Chap 1.

Meaning and definition of research:

Research may be defined as systematic gathering of data and information

and its analysis for advancement of knowledge in any subject. Research attempts to
find answer intellectual and practical questions through application of systematic
methods. Research is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge
making for its advancement. Research is simply defined task of searching from
available data to modify a certain result or theory.

Research is composed of two words "re" and "search" which means to search
again, or to search for new facts or to modify older ones in any branch of
knowledge.

Characteristic of Research:

1. Problem of collection of data and conceptualization may occur.

2. Repetition problems.

3. Outdated and insufficient information system may cause problems.

4. Sometimes lack of resources becomes an obstacle.

5. Non availability of trained researchers.

6. Absence of code of conduct.

7. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

8. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

9. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether

historical, descriptive, experimental and case study.

10. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic

method and procedures.
1..Objective of Research:

1. Taste the difference between two variables.

2. Find out certain conclusion.

3. Draw out an exact nature of individual group or situation.

4. To achieve new trends in the phenomenon.

5. Describing systematically situation, problem or attitudes towards an issues.

2.. Obectives :

Objective of Research in Research Methodology

The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of
scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden
and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own
specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of
following broad groupings:

Aims and Objectives of Research Methodology

1.To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it To
portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a
group To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else
2.To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables

Types of Research:
There are two types of research as
1. Types of research by method
2. Types of research by purpose

Types of research by method

The study of method is called methodology. A method is a path of
achieving or approaching to a problem. The path involves certain steps.
These steps are to occur in an order of occurrences, All sciences are
methodological (or based on methods).Every methodology is pointed
towards solutions of human problems; existing or to exist in future. A
research methodology involves the following kinds of research methods.
In this type there are 5 sub types as follows:

1. Historical Research: This explores the use of histories as method and

the ways in which this research can contribute to new understandings about
the experiential relationships between libraries and users. In this method
data are drawn from observations and experiences of others. For this the
documents provide primary sources of information.

2. Descriptive Research: This method is used as a check on laboratory

findings in real life and used as a tool in identifying norms of standards
with which to present conditions for planning future

3. Ex-post-: facto Research: In this type of research, the researcher has

no control over the independent variable: more than this, randomization is
not possible, which means he takes things as they are and try to extricate
them. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no
control over the variables; he can only report what was happened or what is
happening.

4. Experimental Research: Experimental research is considered to be

the prototype of the scientific method. It involves procedure for gaining
knowledge by collecting new or fresh observations under controlled
conditions.

5. Field study: This method distinguishes the field experiment study

with respect to the design of the research.

Types of research by purpose

Research may be motivated by the desire to know or understand for the
sake of knowing called 'pure' or 'basic' research or by the desire to know In
order to use this knowledge for practical concerns called 'applied' research

In this type there are 5 sub types as follows:

1. Pure research: Developing scientific theories or basic principles are
called pure research. Pure research (a) helps in developing general
principles, (b) helps in to find out the central factors in practical problems,
(c) becomes a standard procedure for researcher to find out an answer to
the problem.

2. Applied research: applied research contributes to the development in

the following manner
- It can contribute new fact
- It can put theory to test
- It may aid in conceptual classification
- It may integrate theory of previous study

3. Action research: It is a special type of research in the sense, testing

of application in accordance with a certain set of situation and modified
according to the local prevailing conditions as well.

4. Evaluation research: Evaluation research aims at evaluating

program that have been implemented or actions that have taken in order to
get an objective.

5. Inter-disciplinary research: Interdisciplinary research is a mode of research

by teams or individuals that integrates information from two or more
disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental
understanding .

Process and steps of research:

There are following steps of research process

1. formulating the research problem: There are two types of research

problems, vi., those which relate to states of nature and those which relate
to relationships between variables.
2. extensive literature survey: A literature survey is a text written by
someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including
substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological
contributions to a particular topic. Literature survey are secondary
sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.
3. developing the hypothesis: Working hypothesis is uncertain
assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or experimental
consequences.

4. preparing the research design: The research problem having been

formulated in clear cut terms, the researcher will be required to prepare a
research design, i.e., he will have to state the conceptual structure within
which research would be conducted.

5. determining sample design: a sample design is a definite plan

determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample
from a given population.

6. collecting the data: In dealing with any real life problem it is often
found that data at hand are inadequate, and hence, it becomes necessary to
collect data that are appropriate.

7. execution of the project: Execution of the project is a very important

step in the research process. If the execution of the project proceeds on
correct lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and dependable.
The researcher should see that the project is executed in a systematic
manner and in time.

8. analysis of data: The analysis of data requires a number of closely

related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of
these categories to raw data through coding, tabulation and then drawing
statistical inferences.

9. hypothesis testing: The hypotheses may be tested through the use of

one or more of such tests, depending upon the nature and object of research
inquiry. Hypothesis -testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or
in rejecting it.

10. generalizations and interpretation: A statement about a group of

people or things that is based on only a few people or things in the group is
a generalization. The act or result of explaining or interpreting something is
a interpretation.

11. preparation of the report: Finally, the researcher has to prepare the
report of what has been done by him.