Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
-2017
http://iraj.in
ANALYSIS OF SOLAR CAR STEERING TIE ROD USING
NUMERICAL AND THEORETICAL APPROACH WITH DIFFERENT
MATERIALS
1
THIN ZAR THEIN HLAING, 2HTAY HTAY WIN, 3MYINT THEIN
1,2
Departmentof Mechanical Engineering, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar
Email: 1thinzarzar88@gmail.com, 2htayhtayw@gmail.com, 3minmyintthein2008@gmail.com
Abstract: A car’s steering wheel is connected to the steering gear and which is connected to the wheels via the tie rod. The
job of the tie rod is to ensure the wheels are aligned. It provides the adjustment for wheel alignment that keeps the tires from
wearing out on the inner and outer edges. Hence the functioning of tie rod is crucial for steering as well as suspension
performance of vehicle. Tie rods are an integral part of vehicle’s steering system. Tie rod may get fail due to varying forces
and bumping of vehicle during steering. The forces from the steering are also considered during the static condition of car.
Vibration and buckling of tie rod has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure. So research work is
aimed to assess buckling strength and compare buckling load of tie rod for different materials. Finite element models of the
tie rod also analyzed to obtain stress distributions in each component. Based on the theoretical calculation results and finite
element analysis with ANSYS results, stress values are validated. The mode shape and natural frequency results for different
materials obtained in the normal modal analysis are compared. In buckling analysis, the load factor obtained for different
materials are compared and critical buckling load is calculated and is validated by theoretical calculations.
Keywords: ANSYS Software, Buckling Analysis, Modal Analysis, Stress Analysis, Steering Tie Rod.
I. INTRODUCTION
Analysis of Solar Car Steering Tie Rod Using Numerical and Theoretical Approach With Different Materials
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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 5, Issue-8, Aug.-2017
http://iraj.in
The design procedure of the steering system involves The forces are calculated with the total weight of 536
the following three steps: kg including all parts, driver and panel weight.
1) Weight Distribution on Solar Car Further a weight distribution on front and rear tire
MicrosoftExcel is used to calculate the resulting have been calculated by Equation 1 and 2. The weight
center of gravity of the sprung andunsprungmass. distribution on each tire is shown in Table 3.
This determines the static weight distribution of the Table 3: The Weight Distribution on Rear and
car. The results are shown in Table 2 below: [3] Front Wheel
Tire Weight Force %of Total
Table 2: Static Mass Distribution on Solar Car (kg) (N) (Weight)
Both front 150.71 1478.465 28.1%
Left /Right 75.355 739.233 14.05%
front
Both rear 385.29 3779.685 71.9%
Left /Right rear 192.645 1889.847 35.95%
Total 536 5258.16 100%
3 8
1 2
Table 4: Acting Force on the Steering System
11 9 10
Z 0.56 WT Cornering& Accelerati Breaking &
Bump Force ng & Bump
(N) Bump Force (N)
Fig.2.Weight distribution on solar car Force (N)
Calculate the weight distribution on front and rear tire Front 4810.98 4008.57 4765.75
by using these equations. [1] Wheel
(1) Rear 5929.54 5393.55 4685.96
WT a 2 Wheel
WF
L (2) When cornering, the steering system connected at
a front wheel. Therefore, the value of maximum
WR WT(1 2 ) cornering and bump force was 4810.98 N.
L
Analysis of Solar Car Steering Tie Rod Using Numerical and Theoretical Approach With Different Materials
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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 5, Issue-8, Aug.-2017
http://iraj.in
λ
λ (15)
3) Calculation for Steering Tie Rod λ1
The tie rod connects the steering arm to the rack. The Hollow section, cold formed,
2
rack is under compression and tension. The most φ 0.5 [1 β( λ 0.2) λ ] (16)
probable mode of failure is buckling; therefore the
Reduction factor:
design against buckling is essential. The portions of
the tie rod are shown in Fig.3. Parameter and 1
X (17)
specification data of tie rod are shown in Table 5. 2
φ φ2 λ
Bucking resistance:
X A fy
N b,Rd (18)
1 2 34 5 6 7 γ M1
Fig.3. Portion of the tie Rod N Ed Fs F.S (19)
Table 5: Acting Force on the Steering System
The criteria to resistance buckling:
N Ed
1 (20)
N b, Rd
2
(σ 1 σ 2 ) 2 (σ 2 σ 3 ) 2 (σ 3 σ1 ) 2 (21)
Total Deformation:
FL1 FL 2 FL3 FL 4 FL5 FL 6 FL 7
δL (22)
Table 6: Specification Data for Tie Rod A1E A 2 E A 3 E A 4 E A 5 E A 6 E A 7 E
Table 7: Result Data for Tie Rod
The tie rod was designed to resist buckling and is The result data of tie rod for solar car is shown in
made of Carbon steel. The design equations for tie Table 7.
rod are; [4]
The critical load: 1. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF
Pcr Acting force F.S STEERING TIE ROD
(10) The designed steering tie rod was analysed with
Rankine formula: static structural by using ANSYS 14.5. The input
geometry was drawn in SolidWorks with result
L 2
Pcr 1 parameters.
K
D3
π (11) 3.1. Static Structure Analysis
σy A static analysis is used calculates the effect of
4
Radii of gyration: steady loading condition on a structure, while
ignoring inertia and damping effect. Static structure is
I
i (12) used to determine the displacements, stress strain and
A forces in structures or components caused by load
Non –dimensional slenderness: that do not induce significant inertia and damping
L (13) effect. So research work is aimed to assess strength
λ
i and deformation of Tie rod for different materials.The
different properties of materials are Carbon steel,
E (14) Aluminium alloy and Gray cast iron.
λ1 π
fy
Analysis of Solar Car Steering Tie Rod Using Numerical and Theoretical Approach With Different Materials
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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 5, Issue-8, Aug.-2017
http://iraj.in
Analysis of Solar Car Steering Tie Rod Using Numerical and Theoretical Approach With Different Materials
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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 5, Issue-8, Aug.-2017
http://iraj.in
Fig.12. 1stmode shape for Gray cast iron tie rod Fig.14. Buckling mode shape for Aluminium alloy tie rod
a) Calculations to Find the Working Frequency for
Tie Rod
Working frequency is given by:
1 g
f(Hz)
2π δ (23)
Where, g = the acceleration due to gravity(m/s2)
δ = the displacement (mm)
Table 8: Frequency of Tie Rod for Different
Materials
Fig.15. Buckling mode shape for Gray cast iron tie rod
a) Critical Buckling Load for Tie Rod using FE
Results
Maximum critical buckling load Pcr for tie rod
calculation using FE results is carried out by taking
4810.98 N forces and load factor 2.772 for Carbon
From the above Table 8 the natural frequency of each steel Tie rod, 0.988 for Aluminium alloy tie rod and
material tie rod is high enough that the working 1.503 for Gray cast iron tie rod. Therefore, the
frequency of each material tie rod will not excite the Maximum critical buckling load for tie rod is given
tie rod into resonance. by: [5]
Pcr= Load factor × Applied load
(24)
3.3. Buckling Analysis
Buckling analysis is carried out in order to obtain b) Critical Buckling Load for Tie Rod using
the first mode Eigen value, which will when Theoretical Result
multiplied by the applied compressive load, gives the The Euler’s buckling formula for column one end
linear Buckling load.This paper focuses on the study fixed and other end hanged is given by: [5]
of buckling load on the Tie rod of steering system π 2 EI
Pcr (25)
that undergoes an axial compression. 4L2
Table 9: Critical Buckling Load for Tie Rod
Analysis of Solar Car Steering Tie Rod Using Numerical and Theoretical Approach With Different Materials
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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 5, Issue-8, Aug.-2017
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CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The steering tie rod of 3D model was drawn with A special thanks is offered to Dr. Tin San, Professor
SolidWorks software and analyze in ANSYS 14.5. and Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Static structure analysis has been carried out on Mandalay Technological University, for his
steering tie rod. Carbon steel, Aluminium alloy and encouragement, constructive guidance and kindly
Gray cast iron are chosen for this research. In these advice throughout the preparation of this paper.
three materials, the values of von-Mises are nearly The author especially would like to take this
equal. But the total deformation of Carbon steel is opportunity to express my sincere gratitude, respect
less than other materials. So the Carbon Steel is and regards for supervisor Dr.HtayHtay Win,
suitable for steering tie rod. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
In the modal analysis, the 1stMode natural frequency Mandalay Technological University, under whose
of Carbon steel tie rod is 424.05 Hz, Aluminium alloy guidance, constant encouragement, patient and trust, I
Tie rod is 422.79Hz and Graycast iron tie rod is have worked on this paper.
324.37Hz. The 1stmode natural frequency of Carbon
steel tie rod component is greater than the Gray cast REFERENCES
iron and Aluminium Tie rod component, so Carbon
steel tie rod is more suitable material for design of car 1. Dr. N. K. GIRI, “Automobile Mechanics”, KHANNA
publishers, 1996.
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2. Thomas .D. Gillespie, “Fundamental of Vehicle Dynamic”,
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tie rod are obtained. The critical buckling load 3. A. van Berkum, “Chassis and suspension design FSRTE02”,
obtained for Carbon steel tie rod is 13.33KN, for TechnischeUniversiteit Eindhoven Department of Mechanical
Engineering, 2006.
Aluminium alloy tie rod is 4.75KN and for Gray cast
4. LeidlandAndersen, “Modeling, analysis and testing of the
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critical buckling load for Carbon steel tie rod is 13.03 University of Stavanger, 2009.
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Analysis of Solar Car Steering Tie Rod Using Numerical and Theoretical Approach With Different Materials
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