HMT

DEPARTMENT
DEPART ENT OF MECHANICAL

MECHANIC L
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME6502
ME6502 Heat&MASS
HEAT
AT &Mass TRANSFER
TransferFER
TR
When you can’t make them see the light, make them feel the heat
-Ronald Reagan
ME 6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LTPC3003
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the mechanisms of heat transfer under steady and transient conditions.
• To understand the concepts of heat transfer through extended surfaces.
• To learn the thermal analysis and sizing of heat exchangers and to understand the basic
concepts of mass transfer.
(Use of standard HMT data book permitted)
UNIT I CONDUCTION 9
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction– Cartesian and Polar Coordinates – One
Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction –– plane and Composite Systems – Conduction with
Internal Heat Generation – Extended Surfaces – Unsteady Heat Conduction – Lumped Analysis-
Semi Infinite and Infinite Solids –Use of Heisler’s charts.
UNIT II CONVECTION 9
Free and Forced Convection - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer. Free and Forced
Convection during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and Internal flow through tubes .
UNIT III PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS 9
Nusselt’s theory of condensation - Regimes of Pool boiling and Flow boiling. Correlations in
boiling and condensation. Heat Exchanger Types - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient – Fouling
Factors - Analysis – LMTD method - NTU method.
UNIT IV RADIATION 9
Black Body Radiation – Grey body radiation - Shape Factor – Electrical Analogy – Radiation
Shields, Radiation through gases.
UNIT V MASS TRANSFER 9
Basic Concepts – Diffusion Mass Transfer – Fick’s Law of Diffusion – Steady state Molecular
Diffusion Convective Mass Transfer – Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy –
Convective Mass Transfer Correlations.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
• Upon completion of this course, the students can able to understand and apply different
heat and mass transfer principles of different applications.
TEXT BOOK:
1. Yunus A. Cengel, "Heat Transfer A Practical Approach", Tata McGraw Hill, 2010
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer", John
Wiley & Sons, 1998.
2. Venkateshan. S.P., "Heat Transfer", Ane Books, New Delhi, 2004.
3. Ghoshdastidar, P.S, "Heat Transfer", Oxford, 2004,
4. Nag, P.K., "Heat Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2002
5. Holman, J.P., "Heat and Mass Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill, 2000
6. Ozisik, M.N., "Heat Transfer", McGraw Hill Book Co., 1994.
7. Kothandaraman, C.P., "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer", New Age International,
New Delhi, 1998.
8. Yadav, R., "Heat and Mass Transfer", Central Publishing House, 1995.
9. M.Thirumaleshwar : Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, "Heat and Mass Transfer",
First Edition, Dorling Kindersley, 2009
P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 2 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

Unit 1 Conduction
1.State the Fourier’s law of heat conducting. Why is negative sign used? (Nov 2016) (Nov
2014)
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction
of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
dT dT
Qα - A Q = - KA where A – are in m2
dx dx
dT
- Temperature gradient in K/m K – Thermal conductivity W/mK
dx
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature, and the temperature gradient
becomes negative when temperature decreases with increasing x.
2. Under what circumstances fr

from
om the heat transfer point of view, will the use of finned
walls be better? (Nov 2016)
Finned surfaces are commonly used in practice to enhance heat transfer, and they often increase
the rate of heat transfer from a surface several fold.
3. Distinguish between conduction and convection heat transfer. (April 2017)
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.
In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules during
their random motion. In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a
lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.
Convection is the mode of energy ttransfer
ransfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas
that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion. The faster
the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer.
4. State some practical applicat

applications
ions of transient heat transfer analysis. (April 2017)
Thermal management of electronic devices and systems, insulation, materials processing, and
power station engineering.
5.What is meant by transient heat conduction? (Apr 2015)

During any period in which temperatures change in time at any place within an object, the mode
of thermal energy flow is termed transient conduction
6.What is thermal diffusivity?(Apr 2015)

Thermal diffusivity, which represents how fast heat diffuses through a material and is defined
as
7.Will be thermal contact resistance be greater for smooth or rough plain surfaces?
Why?(Nov 2015)

Surface roughness introduces gaps between contacting materials which are usually filled with
air. The thermal conductivity of gases such as air is typically much lower than the conductivity
of common solid materials. Therefore the heat flux due to conduction is smaller in non
contacting regions leading to increased thermal resistance at the interface. So rough surfaces
have thermal resistance.
8.Distinguish between fin efficiency and its effectiveness.(Nov 2015) (May 2013)
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer by the fin to the maximum
possible heat transferred by the fin.
Q fin
η fin =
Qmax
Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that without fin
Q with fin
Fin effectiveness =
Qwithout fin
9.What is meant by lumped heat capacity analysis? (Nov 2014) (May 2013)
In heat transfer analysis, some bodies are observed to behave like a "lump" whose entire body
temperature remains essentially uniform at all times during a heat transfer process. The
temperature of such bodies can be taken to be a function of time only. Heat transfer analysis
which utilizes this idealization is known as the lumped system analysis.
It is applicable when the Biot number (the ratio of conduction resistance within the body to
convection resistance at the surface of the body) is less than or equal to 0.1.
10.Write any two examples of heat conduction with heat generation (May 2014)
i) Resistance heater wires - resistance heating in wires is conversion of electrical energy to heat
and heat energy is conducted along the wire
ii)A nuclear fuel rod - Heat is generated in rod and conducted along it
11.Define critical thickness of insulation with its significance (May 2014)

Addition of insulating material on a surface does not reduce the amount of heat transfer
rate always. In fact under certain circumstances it actually increases the heat loss up to certain
thickness of insulation. The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer is maximum is called
critical radius of insulation, and the corresponding thickness is called critical thickness.
13. Define the term thermal conductivity. Also list the behavior, liquid and gases thermal
conductivity for increases in temperature (Nov 2012)
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
For liquid and gases, the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move and the higher
the number of such collisions, and the better the heat transfer.

14. Write the three dimensional heat transfer poisson and Laplace equation in Cartesian
co-ordinates. (May 2012)
Poission equation
Laplace equation
15.A 3mm wire of thermal cconductivity

onductivity 19 W/mK at a steady heat generation of 500
MW/m3. Determine the centre temperature if the outside temperature is maintained at
25°C (May 2012)
Given data.
R= 3mm=0.003
K= 19 W/mK
Q=500 MW/m3
T∞ =25oC
Solution.
TW = T∞ + qR/2h
= 25 + (500* 106*0.003)/(2*4500)
=191.66 oC
Tr = TW + q/4k(R2-r2)
= 196.66 + (500*106)/(4*19)(0.0032- 0)
=250.87 oC
16. List down the three types of boundary conditions
(i) Prescribed temperature
(ii) Prescribed heat flux
(iii)Convection boundary conditions
17. What is the significance of Biot number and fourier number?
Biot number is used to find lumped heat analysis, semi infinite solid and infinite solid.
Fourier number signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect of a solid.
18. What are Heisler charts?
In Heisler chart, the solutions for temperature distributions and heat flow in plane walls,
long cylinders and spheres with finite internal and surface resistance are presented. Heisler charts
are nothing but a analytical solutions in the form of graph.

Part B-Questions
Unit 1-Conduction
Topics Repetition
Cartesian Coordinates Nov-15 Nov-14
cylindrical coordinates May-14
Plane wall problems Nov-15 Nov-14 Nov-14 Nov-13 Apr-16 May-12 Nov-11
Hollow cylinder problems Apr-17 Nov-16 Apr-15 May-14 Nov-12
Critical radius of Insulation
Derivation Nov-16
Internal Heat generation
Types of Fin Apr-17 Apr-15 May-13
Fin derivation May-14
Apr-17 Nov-16 Nov-15 May-14 Nov-14 May-13 Nov-13
Fin Problems
May-12 Nov-11
Lumped heat Analysis Apr-15 Nov-13 Nov-12 May-12
Semi Infinite solid Apr-17 Nov-16
Plane wall
1. A furnace wall consists of 200mm layer of refractory bricks, 6mm layer of steel pale and 100mm
layer of insulation bricks. The maximum temperature of the wall is 1150C on the furnace side and the
minimum temperature is 40°C on the outermost side of the wall. An accurate energy balance over the
furnace shows that the heat loss from wall is 400 W/m2. It is know that there is a thin layer of air
between the layer of refractory bricks and steel plate. Thermal conductivity for the three layers are
1.52, 45 and 0.138 W/m°C respectively find
(1) To how many millimeter of insulation bricks is the air layer equivalent?
(2) What is the temperature of the outer surface of the steel plate? (Nov 2014)
2. Compute the heat loss per square meter surface area of a 40cm thick furnace wall having surface
temperature of 300°C and 50°C if the thermal conductivity k of the wall material is given by
k=0.005T-5x10-6 T2 where T= temperature in C (Nov 2014)
3. consider a 1.2 m high and 2 m wide double-pane window consisting of two 3 mm thick layers of glass
(k=0.78 w/mk) separated by a 12 mm wide stagnant air space (k=0.026 w/mk). Determine the steady
rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the temperature of its inner surface when
the room is maintained at 24oC while the temperature of the outdoors is -15 oC . Take the convection
heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surface of the window to be 10 w/m2 k and 25 w/m2 k
respectively.(Nov 2015)
4. A furnace wall is made up of three layers of thicknesses 25 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm with thermal
conductivities of 1.65, k and 9.2 W/mK respectively. The inside is exposed to gases at 1250°C with a
convection coefficient of 25 W/m2°C and the inside surface is at 1100°C, the outside surface is
exposed to air at 25°C with convection coefficient of 12 W/m2K. Determine (1) The unknown
thermal conductivity (ii) The overall heat transfer coefficient (iii) All the surface temperatures.
(May 2012)

5. The door of an industrial furnace is 2 m x 4 m in surface area and is to be insulated to reduce the heat
loss to not more than 1200 W/m2. The interior and exterior walls of the door are 10 mm and 7 mm
thick steel sheets (k = 25 W/m K). Between these two sheets, a suitable thickness of insulation
material is to be placed. The effective gas temperature inside the furnace is 1200°C and the overall
heat transfer coefficient between the gas and door is 20 W/m2K. The heat transfer coefficient outside
the door is 5W/m2°C. The surrounding air temperature is 20°C. Select suitable insulation material and
its size. (Nov 2013)
6. A 3-m-high and 5-m-wide wall consists of long 16-cm 22-cm cross section horizontal bricks (k =
0.72 W/m °C) separated by 3-cm-thick plaster layers (k =0.22 W/m °C). There are also 2-cm-thick
plaster layers on each side of the brick and a 3-cm-thick rigid foam (k =0.026 W/m °C) on the inner
side of the wall. The indoor and the outdoor temperatures are 20°C and -10°C, and the convection
heat transfer coefficients on the inner and the outer sides are h1=10 W/m2 °C and h2= W/m2oC.
Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer and disregarding radiation, determine the rate of heat
transfer through the wall.
Hollow Cylinder
7. Steam at 3200C flows in a cast iron pipe (k=80 W/mK) whose inner and other diameters are D1=5 cm
and D2=5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation with k=0.05
W/mK . Heat is lost to the surroundings at 50 C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined
heat transfer coefficient of h2= 18 W/m2K. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be
h1=60 W/m2K, Determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also
determine the temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation. (April 2017)
8. Hot air at a temperature of 65°C if flowing through steel pipe of 120 mm diameter. The pipe is
covered with two layer of different insulating material of thickness 60 mm and 40 mm, and their
corresponding thermal conductivities are 0.24 and 0.4 W/mK. The inside and outside heat transfer
coefficients are 60 W/m2K and 12W/m2K respectively.The atmosphere is at 20°C. Find the 'Rate, of
heat loss .from. 60 m length of pipe.(May 2014)
9. A 150 mm steam pipe has inside diameter of 120 mm and outside diameter of 160 mm. It is insulated
at the outside with asbestos. The steam temperature is 150°C and the air temperature is 20°C h (steam
side)= 100 W/m2oC, h (air side)= 100 W/m2°C, K(asbestos) = 0.8W/m°C and K (steel) = 42 W/m°C.
How thick should the asbestos be provided in order to limit the heat losses to 2.1 kW/m2? (Nov
2012)
10. A steel pipe line(k=50 W/mK) of ID 100mm and OD 110mm is to be covered with two layers of
insulation each having thickness of 50 mm. The thermal conductivity of the first insulation material is
0.06 W/mK and that of the second is 0.12 W/mK. Calculate the loss of heat per meter length of pipe
and the interface temperature between the two layers of insulation when the temperature of the inside
tube surface is 2500 C and that of the outside surface of the insulation is 500C.(Apr 2015)
11. An electrical wire of 10 m length and 1mm diameter dissipates 200 W in air at 250C. The convection
heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and air is 15W/m2K. Calculate the critical radius of
insulation and also determine the temperature of wire if it insulated to the critical thickness of
insulation. Take k=0.15W/m0C.(Dec 2006)
12. A 3-mm-diameter and 5-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2-mm thick plastic cover
whose thermal conductivity is k= 0.15 W/m · °C. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of
10 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is
exposed to a medium at T∞= 30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of h =12 W/m2 °C, determine the
temperature at the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation. Also determine

whether doubling the thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this interface
temperature.
Fins
13. One end of a very long aluminium rod is connected to a wall at 1400C, while the other end protrudes
into a room whose air temperature is 150C. the rod is 3mm in diameter and the heat transfer
coefficient between the rod surface ans environment is 300 W/m2K. Estimate the total heat dissipated
by the rod taking its thermal conductivity as 150 W/mK.
14. A cylinder 1 m long and 5 cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at 45 oC . It is provided with 10

longitudinal straight fins of material having k=120 w/mk. The height of 0.76 mm thick fins is 1.27 cm
from the cylinder surface. The heat transfer coefficient between cylinder and atmospheric air is 17
W/m2 k. calculate the rate of heat transfer and the temperature at the end of fins if surface temperature
of cylinder is 150 oC.(Nov 2015)
15. Find out the amount of heat transfer through an iron fin of length 50mm, width 100mm and thickness
5 mm. Assume k =120kJ/mh°C an h=42kJ/m2h°C for the material of the fin and the temperature at the
base of the fin as 80°C. Also determine the temperature at tip of the fin, if atmosphere temperature is
20°C. (Nov 2014)
16. Circumferential aluminium fins (k=200 W/mK) of rectangular profile (1.5 cm wide x 1 cm thick) are
fitted onto a 2.5 cm diameter tube. The fin base temperatures are 1700C and the ambient air
temperature is 250C. Estimate the heat loss per fin. The heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ may be taken as
130 W/m2K. (April 2017)
17. Aluminum fins, 1.5 cm long and 1 mm thick are placed on a 2.5 cm diameter tube to dissipate heat.
The tube surface temperature is 100°C and the ambient temperature is 25°C. Find the heat loss per fin
if the heat transfer coefficient between the fin surface and the ambient is 65 W/m2K. Assume k = 200
W/mK for aluminum. (May 2013)
18. A body of an electric motor is 300 mm in diameter and 240 mm long. It dissipates 360 W of heat and
its surface temperature should not exceed 550C. Longitudinal fin of 15 mm thickness and 40 mm
height are proposed. The heat transfer coefficient is 40 W/m2K. When the ambient temperature 300C
Determine the number of lines required, if k of the fin material is 40 W/mK. (Nov 2016)
19. A turbine blade 6 cm long and having a .cross-sectional area 4.65 cm` and perimeter 12 cm is made of
stainless steel (k = 23.3 W/m.K). The temperature at the root is 500°C. The blade is exposed to a hot
gas at 870°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the blade surface and, gas 'is 44:2 W/m2K.
Determine the temperature distribution and rate of heat flow at the root of the blade. Assume the tip
of the blade to be insulated. (Nov 2013)
20. A temperature rise of, 50°C in a circular shaft of 50 mm diameter is caused by the amount of heat
generated due to friction in the bearing mounted on the crankshaft. The thermal conductivity of shaft
material is 55 W/mK and heat transfer coefficient is 7 W/m2K. Determine the amount of heat
transferred through shaft assume that the shaft is a rod of infinite length.(May 2014)
21. A steel rod (k=32 W/m°C), 12mm in diameter and 60 mm long, with an insulated end is to be used as
a spine. It is exposed to surroundings with temperature of 600C and a heat transfer coefficient of 55
W/m20C. The temperature at the base of the fin is 950C. Determine i) The fin efficiency ii) The
temperature at the edge of the spine iii)The heat dissipation.
22. Pin fins are provided to increase the heat transfer rate from a hot surface. Which of the following
arrangement will give higher heat transfer rate?
(1) 6-fins of 10 cm length (2) 12-fins of 5 cm length.
Take K of fin material = 200 W/mK and h = 20 W/m2°C cross-sectional area of the fin = 2 cm2; Perimeter
of fin = 4 cm; Fin base temperature = 230°C; Surrounding air temperature = 30°C. (May 2012)

Transient Heat Conduction
23. A steel ball 50 mm in diameter and at 900°C is placed in still air of 30°C. Calculate the initial rate of
cooling of ball in °C/min. Take p = 7800 kg/m3; C = 2 kJ/kg°C; h = 30 W/m2°C. Neglect the internal
resistance of the ball. (May 2012)
24. A metallic sphere of radius 10 mm is initially at a uniform temperature of 4000C. It is heat treated by
first cooling it in air (h=10 W/m2°K) at 20°C until its central temperature reaches 335°C it is then
quenched in water bath at 200C with h= 6000 W/m2°K until the centre of the sphere cools from 335°C
to 50°C. Compute the time required for cooling in air and water for the following physical properties
of the sphere density= 3000kg/m3, specific heat =1000J/kgK, thermal conductivity =20W/mK,
thermal diffusivity =6.66x10-6m2/s.
25. The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple whose junction can be
approximated as a 1-mm-diameter sphere. The properties of the junction are k =35 W/m °C, ρ=8500
kg/m3. Thermocouple wire and Cp =320 J/kg · °C, and the convection heat transfer coefficient
between the junction and the gas is h =210 W/m2°C .Determine how long it will take for the
thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature difference.
26. A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room whose temperature is 20°C. The temperature of the body is
measured to be 25°C when found, and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be h= 8 W/m2°C.
Modeling the body as a 30-cm-diameter, 1.70-m-long cylinder, estimate the time of death of that
person.
27. An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5-cm-diameter sphere. The egg is initially at a uniform
temperature of 5°C and is dropped into boiling water at 95°C. Taking the convection heat transfer
coefficient to be h = 1200 W/m2°C, determine how long it will take for the center of the. egg to reach
70°C. (Nov 2013)
28. In a production facility, large brass plates of 4 cm thickness that are initially at a uniform temperature
of 20°C are heated by passing them through an oven that is maintained at 500°C . The plates remain
in the oven for a period of 7 min. Taking the combined convection and radiation heat transfer
coefficient to be h =120 W/m2°C. Determine the surface temperature of the plates when they come
out of the oven.
Semi Infinite solid
29. The ground at a particular location is covered with snow pack at -10 0C for a continuous period of
three months, and the average soil properties at that location are k=0.4 W/mK and α=0.15x10 -6 m2/S.
Assuming an initial uniform temperature of 150C for the ground, determine the minimum burial depth
to prevent the water pipes from freezing. (April 2017)
30. Determine the minimum depth at which one must place a water main below the soil surface to avoid
freezing. The soil is initially at a uniform temperature of 200C in server winter condition it is
subjected to a temperature of 150C for a period of 60 days. Use the following properties of the soil:
ρ=2050 kg/m3, C=1840 J/kg k and k=0.52 W/mK. (Nov 2016)
Derivation
1. General Heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates.
2. General heat conduction equation in cylindrical or polar coordinates.
3. critical radius of insulation for a cylindrical system
4. Types of fin.
5. Temperature distribution and heat dissipation in fin
6. Lumped heat analysis

Consider a cylinder having thermal conductivity K. Let r1 and r0 inner and outer radii of
insulation.
Ti − T∞
Heat transfer Q =
r 
In  0 
 r1 
2π KL
Considering h be the outside heat transfer co-efficient.
Ti − T∞
∴Q =
r 
In  0 
 r1  + 1
2π KL A 0h
Here A 0 = 2π r0L
Ti − T∞
⇒Q=
r 
In  0 
 r1  + 1
2π KL 2π r0Lh
To find the critical radius of insulation, differentiate Q with respect to r0 and equate it to
zero.
 1 1 
0 − (Ti − T∞ )  − 2
⇒
dQ
=  2π KLr0 2π hLr0 
dr0 1 r  1
In  0  +
2π KL  r1  2π hLr0
since (Ti − T∞ ) ≠ 0
1 1
⇒ − =0
2π KLr0 2π hLr0 2
K
⇒ r0 = = rc
h

Unit 2 Convection
1.What are the differences between natural and forced convection? (Nov 2016)
Convection is called forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by
external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind. In contrast, convection is called natural (or
free) convection if the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by density
differences due to the variation of temperature in the fluid.
2. How Reynolds and colburn analogies differ with each other. (April 2017)
which is known as the Reynolds analogy. This is an important analogy since it allows us to
determine the heat transfer coefficient for fluids with Pr =1 from a knowledge of friction
coefficient which is easier to measure.
3.Define Grashof number and explain its significance in free convection heat transfer.(Nov
2015) (Nov 2014) (April 2017)
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of viscous
force.
Inertia force × Buyoyancy force
Gr =
(Viscous force)2
4.Define velocity boundary layer thickness.(Apr 2015)

The region of the flow above the plate bounded by δ in which the effects of the viscous shearing
forces caused by fluid viscosity are felt is called the velocity boundary layer. The boundary
layer thickness is typically defined as the distance y from the surface at which
5.Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow.(Apr 2015) (May 2013)

Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the fluid
moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid particles in
each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.

Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregu
irregular
lar flow is frequency
observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any individual particle
is zig – zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent flow.
6. What is Dittus-Boelter equation? When does it apply?(Nov 2015)
where n = 0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling of the fluid flowing
through the tube. This equation is known as the Dittus–Boelter equation. It is applied for fully
developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes.
7.Define Prandtl Number (Nov 2014)

Prandtl number is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the thermal diffusivity.
Momentum diffusivity
Pr =
Thermal diffusivity
8.Differentiate viscous sub layer and buffer layer. (May 2014)

The very thin layer next to the wall where the viscous effect
effectss are dominant is the laminar
sublayer or viscous sublayer. The velocity profile in this layer is nearly linear, and the flow is
streamlined. Next to the laminar sublayer is the buffer layer, in which the turbulent effects are
significant but not dominant of the diffusion effects.
9.Why heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is much lesser than that for forced
convection? (Nov 2013)
The convection heat transfer coefficient will usually be higher in forced convection and lower in
free convection since heat transfer coefficient depends on the fluid velocity, and free convection
involves lower fluid velocities.
10.Define critical Reynolds number. What is its typical value for flow over a flat plate and
flow through pipe? (May 2013)
The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent is called the critical Reynolds
number. The value of the critical Reynolds number is different for different geometries. For
flow over a flat plate, the generally accepted value of the critical Reynolds number is 5x105 and
for tubes 2000.
11.What are the dimensionless parameter used in forced and free convection heat transfer
analysis? (May 2012)
Free convection heat transfer
Nu = C(Re)m (Pr)n
Free convection heat transfer
Nu = C (Pr)n (Gr)m
Re = Reynolds number

Pr = prandtl number
Gr = Grashoff number
12.Define the term boundary layer (Thermal) (May 2012)

The flow region over the surface in which the temperature variation in the direction normal to the
surface is significant is the thermal boundary layer.
Thermal boundary layer develops when a fluid at a specified temperature flows over a surface
that is at a different temperature.
13.List the parameters that influence the heat transfer coefficient. (Nov 2012)
The convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a property of the fluid. It is an experimentally
determined parameter whose value depends on all the variables influencing convection such as
the surface geometry, the nature of fluid motion, the properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid
velocity.
14.Physically, what does the Grashof number represent and how does it differ from
Reynolds number? (Nov 2012)
Grashof number represent whether the flow is laminar or turbulent in natural convection.
It differ from Reynolds number by instead of inertia force buoyancy force involved in it

Unit II-Convection
Topics Repetition
Boundary layer theory Nov-15 Apr-15 May-14 May-13 Nov-13
Forced Convection
External Flow
Flat plate Apr-17 Nov-16 Nov-15 Apr-15 May-13 Nov-13 Nov-12
Cylinder Nov-15 Nov-14
Sphere Nov-16
Internal Flow-Tubes Apr-17 Apr-15 May-14
Free Convection
Plate Apr-17 Nov-16 May-14 Nov-14 Nov-13
Tube Nov-12
cylinder Nov-15 May-13 Nov-12
sphere Nov-16 Nov-14 May-12
Forced Convection
External flow
Flat plate
1. Castor oil at 25°C flows at a velocity of 0.1 m/s part a flat plate, in a certain process. If
the plate is 4.5 m long and is maintained at a uniform temperature of 95°C, calculate the
following :
(i) The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses on one side of the plate
(ii) The total drag force per unit width on one side of the plate
(iii) The local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge and
(iv) The heat transfer rate; properties of oil at 60°C are ρ = 956.8 kg/m3; = 7.2 x 10-8 m2/s;
k = 0.213 W/mK; v = 0.65 x 10-4 m2/s. (16) (May 2012)
2. An air stream at 0 oC is flowing along a heated plate at 90 oC at a speed of 75 m/s. the

plate is 45 cm long and 60 cm wide. Calculate the average values of friction coefficient
for the full length of the plate. Also calculate the rate of energy dissipation from the
plate.(Nov 2015)
3. Air flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 10 m/s. air and surface temperature of the
plate are 200C and 5800C respectively. Calculate the amount of heat transferred per
meter width from both sides of the plate over a distance of 40 cm from the leading edge.
(April 2017)
4. A 0.5 m high flat plate of glass at 93°C is removed from an annealing furnace and hung
vertically in the air at 28°C, 1 atm. Calculate the initial rate of heat transfer to the air.
The plate is 1 m wide. (Nov 2012)

5. Water at 60°C and a velocity of 2 cm/s flows over a 5 m long flat plate which is
maintained at a temperature of 20°C. Determine the total drag force and the rate of heat
transfer per unit width of the entire plate. (May 2013)
6. Air at a pressure of 8 kN/m2 and a temperature of 2500C flows over a flat plate 0.3 m
wide and 1 m long at a velocity of 8 m/s. if the plate is to be maintained at a temperature
of 780C .Estimate the rate of heat to be removed continuously from the plate. (Nov
2016)
7. An aeroplane flies with a speed of 450 km/h at a height where the surrounding air has a
temperature of 1°C and pressure of 65 cm of Hg. The aeroplane wing idealised as a flat
plate 6 m long, 1.2 m wide is maintained at 19°C. If the flow is made parallel to the 1.2
m width. Calculate: (1) Heat loss from the wing; (2) Drag force on the wing. (Nov
2013)
8. The local atmospheric pressure in nainital, is 83.4 kPa. Air at this pressure and 20°C
flows with a velocity of 8 m/s over a 1.5 m x6 m flat plate whose temperature is 140°C.
Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate if the air flows parallel to the (a) 6-m-
long side and (b) the 1.5-m side.
9. Air at 20 C flows over a thin plate with a velocity of 3m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 1m
wide. Estimate the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate and the total
drag force experienced by the plate. Also calculate the mass flow of air which enters the
boundary layer between x=30 cm and x=80 cm. the physical properties of air at 200C.
10. Atmospheric air at 275 K and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5
m long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325 K. Calculate the average heat
transfer coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is laminar, the average
heat transfer coefficient over the entire length of the plate and total heat transfer rate
from the plate to the air over the length 1.5 m and width 1m.Assume transition occurs at
Rec = 2x105.
11. A flat plate 1m wide and 1.5 m long is to be maintained at 900C in air with free stream
temperature of 100C. Determine the velocity with which air must flow over flat plate
along 1.5 m side, so that rate of energy dissipation from the plate is 3.75 kW. Take
properties of air at 50 0C. ρ=1.09 kg/m3, k=0.028W/m0C, Cp=1.007 kJ/kg0C,
µ =2.03x10-5 kg/m-s, pr=0.7
Cylinder
12. Assuming that a man can be represented by a cylinder 30cm in diameter and 1.7m high
with a surface temperature of 30C. calculate the heat he would lose while standing in a
36km/h wind at 100C (Nov 2014)
13. A long 10 cm diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 110 oC passes
through some open area that is not protected again the winds. Determine the rate of heat
loss from the pipe per unit length when the air is at 1atm and 10 oC and the wind is
blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s.(Nov 2015)

14. Air at 40 C flows over a tube with a velocity of 30 m/s. The tube surface temperature is
120 C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for following cases i) Tube could be
square with a side of 6 cm. ii) Tube is circular cylinder of diameter 6cm.
Sphere
15. A heated sphere having a diameter of 30 mm is maintained at a temperature of 900C and
is placed in water stream at 200C. The water flow velocity is 3.5 m/s. Calculate the heat
loss from the sphere. (Nov 2016)
16. Air at 300C, 0.2 m/s flows across a 120 W electric bulb at 130 0C. Find the heat transfer
and power lost due to convection if bulb diameter is 70 mm.
Internal Flow-Tubes
17. Engine oil flows through a 50 mm diameter tube at an average temperature of 1470C.
The flow velocity is 80 cm/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube
wall is maintained at a temperature of 2000C and it is 2 m long. (April 2017)
18. In a straight tube of 50 mm diameter, water is flowing at 15m/s. The tube surface
temperature is maintained, at 60°C and the flowing water is heated from the inlet
temperature 15°C to an outlet temperature of 45°C. Calculate the. heat transfer
coefficient from the tube surface to the water and length of the tube (May 2014)
19. Water at 250C flows through a tube of 50 mm diameter. Determine the flow rate that
will result in a Reynolds number of 1600. The tube is provided with nichrome heating
element on its surface and receives a constant heat flux of 800 W/m length of tube.
Determine the average heat transfer coefficient between the water and tube wall,
assuming fully developed conditions. Also determine the length of the tube for the bulk
temperature of water to rise from 250C to 500C.
Free Convection
Plate
20. A horizontal heated plate measuring 1.5 m x 1.1 m and at 215°C, facing upwards is
placed in still air at 25°C. Calculate the heat loss by natural convection. Use the relation
h = 3.05 (Tf)1/4, Tf= Mean film temperature.(May 2014)
21. A two stroke motor cycle petrol engine cylinder consists of 15 annular fins. If outside
and inside diameters of each tin are 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively. The average fin
surface temperature is 475°C and they are exposed in air at 25°C. Calculate the heat
transfer rate from the fins for the following condition (i) When motor cycle is at rest. (ii)
When motor cycle is running at a speed of 60 km/h. The fin may be idealized as a single
horizontal flat plate of same area. (Nov 2013)
22. Consider a 0.6m x 0.6 m thin square plate in a room at 300C. One side of the plate is
maintained at a temperature of 900C, while the other side is insulated. Determine the
rate of heat transfer from the plate by natural convection if the plate is (i) vertical (ii)

horizontal with hot surface facing up, and (iii) horizontal with hot surface facing down.
(April 2017)
23. A metal plate 0.609m high forms the vertical wall of an oven and is at a temperature of
1610C. within the over air is at a temperature of 930C and one atmosphere. Assuming
that natural convection condition hold near the plate, estimate the mean heat transfer
coefficient and the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate. (Nov 2014)
24. Find the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.6 m wide and 1.2 m high maintained at a
temperature of 90°C in a room at 14°C. Consider the radiator as a vertical plate. (May
2012)
25. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire length from a vertical
plate of height 2 m to the surrounding air, if it is known that the surface temperature of
the plate is 1050C. Assume the ambient temperature is 150C. (Nov 2016)
Cylinder
26. A horizontal pipe of 6 m length and 8cm diameter passes through a large room in which
the air and walls are at 18°C. The pipe outer surface is at 70°C. Find the rate of heat loss
from the pipe by natural convection. (May 2013)
27. A fine wire having a diameter of 0.02 mm is maintained at a constant temperature of

54°C by an electric current. The wire is exposed to air at 1 atm. and 0°C. Calculate the
electric power necessary to maintain the wire temperature if the length is 50 cm. (Nov
2012)
28. A 6 m long section of an 8 cm diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes through a large
room whose temperature is 200C. If the outer surface temperature and emissivity of the
pipe are 70C and 0.8 respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the pipe by
natural convection and radiation.(Nov 2015)
Tube
29. Air at 200 kPa and 200°C is heated as it flows through a tube with a diameter of 25 mm
at a unit length of the tube. If a constant heat-flux condition is maintained at the wall
and the wall temperature is 20°C above the air temperature, all along the length of the
tube. How, much would the bulk temperature increases over 3 m length of the tube?
(12) (Nov 2012)
Sphere
30. Calculate the heat transfer from a 60 W incandescent bulb at 115°C to ambient air at
25°C. Assume the bulb as a sphere of 50 mm diameter. Also find the % of power lost by
free convection. (May 2012)
31. A 10mm diameter spherical steel ball at 2600C is immersed in air at 900C Estimate the
rate of convective heat loss. (Nov 2016)(Nov 2014)
Theory questions
1.Boundary layer theory on flat plate.

A flat plate 1m wide and 1.5 m long is to be maintained at 900C in air with free stream
temperature of 100C. Determine the velocity with which air must flow over flat plate along 1.5 m
side, so that rate of energy dissipation from the plate is 3.75 kW. Take properties of air at 500C.
ρ=1.09 kg/m3, k=0.028W/m0C, Cp=1.007 kJ/kg0C,µ =2.03x10-5 kg/m-s, pr=0.7

Boundary layer on a flat plate
Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a flat plate. Surfaces that are slightly contoured
such as turbine blades can also be approximated as flat plates with reasonable accuracy. The x-
coordinate is measured along the plate surface from the leading edge of the plate in the direction
of the flow, and y is measured from the surface in the normal direction. The fluid approaches the
plate in the x-direction with a uniform upstream velocity of V, which is practically identical to
the free-stream velocity uα over the plate away from the surface.
The velocity of the particles in the first fluid layer adjacent to the plate becomes zero
because of the no-slip condition. This motionless layer slows down the particles of the
neighboring fluid layer as a result of friction between the particles of these two adjoining fluid
layers at different velocities. This fluid layer then slows down the molecules of the next layer,
and so on. Thus, the presence of the plate is felt up to some normal distance δ from the plate
beyond which the free-stream velocity uα remains essentially unchanged. As a result, the x-
component of the fluid velocity, u, will vary from 0 at y =0 to nearly uα at y=δ
The region of the flow above the plate bounded by δ in which the effects of the viscous
shearing forces caused by fluid viscosity are felt is called the velocity boundary layer. The
boundary layer thickness, δ, is typically defined as the distance y from the surface at which u
=0.99 uα.

Unit 3 Phase Change and Heat Exchanger
1.Draw the pool boiling curve for water. (April 2017) (or) What are the different
regimes involved in pool boiling? (May 2014)
2.What is pool boiling? Give an example for it.(Nov 2014)

If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process referred to as
pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and its motion
near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by bubble growth and detachment.
Ex. Boiling of water in pan on top of a stove
3.Give examples for pool boiling and flow boiling. (Nov 2016)
Pool boiling
completely submerged electrically heated coil in pool of liquid
b. boiling of liquid in a kettle placed on stove.
Flow boiling
vapor and liquid flow in a pipe
4.What is the difference between boiling and condensation? (May 2012)

The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as boiling.
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as condensation.
5.What is burnout point in boiling heat transfer? Why is it called so? (May 2013)
The critical heat flux or burn out point is the point of maximum heat flux on the boiling curve at
which transition from nucleate to film boiling initiates. The temperature at this point is extremely
high. It is possible that the metal may get damaged or it may even melt.
6.What is meant by sub-cooled and saturated boiling?(Nov 2015)

The formation of bubbles at liquid temperature less than the saturation temperature gets
condensed after moving a short path is called sub cooled boiling.
When the liquid temperature exceeds the saturation temperature, the vapour bubbles are moved
through liquid due to buoyancy effects is called saturated boiling.
7. Distinguish the pool boiling from forced convection boiling (Nov2013)(Nov 2012)
Boiling is called pool boiling in the absence of bulk fluid flow, and flow boiling (or
forced convection boiling) in the presence of it.
In pool boiling, the fluid is stationary, and any motion of the fluid is due to natural
convection currents and the motion of the bubbles due to the influence of buoyancy.
8. What are the factors affecting nucleate boiling?

i) Material, shape, and condition of heating surface
ii) Liquid properties
iii) Pressure
iv) Mechanical agitation
9. What is meant by Film condensation and dropwise condensation?
If the condensate tends to wet the surface and thereby forma a liquid film, then the condensation
process is known as film condensation.
In dropwise condensation the vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of various sizes which
fall down the surface in random fashion.
10. Write down the assumptions for Nusselt analysis of film condensation.
i) The film of the liquid formed flows under gravity
ii) Condensate flow is laminar and fluid properties are constant
iii) Shear stress at the liquid vapour interface is negligible
iv) Condensing vapour is entirely clean and free from gases, air and impurities.
11. How heat exchangers are classified?(Apr 2015)

Bassed on nature of heat exchange process
i) Direct contact heat exchangers ii)Indirect contact heat exchangers
Relative direction of fluid motion
i) Parallel flow heat exchangers ii)Counter flow heat exchangers
ii) Cross flow heat exchangers
Design and constructional features
i) Shell and tube heat exchangers ii) Multiple shell and tube passes
ii) Compact heat exchangers.
Physical state of fluids
i) Condenser ii) Evaporator
12.What are fouling factors? (Nov 2016)

We know the surfaces of a heat exchangers do not remain clean after it has been in use for some
time. The surfaces become fouled with scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits the value
of overall heat transfer coefficient. This effect is taken care of by introducing an additional
thermal resistance called the fouling resistance.

13. Sketch the temperature variation of condenser and evaporator. (April 2017)
Condenser Evaporator
14.Discuss the advantage of NTU over LMTD method.(Apr 2015)(Nov 2015) (Nov 2012)
An advantage of the NTU method is its ability to predict the outlet temperatures without
resorting to a numerical iterative solution of a system of non linear equation.
15.What is meant by effectiveness? (Nov 2014)

The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum
possible heat transfer.
Actual heat transfer Q

Effectiveness ε = =
Maximum possible heat transfer Qmax
16.Write down the relation for overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger with
fouling factor.(May 2014)
Overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger
17.What are the limitation of LMTD method? How is –NTU method is superior to LMTD
method?(Nov 2013)
The LMTD cannot be used for determinati
determination
on of heat transfer rate and it is used for find the
outlet temperature of the hot and cold fluids for prescribed fluid mass flow rates and inlet
temperatures when type and size of heat exchanger are specified.

Effectiveness NTU is superior for the above case because LMTD requires tedious iterations for
the same.
18.Define LMTD of a heat exchanger and assumptions in LMTD analysis (May 2013)
LMTD is defined as that temperature difference which ,if constant would give the same rate of
heat transfer as actually occurs under variable conditions of temperature difference.
Q = U A (dT)m Where U – Overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2K A – Area m2
Assumptions
i) The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant.
ii) Heat capacity rate of both fluid are constant
iii) No change in phase of either fluids
iv) Change in potential and kinetic energy are negligible.
19.What is meant by compact heat exchanger? (May 2012)

There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat exchangers. They are
generally employed when convective heat transfer coefficient associated with one of the fluids is
much smaller than that associated with the other fluid.
20. What are the factors to be considered for selecting the heat exchangers?
i) Heat transfer rate
ii) Cost
iii) Pumping power
iv) Size and weight
v) Type
vi) Materials

Unit III- Phase Change Heat Transfer & Heat Exchangers
Topics Repetition
Regimes of pool boiling Apr-15 May-13
Regimes of flow boiling Nov-13
Boiling problems Apr-17 Nov-15 May-14 Nov-12 May-12
Condensaton problems Nov-16 Apr-15 Nov-14 Nov-13
Heat exchanger types May-14
Effectiveness derivation May-14
LMTD problems Nov-14 May-13 Nov-13
Cross flow heat exchanger
problems Apr-17 Nov-15 Apr-15 Nov-12 May-12
NTU problems Nov-16 May-13
Boiling
1. Water at atmospheric pressure is to be boiled in polished copper pan. The diameter of the
pan is 350 mm and is kept at 115°C. Calculate the following :
(i) Power of the burner
(ii) Rate of evaporation in kg/hr;
(iii) Critical heat flux and also calculate the voltage at the burnout point if at this point
carries a current of 200 Amps. (May 2012)
2. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a mechanically polished stainless steel

pan placed on top of a heating unit. The inner surface of the bottom of the pan is
maintained at 1080C. If the diameter of the bottom of the pan is 30cm, determine i) the
rate of heat transfer to the water and ii) the rate of evaporation of water. (April 2017)
3. The bottom of copper pan, 300 mm in diameter is maintained at 120°C by an electric

heater. Calculate the power required to boil water in this pan. What is the evaporation
rate? Estimate the critical heat flux. (Nov 2012)
4. A wire of 1 mm diameter and 150 mm length is submerged horizontally in water at 7 bar.

The wire carries a current of 131.5 ampere with an applied voltage of 2.15 Volt. If the
surface of the wire is maintained at 180°C, calculate the heat flux and the boiling heat
transfer coefficient. (May 2014)
5. Water is boiling on a horizontal tube whose wall temperature is maintained at 150C above
the saturation temperature of water. Calculate the nucleate boiling heat transfer
coefficient. Assume the water to be at a pressure of 10 atm. And also find the change in
value of heat transfer coefficient when i) The temperature difference is increased to 300C
at a pressure of 10 atm. ii)The pressure is raised to 20 atm at dt=150C

6. Water is boiled at a rate of 30 kg/hr in a copper pan 30 cm in diameter at atmospheric
pressure. Estimate the temperature of the bottom surface of the pan assume nucleate
boiling conditions.
7. Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by horizontal polished copper heating element of

diameter D=5mm and emissivity 0.05 immersed in water. If the surface temperature of
the heating wire is 3500 C, determine the rate of heat transfer from the wire to the water
per unit length of the wire.(Nov 2015)
Condensation
8. Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2-m-high and 3-m-wide vertical
plate that is maintained at 800C by circulating cooling water through the other side.
Determine:
(i) The rate of heat transfer by condensation to the plate and
(ii) The rate at which the condensate drips off the plate at the bottom. (Nov 2016)
9. The outer surface of a vertical tube, which is 1 m long and has an outer diameter of 80
mm, is exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric pressure and is maintained at 50°C by
the flow of cool water through the tube. What is the rate of heat transfer to coolant and
what is the rate at which steam is condensed at the surface? (Nov 2013)
10. A vertical tube of 50mm outside diameter and 2m long is exposed to steam at
atmospheric pressure. The outer surface of the tube is maintained at a temperature of
84°C by circulating cold water through the tube. Determine the rate of heat transfer and
also the condensate mass flow rate.(Nov 2014)
11. A 10x10 array of horizontal tubes of 1.27 cm diameter is exposed to pure steam at
atmospheric pressure. If the tube wall temperature is 980C, estimate the mass of steam
condensed assuming a tube length of 1.5 m.(Apr 2015)
Heat Exchanger
12. Hot oil with a capacity rate of 2500W/k flows through a double pipe heat exchanger. It
enters at 360 C and leaves at 3000C. cold fluid enters at 300C and leaves at 2000C.If the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 800W/m2K. Determine the heat exchanger area
required for i)parallel flow ii) counter flow(Nov 2014)
13. A counter-flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating oil for a
large industrial gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner tube
(di = 20 mm) is 0.18 kg/s while the flow rate of oil through the outer annulus (d. = 40
mm) is 0.12 kg/s. The inlet and outlet temperatures of oil are 95°C and 65°C respectively.
The water enters at 30°C to the exchanger. Neglecting tube wall thermal resistance,
fouling factors and heat loss to the surroundings, calculate the length of the tube. Take
the following properties at the bulk mean temperature:
Engine oil at 80°C ; C = 2131 J/kg°C ; µ= 0.0325 N-s/m2 ; k = 0.138 W/m°C ;

Water at 35°C : Cp = 4174 J/kg°C,. µ= 725 x 10-6 N-s/m2 ; k = 0.625 W/m°C, Pr = 4.85
(Nov 2013)
14. A counter-flow double pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 200C to 800C at a rate
of 1.2 kg/s. the heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water available at 1600C at a
mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. the inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. The
overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger in 640 W/m2K. Using the
effectiveness-NTU method determine the length of the heat exchanger required to
achieve the desired heating. (Nov 2016)
15. A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerine from 200C to
500C by water which enters the thin walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at 800C and leaves at
400C. the total length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 m. the convection heat
transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2K on the glycerine (shell) side and 160 W/m2K on the
water (tube) side. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (i) before any
fouling and (ii) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m2/kW occurs on the outer
surfaces of the tubes. (April 2017)
16. Water enters a cross flow heat exchanger (both fluid unmixed) at 50C and flows of 4600
kg/h of air that is initially at 400C. Assume the overall heat transfer coefficient value to
be 150 W/m2K. For an exchanger surface area of 25 m2. Calculate the exit temperature of
air and water.
17. Hot oil (CP=2200 j/kg k) is to be cooled by water (CP =4180 j/kg k) in a 2-shell pass and
12-tube-pass heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper with a
diameter of 1.8 cm. the length of each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 3 m, and the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 w/m2 k. water flows through the tube at a total rate
of 0.1 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. the water and the oil enter at
temperatures 18 oC and 160 oC, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the
heat exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the water and the oil.(Nov 2015)
18. Hot exhaust gases which enter a cross-flow heat exchanger at 300°C and leave at 100°C
are used to heat water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 to 125°C. The specific heat of the
gas is 1000 J/kg.K and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side surface
is 100 W/m2 .K Find the required gas side surface area using the NTU method and
LMTD method. (12) (May 2013)
19. Water at the rate of 4 kg/s is heated from 40°C to 55°C in a shell and tube heat
exchanger. On shell side one pass is used with water as heating fluid (Tit= 2 kg/s),
entering the exchanger at 95°C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500 W/m2°C and
the average water velocity in the 2 cm diameter tubes is 0.5 m/s. Because of space
limitations the tube length must not exceed 3 m. Calculate the number of tube passes,
keeping in mind the design constraint. (Nov 2012)

20. Hot gases enter a finned tube, cross flow heat exchanger with a flow rate of 1.5 kg/s and a
temperature of 2500C. The gases are used to heat water entering the exchanger at a flow
rate of 1 kg/s and an inlet temperature of 350 C. on the gas side, the overall heat transfer
coefficient and the area are 100 W/m2K and 40 m2 respectively. What is the rate of heat
transfer by the heat exchanger and what are the gas and water exit temperature? Assume
Cp of gas as 1.0 kJ/kgK.
21. Calculate for the following cases, the surface area required for a heat exchanger which is
required to cool 3200 kg/hr of benzene (Cp = 1.74 kJ/kgK) from 72°C to 42°C. The
cooling water (Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg°C) at 15°C has a flow rate of 2200 kg/hr.
(i) Single pass counter-flow
(ii) 1- 4 exchanger (one-shell pass and four-tube passes) and
(iii) Cross flow single pass with water mixed and benzene unmixed.
Assume all the cases U = 0.28 kW/m2K (May 2012)
Derivation and theory part

1. pool boiling regimes
2. Flow boiling regimes
3. Types of heat exchanger
4. LMTD for parallel flow and counter flow
5. Effectiveness for parallel flow heat exchanger

Calculate for the following cases, the surface area required for a heat exchanger which is
required to cool 3200 kg/hr of benzene (Cp = 1.74 kJ/kgK) from 72°C to 42°C. The cooling
water (Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg°C) at 15°C has a flow rate of 2200 kg/hr.
(i) Single pass counter-flow
(ii) 1- 4 exchanger (one-shell pass and four-tube passes) and
(iii) Cross flow single pass with water mixed and benzene unmixed.
Assume all the cases U = 0.28 kW/m2K (May 2012)

Regimes of flow boiling
The different stages encountered in flow boiling in a heated tube are illustrated in Fig together
with the variation of the heat transfer coefficient along the tube. Initially, the liquid is subcooled
and heat transfer to the liquid is by forced convection.
Then bubbles start forming on the inner surfaces of the tube, and the detached bubbles
are drafted into the mainstream. This gives the fluid flow a bubbly appearance, and thus
the name bubbly flow regime.
As the fluid is heated further, the bubbles grow in size and eventually coalesce into slugs
of vapor. Up to half of the volume in the tube in this slugflow regime is occupied by
vapor.
After a while the core of the flow consists of vapor only, and the liq liquid
uid is confined only
in the annular space between the vapor core and the tube walls. This is the annular-flow
regime, and very high heat transfer coefficients are realized in this regime. As the
heating continues, the annular liquid layer gets thinner and thinner, and eventually dry
spots start to appear on the inner surfaces of the tube. The appearance of dry spots is
accompanied by a sharp decrease in the heat transfer coefficient.
This transition regime continues until the inner surface of the tube is completely dry.
Any liquid at this moment is in the form of droplets suspended in the vapor core, which
resembles a mist, and we have a mist-flow regime until all the liquid droplets are
vaporized.

Regimes of pool boiling
Four different boiling regimes are observed: natural convection boiling, nucleate boiling,
transition boiling, and film boiling. These regimes are illustrated on the boiling curve in Fig,
which is a plot of boiling heat flux versus the excess temperature.
Natural Convection Boiling (to Point A on the Boiling Curve)

The fluid motion in this mode of boiling is governed by natural convection currents, and heat
transfer from the heating surface to the fluid is by natural convection.
Nucleate Boiling (between Points A and C)
The first bubbles start forming at point A of the boiling curve at various preferential sites on the
heating surface. The bubbles form at an increasing rate atan increasing number of nucleation
sites as we move along the boiling curve toward point C.
The nucleate boiling regime can be separated into two distinct regions. In region A–B, isolated
bubbles are formed at various preferential nucleation sites on the heated surface. But these
bubbles are dissipated in the liquid shortly after they separate from the surface.
In region B–C, the heater temperature is further increased, and bubbles form at such great rates at
such a large number of nucleation sites that they form numerous continuous columns of vapor in
the liquid. These bubbles move all the way up to the free surface, where they break up and
release their vapor content. The large heat fluxes obtainable in this region are caused by the
combined effect of liquid entrainment and evaporation. At large values of Texcess, the rate of
evaporation at the heater surface reaches such high values that a large fraction of the heater
surface is covered by bubbles, making it difficult for the liquid to reach the heater surface and
wet it. Consequently, the heat flux increases at a lower rate with increasing Texcess, and reaches a
maximum at point C. The heat flux at this point is called the critical (or maximum) heat flux,
qmax.
Transition Boiling (between Points C and D on the Boiling Curve)
As the heater temperature and thus the Texcess is increased past point C, the heat flux decreases..
This is because a large fraction of the heater surface is covered by a vapor film, which acts as an
insulation due to the low thermal conductivity of the vapor relative to that of the liquid.

In the transition boiling regime, both nucleate and film boiling partially occur. Nucleate boiling
at point C is completely replaced by film boiling at point D.
Film Boiling (beyond Point D)
In this region the heater surface is completely covered by a continuous stable vapor film. Point
D, where the heat flux reaches a minimum, is called the Leidenfrost point. The presence of a
vapor film between the heater surface and the liquid is responsible for the low heat transfer rates
in the film boiling region.
This is point E on the boiling curve, which corresponds to very high surface temperatures.
Therefore, any attempt to increase the heat flux beyond q · max will cause the operation point on
the boiling curve to jump suddenly from point C to point E. However, surface temperature that
corresponds to point E is beyond the melting point of most heater materials, and burnout occurs.
Therefore, point C on the boiling curve is also called the burnout point, and the heat flux at this
point the burnout heat flux Most boiling heat transfer equipment in practice operate slightly
below qmax to avoid any disastrous burnout.
Types of Heat Exchanger
ii) In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at
opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.

may be parallel or counter flow

Condenser Evaporator

Unit 4 Radiation
1.Define monochromatic emissive power. (Nov 2016)
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all directions is
known as monochromatic emissive power.
2.What do you mean by infrared and ultraviolet radiation? (Nov 2016)
The infrared (IR) and the ultraviolet(UV) represent the two extremities of the visible spectrum
(400-700nm). While IR represents electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those
of visible light, UV represents wavelengths shorter than visible light. .
3.State Lambert’s cosine law for radiation. (April 2017)

It states that the total emissive power Eb from a radiating plane surface in any direction
proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission
Eb α cos θ
4. What are the applications of radiation shields? (April 2017)

Radiation shields are used in temperature measurements of fluids to reduce the error caused by
the radiation effect.
5.State kirchoff’s law.(Apr 2015)
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorbtivity is constant for all
surfaces which are in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be written as
E1 E 2 E3
= =
α1 α 2 α 3
It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when the
body remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
α1 = E1; α2 = E2 and so on.
6.Define irradiation and radiosity. (Nov 2015) (Apr 2015) (May 2013)
It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
Radiosity is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
7.What is the greenhouse effect? Why is it a matter of great concern among atmospheric
scientists? (Nov 2015)
A phenomenon in which the atmosphere of a planet traps radiation emitted by its sun, caused by
gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass
through but retain heat radiated back from the planet’s surface. This increase in radioactive
forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbondioxide levels
and inturn global warming.

8.What are the factors involved in radiation by a body? (Nov 2014)
• The temperature of the surface

• The nature of the surface
• The wavelength or frequency of radiation
9.What is the use of radiation shield? (Nov 2014)

Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is used to reduce
the net radiation transfer between two surfaces.
9.Define emissive power (May 2014)

The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit time
and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2
10.Write down any two shape factor algebra (May 2014)
11.State Planck’s Law (Nov 2013)

The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power of a black body and wave length of
a radiation at a particular temperature is given by the following expression, by Planck.
C1λ −5
Ebλ =
 C2 
 
e  λ T  −1
Where Ebλ = Monochromatic emissive power W/m2
λ = Wave length – m
c1 = 0.374 × 10-15 W m2
12.What is thermal radiation? What is its wavelength band? (May 2013)

Thermal radiation is defined as the transfer of energy across a system boundary by means of
electromagnetic waves which is caused by temperature difference.
Range of wavelength band is 10-7 m to 10-4 m
13.What is Kirchoff’s identity? (Nov 2012)

The emissivity and the absorptivity of the black body are same and always equal to 1.
14.Name the law of radiation used in heat transfer analysis (May 2012)
• Stefen Boltzmann law

• Kirchhoff’s law
• Planck’s law
• Wien’s displacement law
• Lambert’s cosine law
15. Two Parallel radiating plane 100 x 50 cm are separated by distance of 50 cm. what is
the radiation shape factor between the planes? (May 2012)
Ans.
X= L/D=100/50 =2
Y=B/D=50/50=1
From HMT data book pg no 93
F1-2 = 0.28588
16.what is meant by absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity?
Absorptivity is defined as ratio between radiation absorbed and Incident radiation.
Absorptivity,α =radiation absorbed/Incident radiation.
Reflectivity is defined as ratio between radiation reflected and Incident radiation
Reflectivity, ρ=radiation reflected/Incident radiation
Transmissivity is defined as ratio between Radiation transmitted and Incident radiation
Transmissivity, τ =Radiation transmitted/Incident radiation.
17. What is black body?
i) a black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction.
ii) For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more energy than black
body.
18.State wien’s diaplacement law.
The wiens’s law gives the relationship between temperature and wavelength corresponding to
maximum spectral emissive power of the black body at that temperature.
Λmax T = 2898µmk
19.State Stefan- Boltzmann law.

The emissive power of a black body is proportional to fourth power of absolute temperature.
Eb α T 4

20.Define emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as ratio of
emissive power of any body to the emissive power of black body of equal temperature.
Ɛ= E/Eb
21.What is meant by gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wavelength the
body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of black
body.
22. What is meant by shape factore or view factor?

It is defined as the fraction of radiative energy that is diffused from one surface element and
strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections. It is represented by Fij.

Unit 4 Radiation
1. Assuming the sun to be black body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at λ = 0.5
µm, Calculate the .surface temperature of the sun and the heat flux at its surface. (May
2014)
2. A 20 cm diameter spherical ball at 527°C is suspended in the air. The ball closely
approximates a black body. Determine the total black body emissive power, and spectral
black body emissive power at a wavelength of 3 µm (May 2013)
3. The spectral emissivity function of an opaque surface at 1000 k is approximated as
Ɛ λ1=0.3, 0≤λ<3µm
Ɛ λ2=0.7, 3 µm≤ λ<7 µm
Ɛ λ3=0.3, 7 µm≤ λ<∞
Determine the average emissivity of the surface and the rate of radiation emission from
the surface, in W/m2.(Nov 2015)
4. The filament of a round bulb is maintained at a temperature of 2000 K and it is assumed

to be a black body. The transmissivity of the bulb glass is 0.92 in the visible range (0.35
< λ< 0.75 µm ) of the radiation. Calculate the amount of energy transmitted. (April 2017)
5. charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors, that are common in modern digital
cameras, respond differently to light sources with different spectral distributions. The
incandescent light may be approximated as a blackbody at the effective surface
temperatures of 2800 k. determine the fraction radiation emitted within visible spectrum
wavelengths, from 0.40µm (violet) to 0.76µm (red), for the incandescent lighting source.
(Nov 2016)
6. Calculate the following for an industrial furnace in the form of a black body and emitting
radiation at 2500°C :
(1) Monochromatic emissive power at 1.2 µm length
(2) Wavelength at which the emissive in maximum
(3) Maximum emissive power
(4) Total emissive power. (May 2012)
7. The surfaces of a double walled spherical vessel used for storing liquid oxygen are
covered with a layer of silver having an emissivity of 0.03. The temperature of the outer
surface of the inner wall is -1530C and the temperature of the inner surface of the outer
wall is 270C. The spheres are 21 cm and 30 cm in diameter, with the space between them
evacuated. Calculate the radiation heat transfer through the walls into the vessel and the
rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its rate of vaporization is 220 kJ/kg. (April 2017)
8. Emissivity’s of two large parallel plates maintained at 800 oC and 300 oC are 0.3 and 0.5
respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter for these plates?(Nov
2015) (Nov 2012)(Nov 2013)

9. A thin aluminium sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed between two
very large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temperatures T1= 800 K and
T2=500 K and have emissivities Ɛ1=0.2 and Ɛ 2=0.7 and respectively. Determine the net
rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates per unit surface area of the plates
and compare the result to that without the shield. (Nov 2016)
10. Consider double wall as two infinite parallel planes. The emissivity of the walls is 0.3
and 0.8 respectively. The space between the walls is evacuated. Find the heat transfer/unit
area when inner arid outer surface temperatures are 300 K and 260 K. To Reduce the heat
flow, a shield of polished aluminum with ε = 0.05 is inserted between the walls. Find the
reduction in heat transfer. (May 2014)
11. Two large parallel plates at 800 K and 600 K have emissivities of 0.5 and 0.8
respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity of 0.1 on one side and an emissivity
of 0.05 on the other side is placed between the plates. Calculate heat transfer rate by
radiation per sq.m with and without shield.
12. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at T1 and T2 are 0.6 and 0.6
respectively. Heat transfer is reduced 75 times when a polished aluminium radiation
shields of emissivity 0.04 are placed in between them. Calculate number of shields
required.
13. Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures of T1=1000 k and
T2=800 k and have emissivity’s of Ɛ1= Ɛ 2=0.2, respectively. It is desired to reduce the
net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates to one-fifth by placing thin
aluminum sheets with an emissivity of 0.15 on both sides between the plates. Determine
the number of sheets that need to be inserted. (Nov 2015)
14. Two very large parallel plates with emissivities 0.5 exchange heat. Determine the
percentage reduction in the heat transfer rate if a polished aluminium radiation shield of
Ɛ=0.04 is placed in between the plates.
15. A 12 mm outside diameter pipe carries a cryogenic fluid at 90 K. Another pipe of 15

mm outside diameter and at 290 K surrounds it coaxially and the space between the pipes
is completely evacuated (i) determine the radiant heat flow for 3.5 m length of pipe if the
surface emissivity for both surface is 0.25 (ii) calculate the percentage reduction in heat
flow if a shield of 13.5 mm diameter and 0.06 surface emissivity is placed between pipes.
(Nov 2013)
16. A cylindrical furnace whose height and diameter are 5m contains Combustion gases at
1200 k and a total pressure of 2 atm. The composition of the combustion gases is
determined by volumetric analysis to be 80 percent N2, 8 percent H2O, 7 percent O2, and
5 percent CO2. Determine the effective emissivity of the combustion gases. (Nov 2016)
17. A furnace of 25 m2 area and 12 m3 volume is maintained at a temperature of 925 C over

its entire volume. The total pressure of the combustion gases is 3 atm, the partial pressure
of water vapour is 0.1 atm and that of CO2 is 0.25 atm. Calculate the emissivity of the
gaseous mixture.

18. Two black square plates of size 1.0 X 1.0 m are placed parallel to each other at a distance
of 0.4 m. one plate is maintained at a temperature of 900 C and the other at 400C. Find
the net heat exchange of energy. Take emissivity as 0.2 and 0.5 respectively.
19. A gray, diffuse opaque surface (α = 0.8) is at 100°C and receives an irradiation 1000
W/m2. If the surface area is 0.1 m2. Calculate
(1) Radiosity of the surface
(2) Net radiative heat transfer rate from the surface
(3) Calculate above quantities, if surface is black. (Nov 2012)
20. Two parallel plates of size 1.0 m x 1.0 spaced 0.5 m apart are located in very large room,
the walls are maintained at a temperature of 27°C. One plate is maintained at a
temperature of 900°C and the other at 400°C. Their emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5
respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and surroundings, find the
heat transfer to each plate and to them. Consider only the plate surfaces facing each other.
(May 2012)
21. Two parallel plates 2m x 1m are spaced 1m apart. The plates are at a temperature of
7270C and 2270C and their emissivities are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. The plates are
located in a large room, the walls of which are at 270C. Determine the rate of heat loss
from each plate and the heat gain by the walls. (April 2017)
22. An oven is approximated as a long equilateral triangular duct, which has a heated surface
maintained at a temperature of 1200 K. The other surface is insulated while the third
surface is at 500 K. The duct has a width of a 1 m on a side and the heated and insulated
surfaces have an emissivity of 0.8. The emissivity of the third surface is 0.4. For steady
state operation find the rate at which energy must be supplied to the heated side per unit
length of the duct to maintain its temperature at 1200 K. What is the temperature of the
insulated surface? (May 2013)
23. Two rectangles 50 x 50 cm are placed perpendicular with common edge. One surface has
T1 = 1000 K, Ɛ = 0.6, while the other surface is insulated and in radiant balance with a
large surrounding room at 300 K. Determine the temperature of the insulated surface and
heat lost by the surface at 1000 K. (Nov 2012)
24. A truncated cone has top and bottom diameters of 10 and 20 cm and a height of 10 cm.
Calculate the shape factor between the top surface and the side and also the shape factor
between the side and itself. The fraction of radiation leaving the top surface which is
intercepted by the bottom surface is 0.12 (Nov 2013)
Derivation
1. Heat exchange between two non black (gray) parallel planes
2. Heat exchange between two large concentric cylinders or spheres.
3. Electrical network analogy for thermal radiation systems by using radiosity and
irradiation.
4. Radiation exchange between two black surfaces separated by non absorbing medium.

Unit 5 Mass Transfer
1.State Fick’s Law of diffusion? (Nov 2014) (or)Write general mass diffusion equation
(Nov 2013) (Apr 2015)( Nov 2016)
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an element per unit
area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
ma dCa
= −Dab
A dx
where,
ma kg -mole
− Molar flux,
A s-m2
Dab Diffusion coefficient of species a and b, m2 / s
dCa
− concentration gradient, kg/m3
dx
2.Distinguish between mass concentration and molar concentration. (April 2017)
Mass concentration means the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of a mixture.
Molar concentration is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, or of any
chemical species, in terms of amount of substance in a given volume
3.Give examples for free and forced convection mass transfers. (April 2017)
Free convective mass transfer
Evaporation of alcohol.
Forced convection mass transfer

The evaluation if water from an ocean when air blows over it.
4.Define Mass fraction and mole fraction.

Mass fraction is defined as the ratio of mass concentration of species to the total mass density of
the mixture.
Mole fraction is defined as the ratio of mole concentration of a species to the total molar
concentration.
5.What is the driving force for a) heat transfer and b) mass transfer(Nov 2015)
The driving force for heat transfer is Temperature difference and mass transfer is concentration
gradient.
6.List out the various modes of mass transfer. (Nov 2014)

There are basically two modes of mass transfer,

1. Diffusion mass transfer
2. Convective mass transfer
3. Phase change
7.Write down the analogous terms in heat and mass transfer. (May 2014)
Schmidt number is analogues to Prandtl number.
Sherwood number is analogues to Nusselt number.
8.Define Schmidt and Lewis numbers. What is the physical significance of each? (Nov
2013) (Nov 2015) (Nov 2016)
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of
mass. It is used to characterize fluid flows in which there are simultaneous momentum and mass
diffusion convection processes.
Molecular diffusivity of momentum
Sc =
Molecular diffusivity of mass
The Lewis number (Le) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity to
mass diffusivity. It is used to characterize fluid flows where there is simultaneous heat and mass
transfer.
9.What is molecular diffusion and eddy diffusion?

The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known as
molecular diffusion.
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
10.Define Equimolar counter diffusion.

It is defined as isothermal diffusion process in which each molecule of component A is replaced
by each molecule of constituent B and vice versa.
11.Define convective mass transfer.
It involves transfer between a moving fluid and a surface or between two relatively immiscible
moving fluids. It depends on the transport properties and dynamic characteristics of the moving
fluid.
12.Define Sherwood Number (May 2012)

It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.
hm x
Sc =
Dab
hm − Mass transfer coefficient, m/s
Dab − Diffusion coefficient, m2 / s
x − Length, m

Unit 5 Mass Transfer
1. A vessel contains a binary mixture of oxygen and nitrogen with partial pressures in the
ratio 0.21and 0.79 at 15°C. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Calculate the
following
(i) Molar concentrations
(ii) Mass densities
(iii) Mass Fractions
(iv) Molar fractions of each species (May 2014)
2. Hydrogen gas is maintained at pressure of 2.4 bar and 1 bar on opposite sides of a plane
membrane 0.3mm thick. The binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the plastic is
8.6x10-6 m2/s and solubility of hydrogen in the membrane is 0.00145 kg mole/m3 bar.
Calculate under uniform temperature conditions of 24C the following1) Molar
concentrations of hydrogen at the opposite faces of the membrane an 2) Molar and mass
diffusion flux of hydrogen through the membrane.(Nov 2014)
3. A thin plastic membrane separates hydrogen from air. The molar concentrations of
hydrogen in the membrane at the inner and outer surfaces are determined to be 0.045 and
0.002 kmol/m3, respectively. The binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in plastic at the
operation temperature is 5.3x 10-10 m2/s. determine the mass flow rate of hydrogen
diffusion through the member under steady condition if the thickness of the membrane is
1) 2mm and 2) 0.5mm(Nov 2015)
4. O2 gas at 250C and a pressure of 2 bar is flowing through a rubber pipe of ID 25 mm and
wall thickness 2.5 mm the diffusivity of O2 through rubber is DAB =0.21*10-9 m2/s and
solubility of O2 in rubber is 3.12*10-3mol/m3 bar . Find the loss of oxygen by diffusion
per metre length of pipe. (Nov 2016)
5. Air is contained in a tyre tube of surface area 0.5 m2 and wall thickness 10 mm. the
pressure of air drops from 2.2 bar to 2.18 bar in a period of 6 days. The solubility of air in
the rubber is 0.072 m3 of air per m3 of rubber at 1 bar. Determine the diffusivity of air in
rubber at operating temperature of 300 K if the volume of air in the tube is 0.028 m3.
(Nov 2012)
6. CO2 and air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube whose length and
diameter are 1 m and 50 mm respectively. The system of total pressure of 1 atm and a
temperature of 25°C. The ends of the tube.are connected to large chambers in which the
species concentrations are maintained at fixed values. The partial pressure of CO2 at one
end is 190 mm of Hg while at the other end is 95 mm Hg. Estimate the mass transfer rate
of CO2 and air through the tube. (16) (May 2012)
7. Two large vessels contain uniform mixture of air and sulphur dioxide at 1 atm and 273k,
but at different concentrations. Vessel 1 contains 80 % air and 20% SO2 by volume or
mole percentage where as vessel 2 contains 30 % air and 70 % SO2 by mole percentage.
The vessels are connected by a 10 cm inner diameter 1.8m long pipe. Determine the rate
of transfer of air between these two vessels by assuming that a steady state transfer takes

place. The mass diffusivity of air – SO2 mixture at 1 atm and 273 k is 0.122 x 10 -4 m2/s.
(April 2017)
8. An open pan 20 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 250C and is exposed to
dry atmospheric air. If the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 2.37* 10-7 kg/s . Estimate
the diffusion coefficient of water in air. (Nov 2016)
9. The diffusivity of CCl4 in air is determined by observing the steady state evaporation of
CCl4 in a tube of 1 cm diameter exposed to air. The CCl4 liquid level is 10 cm below the
top level of the tube. The system is held at 250C and 1 bar pressure. The saturation
pressure of CCl4 at 250C is 14.76kpa. If is observed that rate of evaporation of is 0.1g/hr.
determine the diffusivity of CCl4 in to air.
10. An open tank 5.5m in diameter contains 1mm deep layer of benzene(Mol wt = 78) at its
bottom. The vapour pressure of benzene in the tank is 0.13 bar. The diffusion of benzene
takes place through a stagnant air film 2.8 mm thick. The system is operating at 1 atm
and 20 C and under these conditions the diffusivity of benzene is 8.3x10-6 m2/s.
Assuming the density of benzene as 880 kg/m3, calculate the time taken for entire
benzene to evaporate.
11. Due to accidental opening of a valve, the water has been spilled out on the floor of an
industrial plant. The water layer is 1.25 mm and at 25oC temperature. The temperature
and pressure of air are 25 C and 1 atm(=1.032 bar) respectively. Make calculations for
the time required to completely evaporate the water layer if evaporation takes place
through an air film of 6cm thickness. Assume the following data:
Diffusion coefficient of water into air=0.26x10-4m2/s
Absolute humidity of air=2 gm per kg of air.
12. Dry air at 15 oC and 92 kpa flows over a 2 m long wet surface with a free stream velocity
of 4 m/s. determine the average mass transfer coefficient.(Nov 2015)
13. Dry air at 27 C and 1 bar flows over a wet plate of 50cm at 50m/s. Calculate the mass
transfer coefficient of water vapour in air at the end of the plate.(Apr 2015)(Nov 2015)
14. Air at 20°C (ρ= 1.205 kg/m3; v = 15. 06 x 10-6 m2/s; D = 4.166 x 10-5m2/s) flows over a
tray (length = 32 cm, width = 42 cm) full of water with a velocity of 2.8 m/s. The total
pressure of moving air is 1 atm and the partial pressure of water present in the air is
0.0068 bar. If the temperature on the water surface is 15°C, Calculate the evaporation rate
of water. (16) ((Nov 2014)
15. Air at 200C and 1 atm pressure flows with a velocity of 2.5 m/s inside a 12 mm diameter
tube. The inside surface of the tube contains a deposit of naphthalene. Determine the
average mass transfer coefficient for the transfer of naphthalene from the pipe surface
into air. Take v= 15.7*10-6m2/s for air and DAB = 0.62*10-5 m2/S. (Nov 2016).
16. The water in a 5 m x 15 m outdoor swimming pool is maintained at a temperature of

270C. The average temperature and relative humidity are 370C and 40 % respectively.
Assuming a wind speed of 2m/s in the direction of the long side of the pool, estimate the
mass transfer coefficient for the evaporation of water from the pool surface and the rate
of evaporation in kg/day. (April 2017

17. A narrow cylindrical vessel contains water at the bottom. It is 5 m deep and has 2.5 m
diameter. The water is diffused to dry ambient air over the top of the vessel. The entire
arrangement is maintained at 300C and 1 atm. Calculate the diffusion of water into the
air. (Nov 2016)
18. Air at 35°C and 1 atmosphere flows at a velocity of 60 m/s over (i) a flat plate 0.5 m long
(ii) a sphere 5 cm in diameter. Calculate the mass transfer coefficient of water in air.
Neglect the concentration of vapour in air. (Nov 2013)
19. Air at 1 bar pressure and 25°C containing small quantities of iodine flows with a velocity
of 5.2 m/s. inside a tube having an inner diameter of 3.05 cm. Find the mass transfer
coefficient for iodine transfer from the gas stream to the wall surface. Assume D =
0.0834 cm 2/S.(May 2013)
20. Along a horizontal water surface an air stream with velocity u= 3 m/s is flowing. The
temperature of the water on the surface is 15°C, the air temperature is 20°C the total
pressure is 1 atm (105K N/m2), and the saturation pressure of the water vapour in the air
at 20°C is 2337 N/m2 The relative humidity of the air is 33%. The water surface along the
wind direction has a length of 10 cm. Calculate the amount of water evaporated per hour
per meter from the water surface. The binary diffusivity of water vapour in the air may be
taken as 3.3 x 105 m2/s. The saturation vapour pressure of water at 15°C are 1705 N/m2
and kinematic viscosity of the air is 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s.(Nov 2012)
Derivation
1. Fick’s law of diffusion
2. Steady state diffusion through a plane membrane
3. Equimolar counter diffusion
4. Heat and mass transfer Analogy

Hydrogen gas is maintained at pressure of 2.4 bar and 1 bar on opposite sides of a plane
membrane 0.3mm thick. The binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the plastic is 8.6x10-6
m2/s and solubility of hydrogen in the membrane is 0.00145 kg mole/m3 bar. Calculate under
uniform temperature conditions of 24C the following1) Molar concentrations of hydrogen at the
opposite faces of the membrane an 2) Molar and mass diffusion flux of hydrogen through the
membrane.(Nov 2014)


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DEPARTMENT

DEPART ENT OF MECHANICAL

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 2 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

2. Under what circumstances fr

4. State some practical applicat

5.What is meant by transient heat conduction? (Apr 2015)

6.What is thermal diffusivity?(Apr 2015)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 3 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

11.Define critical thickness of insulation with its significance (May 2014)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 4 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

15.A 3mm wire of thermal cconductivity

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 5 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 6 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 7 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

14. A cylinder 1 m long and 5 cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at 45 oC . It is provided with 10

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 8 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 9 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 33 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

4.Define velocity boundary layer thickness.(Apr 2015)

5.Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow.(Apr 2015) (May 2013)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 90 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

6. What is Dittus-Boelter equation? When does it apply?(Nov 2015)

7.Define Prandtl Number (Nov 2014)

8.Differentiate viscous sub layer and buffer layer. (May 2014)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 91 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

12.Define the term boundary layer (Thermal) (May 2012)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 92 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

2. An air stream at 0 oC is flowing along a heated plate at 90 oC at a speed of 75 m/s. the

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 93 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 94 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 95 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

27. A fine wire having a diameter of 0.02 mm is maintained at a constant temperature of

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 96 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 116 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 152 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

2.What is pool boiling? Give an example for it.(Nov 2014)

4.What is the difference between boiling and condensation? (May 2012)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 153 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

8. What are the factors affecting nucleate boiling?

11. How heat exchangers are classified?(Apr 2015)

12.What are fouling factors? (Nov 2016)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 154 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

15.What is meant by effectiveness? (Nov 2014)

Actual heat transfer Q

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 155 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

19.What is meant by compact heat exchanger? (May 2012)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 156 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

2. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a mechanically polished stainless steel

3. The bottom of copper pan, 300 mm in diameter is maintained at 120°C by an electric

4. A wire of 1 mm diameter and 150 mm length is submerged horizontally in water at 7 bar.

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 157 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

7. Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by horizontal polished copper heating element of

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 158 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 159 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

Derivation and theory part

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 160 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 200 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

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Natural Convection Boiling (to Point A on the Boiling Curve)

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 204 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

Types of Heat Exchanger

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 205 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 206 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer

P.Purushothaman AP/MEC_ACT 207 ME6502 Heat & Mass Transfer