CE 210

HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

LECTURE 5
Dr. Indrajit Ghosh
Associate Professor
Transportation Engineering Group
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee
HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

 Influencing factors for hill roads

 Stability

 Drainage

 Geometric standard
 Resisting length
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Stability
 Special care to be taken
 Align road along stable side of hill
 Common problem
 Land Slides
 Cutting and filling
 Road construction
 Steepen slopes
 Affect stability
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Drainage
 Several hill-side drains
 Adequate drainage facility
 Cross drainage
 Costly

 Alignment
 Minimum requirement of cross drains
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Geometric standard
 Different sets
 Gradient

 Curve

 Speed

 Influence
 Sightdistance
 Radius of curve

 Other features
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Geometric standard
 Route should enable
 Rulinggradient in most length
 Minimize
 Steep gradients
 Hair pin bends

 Needless rise and fall

HAIR PIN BEND
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Resisting length
 Length we are moving actually compared to
horizontal
 Should be as low as possible
 Keep ineffective rise and fall minimum
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Before finalizing highway alignment

 Engineering surveys are conducted
 Four stages
 Firstthree stages consider all possible alternate
alignments
 Fulfill various requirements
 Fourth stage for detailed survey of selected alignment
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Stages of engineering surveys

 Map study
 Reconnaissance

 Preliminary surveys

 Final location and detailed survey

ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Topographic maps
 Suggestion for likely road routes
 Survey of India
 15 to 30 meter contour interval
 Main features shown
 Rivers

 Hills

 Valleys
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Careful observations
 Get idea of several possible alternate routes
 Further details can be studied at site later
 Locate probable alignment on map
 Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds, lakes
 Alignment crossing through a mountain pass
 While crossing a row of hills
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Locate probable alignment on map (contd..)
 Bridge site for crossing rivers
 Avoid bending of river
 Suggest alternate routes for connecting two stations
 Keeping in view
 Ruling gradient
 Maximum permissible gradient
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Drop a certain route
 Unavoidable obstructions
 Undesirable ground, en-route

 Gives rough guidance of routes to be further

surveyed
 In field
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Reconnaissance
 Examine general character of area
 Decide most feasible routes for detailed studies

 All relevant details not available in map are

collected
 Noted down
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Details collected
 Valleys,
ponds, lakes, marshy land, ridge, hills,
permanent structures, other obstructions
 Not available in map
 Approx. value of gradient, its length, radius of
curves of alternate alignments
 # and type of cross drainage structures, maximum
flood level, natural ground water level
 Along probable routes
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Details collected
 Soil type along routes from field identification tests,
observations of geological features
 Sources of construction materials, water, location of
stone quarries
 Hilly terrains
 Additional data
 Geological formations
 Rock types
Stable vs. unstable side of hill
 Dip of strata

 Seepage flow
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Details collected
 Rapid reconnaissance of the area
 Vast and difficult terrain
 Aerial survey

 Collected data
 Alignment proposed after map study
 May be altered and changed completely
 Few alternate alignments may be chosen for further
study
 Based on practical considerations observed at site
PRELIMINARY SURVEYS

 Objectives
 Surveyvarious alternate alignments proposed after
reconnaissance
 Collect
 Necessary physical information
 Details of topography

 Drainage

 Soil

 Compare different proposals

 In view of requirements of good alignment
PRELIMINARY SURVEYS

 Objectives
 Estimatequantity of earth work materials and other
construction aspects
 Work out cost of alternate proposals
 Finalize best alignment from all considerations
 Methods
 Conventional
 Equipment, Measurement, topographical data, soil
survey
 Modern rapid
 Aerial photographs
PRELIMINARY SURVEYS
 Conventional (Traffic survey)
 Details
# of lanes
 Road Width
 Pavement Design
 Economic analysis

 Volume count
 Classified

 O-Dsurvey
 Required data
 10-20 year periods
FINAL LOCATION AND DETAILED SURVEYS

 Alignment finalized at design office

 First locate on field by establishing centre line

 Next, detailed survey

 Carry out survey to collect necessary information
 Forpreparation of plans
 Construction details
FINAL LOCATION AND DETAILED SURVEYS
 Location
 Centre line is translated on ground during location
survey
 Theodolite/Total Station
 Location of centre line should follow
 Alignment finalized after preliminary surveys
 Majorand minor control points are established on
ground
 Centre pegs are driven
 Modification can be made in field
 If essential
FINAL LOCATION AND DETAILED SURVEYS

 Detailed survey
 Temporary benchmarks are fixed at intervals about
250 m
 All drainage and underpass structures
 Leveling work is required
 Vertical
alignment
 Earthwork calculations

 Drainage details
FATIGUE-RELATED ACCIDENTS ON RURAL
HIGHWAYS
&
THEIR MITIGATIONS
RUN-OFF-THE-ROAD ACCIDENT
HEAD-ON ACCIDENT
SHOULDER RUMBLE STRIP
SHOULDER RUMBLE STRIP
CENTERLINE RUMBLE STRIP
CENTERLINE RUMBLE STRIP
REST AREA
REST AREA