of India was taken. The Government of Afghanistan
alloted some government buildings for the offices of Provisional Government on 1st
December 1915. The formation of Provisional Government was proclaimed having
Raja Mahendra Pratap as President who signed the proclamation in that capacity.6
Barkatullah became the Prime Minister and Ubaidullah Sindhi was appointed as Wazir.It
appears that Provisional Government of India at Kabul was afflicted with mutual distrust
and however could not achieve success. In August 1916, the British Government came
to know of the plan of revolutionaries which was hatched in India with the object of
destroying the British rule by the use of arms with the help of the people of North West
frontier. The sedition committee report accused Ubaidullah Sindhi for spreading all over
India a pan islamic and anti British movement through Ulama trained in Deoband school.7
The Silk Letter 8 intercepted by the British reveals the foundation of Junud - ul - Allah
( Army of God ) having its headquarter at Madina declaring Mahmud Hasan to act as
General - in - Chief.9
The active political journey of Mahmud Hasan begins during the outbreak of
World War1 from Yaghistan to Arabia. It appears that Mahmud Hasan had prepared an
elaborate plan to fight against the British during the progress of First World War. He
after overcoming many hurdles during his journey reached Mecca on 9th October 1915
where he succeeded in holding a meeting with Ghalib Pasha through Hafiz Abdul Jabbar
( a well known and respected trader of Mecca ) . Ghalib Pasha after being convinced
issued a statement addressed to Indian Muslims directing them to support Mahmud

Hasan in his mission. It also says that he should be trusted and supported by men money
and material which he needed.10 Besides, Ghalib Pasha also assured Mahmud Hasan
the full support of Turkish Government in his endeavor. The assurance so given is
known as “ Ghalib Nama “ The author of Shaikh - ul - Hind Mahmud Hasan suggests
that missions were also sent to Burma and China comprising both Hindus and Muslims
under the influence of Mahmud Hasan and an organization was set up in Burma known
as ‘ Human Brotherhood.’
Mahmud Hasan and Ghalib Pasha met with each other several times and
discussed the proposed revolution but in the meantime Sharif Hussain revolted against
the Turkish authority on British instigation. Sharif Hussain after meeting British
ambassador sent orders to Mufti Abdullah Siraj, the Shaikh - ul - Islam, to arrest Mahmud
Hasan and his companions at the earliest. After many ups and downs Mahmud Hasan
and his companions were attested and sent to Egypt at the behest of Colonel Wilson.11
Mahmud Hasan and his four companions, Husain Ahmad Madni, Nusrat Husain, Waheed
Ahmad and Aziz Gul were declared political prisoners and sent to Cairo from Egypt by
train and from there to Khaira where an old jail existed. The Safarnama Asiraan -i-
Malta provides interesting details of inquiries made by the British officers in the jail of
khaira.12 Mahmud Hasan and his companions were intensely interrogated for two days
to such a level that they were convinced that they would be hanged to death but due to
inadequate evidences they escaped capital punishment and sent to Malta on 15th february
1917 where they reached on 21st february 1917. On account of unavailability of proper
evidences, Mahmud Hasan and his companions were released from Malta and sent
back to India on 12th March 1920. In India, the Indian National Congress had been very
active owing to the Rowlatt Act and Jalianwala Bagh tragedy. On this political turmoil,
when the entire Indian community was literally in arms against the British, Mahmud
Hasan landed in Bombay on 8th June 1920. Soon after landing at Bombay, he was
apprised of the British excesses in India through the imposition of Martial law, Rowlatt
Act, jalianwala tragedy, and dismemberment of Turkey. On 11th June 1920, Mahmud
Hasan proceeded to Delhi and from there he reached Deoband on14th June 1920.13. It
appears that Mahmud Hasan’s imprisonment at Malta had adversely affected his health
but his object to fight against the British had not weakened. Mahmud Hasan despite
being weak responded to the call of Maulana Mohammad Ali to visit Aligarh to inaugurate
the foundation of Muslim National University ( which later on became Jamia Millia
Islamia ) on 29th October 1920 despite opposition by pro- British elements at Aligarh.14
In his Presidential address Mahmud Hasan emphasized on the reformation of young
muslims through modern and religious education. He also declared that foundation of
the Muslim National University aimed to run such an Institution which should be free
from Government’s aid and influence and which could function within the frame work
of Islamic ideology and National sentiments.15 This address though directed to the
Muslims had a predominant Nationalist ethos. In his presidential address, Mahmud
Hasan enunciated the following ideological principles..
(a) The greatest enemy of Islam and Muslims is Angrez (British) and to non-

cooperate with them is our duty.
(b) The protection of the Caliphate and the community are purely Islamic demands.
If the brothers of our country support us, it is permissible and they deserve our gratitude.
(c) It is necessary to cooperate with the brothers of the country (Hindus) for the
freedom of the country and it is permissible according to the shariat provided it doesn’t
affect the religious rites in any way.
(d) If in the present times the use of artillery, guns and aeroplanes in fighting
against the enemy is lawful though they didn’t exist in the earlier times, then agitations,
national unity and unanimous demands are also justified in the present time as for those
who have no access to artillery, guns and aeroplanes, these are their only weapons.
The concluding part of Mahmud Hasan’s speech refers to the whole hearted
support of the Hindu community for the religious demands of the Muslims and again he
warned the Muslims that any situation erupts contrary to the Non - Cooperation movement
with a majority in the struggle for freedom of the country would foil the attempts of
India’s Independence for ever. He emphasized that if the Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs
live with peace and unity then the foreign nation despite its great power, could not
defeat the united objective of getting freedom. He therefore, laid great emphasis on
unity among the various religious groups in India and urged upon the people to maintain
unity.
References :
1. Miyan, Syed Mohammad, Asiran - i- Malta, Delhi,1976, p - 23
2. Maulana Habib- ur - Rahman in Risala Al - Qasim, 1912
3. Aziz - ur - Rahman, Mufti, Tazkirah Shaikh- ul - Hind, Bijnore,1965, pp- 172-73.
4. Asiran - i- Malta, p-26
Khan, Iqbal Hasan, Shaikh - ul - Mahmud Hasan, Hayat aur Ilmi Karname, Aligarh, 1973, p- 230 (
hereafter cited as Iqbal )
5. Bamford, P. C., Histories of the Non - Cooperation and Khilafat Movement, Delhi,1975, p - 123
Sharma, Kamlesh, Role of Muslims in Indian Politics ( 1857 - 1947 ), New Delhi, 1985, p - 132
6. Mahendra Pratap, My Life Story of Fifty Years, Dehradun, 1947, p - 51
Prasad, Yuvraj Deo, The Indian Muslims and World War 1, Patna,1985, p - 140
Sindhi, Ubaidullah, Kabul mein Saat Saal, Lahore, 1955, pp - 66-67
7. Sedition Committee Report, Calcutta,1918, pp - 176 -77 ( hereafter cited as Report )
8. The Letters were written on three pieces of yellow silk. The first letter measured 6:5" was addressed
to Shaikh Abdur Rahim. The second letter addressed to Hazrat Maulana sahab ( Mahmud Hasan )
.The third was in continuation of the second one measuring 15:10". The first and third letters were
signed by Ubaidullah Sindhi. The date given is 9th july 1916.
9. Report, p - 78, Sindhi, Zaati Diary, Lahore,1946, pp - 119 - 20
10. Here it may be pointed out that Ghalib Pasha’s letters addressed to Indian Muslims was intercepted
by British intelligence. Report, p - 179
11. Asrian - i- Malta, p - 73
12. For details see, Madni, Husain Ahmad, Safarnama Asir -i- Malta, Delhi,n.d. pp - 45- 50
13. Asiran -i- Malta, pp - 53 - 57
14. Madni, Husain Ahmad, Naqsh -i- Hayat, Saharanpur,1954, vol - 2, pp -253-55
15. Ibid, pp - 377-78
qqq

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