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and Review
This material is intended as a review only. To help prepare for the assessment, the
following resources are also available:
The Trades Math Assessment will assess your math skills to ensure you are ready for your chosen program.
The best way to use this review package is to start with the practice test. Once you have completed and
scored the test, you will be able to see where you need to do more study. Go to the appropriate place(s) in
the study package and PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE!
The following skills will be covered in the 40-question test. You will need to score 70% or above to
successfully complete the assessment (minimum 80% for the Electrical Entry program)
__________________________________________________________________
15. John buys 3 t-shirts for $18.32 each, 1 pair of shorts for $29.99. How much is the
total with 6% tax? _______
16. If Max is paid $795.45 for a 35 hour work week. What is his hourly wage? _______
A. 25 km = ______miles
B. 15 miles= ______km
C. 93 litres= ______gallons
D. 5 gallons= ______litres
E. 12 pounds (lbs)= ______kg
F. 5 kg= ______pounds
G. 15”= ______’ _____”
H. 3’= ______”
**Question 18 (algebra) is not required for Automotive, HDCT, Welding or
Motorcycle and Marine Technician)
A.
B. 16’
25’ 7”
18’ 7”
5”
a) Area of the circle = ___________
You have completed the practice test. Review your answers below:
Answers:
1. Three million, four hundred and fifty six thousand, three hundred and ninety-four
2. 11.59 3. 2.16 4. 28.315 5. 0.433 6. 0.25 7. 0.278 8. 1 35/100
16. $22.73 17. a) 15.5 miles b) 24.1 km c) 24.1 gallons d) 19.2 L e) 5.4 kg f) 11 lb g) 1’ 3” h) 36”
18. x = 12 19. X = 432 20. A. a) 32 ft b) 384 square feet B. a) 125 ft 4“ (1504”) b) 7489’ (89869 sq.in.)
1. ADDITION
In addition, remember to begin with the right hand column, and work to the left.
e.g. 423
+ 134
557
Try these:
(a) 19 (b) 345 (c) 951
+2 +123 +111
Remember that when the total of any column is greater than 9, you must carry the left digit in that total to
the column to the left.
1
e.g. 437
+126
563
2. SUBTRACTION
Remember to begin at the right hand column and move column by column to the left.
e.g. 768
– 15
753
Do these:
(a) 1349 (b) 864 (c) 3834
– 36 – 333 – 2222
Remember that you should check the accuracy of your answer by adding it to what you took away. If it is
correct, your result should be the number you began with. In the example above, 753 + 15 = 768, so we
can assume that it is correct.
Remember that when a digit in the bottom number is too big to subtract from the digit in the top number,
you borrow from the next column in the top number first.
3 1 You can not 1. Cross out the 4 in the tens place, and replace it with 3.
e.g. 43 subtract 9 from 2. Borrow 10 from 4 to make 13 in the ones column.
– 19 3, so you 3. Subtract 9 from 13
24 borrow 1 ten 4. Subtract 1 from 3.
from the tens
column first
Try these:
(d) 753 (e) 70 (f) 8104 (g) 7512 (h) 1000 (i) 3084
– 409 – 18 – 1987 – 943 – 369 – 2294
3. MULTIPLICATION
Take the time to learn your multiplication tables. That will save you a lot of time later on!
Try these:
(a) 430 (b) 702 (c) 3011
x 3 x 41 x 7
When you multiply by a two or three digit number, be sure to begin your answer under the ones column.
Then continue on the line below the tens and then the hundreds. Always multiply from right to left.
Leave a space under the bottom digit that has already been multiplied OR add a zero in that space to keep
the columns lined up neatly and correctly.
Carrying in multiplication is like carrying in addition. Multiply first and then add the number
being carried. Line up the digits carefully under the correct column.
4. DIVISION
You will need your multiplication tables here too! Learn them well!
Division is the opposite of multiplication. That helps you to check your division answer.
Pay careful attention to lining up digits, as you did in multiplying large numbers, so that you can keep your
working straight.
Here are the words: 168 (the dividend) divided by 7 (the divisor) is 24 (the quotient) OR 7 into 168 is 24.
24
e.g. 7 168 Step 1: Divide the divisor 7 into 16 = 2. Place the 2 above the 6.
-14 Step 2: Multiply 7 x 2 = 14. Place the 14 under the 16.
28 Step 3: Subtract: 16 – 14 = 2.
-28 Step 4: Bring down the next number to the right = 8
Step 5: The new number is 28.
0
Step 6: Divide 7 into 28 = 4. Multiply 4 by the divisor 7 and the answer is 28.
Step 7: Subtract 28 from 28 = 0. The division is complete.
Sometimes there is an amount left over, which is called the remainder. It is placed on the top line with the
letter r for remainder and is part of the quotient
569 r 3 Try these:
.e.g. 6 3417 (a) 4 1631 (b) 7 1046 (c) 9 3004
– 30
41
– 36
57
– 54
3
When you check your answer for a division problem with a remainder, multiply your answer (the quotient)
by the number you are dividing by (the divisor) and add the remainder.
When you divide by a double or triple digit number, you need to use another different skill. You need to
estimate, which is a process of thoughtful guessing. This takes time and practice.
223 Step 1: Think of about how many times 28 goes into 6244.
e.g. 28 6244 To do that, round 28 to 30 (28 ≈ 30) and divide that into 62.
–56 The answer is approximately or close to 2.
64 Step 2: Place 2 above the last digit of 62.
– 56 Step 3: 2 x 28 (the divisor) = 56. Then 62 – 56 = 6.
84 Step 4: Bring down 4. Estimate how many times 28, ≈ 30,
– 84 divides into 64 ≈ 2. Place 2 on the top line.
Step 5: 2 x 28 = 56. 64 – 56 = 8.
0
Step 6: Bring down 4. Estimate how many times 28, ≈ 30, divides into 84 ≈ 3.
Sometimes your estimate is not quite right, but it should only be 1 more or 1 less than the correct number, so
the estimate gives a good starting point. Here is an example with a remainder:
337 r 32 Step 1: Round 41 ≈ 40. Divide 40 into the first part of the number.
e.g. 41 13849 Step 2: 40 goes into 138 about 3 times. Place 3 above the last digit of 138.
– 123 Step 3: 3 x 41 = 123. Subtract 123 from 138 = 15.
154 Step 4: Bring down 4. Estimate how many times 41 40 goes into 154 3.
–123 Step 5: Multiply 3 x 41 = 123. 123 from 154 = 31.
319 Step 6: Bring down 9. Estimate how many times 41 40
– 287 goes into 319 7. 7 x 41 = 287.
Step 7: 319 – 287 = 32. Divide 41 into 32. It cannot divide,
32
so 32 is the remainder.
Try these:
(d) 57 3477 (e) 36 7601 (f) 67 13467 (g) 29 13796
ANSWERS
Addition: (a) 21 (b) 468 (c) 1062 (d) 585 (e) 4420 (f) 1015 (g) 1957
Subtraction: (a) 1313 (b) 531 (c) 1612 (d) 344 (e) 52 (f) 6117 (g) 6569
(h) 631 (i) 790
Multiplication: (a) 1290 (b) 28782 (c) 21077 (d) 36294 (e) 1036518
Division: (a) 407 r 3 (b) 149 r 3 (c) 333 r 7 (d) 61 (e) 211 r 5 (f) 201 (g) 475 r 21
FRACTIONS REVIEW
A. INTRODUCTION
2 (parts shaded)
4 (total parts)
1 x2 2 1 x4 4
= or = so 1 2 4
2 x2 4 2 x4 8 2 4 8
Similarly
5 x 2 = 10 or 5 x 3 = 15 so 5 = 10 = 15
9 x2 18 9 x 3 27 9 18 27
You can see from the above examples that each fraction has an infinite number of fractions that
are equivalent to it.
3. Equivalent Fractions – Dividing (Reducing)
e.g. 8 8 1 45 15 3
24 8 3 60 15 4
5. EXERCISE 1: Introduction to Fractions
Example: 3 =
3 = 5 = 5 10
1) 2 = 2) 3)
3 6 4 12 8 40
x2
7) 7 = 8) 3 =
So, 3 = 6
10 100 4 44
5 10
24 = 5 =
1) 8 = 2) Example:
16 4 27 9 10 2
÷5
3) 6 = 4) 25 =
10 5 35 7 Since 10 ÷ 5 = 2 divide
the numerator by 5, also.
So, 5 = 1
5) 20 = 6) 90 = 10 2
30 6 100 50
1) 9 2) 8 3) 6 4) 15
12 12 8 20
5) 20 6) 14 7) 8 8) 24
25 21 16 36
9) 66 10) 18
99 30
B. TYPES OF FRACTIONS
1. Common Fractions
A common fraction is one in which the numerator is less than the denominator
(or a fraction which is less than the number 1). A common fraction can also be called a proper
fraction.
Some fractions, when reduced, are really whole numbers (1, 2, 3, 4… etc).
Whole numbers occur if the denominator divides into the numerator evenly.
e.g. 10 = 10
1
3. Mixed Numbers
2 3 = 10 and 3 10 1 = 90 and 1
5 5 5 9 9 9
= 13 = 91
5 9
4x95 36 5
e.g. 45 = = = 41
9 9 9 9
10 x 7 2 70 2
10 2 = = = 72
7 7 7 7
5. Simplifying fractions
e.g. 6 = 2, 2 5 = 21, 27 = 3 = 1 1
9 3 25 5 18 2 2
Note that many fractions can not be reduced since they have no common factors.
e.g. 17 , 4 , 18
21 9 37
6. EXERCISE 2 : Types of Fractions
a) Which of the following are common fractions (C), whole numbers (W), mixed numbers (M)
or improper fractions (I)?
1) 2 2) 3 4 3) 7 4) 8 5) 24
3 5 5 8 2
6) 5 8 7) 2 3 8) 25 9) 24 10) 12
19 3 24 25 12
1) 7 2) 18 3) 70 4) 12 5) 100 6) 25
5 11 61 5 99 2
1) 2 1 2) 6 3 3) 8 2 4) 11 1 5) 9 4 6) 4 3
5 8 3 5 5 4
1) 28 2) 80 3) 2 12 4) 5 27 5) 25 6) 90
40 10 18 54 15 12
C. COMPARING FRACTIONS
In the diagram on the right, it is easy to see that 7 is larger
8
than 3 (since 7 is larger than 3).
8
However, it is not as easy to tell that 7 is larger than 5 .
8 6
7 =
3
In order to compare fractions, we must have the same (common) 8 8
Which is larger:
7 or 5 ?
8 6
x4 x3
4 = 16 5 = 15 So, 4 is larger than 5
9 36 12 36 9 12
x4 x3
__________________________________________________________________________
Which is larger:
4 or 13 or 11 ?
5 15 12
x12 x4 x5
4 = 48 13 = 52 11 = 55
5 60 15 60 12 60
x12 x4 x5
Notice that one denominator (9) divides into the other denominator (18). This means that
the LCD = 18 and we only have to change one fraction 7 to an equivalent fraction.
9
x2
7 = 14 So, 7 is larger than 13
9 18 9 18
x2
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
1) 7 or 6 2) 1 9 or 18 3) 4 or 9
13 13 10 10 5 10
4) 3 or 5 5) 5 or 4 6) 1 or 6 or 7
13 12 8 7 2 11 12
7) 2 or 11 8) 4 or 5 or 3 9) 1 or 3
3 15 9 12 8 4 16
D. ADDING FRACTIONS
There are four main operations that we can do with numbers: addition ( + ), subtraction ( – ),
multiplication ( x ), and division ( ÷ ).
In order to add or subtract, fractions must have common denominators.
This is not required for multiplication or division.
e.g. 1 and 5
Add
12 12
x3
2 5 2 = 6
Add and 9 27
9 27
x3
Notice that the denominators are not common. Also notice that 27 is
a multiple of 9 (since 9 x 3 = 27). This means that the LCD = 27
(see the last example in “Comparing Fractions”).
2 + 5 = 6 + 5
9 27 27 27
= 11
27
3. Adding Any Fraction
7 + 13 = 35 + 52
7 and 13 12 15 60 60
Add
12 15 = 87
60
= 1 9
We must find a common denominator by examining multiples of the 20
largest denominator. We find that the LCD = 60.
Add 1
5 and 2 3
6 8
When adding mixed numbers, add the whole numbers and the
1 5 = 1 20
fractions separately. Find common denominators and add. 6 24
+ 2 3 = 2 9
8 24
total equals 3 29
If an improper fraction occurs in the answer, change it to a common 24
fraction by doing the following. 29 5
3 = 3+1
24 24
= 4 5
24
1 + 2 CAN BE WORDED
2 3
Note: All of these can be worded with the fractions in reverse order:
1 2 4 3
1) + 2) +
5 5 5 5
4 2 3 3 3
3) + 4) + +
9 9 4 4 4
2 1 1 3
1) + 2) +
3 9 2 8
1 5 2 4
3) + 4) +
4 16 3 15
1 1 2 1
1) 3 + 4 2) 9 + 3
2 4 3 6
1 4 3 1
3) 8 + 4 4) 2 + 6
2 5 4 2
1 5 1 3
5) 4 + 6 6) 6 + 8
3 6 3 4
2 4 2 1 3
7) 7 + 8) 8 + 6 + 1
3 5 3 4 8
2 3 5 3
1) and 2) total of and
3 7 6 8
1 1 3 5
3) plus 4) greater than
2 5 2 7
5 3 1 3
5) combined with 6) sum of and
12 8 6 14
E. SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
1. Common Fractions
2. Mixed Numbers
2 7 2 9 2 5 9 5
i.e. 4 =3+ + , or 3 4 -2 = 3 -2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
4
= 1
7
3 2
To subtract 1 from 6 , first change the common fractions to
4 3 2 3 8 9
6 -1 = 6 -1
8 9 3 4 12 12
equivalent fractions with the LCD. Since is smaller than ,
12 12 20 9
= 5 -1
borrow from 6. 12 12
11
= 4
8 12 8 20 12
6 = 5 + = 5
12 12 12 12
The Language of Subtraction
5 2
- CAN BE WORDED
6 3
5 2 2 2 subtracted from 5
minus (NOT minus)
6 3 3 3 6
2 5 2 5
from less than
3 6 3 6
5 2 5 2
decreased by or lowered by the difference of and
6 3 6 3
NOTE: Unlike addition, we can not reword the above with the fractions in reverse order:
1 2 2 1
i.e. - is NOT the same as -
2 3 3 2
======================================================================
5 3 2 1
1) What is minus ? 2) decreased by is what?
8 16 7 21
4 7 1 9
3) What is less than ? 4) What is from ?
9 9 6 24
F. MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
1. Common Fractions
Any common factor in either numerator can cancel with the same 1 1
Note that any whole number (16) has the number “1” understood in 2
its denominator. 5 5 16
x 16 = = 10
8 8 1
1
If more than two fractions are multiplied, the same principles apply. 2 3 1 2 3 1
x x = =
9 20 4 9 20 4
1
120
2. Mixed Numbers
1 2
x CAN BE WORDED
2 3
1 2 1 2
multiplied by by
2 3 2 3
1 2 1 2
of the product of and
2 3 2 3
NOTE: When multiplying, it doesn’t matter which fraction is first.
1 2 2 1
i.e. x is the same as x
2 3 3 2
=======================================================================
2 15 5 48 3 16 9
4) x 5) x 6) x x
5 21 8 125 4 27 16
5 7 16 4 4 2 15
7) x x 90 x 20 x 8) 2 x 3 9) 8 x
3 4 14 5 7 3 21
18 57 6 8 2 12 1 5
10) x x x x 11) 1 x 2 12) 2 x 6
19 4 32 9 3 25 37 12
2 41 5 27
1) What is of 45? 2) by 14 is what number? 3) What is times ?
3 7 9 10
4 1 1 62
4) of 2 is what number? 5) of is what number?
5 7 2 63
G. DIVIDING FRACTIONS
1. Common Fractions
Simply invert (take the reciprocal of) the fractions that we are 5 8 5 9 45
= =
8 7 9 7 8 56
dividing by ( ). Then cancel and multiply.
9
Note: you can only cancel after the division is changed to a 9 3 9 32
multiplication. = =6
16 32 16 3
2. Mixed Numbers
1 2
CAN BE WORDED
2 3
1 2 2 1 1 2
divided by into divide by
2 3 3 2 2 3
NOTE: In multiplication, the order of the fractions was not important.
1 2 2 1
i.e. x is the same as x
2 3 3 2
In division, this is not the case. The order of the fractions is important.
Consider the following:
1 2 1 3 3
= =
2 3 2 2 4
2 1 2 2 4 1
but = = =1
3 2 3 1 3 3
======================================================================
a) Divide:
3 9 3 12 2
1) 2) 3) 6
5 15 7 5 3
7 13 39 3 11
4) 14 5) 6) 3
12 15 40 10 15
27 1 7 2 2 1
7) 8 8) 1 1 9) 4 3
30 3 9 3 3 2
3 9
10) 2 3
11 22
4 2 2 4 9 12
1) divided by 2) divided by 3) into
5 5 5 5 4 25
2 2 4 4 1 2
4) Divide 1 by 5) into 1 6) Divide by
3 3 9 5 4 5
FRACTION REVIEW:
Decide which operation ( +, -, x, ) by the wording in the question. Then find the answer.
3 2 1
1) What is of 40? 2) How much is 4 from 6 ?
5 3 5
1 2 3
3) How much is from ? 4) How much is of 21?
2 3 7
4 2 2
5) and equals….? 6) divided by 14 is what number?
5 3 3
9 2
7) What is of 300? 8) What is into 12?
10 5
3 8 2 3
9) from equals….? 10) What is 1 by 3
4 9 3 8?
5 21 2 1 4
11) How much is of ? 12) Find the total of and and ?
7 50 3 6 9
3 2 2 3
13) of equals….? 14) What is greater than 4 ?
4 3 5 5
ANSWER KEY – FRACTION REVIEW
4 9 25 2 6 21 70 33
a) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
6 12 40 32 45 27 100 44
2 8 3 5 4 45
b) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
4 9 5 7 6 50
3 2 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 3
c) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)
4 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 5
a) 1) C 2) M 3) I 4) W 5) W 6) M 7) W 8) I 9) C 10) W
2 7 9 2 1 1
b) 1) 1 2) 1 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1 6) 12
5 11 61 5 99 2
11 51 26 56 49 19
c) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
5 8 3 5 5 4
7 2 1 5 2 15 1
d) 1) 2) 8 3) 2 4) 5 5) or 1 6) or 7
10 3 2 3 3 2 2
7 9 9 5 5 7 11 4 1
1) 2) 1 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
13 10 10 12 8 12 15 9 4
3 7 2 2 9 1
a) 1) 2) or 1 3) 4) or 2
5 5 5 3 4 4
7 7 9 14
b) 1) 2) 3) 4)
9 8 16 15
3 5 3 1 1 1 7 7
c) 1) 7 2) 12 3) 13 4) 9 5) 11 6) 15 7) 8 8) 16
4 6 10 4 6 12 15 24
2 5 7 3 19 8
d) 1) 1 2) 1 3) 4) 2 5) 6)
21 24 10 14 24 21
EXERCISE 5: Subtracting Fractions (Page 14)
5 23 11 1 1 1 1 1
a) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 3 6) 3 7) 8)
8 30 24 9 2 4 8 4
2 1 6 5 11 19
b) 1) 3 2) 7 3) 4) 2 5) 10 6) 4
3 2 7 6 12 24
7 5 1 5
c) 1) 2) 3) 4)
16 21 3 24
1 2 2 6 1
a) 1) 2) 3) 1 4) 5) 6) 7) 6000
2 3 7 25 4
130 4 1 29 1
8) 10 9) or 6 10) 1 11) 3 12) or 14
21 21 2 2 2
3 1 12 5 31
b) 1) 30 2) 82 3) or 1 4) or 1 5)
2 2 7 7 63
5 1 8 1 27
a) 1) 1 2) 3) 9 4) 5) 6) 4 7)
28 24 9 2 250
1 1 2
8) 1 9) 1 10)
15 3 3
1 16 1 1 5
b) 1) 2 2) 3) 4) 2 5) 4 6)
2 75 2 20 8
8 1 7 1
a) 1) 24 2) 1 3) 4) 9 5) 1 6) 7) 270
15 6 15 21
5 5 3 5 1
8) 30 9) 10) 5 11) 12) 1 13) 14) 5
36 8 10 18 2
DECIMAL REVIEW
A. INTRODUCTION TO THE DECIMAL SYSTEM
The Decimal System is another way of expressing a part of a whole number. A decimal is simply
a fraction with a denominator of 10, 100, 1 000 or 10 000 etc. The number of decimal places refers to
how many zeros will be in the denominator. Note that the number 5.62 is read as five point six two.
3
The first decimal place refers to tenths 2.3 2
10
31
The second decimal place refers to hundredths 2.31 2
100
319
The third decimal place refers to thousandths 2.319 2
1000
Similarly, six decimal places would be a fraction with a denominator of 1 000 000 (millionths). The
most common usage of decimals is in our monetary system where 100 cents (2 decimal places) make
up one dollar. For example, $2.41 is really two dollars and forty-one hundredths ( 41 ) of a dollar.
100
1. Addition:
2. Subtraction:
3. Multiplication:
Similarly, or 562.4
.58 x 10 = 5.8 5.636 x 10 000 = 56 360
.58 x .1 = .058 .58 x .001 = .00058
The divisor (.12) must be changed to a whole Firstly, notice the difference in wording in these
number (12) by moving the decimal point 2 two division questions. Zero must be added to the
places to the right, in both numbers. In the number 51 in order to move the decimal
answer, place the decimal point directly above the 3 places to the right.
numbers. Note that zeros must be added to
complete the division.
. 19.35 .003 51
.12 2.322 12 232.20
12
112 17000.
108 3 51000.
42
36 3
60 21
60 21
0 0
Divide 254.25 by 1000
Notice 254.25 ÷ 1000 = .25425. So, dividing by
1000 is the same as moving the decimal 3
places to the left (since 1000 has 3 zeros).
0.25425
1000 254.250
200 0
54 25
50 00
4 250
4 000
2500
2000
5000
5000
0
b) Addition:
1) 2.49 + .32 2) 0.042 plus .00982 3) 7.342 and 2 and 7.65
c) Subtraction:
1) 2.036 from 4.478 2) 12.258 from 13 3) 670.1 minus 589.213
d) Multiplication:
1) .21 by .04 2) .42 x .218 3) .75 times 132.786
e) Division:
1) 248 divided by 0.8 2) 15.47 divided by .091
3. Repeating Decimals
Following is a list of some repeating decimals:
1 1 1 2 5
= .3 = .16 .142857 = .6 = .83
3 6 7 3 6
1 2 4
.11 or .1 .22 or .2 .44 or .4
9 9 9
5 7 8
.55 or .5 .77 or .7 .88 or .8
9 9 9
4. Rounding off:
If we want to divide $2.00 into 3 equal parts,
we would want our answer to be to the nearest 0.666….
cent (or nearest hundredth). Since our answer 3 2.000
is closer to 67 cents than 66 cents, we would
round off our answer to $0.67.
7 3 4 3 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
8 11 9 5 7
5 5 2 7 2
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
12 6 3 2 9
c) Round Off:
6) 9432.5 7) .0094325
6) .92356 7) 92356
b) 1) .875 2) .27 3) . 4 4) .6 5) .571428
6) .41 6 7) .8 3 8) . 6 9) 3.5 10) . 2
The use of percentage is another way of expressing numbers (usually fractions) in such a way as to
make comparisons between them more obvious. For instance, if you get 28 out of 40 in test A and 37
out of 50 in Test B, it may not be clear whether you have improved or not. The use of percentage will
allow this comparison, because a percent is part of 100. (i.e. a percent is a fraction with a denominator
of 100).
A percent means a part of 100. For example, if you get 95% on a test, your mark was 95 out of
100. A percent can be changed to a fraction or decimal by simply dividing the percentage
number by 100.
1. Changing % to Fractions
Divide by 100. 93
93% =
(i.e. put the % number over 100 and reduce if necessary) 100
50% = 50 = 1 24% = 24 = 6
100 2 100 25
= 555 = 111
10000 2000
2. Changing % to Decimals
9.23% = .0923
4% = .04
148% = 1.48
. CHANGING FRACTIONS / DECIMALS TO PERCENTS
17 17 ?
This means changing to an equivalent fraction with 100 as denominator (i.e. ).
20 20 100
17 17 1700 1 1
x 100% = = 85% x 100% = 50%
20 20 20 2 2
2 2 19 19 1
x 100% = 66. 6 % x 100% = 47 % or 47.5%
3 3 40 40 2
17
Note: The mathematical wording for changing a fraction ( ) to a percent would normally be:
20
or
19 19 1 7 7
x 100% = 25 % x 100% = 140%
75 75 3 5 5
C. USING PERCENTS
When percents are used in calculations, they are first converted to either fractions or decimals.
Usually it is more convenient to change % to decimals.
50% x 40 = .5 x 40 = 20
20 marks
So 50% =
40
To find the test score, or the part, we multiply the % by the total.
or 20 ÷ 1 = 20 x 2 = 40
2 1
===============================================
1. Change to Fractions
1
e) 9.25% f) 40% g) 5 %
2
2. Change to Decimals
e) 0.95%
3. Change to %
19 2 18 1
a) b) c) d)
20 3 75 12
5 38
e) f) g) 0.865 h) 2.37
9 40
7
i) .0092 j)
4
4. Finding %
c) What % of 30 is 18.5?
c) 65% of 15 is what?
97 41 1 453 37 2 11
1. a) b) c) 1 d) e) f) g)
100 50 2 1000 400 5 200
2
3. a) 95% b) 66. 6 % or 66 % c) 24% d) 8. 3 % e) 55. 5 % f) 95%
3
6. a) 30 b) 32.72 c) 80
A. EXPONENTS
In math, many symbols have been developed to simplify certain types of number expressions. One of
these symbols is the “exponent”.
Rule: An exponent indicates how many times a base number is used as a factor.
The exponent is written smaller and is placed above the base number (the number to be multiplied).
The first example can be read “ten exponent four” or “ten to the power of four”.
Second and third power have special names: second power is usually called “squared”, and third power
is usually called “cubed”.
Example: 52 is “five squared”
53 is “five cubed”
A simple way to work out exponents is to write the base digit the same number of times as the value of
the exponent, and put a multiplication sign between each digit.
Example: 45 = 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 (the exponent is 5, so write 4 five times)
= 1024
PRACTICE A:
Write as an exponent or power (also called “exponential notation”):
1.) 5 5 5 5 = 2.) 2 2 2 2 2 =
3.) 10 10 = 4.) 6 6 6 =
5.) 24 = 6.) 53 =
7.) 34 = 8.) 25 =
PRACTICE B:
Evaluate the following:
1.) 4 = 2.) 1 =
ANSWERS
Practice A (exponents):
When adding numbers of the same sign, simply put the numbers together and carry the sign.
( + 4) + ( + 2) = +6 (–4) + (–2) = –6
– 4 – 2 = –6 (–9) – 5 = –14
Note: This reads –9 combined with –5
When adding numbers of different signs, take the difference between the two numbers; carry the sign of the number
with the largest absolute value.
For example: –9 + 2. The difference is 7. Take the sign of the 9. Answer = (–7)
4–2=2
NOTE: These two examples are the
–2 + 4 = 2 same, just switched around.
–7 + 3 = –4
12 + (–3) = 9
Practice:
1. –9 + 2 =
2. –3 + (–5) =
3. –6 + (–8) =
4. 14 – 14 =
5. –11 + 11 =
In basic algebra, letters represent numbers. It is important to collect same letters together when possible.
5y – 3y should be written as 2y
If you are given the value (number) for the letter, you can substitute that value for the letters to answer the equation.
3x + 2
3 (4) + 2
12 + 2
= 14
An equation is solved when the unknown letter is isolated on one side of the equal sign. When isolating x, the
equation must be kept balanced. To maintain balance, you must always do the same thing to both sides of the
equation.
For example: x + 3 = 10
3 is being added to x , so do the opposite to both sides and subtract 3 from both sides to
isolate x . On the left side, 3 - 3 is 0, leaving just the x on the left.
x + 3 = 10
–3 –3
x = 7
x–6 = 4
x–6+6 = 4+6
x = 10
b) Solve 4x = 20
4x = 20
4 x = 20
4 4
x = 5
y
c) Solve = 5
6
y
= 5
6
y
(6) = 5(6)
6
y = 30
d) Solve 4x + 3x + 2 = 5+4
7x + 2 = 9
7x + 2 = 9
7x + 2 – 2 = 9 – 2
7x = 7
7x 7
=
7 7
x = 1
Algebra Practice
1. 3x + 9x – 8x =
2. 7y – 3y + 2y =
3. Z – 3 = 25
4. 3x + 4 = 13 (isolate 3x first)
5. 5x + 6 = 31 (isolate 5x first)
6. 2x + 4 , when x = 3
7. M – 2s = 40, when M = 4s
8. N 5 = 60
Answers:
1. 4x
2. 6y
3. Z = 28
4. X=3
5. X=5
6. 10
7. M = 20
8. N = 300
BASIC GEOMETRY
PERIMETER OF POLYGONS
A polygon is a geometric figure with 3 or more sides. The perimeter of a polygon is the distance around the
outside of the figure, or the sum of the length of each of its sides. Sometimes formulae are used in
calculating the perimeter to make things easier. The most common formulae used are as follows:
P = 6 mm + 6 mm + 9 mm + 9mm or P = 2 • (l + w)
= 30 mm = 2 • (6 mm + 9 mm)
= 2 • (15 mm)
= 30 mm
or P = 2l + 2w
= 2 (9 mm) + 2 (6 mm)
= 18 mm + 12 mm
= 30 mm
P = 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm or P = 4s
= 40 cm = 4 (10 cm)
= 40 cm
Example 3: Find the perimeter of a parallelogram that has a length of 12m and a width of 5m
P = 2 (l + w) or P = 2/ + 2w
= 2 (12 m + 5 m) = 2 (12 m) + 2 (5 m)
= 2 (17 m) = 24 m + 10 m
= 34 m = 34 m
or P = 5 m + 12 m + 5 m + 12 m
= 34 m
Example 4: Find the perimeter of a triangle that has the sides 3 mm, 6.5 mm, and 8.6 mm
P = 3 mm + 8.6 mm + 6.5 mm
= 18.1 mm
PRACTICE
ANSWERS
a) 30 m b) 17 cm c) 20 m d) 28 mm e) 54.8 in f) 44 cm
g) 67.2 ft h) 32.4 m i) 48 ft j) 47 ft k) 21 km l) 66.62 ft
m) 40.51 cm n) 510 m
CIRCLE GEOMETRY – CIRCUMFERENCE
Circumference is the name for the perimeter (or distance around the outside) of a circle.
In this circle, the centre is Z. A, B, and C are points on the circle.
Radius: The distance from the centre of the circle to any point on the circle is
called the radius (r). (ZA is a radius. ZB and ZC are too).
Diameter: The distance from any point on the circle, passing through the
centrepoint and continuing on to the outer edge of the circle (d). (AB is the
diameter of the circle to the right.)
To find the circumference (or perimeter) of the circle, use one of the following
formulae:
(1) C = π d OR (2) C = 2π r
22
π is called pi and is about 3.14 or
7
ANSWERS
1) C = π d ; C = (3.14)(20); C = 62.8 m 2) C = 2π r; C = (2)(3.14)(7); C = 43.96 km
22 b) C = π d ; C = 3.14(60) = 188.4 mm
3) a) C = 2π r; C = (2) (14) = 88 cm
7
c) C = 2 π r ; C = (2)(3.14)(15); C = 94.2 m
AREA OF POLYGONS
The area of a polygon is the number of squares (of a particular unit) that it takes to cover the surface of the
polygon. Formulae are used to calculate the area. The most common formulae are
1 bh
Area of a square = s2 Area of a triangle = b h or
2 2
Area of a rectangle = l w Area of a parallelogram = b h
1
Area of a trapezoid = h (a + b)
2
Example 1: Find the area of a triangle which has a base of 10 mm and a height of 9 mm.
1 bxh
A= bxh A
2 2
1 10 mm x 9 mm
A= (10 mm x 9 mm) or A
2 2
1
(90 mm2) 90 mm 2
A= A
2 2
A = 45 mm2 A 45 mm 2
Example 2: Find the area of a square that has a side with a length of 6 cm.
A = s2
A = (6 cm) 2
A = 36 cm2
Example 3: Find the area of a parallelogram that has a base of 21 cm and a height of 13 cm.
A=bxh
A = (21 cm) x (13 cm)
A = 273 cm2
1
A= h (a + b)
2
1
A= (29 m) (66 m + 63 m)
2
1
A= (29 m) (129 m)
2
A = 1870.5 m 2
a) b) c)
5 cm 12.6 m
10 cm
5 cm
3 cm
d) e) f)
14 mm 1 cm 12.2 km
11 cm 8.6 km
24 mm
g) h) i)
2.3 ft 12.3 yd
10 ft 12 ft
4 ft
ANSWERS
2 2
a) 15 cm b) 25 cm c) 158.76 m2 d) 336 mm2 e) 11 cm2
f) 52.46 km2 g) 5.29 ft2 h) 44 ft2 i) 151.29 yd2 j) 1225 ft2
so
A=πr2
A = 3.14 x (10)2
A = 3.14 x 100
A = 314 cm2
ANSWERS
The metric system is used in most countries of the world, and the United States is now making
greater use of it as well. The metric system does not use inches, feet, pounds, and so on, although
units for time and electricity are the same as those you use now.
An advantage of the metric system is that it is easier to convert from one unit to another. That is
because the metric system is based on the number 10.
The basic unit of length is the metre. It is just over a yard. In fact, 1 metre ≈ 1.1yd.
1 Yard
1 1 1
of a metre, of a metre, of a metre, and so on.
10 100 1000
You should memorize these names and abbreviations. Think of kilo- for 1000, hecto- for 100, and so
on. We will use these prefixes when considering units of area, capacity, and mass (weight).
THINKING METRIC
To familiarize yourself with metric units, consider the following.
1 kilometre (1000 metres) is slightly more than 12 mile (0.6 mi).
1 metre is just over a yard (1.1 yd).
1 centimetre (0.01 metre) is a little more than the width of a paper-clip
(about 0.4 inch).
1 cm
1 inch is about 2.54 centimetres
1 millimetre is about the The millimetre (mm) is used to measure small distances,
width of a dime especially in industry.
2 mm
3 mm
120 cm
(47.2 in.)
3 ft 11in.
53 cm 39 cm
(82 ft)
2.8 m
3.7 m
(9 ft)
(12 ft)
The kilometre (km) is used to measure longer distances, mostly in situations in which miles were
previously used.
MENTAL CONVERSION AMONG METRIC UNITS
When you change from one unit to another you can move only the decimal point, because the metric
system is based on 10. Look at the table below:
Example:
Complete: 8.42 mm = _______ cm
Think: To go from mm to cm will mean I will have fewer cm than mm because cm are larger than
mm. So I move the decimal point one place to the left.
8.42 mm 0.842 so, 8.42 mm = 0.842 cm
Example:
Complete: 1.886 km = _______ cm
Think: To go from km to cm means that there will be many more cm than there were km because cm
are smaller than km. So I move the decimal place to the right 5 places.
1.886 km 1.88600 so, 1.886 km = 188 600.0 cm
Example:
Complete: 1 m = _______ cm
Think: To go from m to cm … m are bigger, and cm smaller… so, there will be more cm than I
started with. I can move the decimal place to the right 2 places.
1 m = 1.00 m 1.00 cm so, 1m = 100 cm
6. a) 1 mm = _____ m
b) 1 m = _____ mm
ANSWERS
We have probably all heard the old saying: “Measure twice; cut once.” Using a ruler efficiently to measure
materials and construction is an essential aspect of carpentry.
Many trades use both imperial and metric systems of measurement, so you need to know how to read and
use both types of rulers and tapes. Often both systems are on the same ruler / tape. This is convenient, but
beware of reading the numbers for one system and using the units of measurement for the other.
An Imperial ruler, usually 1 foot (ft or ′) long, is divided into inches (″) and parts of inches. An Imperial
tape is similarly divided, but is much longer. Many Imperial measures of length divide inches into halves,
quarters, eighths, sixteenths - and even thirty-secondths.
Metric measures are divided into multiples of 10, starting with millimetres (mms) and centimetres (cms). A
1 metre (m) rule is divided into 100 centimetres or 1 000 millimetres.
Here is a quick review of past learning, plus an exercise, using that knowledge, with a ruler and a tape.
Practice Exercise
1 How many of these fractions of an inch are there in one inch?
a) quarters b) sixteenths c) halves d) eighths
3 In the boxes below, label the measurements shown on the ruler. Write both numbers and units of
either inches (ins or ″) or millimetres / centimetres (mms / cms), whichever is appropriate.
You will notice that sometimes the arrow is not exactly on the line of measurement. It is as close
as possible.
a) b) c) d)
e) f) g) h)
Practice Exercise Answers
1 a) 4 b) 16 c) 2 d) 8
2 a) 300 cms b) 550 mms c) 2050 mms d) 35 cms
3 a) 1 b) 2 =2 c) 4 d) 6
Exercise
1 Label this tape with the measurement points below. Use an arrow and the letter of the measurement
point to show your accurate reading.
inches
a) 3 b) 11 cms c) d) e) 4
f) 16.6 cms g) 21.5 cms h) 7 i) 8 j) 18 cm 5 mm
Exercise Answers:
d) b) f) j) g)