National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage

Asia Cooperation Program on Conservation Science

Second Session, 1 Aug – 31 Oct, 2015

※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

Research Field: Conservation Science

Final Report

Conservation Management of Stone

Cultural Heritage
In Laos and South Korea

Case Study:

Non-Destructive Test (NDT) Technology

Amphol Sengphachanh
Management Office of Vat Phou World Heritage Site,
Ministry of Information-Culture and Tourism, Lao PDR
 Contents
Overview
Introduction
1. Objective
2. Research Aim
3. Lao Conservation Methodology
3.1 Stone Cultural Heritage.
3.1.1 Rock property of Stone Cultural Heritage
A. Genesis of sedimentary rock
B. Depositional Environments of Rock in Laos
C. Analysis of Rock Material
3.1.2 Stone Deterioration (Problems)
3.2 Documentation (Survey, Analysis and Diagnostic)
3.2.1 Morphological Mapping
3.2.2 Pathological Mapping and Analysis
3.3 Decision and Priorities
3.4 Project Proposal
3.4.1 Urgent intervention (propping, rescue)
3.4.2 Maintenance all architectural structure
3.4.3 Control Hydraulic system on the site
3.4.4 Carry out restoration long-term project
3.5 Maintenance and Monitoring
4. Korean Conservation Methodology
4.1 Stone Cultural Heritage
4.1.1 Rock property of Stone Cultural Heritage
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Analysis of Rock Material
E. Deterioration Assessment
4.2 Stone Deterioration (Weathering and Damaging Factor)
4.2.1 Physical Weathering
4.2.2 Chemical Weathering
4.2.3 Biological Weathering
4.2.4 Structural Factor
4.2.5 Artificial Factor
4.3 Documentation. (Survey, Analysis and Diagnosis)
4.3.1 Check list
4.3.2 Mapping
4.3.3 Tape Test
4.3.4 Rebound Hardness Test
4.3.5 Ultrasonic Test
4.3.6 Infrared Thermography
4.3.7 XRF Analysis
4.3.8 Digital Imaging Analysis
4.3.9 Hyperspectral Imaging Analysis
4.4 Database Management Using GIS
5. How to Apply the Knowledge and Experience Learned from Korea to our Conservation
Field
6. Conclusion
References
Glossary

Page 2
Overview

Since the earliest settlements on the Korean Peninsula and in southeastern Manchuria during
prehistoric times, the people of Korea have developed a distinctive culture based on their
unique artistic sensibility. The geographical conditions of the peninsula provided Koreans
with opportunities to receive both continental and maritime cultures and ample resources,
which in turn enabled them to form unique cultures of interest to and value for the rest of
humanity, both then and now.
Korea’s vibrant cultural legacy, comprising music, art, literature, dance, architecture, clothing
and cuisine, offers a delightful combination of tradition and modernity, and is now
appreciated in many parts of the world.
The cultural prosperity Korea has enjoyed lately would have not been possible without its
traditional culture and arts, which were built on the Korean people’s traits of tenacity and
perseverance combined with an artistic sensibility that has matured throughout the country’s
long history. The unique artistic sensibility reflected in the diverse artifacts and tomb murals
of the Three Kingdoms Period became richer and more profound as Korea progressed
through the periods of Unified Silla (676-935), Goryeo (918-1392) and Joseon (1392-1910).
This aesthetic sensibility has been handed down through the generations to the Korean artists,
and even ordinary members of the public, of our time.
Korean Government successfully preserves a wealth of priceless cultural heritage, some of
which have been inscribed on the lists of human legacies protected by UNESCO. Currently, a
total of 40 Korean heritage items are listed either as World Heritage Sites or Masterpieces of
the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, or have been included on UNESCO’s Memory
of the World Register. Korean people are always share their knowledge, techniques and
experience to other neighboring countries all around the world as well as my country Laos.
Based on the frame work of bilateral economic cooperation and exchanges between Korea
and Laos, the (MOU) of cooperation on preserving historic sites in the Champasak region in
southern Laos, signed by the two governments at Cheong wadae on November 22, 2013. The
Lao-Korean Cooperation Project on Restoration of Hong Nang Sida has been implemented,
there are officials from the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea (CHA), the Korea
Cultural Heritage Foundation (CHF), the Laotian Ministry of Information, Culture and
Tourism and the Champasak provincial government gathered in Vat Phu Champasak,
southern Laos to launch its opening ceremony.
On the context of this project, The Cultural Heritage Administration or CHA has its role as
supervisory body; implement by (CHF) with collaboration of the Management Office of Vat
Phu World Heritage Site. According to my responsibility, I am in-charge of Conservation and
Preventive Archaeology Unit, so I am fully taking main part on this restoration activities.
It is my great honor to be selected as a participant of ACPCS training program in
conservation science organizes by NRICH, I would like to express my personal
acknowledgement to all those person who are involved such as: Mr. Ghang Soon Hyoung, the
Director General, Ph.D. Lee Gyu Shik, Ms. Yu Jae Eun and, my mentor Ph.D. Lee Myeong
Seong and Ph.D. Chun Yu Gun,
Special thank to ACPCS coordinator: Ph.D. Lee Jae Sung, Miss. Lee Joo Hee (Bonnie Lee)
and Miss. Choi Tae Joung (T.J) for their kindness and helpful since I was selected as the
participant of the program until the end of program.

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Introduction
Considering that our valuable heritage is in danger of loss and destruction in the process of
social and economic development, we recognize that we have a common duty to preserve
them to deliver to our future generations.
With respect to cultural heritage, conservation or art conservation focuses on protection
and care of tangible cultural heritage, including artwork, architecture, archaeology, and
museum collections (also referred to as "conservation and restoration" or "preservation").
Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, and collections care,
otherwise known as preventive conservation. As a technical discipline, conservation of
cultural heritage is supported by conservation science research concerning materials, design,
techniques, and aesthetics, and conservators/restorers require specialized training in
conservation and restoration techniques.
conservation science is the interdisciplinary study of conservation of art, architecture, and
other cultural works through the use of scientific inquiry. General areas of research include
the technology and structure of artistic and historic works and the materials and media from
which they are made.
Conservation scientists use scientific methods and principles to support work in the fields of
art conservation and architectural conservation, and care of cultural objects in museums and
other collections. Cultural conservation science work includes identifying the materials that
make up a structure or piece of art including their chemical makeup, identifying and
cataloging changes that cause deterioration and developing methods to mitigate deterioration
of cultural heritage.
There are three broad categories of conservation science with respect to cultural heritage: 1)
thorough examination and analysis, 2) study of the causes of deterioration, and 3) improving
materials and techniques. Conservation science includes aspects of chemistry, physics and
biology as well as engineering.
1. Objective
To be a conservation scientist, Every conservator need to improve own skill on concerning
field, and it is “the conservation science”.
The main responsibility of a conservation scientist is to provide analytical and technical
support for the preservation and restoration of cultural objects using scientific analysis and
techniques. These tasks are accomplished primarily in four ways:
1.) the identification of materials and fabrication of an object,
2.) studying the degradation mechanisms of the objects,
3.) developing and testing conservation-restoration treatments, and
4.) developing and testing new analytical techniques and equipment.
Each task is properly documented by conservation scientists with such information as
composition, condition, history, and suggested treatments. Additionally, many of these
tasks require conservation scientists to collaborate with other museum professionals and
industrial/mainstream scientists in order to properly accomplish them, in particular with
conservators and curators.

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2. Research Aim
To carry out absolutely precise scientific conservation work on cultural heritage, a
conservation scientist must be specialized in his own specific field. In term of
Sustainable Cultural Heritage Preservation it need to have both of the conservation
scientists specialized in many different fields and the one working on management and
planning level who has knowledge and experience on the entire conservation context.
So, in accordance to my responsibilities in my Institution, the main subject I need to
learn might be included: conservation theory of various material type, scientific analysis
methods, laboratory,on-site surveying and monitoring, conservation technologies,
database management setup, technical report writing, etc.
3. Lao Conservation Methodology

3.1 Stone Cultural Heritage

Lao PDR has a long, rich and splendid cultural heritage, which reflects its civilization
and its national history inherited from millennia. This cultural heritage is not only seen in
the life-style, in traditional customs and in the diverse activities of the Lao people, but
also in innumerable historical and archaeological sites such as building, vernacular
house, historic cities, city walls and streets, and other architectures.
Most of Lao tangible heritage are made of wood, brick masonry with lime stucco, metal,
stone, palm leaves, paper…Due to their exceptional artistic, cultural and historical value
to the country those treasures have been recognized by Department of Heritage, Ministry
of Information-Culture and Tourism as National Heritagein accordance with the Law on
National Heritage.
The stone cultural heritage is covered ¼ of National Heritage's items, in comparison with
other kind of material such as timber, brick masonry with lime stucco, metals... some
height heritage value such as pre-historic tomb, plain of stone jars, temple building,
Buddha statues, stele, , mountain peak, statues of Hindu God…
Many of the national treasures are also Historic Site and popular tourist destinations such
as Vat Phu World Heritage Site, many other Khmer Temple mostly locate on Southern
part of Laos, Hintang Archaeological Park(one of the most important pre-historic sites in
northern Laos, dotted with about 2,000 years old menhirs or megaliths, Locals refer to it
as Sao Hin Tang, meaning "Standing Stone Pillars"), Plain of huge Jar dated to the
Bronze Age, Stone caves related to important even of Lao history, Six rock types are
mainly known:sandstone, granite, conglomerate, limestone, laterite and breccia.

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Page 6
3.1.1Rock Property of Stone Cultural Heritage
Rocks are the constituent materials of Earth’s crust and mantle
Rocks are made up of an aggregation of minerals and/or of pieces of other rock
Mineralogy and texture determine the appearance of rocks and yield information
about their genesis
 Three major groups of rock: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic

Page 7
A. Genesis of Sedimentary Rock

B. Depositional Environments of Rock in Laos

Page 8
 Rock Type in Champasak

C. Analysis of Rock Material

There are Korean research mission wen to Vat Phou Site to carry out this rock analysis
and this is a part of research results

3.1.2 Stone Deterioration (Problems)

 Physical Problems
 Chemical Problems
 Biological Problems
 Structural Problems
 Artificial Problem

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3.2 Documentation (Surveying, Analysis and Diagnosis)

In our country the stone cultural heritage conservation is a new subject for the
conservator, we have more experience on conservation of other material which local
people are using in their daily life such as wooden material, brick masonry by lime
mortarand earthen ware. The idea of stone conservation is definitely begin on early day
of this decade during the time of Vat Phou Temple Complex which mostly built from
sandstone and Laterite, has been recognized as a World Heritage Site. Since that days
some young conservator had been dispatched attending kind of short-term training
course, seminar, symposium or site seeing concerning stone work, aiming to be earned
some knowledge and experiences on this field.
In 2007-08 after a half of dozen years gathering experiences from many different
sources, I launch a research on conservation of ancient monument at Vat Phou Temple
Complex, focusing on physical deterioration and structural problems. And due to the
stability problems of the whole structure in the site presenting on the Risk Map, the
research’s achievement is considering unstable and in risk situation, so our
conservation team had decided to issue a check list for recording damaging changes of
the Monument structure and some urgent intervention on the most critical part.

3.2.1 Morphological Mapping

Page 10
3.2.2 Pathological Mapping and Analysis

Page 11
3.3 Decision and Priorities
a. Urgent intervention (propping, rescue)
b. Maintenance all architectural structure
c. Control Hydraulic system on the site
d. Carry out restoration long-term project
e. Excellent Site management system are inquired
f. Continuing research to find the cause of deterioration

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3.4 Project Proposal
3.4.1 Urgent intervention (propping, rescue)

3.4.2 Maintenance all architectural structure

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3.4.3 Control Hydraulic system on the site

3.4.4 Carry out restoration long-term project

3.5 Maintenance and Monitoring

Monument Monitoring, aiming to record the movement of the standing structure on the
area of Vat Phou Temple Complex for instance recording measurement a gap of major

Page 14
cracks, measuring distance between certain walls or window or door frame to compare
their situation month by month to know that if they continue increasing or constantly.

General plan including each monitored building Identification card

Observation card Measure card

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4. Korean Conservation Methodology
4.1 Stone Cultural Heritage

The National Treasures of Korea are a numbered set of tangible treasures, artifacts, sites,
and buildings which are recognized by the government (CHA) as having exceptional
artistic, cultural and historical value to the country.[1]
The title is one of the eight State-designated heritage assigned by the administrator of the
Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) in accordance with the Cultural Heritage
Protection Act after deliberation by the Cultural Heritage Committee.
Many of the national treasures are popular tourist destinations such as Jongmyo royal
ancestral shrine, Bulguksa, Seokguram, and Tripitaka Koreana at Haeinsa, Mireuksa
Temple Site (Baekje Historic Areas).
Some other have recognized as Historic Sites, which are "places and facilities of great
historic and academic values that are speciallycommemorable" and include, for example,
"prehistoric sites, fortresses, ancient tombs, kiln sites, dolmens, temple sites and shell
mounds".
Note: Structures built from the late 19th century to the 1940s are not eligible for listing as
"Historic Sites", but rather may be officially listed as Cultural Heritage of early modern
Times "if they are highly valuable and on the verge of destruction or deterioration".The
first 112 Historic Sites were designated in 1963, and as of 2015 there had been 485
cultural heritage items listed in historic sites numbered up to 526.
Many of them are Stone Cultural Heritage which could be seen as stone pagoda, statues,
grotto, tombs, building etc. There are 66 items designated as National Treasures, 467
items are Treasures, and 687 city/province-designated heritages (2007).And also
numerous of them still remain non-designated to be stone cultural heritage.[2]

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 We consider that a great number of stone heritages is connected directly with its
durability and abundant granite of good quality, Most of them are exposed to the open air
that derives natural and artificial deterioration. On the other hand some of stone cultural
heritages have been physically and chemically deteriorated or are colonized by
microorganisms such as algae and lichen.[2]
Due to the actual condition of their material decays,it’s necessary to carry out research on
identification of deterioration causes and mechanism to find out a solution for
conservation.
4.1.1 Rock Property of Stone Cultural Heritage

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A. Igneous
Fine-grainedbiotitegranite Neutralqualitybiotitegranite Coarsebiotitegranite

Three of content is 10-50% and alkali feldspar Three of content is 10-50% and alkali Three of content is 10-50% and alkali
more than plagioclase rocks. The size of the feldspar more than plagioclase rocks. The feldspar more than plagioclase rocks. Equal
particles less than 1mm rock particle size of 1-5mm inam seats to or larger than the particle size of 5mm

Porphyritic biotite granite Hongjangseok biotite granite Biotite granite

Based on the size of crystalline or The color of the light pink The content of hornblende
glassy rocks as granite, which feldspar rock is visible in pink rocks as granite minerals
contains large mineral grains color as a granite during configuration contains a
(half) relatively large

Granodiorite Diorite Gabbro

Plagioclase rocks as a type of Mainly composed of plagioclase Plagioclase and pyroxene rock
granite that contains biotite and and hornblende as the pluton is composed of about 50%
amphibolite rocks than many and rock with occasional biotite each as the pluton. Sometimes
seats as alkali feldspar and pyroxene olivine and pyroxene

Rhyolite Andesite Basalt

Having an organization as fine-

Gajina chemical composition Porous volcanic rock tinged with
grained porphyritic volcanic
similar to granite and granite. dark glass or plagioclase and
rocks tinged with a dark half of
Show a porphyritic texture and pyroxene about half of the fine-
the show, and non-ferrous
floating structures grained basis
mineral plagioclase

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B. Sedimentary
Shale Sandstone Limestone

The particle size of the clay Rocks stacked in the sand Sedimentary rocks composed of
hardened into rock consisting of hardened particles The size is 1 more than 50% calcium
1/256mm or less sedimentary rocks / 16-2mm sedimentary rocks carbonate (calcite mainly)

Tuff

This volcanic rock made of

hardened materials such as ash
from eruptions when

C. Metamorphic

Marble Gneiss

Metamorphic rock composed Igneous or sedimentary rocks,

mainly of limestone or dolomite, etc. are arranged under the
calcite recrystallization heat and pressure or a mineral
layer yihosang

Page 19
D. Analysis of Rock materiel

E. Deterioration Assessment

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4.2 StoneDeterioration (Weathering and damaging factor)
Destruction of stone cultural property could be seen in manydifferent form, various
type of damages are caused by its environment such as the seasons and weather
phenomena: rain, wind, temperature, air pollution, storms, floods, fire as well as
biological colonization: fungi, alga, lichen, moss, mould, plantation. All those
deterioration also depict in several aspect depend on the rock types.Multiple reactions
of deterioration factors accelerate stone damage.
Damagingaspect could be classified in five type: physical, chemical, biological,
structural and anthropogenic (artificial) factors.
4.2.1 Physical Weathering
Changing weather and environment on four seasons during the year time to time cause
damage to objects exposing on site. Freezing of water, determined action of
temperature, rain and wind action effect to occur of particulate degradation, peeling and
the like of exfoliation and joint a phenomenon that occurs natural weather.
Water, rainwater, groundwater

Crack Exfoliation Break out

Granulardisintegration Abrasion Roughening

T no. 610 NTno.201 NTno.31

Chemical factor

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4.2.2 Chemical Weathering
Atmosphere of the various components (S, CO, CO 2, SO 2, SO 4, NO compounds,
etc.) that the rain water or surface water and ground water, such as dissolved acts as
the configuration mineral rock (solution), oxidation (oxidation), carbonation
(carbonatization ), hydrolysis (hydrolysis), the hydration (hydration), ion exchange
(ionic-exchange), by producing a chelation (chelaton) to decompose the rock
phenomenon

Rainwater

Configuration of rock chemicals (S, CO, CO 2, SO 2, SO 4, NO compounds, etc.)

means that takes the flavor of the water-containing stone surfaces from being
damaged by primarily reacting with the configuration mineral rock white, yellow,
brown , Sikkim caused the discoloration of the stone, such as black.
Discoloration Crust Efflorescence

T no. 1112 NT no.2 NT no.30

4.2.3 Biological Weathering

High- Phyllo Mosses

implantatio des
n

N,S,K,Ca,MG등 Inorganic salts absorbed Ston S,K,Ca,MG등 Inorganicsaltsabsorbed

e

Page 22
 Lichen Moss Plantation

T no. 232 T no.185 NT no.30

4.2.4 Structural factor

Interval
Deform the distance between the
member and the member unusually
wider phenomenon
Settlement
Depending on the problem of the
upper structure and the lower load
State maintaining member is not
distorted in the horizontal part,
Displacement
By deformation or cracks of the
stone positionstateis shifted

NT.9storeyPagodaGeojeongrimsa NTn.21 T n. 1284

4.2.5 Artificial factor

Graffiti Cement & Epoxy resin Etc
Mukseo, ink, artificial coloring and Damage by material deterioration. Supernatural, forest fires, if
paint damage Wrong materials used in the repair artificially damaged by the war
or restoration process robbed

T no..185 T no. 609 T n. 609

4.3 Documentation (Survey, Analysis and Diagnosis)

Korean conservators have many different method of treatment using hi-technology
equipment for analysis of material deterioration, each museum has own laboratory
fulfill of proper detection and analysis equipment. One of the most useful and
appropriate conservation technique is Non-Destructive Test (NDT) method which is
suitable for unmovable property such as Temple, stupa, rock cave etc.
The Conservation Science Division of NRICH is in charge of monitoring and
maintenance process on Stone Cultural Heritage Items, each five years every single
item need to be checked for actual condition, so during a year the group of conservation
scientist are dispatched to concerned site to implement data record of those properties.

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 There are many different NDT analysis technique that conservator use over the world,
here are some main useful method which Korean scientific conservators are using in
their conservation field such as: : (i) Check list; (ii) Mapping; (iii) Tape Test; (iv)
Digital Imaging Analysis; (v) Rebound Hardness Test; (vi) Ultrasonic Test; (vii)
Infrared Thermography; (viii) XRF Analysis; (ix) Hyperspectral Image Analysis, (x)
CT Scanning, (xi) Microscope examination and so on.
Using Database Management by GIS” for cultural heritage management of all around
Korea is really useful and suitable for identification and conservation of those
properties, so all these are the objective that I attempt to learn from Korea during my
training session.
 Diagnostic Technology Overview
In order to carry out long-term analysis on material degradation of stonecultural
property we must establish a conservation management plan.
Using Non-Destructive Test (NDT) for analysis and Diagnosis its current states, the
selecting method must be corresponding to the causes of damage factors properties.

 Specific diagnostic techniques of Stone Cultural Property damaging factors

Diagnostic methods Physical Chemical Biological
damage damage damage
Mapping ◎ ◎ ◎
Ultrasonic Properties Measurement ●

Eco-Tip Hardness Measurement ●

Infrared analysis ●

Portable XRF analysis ●

Biological pollution index calculation ●

Conservation Environmental Analysis ● ● ●

Image Analysis ◎ ◎

◎: Using software
●: using equipment

4.3.1 Check List.

Each five years every single item need to be checked for its actual condition, so
during a year the group of conservation scientist are dispatched to concerned site to
implement data record of those properties
Check list form consist of six detail check list form: general check list, general
condition, position and number of individual stone, conservation management SUM,
ultrasonic physical diagnosis, individual part check list.
Using Non-Destructive Test (NDT) for analysis and Diagnosis its current states, the
selecting method must be corresponding to the causes of damage factors properties.

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 General check list Individual part check list.

4.3.2 Mapping.
On-site survey: check list, full pictures with detail information, CAD
program/photo synthesis/precise drawing/legend.

a. Survey

Actual site Photo Comptr. Drawing

shoot

Information listed Full picture CAD Program

Detailed dimensions, Detail Information Photos Synthesis
Precise drawing

b. Site work

Visual observation/Photo damaging measurement diagnosis information

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 Legend of weathering aspect

c. Digitalization
In AutoCAD, combine the drawing and photo together then identify damage and
weathering aspect, each of them must corresponding to legend and then estimate
damaging area/percentage.

Computerized and Digital drawings

Physical weathering damage map Chemical and biological weathering damage map
drawings Photo Collage damage and weathering positive aspects records

T n.185 MuryangsaFifthstorey pagoda

d. Map analysis

Data Analysis Conservation

Evaluation of damage basic information
Database Setting

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 Damage rate calculation

Damagearea X 100
Damagepercentage(%)=
Total area

Physical area Damage % Chemical area Damage% Biological area Damage%

Restoration 5826.1 0.2 Blackening1 195866.6 6.7 Algae 954424.5 32.5
material
Crack 234.0 - Blackening2 67079.9 2.3
Peeling 42982.4 1.5 Lichen 156222.4 5.1
Browning 606136.8 20.6
Lose 18910.3 0.3 Moss 156223.2 5.3
Efflorescence 1 18713.8 0.6
Peeled off 595007.3 20.2
Plant 0.0 0.0
Powdering 2802.4 0.1 Efflorescence 2 73253.5 2.5

e. Lao Case
i. Computerize and Digital Drawing by AutoCAD
Launch AutoCAD and open drawing file and the photo concerned to damage
analysis object, following processing bellow. The photo must be adjust matching to
drawing precisely (same scale), if necessary could be adjust by Adobe Photoshop
before insert to CAD.

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 After ensure that both of them are in same scale perfectly then make legend
according to weathering aspect and divide in individual layer, distinguish by colors
and hatch patterns aiming to identify damage factor separately.

Use Polyline (Pline) to draw up the boundary of damage area corresponding to

specific layer, make sure that all necessaire weathering area are detected, if so then
begin hatching all damage areas where its boundary already had been done before
and must be matching to its legend. For me AutoCAD 2007 up to 2013 is more
convenient to do hatching than AutoCAD 2015, but in some other reason of course
2015is better without any doubt.

ii. Map Analysis

For damage area automatically calculation of course AutoCAD 2015 has more
advance option, the isolate selected layer included in layer property could be able to
help you highlight only selected layer while properties commend allow you to
estimate total area automatically.

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 Physical Area(m2) Damage % Chemical Area(m2) Damage% Biological Area(m2) Damage%
Blackening1 35.2743 52.41 Fresh 16.7206 24.84

Crack - Blackening
interval 0.1090 0.16 Lichen 13.4971 20.05
Browning
Lose Moss 0 0
Efflorescence 1
Peeled off
Plant 1.7075 2.54
Powdering Efflorescence 2

Damage area automatically estimation by AutoCAD 2015

Plant

Blackening

Lichen

Interval

Fresh area

Weathering factor of Southern Quadrangle building, Vat Phou Temple Laos.

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4.3.3 Tape Test.
The ”tape methods” are not very common in conservation and no articles describing the
methods were found in the literature study.
The goal of the test is to quantify the adherence of a usually thin surface layer to the
supporting substrate.

Figure 1. Labels attached for the granular disintegration test.

The NHB has nevertheless employed a ”tape” method that uses ready-made labels.
The methodology is very simple:
1In the laboratory, seven prefabricated self-adhesive labels 32x44 mm and
manufactured by HERMA are weighed. The average (Ainitial) weight is then
calculated (from seven labels).
2 In the field, three HERMA label are attached to the stone’s surface. After a few
seconds the labels are taken off, folded and put into a sealed plastic bag.
3 In the laboratory, each label is weighed individually and the average of each
sample (A1 , A2 ...) is calculated (Afield):

Afield = A1 + A2 + A3
3
These are compared with the previous average to find the difference from the average :

D = Ainitial – Afield
The tape method is micro destructive (it takes some stone material on the surface). The
result depends on the granular disintegration (sanding) of the stone and the presence of
surface deposits. The loss of material depends on the weathered state of the stone.

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4.3.4 ReboundHardness Test
Hardness tests have always been important to conclude on specific mechanical
properties of materials in a fast and economic manner, i.e. in a (quasi) non destructive
test.
Recent round robin results show the way, where standardization work can be
improved to hold the high level of reliability of the measuring base, the L-Value
Hardness tests are important means in materials research and industrial production as
mechanical characteristics of materials are retrieved quickly and economically. For
example, in industrial production specific material treatments (alloying, cold and hot
working, heat treating …) have a strong influence on the final conditions of products
and their mechanical properties. Hardness tests provide a convenient and reliable
mean to optimize material properties or the production process and to quantify the
defined specifications in a final quality control. The term hardness may be defined as
the ability of a material to resist permanent indentation or deformation when in
contact with an indenter under load. Also the more general variant Hardness is the
response of a material to stressing by penetration exerted by a body harder than itself
is used, especially for dynamic hardness testing [1]. Generally, a hardness test consists
of pressing an indenter of known geometry and mechanical properties under
predefined conditions into the test material.

a) Equipment of surface rebound hardness tester

Measuring equipment Principles On-site Measurement

b) Method
•Eco-Tips hardness measurement by the rock 90 times
HLD Pocheon granite Granite tremendously Iksan granite
Average 837 845 809

Standard 58 67 55
Deviation

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c) Surface Condition

• Correction coefficient corresponding to the surface roughness

Roughness state 1 2 3 4
Correction factor 1.00 1.18 1.19 1.22

Reduction (%) 0 15 16 18

Eco tip surface hardness corresponding to the surface roughness

Pocheon tremendous Iksangra

nite

d) Calculation
Weatheringrating Weathering index(K) Ultrasonic velocity(㎧) Eco tip hardness(HLD)
1 Fresh (F) 0 〉3400 〉800

2 Slightly weathered (SW) 0 ~ 0.2 2720 ~ 3400 750 ~ 800

3 Moderately weathered (MW) 0.2 ~ 0.4 2040 ~ 2720 650 ~ 750

4 Highly weathered (HW) 0.4 ~ 0.6 1360 ~ 2040 550 ~ 650

5 Completely weathered (CW) 0.6 ~ 1.0 〈1360 〈550

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e) Case study

Eco-Tip Hardness Measurement Application(Treasure No.423 Buddha cave)

Eco-tip of Buddha Rock Cave longitude and height distribution by changing patterns

Eco-tip hardness measurements of Buddha rock cave

average maximum minimum Standard deviation
front 306 471 170 64

left 276 357 178 43

right 307 458 184 64

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4.3.5 Ultrasonic Test
a. Definition
Ultrasounds are sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of
human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from 'normal' (audible) sound in its physical
properties, only in that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person
and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound
devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.
Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect
objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often in medicine.
In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect
invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate
chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating
prey and obstacles. Scientist are also studying ultrasound using graphenediaphragms as
a method of communication.
Shear wave(S-wave), the process proceedsin the form of awave, from thesame material
asthe ultrasonic velocity hasacertaincharacteristic.

Low Anim Medi diagn

bass al & cal & osis&
notes chem destr NDT
istry uctiv
e
16Hz 20KHz 2MHz 200MHz

Infrasound Acoustic Ultrasound

(Equipment

PUNDITPLUS PUNDIT7 PUNDITLAB UK1401

54 kHZ 54 kHZ 150 kHZ 500 kHZ

b. Methode

1 2 3 4
Setting Speed Calculation Documentation

Page 34
 Measuring distance (cm)
Ultrasonic velocity(㎧)= X Correction Factor X 104
Delivery time (㎲)

Rock Measuring Deliverytime(㎲) Correction Ultrasonicveloci

distance(㎝) factor ty(㎧)
15 60 1.52 3,800
Granite tremendous
20 95 1.52 3,200

15 100 1.38 2,070

Chungju Gabbro
20 120 1.38 2,300

Weathering index (K) =

V (ultrasonic) fresh rock - V (ultrasonic) weathered rock

V (ultrasonic) fresh rock

Weathering rating Weathering index(k) Ultrasonicvelocity(㎧)
1Class 0 > 5,000

2Class 0 ~ 0.2 5,000 ~

4,000
3 Class 0.2 ~ 0.4 4,000 ~
3,000
4 Class 0.4 ~ 0.6 3,000 ~
2,000
5 Class 0.6 ~ 1.0 < 2,000

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4.3.6 Infrared Thermography
Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of
infraredimaging science. Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-
infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–
14 µm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms.
Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero
according to the black bodyradiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's
environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an
object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations
in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out
well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become
easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is
particularly useful to the military and other users of surveillance cameras.

a. Damages type

b) Infrared Camera

Page 36
c) Method
1. visual observation and infrared image acquisition

Observation Camera Image

2. Critical temperature and set point

3. Damage assessment

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 4 . Infrared halogen heater apply to object

4.3.7 XRF Analysis.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or
fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-
energy X-rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis
and chemical analysis, particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and
building materials, and for research in geochemistry, forensic science and archaeology.

When materials are exposed to short-wavelength X-rays or to gamma rays, ionization

of their component atoms may take place. Ionization consists of the ejection of one or
more electrons from the atom, and may occur if the atom is exposed to radiation with
an energy greater than its ionization potential. X-rays and gamma rays can be energetic
enough to expel tightly held electrons from the inner orbitals of the atom. The removal
of an electron in this way makes the electronic structure of the atom unstable, and
electrons in higher orbitals "fall" into the lower orbital to fill the hole left behind. In
falling, energy is released in the form of a photon, the energy of which is equal to the
energy difference of the two orbitals involved. Thus, the material emits radiation, which
has energy characteristic of the atoms present. The term fluorescence is applied to
phenomena in which the absorption of radiation of a specific energy results in the re-
emission of radiation of a different energy (generally lower).

Page 38
  Pollutant component analysis
Portable XRF analysis discolored areas

Portable XRF equipment principles XRF analysis

※Portable XRF: Weight 1.6㎏, sources here: X-ray Tube, 10-40㎸, 10-50㎂, Silver anode,
up to filter position, detector: Si PIN diode, the resolution under 250eV, 10 ℃ ~ 50 ℃
operating, penetration depth-150 mm Liquids, Alloy-of 1 mm, and 7 mm ~ Plastic and Soil-5,
X-ray radiation Tube diameter: and 7 mm, the standard elements: Pb, Cr, Hg, Br, Cd, Sb, Cl,
P, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Bi, Sn, Ag
Inorganic contaminants research practices (NTn.77 Five storey Pagoda)

Pagoda front side Surface discoloration map Blackening

Discolor Color L a b R G B C M Y K
N4(Gray) 41 0 0 97 97 97 19 19 19 41
N3(Darkgray) 31 0 0 73 73 73 19 19 19 51
Black
N2(Black) 21 0 0 52 52 52 19 19 19 59
N1(Black) 11 0 0 34 34 34 19 19 19 66

Observation by Portable Microscope

Output status portable microscopy aspects of blackening × 25)

Page 39
4.3.8 Digital Imaging Analysis
The human visual system as a functional unit including the eyes, the nervous system,
and the corresponding parts of the brain certainly ranks among the most important
means of human information processing. The efficiency of the biological systems is
beyond the capabilities of today’s technical systems, even with the fastest available
computer systems.
Digitalimageanalysis(DIA)is when a computer or electrical device automatically
studies an image to obtain useful information from it. Note that the device is often a
computer but may also be an electrical circuit, a digital camera or a mobile phone. The
applications of digital image analysis are continuously expanding through all areas of
science and industry
Use ENVI software for geospatial analysis and spectral image processing. Learn more
about how ENVI is the best resource to process and analyze imagery.ENVI combines
advanced image processing and proven geospatial technology to help you extract
meaningful information from all kinds of data and make better decisions.

Photo Adjusting Analyzing Mapping

Step 1 :Picture data collection

A photo going to be use for analysis should be taken in perfect condition and high
resolution.
Comparison of photos taking in certain period to analyze thedamage change

Page 40
Step 2: Adjustment

Step 3: Analysis
We must divide how many color should be presented according to object surface
condition and its material decay, for instant purple color corresponding to fresh area of
the stone object, green for biological, white for efflorescence, black color for
blackening and so on.

Page 41
 Damaging factor of the tri-Buddha rock-carved specific color information and statistics
Step 4: Mapping
Weathering area caused by various type of biological colonization could be identified
by calculationthe number of pixelscorresponding to thedamaging ratepresenting on
each surface.
We must divide how many color should be presented according to object surface
condition and its material decay, for instant purple color corresponding to fresh area
of the stone object, green for biological, white for efflorescence, black color for
blackening and so on.
By using ENVI computer program it might be able to calculate how many pixel
contain in each color as well as its percentage, so base on this statistic we can identify
the surface condition of stone object precisely.

Annual damaging changing rate of tri-Buddha rock-carved

2010 2012
Damagingfactor
number of pixels (%) number of pixels (%)
Fresh 2,404,315 54.2 1,581,625 35.8

Browning 610,278 13.8 709,432 16.0

Reddish-browning 839,818 19.0 1,002,713 22.6
Efflorescence - - 45,292 1.0
Biological pollution 233,919 5.3 698,023 15.8
Unclassified area 339,670 7.7 390,915 8.8

Sum 4,428,000 100.0 4,428,000 100.0

Page 42
 Fresh Browning Reddish-Browning Efflorescence Biological Unclassified

Annualdamagingaspects change of tri-Buddha rock-carved

 Lao Case
Case 1: Northern quadrangle building

Fresh Browning Reddish-Browning Efflorescence Blackening

Page 43
 Damagingfactor
number of pixels (%)
Fresh sandstone 95,083 7.2

Browning 182,242 13.8

Reddish-browning 647,094 49.0
Efflorescence 192,807 14.6
Blackening 203,372 15.4

Sum 1,320,600 100.0

Case 2: Apsara base Relief

Fresh moss Reddish-Browning Efflorescence Blackening

Damagingfactor
number of pixels (%)
Fresh 6,744,343 67.2

Moss 281,014 2.8

Reddish-browning 702,536 7.0
Efflorescence 1,364,926 13.6
Blackening 943,405 9.4

Sum 10,036,224 100.0

Page 44
4.3.9 HyperSpectral Imaging Analysis.
The most significant recent breakthrough in remote sensing has been the development
of hyperspectral sensors and software to analyze the resulting image data. Fifteen
years ago only spectral remote sensing experts had access to hyperspectral images or
software tools to take advantage of such images. Over the past decade hyperspectral
image analysis has matured into one of the most powerful and fastest growing
technologies in the field of remote sensing.
The “hyper” in hyperspectral means “over” as in “too many” and refers to the large
number of measured wavelength bands. Hyperspectral images are spectrally
overdetermined, which means that they provide ample spectral information to identify
and distinguish spectrally unique materials. Hyperspectral imagery provides the
potential for more accurate and detailed information extraction than possible with any
other type of remotely sensed data
To understand the advantages of hyperspectral imagery, it may help to first review
some basic spectral remote sensing concepts. You may recall that each photon of
light has a wavelength determined by its energy level. Light and other forms of
electromagnetic radiation are commonly described in terms of their wavelengths. For
example, visible light has wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 microns, while radio
waves have wavelengths greater than about 30 cm (Fig. 1).

 Definition
Hyperspectral imaging, like other spectral imaging, collects and processes
information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of hyperspectral
imaging is to obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene, with the
purpose of finding objects, identifying materials, or detecting processes.

Much as the human eye sees visible light in three bands (red, green, and blue or
RGB), spectral imaging divides the spectrum into many more bands (256). This
technique of dividing images into bands can be extended beyond the visible. In
hyperspectral imaging, the recorded spectra have fine wavelength resolution and
cover a wide range of wavelengths.

Page 45
 Hyperspectral image

Engineers build hyperspectral sensors and processing systems for applications in

astronomy, agriculture, biomedical imaging, geosciences, physics, and surveillance.
Hyperspectral sensors look at objects using a vast portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Certain objects leave unique 'fingerprints' in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Known as spectral signatures, these 'fingerprints' enable identification of the materials
that make up a scanned object.
Using an image taken by Hyperspectral camera for analysis could provided not only
weathering problems of stone object but also the rock properties of each material, it is
considering obviously useful method of analysis. However this method is not used
widely in conservation field according to the high cost of its scanning equipment, only
be used in some developed country

ị
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ึ઼ઢ
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Principle
Page 46
 SAM algorithm (t : unknown spectrum, r : reference spectrum)

HyperspectralimageofFivestoreypago
da (Muryangsa)
wavelength :400~900nm(Visible light, near-
infrared light

numberofpixels:more than 1,324,568

Page 47
 RGB ( R: 640mn; G: 550mn; B: 460mn Fresh Biological
30.7% ໯19.0%Blackening
3.4%
Reddish-browning 42.1% Browning 19.0%

4.4 Database Management Using GIS

For long-termconservation and management ofculturalassetsstone, Sincethe year 2000
damagingevaluationandpreservationprocesshasbeencarriedoutpositively.
Using Database Management by GIS for cultural heritage management of all around
Korea is really useful and suitable for identification and conservation of those cultural
properties.

What isGIS?
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. The
acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographic information science (GIScience) to
refer to the academic discipline that studies geographic information systems and is a
large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geo-informatics. What goes
beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive
boundaries.
In a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores,
edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information. GIS applications are tools
that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial
information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations.
Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic concepts,
applications, and systems.
GIS can relate unrelated information by using location as the key index variable.
Locations or extents in the Earth space–time may be recorded as dates/times of
occurrence, and x, y, and z coordinates representing, longitude, latitude, and elevation,
respectively. All Earth-based spatial–temporal location and extent references should,

Page 48
 ideally, be relatable to one another and ultimately to a "real" physical location or extent.
This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry.

Stone building practices Cultural Heritage GIS database

 Stone Cultural Properties Preservation Using GIS analysis management

Creation ofthestone cultural property’s information distributionbased on thelocation to
determine theoverallstatusofstone cultural propertiesdesignated as national
treasuresandtreasure.

Page 49
  Regional Level

Weathering Problems Biological Problems Structural Problems

Utilization of GIS Stone Cultural Properties

Application fields Utilizing content

Regional, rock properties, age-specific, major damage

Research Areas
mechanisms sector analysis, Utilizing such humanistic DB
Conservation and Conservation and management priorities, preserved cultural
management assets are missing, such as navigation
Conservation and management Status identify by
Administrative
municipalities, Conservation and management, including
work
budgeting and distribution

 Contact relevant agencies

Page 50
 Org Name Website

CHA, Preservation Technology Division 042-481-4864 http://www.cha.go.kr

NRICH, Conservation Science Division 042-860-9261 http://www.nrich.go.kr/

NRICH, Architectural Division 042-860-9226 http://www.nrich.go.kr/

NRICH, Iksan Restoration Office (Mireuksa Temple) 063-836-7936 http://www.nrich.go.kr/

NRICH, Gyeongju Restoration Office 054-777-6671 http://www.nrich.go.kr/

NRICH, Conservation Science Center 042-860-9381 http://www.conservation.go.kr

 Lao Case

The main monument and archeological remains within the Vat Phou Champasak World Heritage Area

Page 51
Inventory of the Temple Site and archeological remains in the Champasak plains.

5. How to Apply these Knowledge and Experience to our Conservation Field.

After a half of dozen years gathering experiences from many different sources, in 2007-08
I launch a research on conservation of ancient monument at Vat Phou Temple Complex,
focusing on physical deterioration and structural problems. And due to the stability
problems of the whole structure in the site presenting on the Risk Map and the research’s
achievement is considering unstable and being in risk situation, so our conservation team
had decided to issue a check list for recording damaging changes occurring on the
Monument structure and plan some urgent intervention work on its most critical part.
The knowledge and experience obtained from ACPCS are really important and useful for
conservation and monitoring of Cultural properties in our country, particularly for the
world heritage site of Vat Phou Temple Complex, where the stones cultural heritage are
needed conservation treatment urgently. Some techniques are quite similar to what we are
doing in our site for instance the Check List method, the only difference is Korean method
is consisting of more scientific detail than us. So this method could be applied to our
Monumental Monitoring System but we need to improve some more in detail to identify
material damages precisely.
Regarding Mapping Method we also use some kind of computer program which is the
main software such as Autodesk AutoCad, Excel, Adobe Photoshop and Adobe
Illustrators, so we only need to setup our research following procedure of this concerning
method. Digital Analysis technique is seem to be one of most convenient and not too
complicated method that we might be able to apply to our conservation field. The ”Tape
Test methods” are not very common in conservation and no articles describing the
methods were found in the literature study. The goal of the test is to quantify the adherence
of a usually thin surface layer to the supporting substrate, probably it is the most simple
way for material degradation analysis could be used in our site. And finally the Database
Management Using GIS is absolutely useful and extremely necessary for heritage
management on our site as well as management of national cultural properties of the whole
country.
Page 52
6. Conclusion
Base on the basic knowledge, equipment, computer software and monitoring system exist
in our office, some useful technique gathered from ACPCS of NRICH as following: (i)
Check list; (ii)Mapping; (iii) Tape Test; (iv) Digital Imaging Analysis might be able to use
in the conservation and monitoring field immediately right after my returning back home.
While another (Database Management Using GIS) which is absolutely necessary for our
cultural heritage management and not inquire high technology analysis tools but only
computer program and manpower. All those we have just only need skill improves to
follow the appropriate implementing process, so this matter we really need technical
assistance to get it done.
And some other such as Rebound Hardness Test, Ultrasonic Test, Infrared Thermography,
XRF Analysis, Hyperspectral Image Analysis, CT Scanning, Microscope examination we
absolutely need more cooperation with Korean scientific experts to carry out all those
methodologies in future.

Notes
1. Jump up ^"National Treasure (국보國寶)" (in Korean). Empas/EncyKorea. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
2. 석조문화재보존관리(이명성), Lecture , Ph.D. Lee MyeongSeong, Conservation Science Division,
NRICH.

6. References

Conservation Management of Stone Cultural Heritage using Nondestructive Technology, NRICH

2014.
Deterioration Assessment of Stone Cultural Heritage in Korea, presentation, by Lee
MyeonSeong, NRICH.
Non-intrusive Field Tests in Stone Conservation, Final Report for the Research and
Development Project, by Hélène Svahn, 2006:3.
Non-intrusive stone analyses, by Professor Christian Fischer, Presentation, 2014
Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for
Stone (ISCS), XV.

http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Culture-and-the-Arts/UNESCO-Treasures-in-Korea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea#Culture
http://www.nrich.go.kr/acpcs/about_acpcs/about_acpcs_01.jsp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasures_of_South_Korea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_science_%28cultural_heritage%29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houaphanh_Province
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_of_Jars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeb_rebound_hardness_test
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_analysis

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Page 54