INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE SHOP

Machine shop work is generally understood to include all cold-metal work by

which an operator, using either power driven equipment or hand tools, removes a
portion of the metal and shapes it to some specified form or size. It does not
include sheet metal work and copper. The function of all machine tools is to
produce metal parts by changing the shape, size, or finish of a piece of material.
The shape of a part made with a machine tool is limited by the types of motion
the tool can apply.
Standard machine tools are grouped in six basic classes:

1. LATHES
2. DRILLING MACHINES
3. SHAPERS
4. PLANERS
5. MILLING MACHINES
6. GRINDING MACHINES

LATHE:
The lathe is used for turning various metals against a cutting tool that shapes it to
the desired product. The engine lathe is a machine tool that produces a cutting
action by rotating the work piece against the cutting edge of the tool.

Fig. Lathe Machine

DRILLING MACHINES:
The drilling machine is a machine tool that produces the necessary cutting action
by the rotation of a multiple edge cutting tool.

Fig. Drilling Machine

SHAPING AND PLANING MACHINES:

Both of these machines can machine flat surfaces with a single point
reciprocating, motion is applied to both the work piece and tool in these
machines.

Fig. Shaper Machine

MILLING MACHINES:

A milling machine provides cutting action to a rotating tool. The vertical milling
machine is used to cut, shape, and finish metal objects.

Fig .Milling Machine

GRINDING MACHINES:
A grinder differs from other machines in that it uses a tool made of emery,
Carborundum, or similar materials. The wheel, made up of many tiny cutting
points, cuts with the entire surface area that comes in contact with the material
being ground. Grinders cut with a grinding action, removing material in the form
of tiny particles.
SAFETY RULES FOR MACHINE TOOLS:
The following are general safety rules for any machine tool:
1. Gears, pulleys, belts, couplings, ends of shafts having keyways, and other
revolving or reciprocating parts should be guarded to a height of 6 feet above the
floor. The guards should be removed only for repairing or adjusting the machine
and must be replaced before operating it.
2. Safety setscrews should be used in collars and on all revolving or reciprocating
members of the machine tool or its equipment.
3. Do not operate any machine tool without proper lighting.
4. Never attempt to operate any machine tool until you fully understand how it
works and know how to stop it quickly.
5. Never wear loose or torn clothing and secure long hair, since these items can
become caught in revolving machine parts. Ties should be removed and shirt
sleeves should be rolled up above the elbow.
6. Gloves should never be worn when operating machinery except when
absolutely necessary.
7. Always stop the machine before cleaning it or taking measurements of the
work piece.
8. Do not lubricate a machine while it is in motion. Injury to the operator and
damage to the machine may result from this practice.
9. Always wear safety glasses or goggles while operating machine tools. Also,
wear respiratory protection if operation creates hazardous dust. All persons in the
area where power tools are being operated should also wear safety eye
protection and respirators as needed.
10. Know where tire extinguishers are located in the shop area and how to use
them.
11. Never wear jewellery while working around machine tools. Rings, watches, or
bracelets maybe caught in a revolving part which could result in the hand being
pulled into the machine.
12. Avoid horseplay. Tools are very sharp and machines are made of hard steel.
An accidental slip or fall may cause a serious injury.
13. Never use compressed air without a safety nozzle to clean machines or
clothing. It will blow sharp, dangerous metal chips a long distance.
14. Never place tools or other materials on the machine table. Cluttering up a
machine with tools or materials creates unsafe working conditions. Use a bench
or table near the machine for this purpose.