 REVOLUTION
Has
 France began as a shift of power (middle class) turned into firestorm
 The revolution began with the declaration of rights. Including the right
to life and right to resist oppression.
 By 1972, the revolution had taken a violent turn. The king and queen
were executed by guillotine. The monarchy was all but dead.
 By 1795, France was on verge of anarchy w/in the invasion by its
neighbors when a young colonel named Napoleon Bonaparte
appeared.
 By 1800, the enlightenment and its deals were about to begin another
new chapter
 In England, Thomas Carlyle, wrote the extreme violence of French
revolution.
 Thomas Jefferson
Visit Paris as the American ambassador; predicted gradual
improvement in monarch and the establishment of a truly
representative government.
 An American founding father who was the principal author of the
declaration of independence.
 Third president of the United States
 Napoleon Bonaparte
 French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during
the French revolution and led several successful campaigns during the
French Revolutionary wars.
 Thomas Carlyle
 Wrote book 'The French Revolution" first published in 1837.
three volume narrative history.
 Man of letters
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Most famous and influential philosopher of french enlightenment in
18th century.
 In his book, The Social Contract, he elaborated his theory of human
nature. In Rosseau, the new era of sentimental piety found its
beginning.
 Born on June 28, 1712 in Geneva, Switzerland
 Isaac Rousseau ( watch/ clock maker)- Father
 Suzanne Bernard - Mother
 Francois - sibling
 Dies on July 02, 1778
 At age 5, his father sold their house and move into an apartment
house
 at Age 10, his father left him
 in 1728, he left Geneva and fled to Annecy and here he met Louise
De Warrens, a widow and who provided his education. Few years later
he had an affair with her.
 In 1742, he went to Paris to become musician and composer.
 In 1745, he met Therese Lavasseur who became his lifelong
companion.
 In 1754, converted from Calvinism --- Roman Catholicism
 In 1768, got married to Therese and had 5 children
 In 1776, he seems to have suffered a concussion and neurological
damage, and started suffering from epileptic seizures.
 In 1777, Rosseau received a royal visitor, the Holy emperor Joseph II
 In 1778, Marquis Girardin invited him to live in a cottage in his
chateau in Ermenonville. In May 20, he and Therese went there
 On July 04, 1778, he was buried on the Ile des Peupliers, w/c
became a place of pilgrimage for his many admirers
 On 1794, his remains were moved to Pantheon.
 WORKS
 The Discourses (Three Discourses)
1. Discourse of Arts and Sciences - won academies prizes
2. Discourse of the origin of inequalities - where is root of inequalities
3. Discourse of Political Economy - writing about social contract
 Autobiography of Rosseau confessions
 Autobiography Most deep happenings
 Emile
 Julie or the Heloise
 SOCIAL CONTRACT
 Rosseau state that that civil society does nothing to enforce the
equality and individual liberty that were promised to man when he
entered into that society. For him, the only legitimate political authority
is the authority consented by all the people. CYCLE:
 People -- "replace or overthrow it" -- Government
(Kings) -- "Misuse of power
 People -- "Give power" -- Government -- "Protect their
Rights" -- People
 THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT
 According to Hobbes and Rosseau, the state owes its origin to a
social contract freely entered into by its member.
 The two differs in their interpretations. Hobbes, absolute monarchy.
Rosseau, interpreted the idea in terms of absolute democracy and
individualism.
 Human being have to form community or civil community to protect
themselves from another, because the nature of human being is to
wage war against one another and since the nature, humanity
tends toward self-preservation, then it follows that they have to
come a ree agreement to protect themselves.
 For Hobbes, Humanity founded the state with its sovereign power
of control by means of mutual consent to end continues and self-
destructive condition of welfare.
 For Rosseau, he believes that human being is born free and good.
Now he is in chains and has become bad due to the evil influence
of society.
 For Rosseau, a human being lost his original goodness, his
primitive tranquility of spirit. In order to restore peace social contract
must form whereby everyone wants his individual rights to general
will. Example, EDSA REVOLUTION , though an imperfect one.
 The term Social contract is not an actual historical event. It is a
philosophical fiction, a metaphor, a certain way of looking to a
society of voluntary collection a agreeable individuals.
 The constitution of Bill of rights constituted, as an instance of
social contract, however, is not a metaphor, but an actual
agreement and actually "signed" by the people or their
representatives.
 The "1986 EDSA REVOLUTION" was not a bloody one. People
gathered in EDSA to voice their disenchantment peacefully through
mutual effort. Inspired Eastern Europe's Perestroika.
 JOHN LOCKE
 Born on August 28, 1632 and died at age 72.
 From the family of very minor somerset gentry
 Dislike Scholastic method of disputation and of the Logical and
Metaphysical with which it concerned itself.
 The study of Medicine inevitably led to Natural philosophy. In this time,
he met Robert Boyle.
 Locke not solely focus on Medicine and Nat.Philo
 In late 1667, Locke left oxford for London, to become a member of
Lord Ashley's household at Exeter house in the strand
 De arte Medica (article) -most interesting in lockes paper. Expresses
profound skepticism about all hypotheses concerning nature of
disease, and consequently advocates a purely empirical approach to
medical practice.
 Nothing in it is incompatible with the known medical philosophies of
Sydenham (Friend/Musician)
 Locke describes the Essay concerning Human understanding
(Essence of origin of all knowledge), published in 1689-1690 with
tantalizing bravery and studied vagueness.
 In the Epistle to the Reader, Locke describe how, at an unspecified
but evidently fairly distant time in the past.
 Locke pursue his Medical interest in Holland, however his main
intellectual concern was now with Philosophy.
 During the spring in 1689, he met Newton and became friends.
 LOCKE'S THEORY OF IDEAS
IDEAS:
 something that exists in mind. Something that exists in an
understanding of what Locke called as, Mind's Intellectual or
Cognitive part.
 exists nowhere but in mind, nowhere other than object, perception and
thoughts.
 objects of certain mental actions or operations, namely those of
thinking or perceiving.
 IDEAS AS OBJECTS
 Ideas are objects of the mind or understanding and also objects of
perceptions and thoughts. It means, it belongs to nature of thinking
to be directed toward something, to have a subject matter or target.
 Locke uses the word object to refer to required target or subject
matter.
 According to Locke, every Idea is an object of some action of
perception or thinking.
 For him "Think" and "Perceive" is not interchangeable.
 SIMPLE AND COMPLEX IDEAS
SIMPLE IDEAS:
one that has no variations or divisions, perceived from within.
Cannot be analyzed or understood entailing other object.
Those of sensible qualities of physical objects: Yellow, white,
heat, cold, soft, hard, bitter, sweet.
 Locke call such ideas as "Ideas of sensation" because it by no
means of the bodily senses that they are conveyed into the
mind.
 This sources of ideas of every human beings wholly from
himself, and might be properly called Internal sense.
 Other sensation, Locke calls "Reflection"so called because the
mind gets these by reflecting on its own operations within
himself.
 TWO SOURCE OF IDEAS
 SENSATION - From sensual experiences
 REFLECTION - From reflecting with our experiences
 ABSTRACT AND GENERAL IDEAS
 The two term doesn't have the same meaning for lock. But they
serve to mark off one and the same subclass within the whole
class of ideas.
 In Book II of the essay, Locke describe abstraction, as an
action which the mid takes particular ideas , received from
particular objects and consider them as they are in mind such
appearances , and the circumstances of real existence , as time,
place or any other concomitant ideas.