Hydraulic Pumps Basics

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Hydraulic Pumps
Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli
Components of a Basic Hydraulic Circuit
 A hydraulic circuit is a path for oil or hydraulic fluid to flow through a set of basic
components. These components are:
 The reservoir or an oil tank that hold the oil.
 The pump that pushes the oil and increases its pressure.
 An electric motor or other power source to drive the pump
 The directional control valve, which controls the direction of oil flow to the cylinder.
 The hydraulic cylinder which converts fluid energy into linear mechanical energy.
 The relief valve, which limits the system pressure to a safe level by allowing oil to flow
directly from the pump back to the reservoir when the pressure at the pump output reaches a
certain level.
 The piping which carry oil from one location to another
12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 2

Ref: Fluid Power with Applications book
Dr. M. I, Kilani Presentation on Hydraulic Pumps
Dr. A. Al-Salaymeh Presentation on Hydraulic Pumps
Components of a Basic Pneumatic Circuit
 A hydraulic circuit is a path for oil or

hydraulic fluid to flow through a set
of basic components. These
components are:
 An Air Tank that stores a given
volume of compressed air.
 A compressor that compresses
the air coming from atmosphere
 An electric motor or other prime
mover to drive the compressor.
 The directional control valve,
which controls the direction of oil
flow to the cylinder.
 The hydraulic cylinder which
converts fluid energy into linear
mechanical energy.
 The relief valve, which limits the
system pressure to a safe level by
allowing oil to flow directly from the
pump back to the reservoir when
the pressure at the pump output
reaches a certain level

Objectives of hydraulic pumps section
 Describe the pumping action of hydraulic pumps.

 Explain the operation of gear, vane, and piston pumps.
 Determine the flow delivered by positive displacement pumps.
 Differentiate between axial and radial piston pumps.
 Understand the difference between fixed displacement and variable
displacement pumps.
 Explain the operation of pressure – compensated pumps.
 Distinguish between bent – axis – type piston pumps and the swash plate
design.
 Evaluate the performance of pumps by determining the volumetric,
mechanical, and overall efficiencies.
 Compare the various performance factors of gear, vane, and piston
pumps

Introduction
What is the pump ?

A pump is the heart of a hydraulic system, convert mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.
The mechanical energy is delivered to the pump via a prime mover such
as electric motor. Due to mechanical action, the pump creates a partial
vacuum at its inlet. This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid
through the inlet line and into the pump (Self-Priming!?). The pump then
pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system.

Classifications of pumps
Classifications of pumps:
1. Dynamic (nonpositive displacement) pumps.
which used for low-pressure, high- volume flow applications. The two most
common types of dynamic pumps are the centrifugal and the axial flow
propeller pumps. Also it’s not self priming unlike positive displacement.
2. Positive displacement pumps.
which used for fluid power systems. As the name implies, a positive
displacement pump ejects a fixed amount of fluid into the hydraulic system per
revolution of pump shaft rotation.
Positive displacement pumps has a lot of advantages over the dynamic pump:
 High- pressure capability ( up to 12,000 psi).
 Small, compact size.
 High volumetric efficiency.
 Small changes in efficiency throughout the design pressure range.
 Great flexibility of performance (can operate over a wide range of pressure
requirements and speed ranges).

Dynamic pumps
 In dynamic pumps, kinetic energy is added to the

fluid by increasing its velocity. This increase in
energy is then converted to a gain in potential
energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced as
the flow exits the pump into an expanding
discharge pipe. According to Bernoulli principle, a
reduction in flow velocity is accompanied by an
increase in its pressure. Centrifugal pump
 Dynamic pumps are generally used for low
pressure, high volume applications. Because they
are not capable of withstanding high pressure,
they are of little use in the fluid power field. This
type of pump is primarily used for transporting
fluids in pipeline. The two most common types
are centrifugal and axial flow propeller pumps. Axial Flow pump

Dynamic pumps
 The two most common types

of dynamic pumps are the
centrifugal and the axial
(propeller) pumps
 These pump types provide
continuous non‐pulsating
flow, but their flow output is
reduced dramatically as
circuit resistance is increased.
The pump will produce no
flow at high pressure head.
 The pressure at which
produces no flow is called
the shutoff head or the
shutoff pressure. It is the
maximum pressure that can
be delivered by the pump.
Centrifugal pump Axial Flow pump
Dynamic pumps
 They are not suitable for

handling viscous fluids, and
thus are not suitable for use
in hydraulic applications.
 Dynamic pumps are typically
used for low pressure, high
volume flow applications.
 Unlike positive displacement
pumps, dynamic pumps are
not self priming. This is
because large clearance
between the rotating part
and the stationary housing
does not allow a suction
pressure to occur at the inlet
port when the pump is
turned on.
Centrifugal pump Axial Flow pump
Dynamic – Centrifugal pump
Pressure (p)
Max. pressure
(Pump shuttoff head)
Min. pressure
Flow (Q)
Zero Flow Max. Flow
Positive displacement pumps
 A positive displacement pump increases the pressure of

the fluid by trapping a fixed amount of it into a cavity
then reducing the volume of the cavity be mechanical
means. As the volume of the fluid inside the cavity is
reduced, its pressure is increased, allowing it to be
forced against the higher pressure in the pipe
F x v F x v
Suction Compression
Types of positive displacement pumps
There are three main types of positive displacement pumps:

 Gear
 External gear pumps
 Internal gear pumps
 Lobe pumps
 Gerotor pump
 Screw pumps
 Vane pumps
 Unbalanced vane pumps (Fixed or variable displacement)
 Balanced vane pumps (Fixed Displacement Only)
 Piston pumps
 Axial design
 Radial design

Positive displacement pumps
 Pump operation above its rated pressure could occur when a high resistance to flow is
encountered. This could result from a large actuator load or a closed (blocked) valve in the
pump outlet line.
 Positive displacement pumps are usually protected from high pressure by diverting pump
flow to the oil tank through a pressure relief valve.

Gear pump
External Gear pump

The figure below illustrate the operation of an external gear pump, which develops
flow by carrying fluid between the teeth of two meshing gears. One of the gears is
connected to a derive shaft connected to the prime mover. The second gear is
driven as it meshes with the drive gear. Oil champers are formed between the gear
teeth, the pump housing, and the side wear plates.

Gear pump
External Gear pump
 Develop flow by carrying fluid between the
teeth of two meshing gears. One of the gears
is connected to the drive shaft, the other is
driven as its meshes with the driver gear.
 Oil chambers are formed between the gear
teeth, the pump housing and the side wear
plates.
 The suction side is where teeth come out of
mesh, and this is where the volume expands,
bringing about a reduction in pressure.
 The discharge side is where teeth go into
mesh, and this is where the volume
decreases between mating teeth. Oil is
positively ejected into the outlet port since
the pump has an internal seal against
leakage.

Volumetric Displacement and Theoretical Flow Rate

External Gear pump
The Following analysis permits us to evaluate the theoretical flow-rate of a
gear pump using specified nomenclature.
The volumetric displacement:
The theoretical flow rate ( in English units ):
Since 1 gal = 231 in^3, we have
Using metric units, we have
Do = outside diameter of gear teeth ( in, m ) VD = displacement volume of pump (in^3/rev)

Di = inside diameter of gear teeth ( in, m ) QT = theoretical pump flow
L = width of gear teeth ( in, m ) N = rpm of pump
Volumetric Efficiency
External Gear pump
The actual flow–rate QA is less than the theoretical flow rate QT, which is
based on volumetric displacement and pump speed . This leakage, called
pump slippage, is identified by the term volumetric efficiency (ηv) which is
equal about 90% for positive displacement pumps, operating at design
pressure:
ηv= QA \ QT
Q Internal
P
Loss
Actual Flow Theoretical
Curve Flow Curve
N Q

Example
External Gear pump
A gear has a 75-mm outside diameter, a 50-mm inside diameter, and a

25-mm width. If the volumetric efficiency is 90% at rated pressure, what is
the corresponding actual flow rate? The pump speed is 1000 rpm.
The volume displacement is

=
Then, combine these equations to find the actual flow-rate
QA = η v QT = η v VD (m3 \rev) * N (rev/min)
= 0.90 * 0.0000614 * 1000 = 0.0553 m3 \min
Since 1 L = 0.001 m3, we have
QA = 55.3 Lpm

Example Gear Pump: Mizuhata Miniature Gear Pump
 Dimensions: 25 x 25 x 10 mm
 Used as a lubrication pump to drive oil for lubricating machine tools.
 Flow rate of 3 ml/min with pump speed of 1750 to 3450 rpm
 Can accommodate fluids of varying viscosity (32‐1300mm2/s)
 Low to medium pressure head (2500‐4000 psi) ~ (15,000 – 25,000 kPa).

Gear Pump: Helical and Herringbone Gear
 Gear pumps utilizing spur

gear teeth design could
develop severe vibrations and
noise at high pump speeds
due to sudden teeth contact
in spur gears.
 To reduce noise and produce
smoother operation, helical
gears are sometimes
employed. Helical gears,
however, are limited to low
pressure applications (below
1500 kPa) because they
produce excessive axial
thrusts due to the action of
the helical gear.

Gear Pump: Helical and Herringbone Gear
 Herringbone gear pumps eliminate

end thrust and can be used to
develop a pressure up to 3000 psi
~(20,000 kPa).
 Herringbone gears consist of two
rows of helical teeth cut into one
gear. One of the rows of each gear
is right handed, while the other is
left handed. This arrangement
cancels out axial thrust force.
Herringbone gear pumps operate as
smoothly as helical gear pumps, and
provide greater flow rates, because
they could be run at higher speeds.
They also produce less pulsating
action because of the higher speeds.

Gear pump
Internal Gear pump
Internal Gear pump
The figure shows the
configuration and operation
of the internal gear pump,
this design consist of an
internal gear, regular spur
gear, a crescent-shaped
seal, and external housing.
As power is applied to either
gear, the motion of the gears
draws fluid from the reservoir
and forces it around both
sides of the crescent seal.
When the teeth mesh on the
side opposite to the crescent
seal, the fluid is forces to
enter the discharge port of
pump.

Gear pump
Internal Gear pump
Internal Gear pump
The figure shows the
configuration and operation
of the internal gear pump,
this design consist of an
internal gear, regular spur
gear, a crescent-shaped
seal, and external housing.
As power is applied to either
gear, the motion of the gears
draws fluid from the reservoir
and forces it around both
sides of the crescent seal.
When the teeth mesh on the
side opposite to the crescent
seal, the fluid is forces to
enter the discharge port of
pump.

Gear pump
Internal Gear pump
 The internal spur gear drives the outside ring gear which
is set off center. Between the two gears on one side is a
crescent-shaped spacer around which oil is carried.
 The inlet and outlet ports are located in the end plates
between where the teeth mesh and the ends of the
crescent-shaped spacer.
 In operation, the internal gear drives the external ring gear
and makes a fluid tight seal at the place where the teeth
mesh.
 Rotation causes the teeth to unmesh near the inlet port,
the cavity volume to increase, and suction to occur. Oil is
trapped between the internal and external gear teeth on
both sides of the crescent-shaped spacer and is carried
from the inlet to the outlet cavity of the pump. Meshing of
the gear teeth reduces the volume in the high pressure
cavity near the outlet port and fluid exits from the outlet
port.

Gear pump
Internal Gear pump
 Wear on internal gear pumps has a tendency to reduce

the volumetric efficiency more quickly than on external
gear pumps. They are used mostly for lubrication and
charge pumps at pressures under 1000 psi.
 The internal gear drives the external ring gear and makes
a fluid tight seal at the place where the teeth mesh.
 Rotation causes the teeth to unmesh near the inlet port,
the cavity volume to increase, and suction to occur. Oil is
trapped between the internal and external gear teeth on
both sides of the crescent-shaped spacer and is carried
from the inlet to the outlet cavity of the pump. Meshing of
the gear teeth reduces the volume in

Gear pump
Lobe pump
Lobe pump
 This figure illustrate a lope pump.
This pump operates in a fashion
similar to the external gear pump.
But unlike the external gear pump,
both lobs are driven externally so
that they don’t actually contact
each other. Thus, they are quieter
than other types of gear pump.
 Due to the smaller number of
mating elements, lobe pumps have
a higher volumetric displacement
than other types of gear pumps of
the same size and speed. They
will, however, produce a higher
amount of pulsation.
Gear pump
Gerotor pump
Gerotor pump
 This figure illustrate the Gerotor pump.
This pump operates similar to the
internal gear pump. The inner gear
rotor (Gerotor element) is power-driven
and draws the outer gear rotor around
as they mesh together. This forms inlet
and discharge pumping chambers
between the rotor lobes. The tips of the
inner and outer rotors make contact to
seal the pumping chambers from each
other.
 The inner gear has one tooth less than
the outer, and the volumetric
displacement is determined by the
space formed by the extra tooth in the
outer rotor.
 The gerotor pump is a compact and
simple pump with only two moving
elements.

Gear pump
Screw pump
Screw pump
It is an axial flow positive displacement unit. Three precision ground screws, meshing
within a close fitting housing, deliver non-pulsating flow quietly and efficiently. The two
symmetrically opposed idler rotors act as rotating seals, confining the fluid in a
succession of closures or stages. The idler rotors are in rolling contact with the central
power rotor and are free to float in their respective housing bores on a hydrodynamic
oil film. There are no radial bending loads. Axial hydraulic forces on the rotor set are
balanced, eleminating any need for thrust bearing

Gear pump
Screw pump
In this figure we can see a cutaway view of an actual screw pump. It is

rated at 500 psi and can deliver up to 123 gpm. High-pressure designs are
available for 3500 psi operation with output flow rates up to 88 gpm.
Screw pump from: Courtesy of DeLaval, IMO Pump Devision,

Trenton, New Hersey



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Platzhalter für Bild, Bild auf Titelfolie hinter das Logo einsetzen

Components of a Basic Hydraulic Circuit

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 2

 A hydraulic circuit is a path for oil or

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 3

Objectives of hydraulic pumps section

 Describe the pumping action of hydraulic pumps.

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 4

What is the pump ?

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 5

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 6

 In dynamic pumps, kinetic energy is added to the

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 7

 The two most common types

 They are not suitable for

Dynamic – Centrifugal pump

 A positive displacement pump increases the pressure of

Types of positive displacement pumps

There are three main types of positive displacement pumps:

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 12

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 13

External Gear pump

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 14

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 15

Volumetric Displacement and Theoretical Flow Rate

The theoretical flow rate ( in English units ):

Since 1 gal = 231 in^3, we have

Using metric units, we have

Do = outside diameter of gear teeth ( in, m ) VD = displacement volume of pump (in^3/rev)

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 17

A gear has a 75-mm outside diameter, a 50-mm inside diameter, and a

The volume displacement is

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 18

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 19

Gear Pump: Helical and Herringbone Gear

 Gear pumps utilizing spur

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 20

 Herringbone gear pumps eliminate

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 21

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12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 23

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 24

 Wear on internal gear pumps has a tendency to reduce

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 25

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 27

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 28

In this figure we can see a cutaway view of an actual screw pump. It is

Screw pump from: Courtesy of DeLaval, IMO Pump Devision,

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 29

12.03.13 | Ala‘aldeen Al-Halhouli | Folie 30

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