2nd Reading

May 9, 2017 13:6 0218-348X 1750033

Fractals, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2017) 1750033 (16 pages)

c World Scientific Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S0218348X17500335

ON HADAMARD FRACTIONAL CALCULUS

by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH on 05/11/17. For personal use only.

LI MA∗ and CHANGPIN LI†

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Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University

Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
∗mali20062787@163.com
†lcp@shu.edu.cn

Received January 8, 2017

Accepted March 29, 2017
Published May 11, 2017

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the investigation of the Hadamard fractional calculus in three aspects.
First, we study the semigroup and reciprocal properties of the Hadamard-type fractional oper-
ators. Then, the definite conditions of certain class of Hadamard-type fractional differential
equations (HTFDEs) are proposed through the Banach contraction mapping principle. Finally,
we prove a novel Gronwall inequality with weak singularity and analyze the dependence of solu-
tions of HTFDEs on the derivative order and the perturbation terms along with the proposed
initial value conditions. The illustrative examples are presented as well.

Keywords: Hadamard-Type Fractional Operators; Semigroup; Well-Posedness; Banach Con-

traction Mapping Principle; Perturbation.

1. INTRODUCTION So far, there have existed several definitions of frac-

Recently, a large amount of interest in fractional
calculus has been stimulated due to its various
applications, especially in different realms of applied
sciences like physics, mechanics, engineering, and
biology, see Refs. 1–12 and references therein.
tional integrals and fractional derivatives, such as
Grünwald–Letnikov, Riemann–Liouville, Caputo,
Riesz, Erdélyi–Kober, and Hadamard, integrals
and/or derivatives.2,13–17 Generally speaking, they
are not equivalent2,4 and have their respective

†
Corresponding author.

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L. Ma & C. P. Li

backgrounds.18–20 To the best of our knowledge,
most of publications focus on the fractional dif-
ferential equations involved Riemann–Liouville and
Caputo derivatives.21–23 However, there are still
some of the articles discussing the properties of
Hadamard version. For example, in Ref. 24, the
authors list the main two differences between the
Hadamard fractional derivative and the Riemann–
Liouville fractional derivative. Overall, on one hand,
the kernel of the Hadamard fractional integral takes
the logarithmic form of log( xt ) instead of the form
of (x − t). On the other hand, the Hadamard frac-
tional derivative can be regarded as generalization
d n
of the operator (x dx ) , whose construction is well
suited to the case of the half-axis and is invariant
relative to dilation, while the Riemann–Liouville
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the well-posedness. In addition, Sec. 5 deals with
the continuous dependence of parameters. The last
section concludes this paper.
2. PRELIMINARIES
In this section, we mainly present some basic defini-
tions, function spaces, and properties related to the
Hadamard-type fractional integral and fractional
derivative. First of all, let f (x) be a function defined
on (a, b), where 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞ and µ ∈ R.
Definition 1. The Hadamard-type fractional inte-
gral with parameter µ ∈ R (Hadamard-type inte-
gral for brevity) of the given f (x) with order α > 0
is defined as14,15

x  µ
−α 1 t
H Da+ , µ f (x) =

fractional derivative can be viewed as an extension Γ(α) a x

d n
of the classic differential operator ( dx ) cursorily. 
In this paper, we investigate Hadamard fractional x α−1 dt
× log f (t) ,
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

(1)
calculus, including Hadamard fractional integrals t t
and Hadamard fractional derivatives, Hadamard- where x ∈ (a, b), and 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞.
type fractional integrals, and Hadamard-type frac-
Definition 2. The Hadamard-type fractional
tional derivatives, which have slight differences
derivative with parameter µ ∈ R (Hadamard-type
but are unitedly called Hadamard fractional
derivative for brevity) of the given f (x) is defined
calculus.
as14,15
How to determine the definite conditions for frac-
α −(n−α)
tional differential equations seems to be a ticklish H Da+ , µ f (x) = x−µ δn xµ (H Da+ , µ f (x)), (2)
matter.25 It is worth mentioning that the studies
of the definite conditions for fractional differential where δ = x dx
d
, n − 1 < α ≤ n ∈ Z + , x ∈ (a, b),
equations have been more or less mentioned.24,26–31 and 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞.
Delbosco and Rodino show32 the existence and If letting µ = 0, Definitions 1 and 2 are just
uniqueness for a nonlinear Riemann–Liouville type the usual Hadamard integral and derivative, respec-
fractional differential equation. In Ref. 33, the tively. Hadamard fractional calculus always repre-
authors discuss the well-posed conditions for a cer- sents Hadamard(-type) integral and derivative in
tain class of fractional order boundary value prob- this paper if no confusion arises.
lems with Caputo derivatives. There are few stud-
ies on definite conditions of Hadamard fractional Definition 3. The single-parameter Mittag–Leffler
differential equations (HFDEs) and Hadamard-type function and the two-parameter Mittag–Leffler
fractional differential equations (HTFDEs). In this function are defined as2
∞

paper, we consider such questions. xk
Eα (x) = ,α>0
In addition, it is remarked that memory depen- Γ(αk + 1)
k=0
dency of solutions is a desired property in frac-
tional differential equations. So this motivates us to and
∞

detect the parameter dependence of the solutions of xk
Eα, β (x) = , α > 0, β > 0,
HFDEs and HTFDEs. Γ(αk + β)
k=0
The rest of the paper is organized as fol-
lows: In Sec. 2, we introduce some definitions of respectively.
Hadamard-type fractional integral and derivative Obviously,
along with the associate function spaces. In Sec. 3,
we discuss semigroup and reciprocal properties of Eα, 1 (x) = Eα (x), E1 (x) = E1, 1 (x) = ex .
Hadamard-type fractional integral and derivative In the sequel, for the Hadamard-type frac-
−α
operators. Section 4 is dedicated to investigating tional integral operator H Da+, µ (·), we define space

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On Hadamard Fractional Calculus

Xcp (a, b) (c ∈ R, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞) of those real-valued Then for f ∈ Xcp (a, b) there holds
Lebesgue measurable functions f on [a, b] for which −(α−β)
β −α
f Xcp < ∞, where H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = H Da+ , µ f (x). (8)

b 1/p In particular, if β = m ∈ Z + , then
c p dt
f Xcp = |t f (t)| ,
a t m −α
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) =
−(α−m)
H Da+ , µ f (x). (9)
(1 ≤ p < ∞, c ∈ R) (3)
Lemma 3 (see Ref. 2). If 0 < α < 1, f (x) ∈
−(1−α)
and L(a, b), and H Da+ f (x) ∈ ACδ1 [a, b], then
 x α−1
f Xc∞ = ess supa≤t≤b [tc |f (t)|], (c ∈ R). (4) −α α
D
H a+ H a+ D f (x) = f (x) + c log , (10)
a
In particular, if c = 1/p, then the space Xcp (a, b)
coincides with the common Lp (a, b) space. where c is a constant associated with some initial
Then, for the Hadamard-type fractional dif- value.
ferentiation operator H Da+, α
µ (·), we define space Lemma 4 (see Ref. 2). If 0 < α < 1, f (x) ∈
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n
ACδ; µ [a, b] of those functions satisfying L(a, b), then the relation H Daα+ f (x) = 0 valids, if
 and only if,
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

n
ACδ; µ [a, b] = g : [a, b] → R|δn−1 (xµ g(x))  x α−1
f (x) = c log , (11)
 a
d
∈ AC[a, b], µ ∈ R; δ = x , (5) where c is an arbitrary real number.
dx

where AC[a, b] is the set of absolutely continu- Motivated by the above two lemmas for Hada-
ous functions on [a, b]. In particular, if µ = 0, mard fractional differentiation operator H Daα+ (·),
n [a, b] ≡ AC n [a, b].
ACδ; it is trivial to obtain analogous conclusions for
δ
Hadamard-type differentiation operator H Daα+ , µ
0
Next, we construct the generalized weighted
space Cµ, γ, log [a, b] defined as (·) as follows:
 x γ µ Lemma 5. If 0 < α < 1, f (x) ∈ L(a, b), and
Cµ, γ, log [a, b] = f (x)| log x f (x) −(1−α)
a H Da+ , µ f (x) ∈ ACδ;
1 [a, b], then
µ
∈ C[a, b], f Cµ, γ, log 


 x α−1
x γ µ
−α α


H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = f (x) + cx−µ log ,
=
log x f (x)
. (6) a
a C (12)
Obviously, C0, γ, log [a, b] ≡ Cγ, log [a, b], C0, 0, log where c is a constant associated with some initial
[a, b] ≡ C[a, b]. In other words, the generalized value.
weighted space Cµ, γ, log [a, b] can be regarded as an
extension of weighted space Cγ, log [a, b], which can Lemma 6. If 0 < α < 1, γ ≥ 1 − α and f (x) ∈
be found in Refs. 2 and 24. Cµ, γ, log [a, b], then the relation H Daα+ , µ f (x) = 0
In the following, we give the fundamental proper- valids, if and only if,
ties for the Hadamard(-type) fractional operators.  x α−1
f (x) = cx−µ log , (13)
Lemma 1 (see Ref. 2). Let α > 0, β > 0, 1 ≤ a
p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞ and let µ, c ∈ R with µ ≥ c. where c is an arbitrary real number.
Then for f ∈ Xcp (a, b) the semigroup property holds,
i.e. Based on Ref. 34, we introduce the following two
−α −β −(α+β) lemmas.
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = H Da+ , µ f (x). (7)
Lemma 7. If p ≥ 1 and a, b ≥ 0, then
Lemma 2 (see Ref. 2). Let α ≥ β > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤
∞, 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞ and let µ, c ∈ R with µ ≥ c. (a + b)p ≤ 2p−1 (ap + bp ). (14)

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L. Ma & C. P. Li

Lemma 8 (Hölder inequality). Let p > 1 and 3. SEMIGROUP AND

q satisfies 1p + 1q = 1. If u(t) ∈ Lp (a, b) and v(t) ∈ RECIPROCAL PROPERTIES
Lq (a, b), then u(t)v(t) ∈ L(a, b), and OF HADAMARD-TYPE

FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL
t
|u(τ )v(τ )|dτ ≤ up vq , (15) AND DERIVATIVE
a In this section, we address some basic properties,
where t ∈ (a, b]. for instance, semigroup and reciprocal properties on
Hadamard-type fractional operators as follows:
Next, we present the inequality which has been Lemma 11. (I) For Hadamard-type fractional inte-
proved in Ref. 30. gral (1), if α → 1, then we obtain

x  µ
Lemma 9. If λ, υ, ω > 0, then for any t > a, a > 0, −α t dt
H Da+ , µ f (x) = f (t) . (20)
we have a x t
 1−υ
t  υ−1  Moreover, as α → 0+ , we have
t t s λ−1
log log log −α
H Da+ , µ f (x) = f (x).
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a s a (21)
a
 s −ω ds (II) For Hadamard-type fractional derivative (2),
× ≤ Cω −λ , (16) if α → 0+ , then we have
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a s
α
H Da+ , µ f (x) = f (x). (22)
where C = max{1, 21−υ }Γ(λ)(1 + λ(λ + 1)/υ).
If α → (n − 1)+ , then
The following Beesack inequality can be found in α
H Da+ , µ f (x) = x−µ δn−1 (xµ f (x))
Refs. 35 and 36.

(δ + µ)n−1 f (x), (23)
Lemma 10 (Beesack inequality). Let a(t),
q(t) ∈ L(a, b), u(t) and b(t) be real valued contin- where δ = x dx
d
.
−
If α → n , we have
uous functions on [a, b], and b(t), q(t) are both non-
negative functions, satisfying α
H Da+ , µ f (x) = x−µ δn (xµ f (x))
(δ + µ)n f (x),

t (24)
u(t) ≤ a(t) + q(t) b(τ )u(τ )dτ, ∀ t ∈ [a, b],
a where δ = x dx
d
.
(17) In particular, as α → 1, then
α
H Da+ , µ f (x) = µf (x) + xf  (x)
(δ + µ)f (x).
then we have

(25)
t
u(t) ≤ a(t) + q(t) a(τ )b(τ )
a
Proof. In view of the definition of Hadamard-type

t  fractional integral (1), it is easy to formulate case
× exp q(s)b(s)ds dτ. (18) α = 1. For (21), we can use integration by parts as
τ follows.
−α
Remark 1. Furthermore, if u(t) satisfies the same lim H Da+ , µ f (x)
α→0+
conditions as Lemma 10, and suppose that a(t), q(t)

x
are both continuous on [a, b], then we have the fol- 1 t µ x α−1 dt
= lim log f (t)
lowing inequality: +
α→0 Γ(α) a x t t
 µ   

t −1 t x α x
1 = lim f (t) log 
u(t) ≤ a(t) + q(t) a(s)b(s)ds , (19) α→0+ Γ(1 + α) x t a
1−ρ a
x   
x α t µ
b − log d f (t) = f (x).
where ρ = a q(s)b(s)ds < 1 is demanded, which a t x
has been proved in Ref. 37. (26)

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On Hadamard Fractional Calculus

For case (II), combining (2), we can easily get Moreover, motivated by Lemma 2, for 0 < α < β,
α we have the following two conclusions:
lim H Da+ , µ f (x)
α→0+ Theorem 1. Let n − 1 < α < β ≤ n ∈ Z + , 1 ≤ p ≤
 
x  µ
−µ d µ 1 t ∞, 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞ and let µ, c ∈ R, such that µ ≥ c.
= lim x x x Then for f ∈ Xcp (a, b) and H Da−α n
α→0+ dx Γ(1 − α) a x + , µ f ∈ ACδ; µ [a, b]

  there holds
x −α dt β
× log f (t) −α
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) =
(β−α)
H Da+ , µ f (x). (31)
t t
x µ In particular, if β = n, then
d( a t f (t) dtt )
= x−µ+1 = f (x). (27) n −α (n−α)
dx H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = H Da+ , µ f (x). (32)
The proofs of other cases for this lemma can be Proof. Combining definitions of Hadamard-type
similarly obtained, so we omit them here. The proof fractional integral (1) and derivative (2) with
is thus completed. Lemma 1, we have
β −α
Lemma 12. If 0 < α < 1 and β > 0, then the H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x)
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following relations hold. −(n−β) −α

  = x−µ δn xµ (H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x))
−α −µ x β−1
D x
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H a+ , µ log −(n+α−β)
a = x−µ δn xµ (H Da+ , µ f (x))
Γ(β)  x β+α−1 −(n+α−β)
= x−µ log , (28) = x−µ δ · δn−1 xµ (H Da+ , µ f (x)). (33)
Γ(β + α) a
 
x β−1
The inner term of (33) can be formulated as follows.
α −µ
D
H a+ , µ x log −(n+α−β)
a δn−1 xµ (H Da+ , µ f (x))
 
x
Γ(β) x β−α−1 1
= x−µ log . (29) = δn−1 tµ
Γ(β − α) a Γ(n + α − β) a
 
Proof. First we prove (28). Based on (1), we have x n+α−β−1 dt
× log f (t)
  t t
−α −µ x β−1
H Da+ , µ x log (n + α − β − 1)(n + α − β − 2)
a

  · · · (n + α − β − (n − 1))
x
x−µ x α−1 t β−1 dt =
Γ(n + α − β)
= log log
t a t
x 
x α−β
Γ(α) a
dt

× tµ log f (t)
x−µ (log xa )β+α−1 1 t t
= (1 − y)α−1 y β−1 dy a


Γ(α) x
0 xµ
Γ(β)  x β+α−1
=
Γ(1 + α − β) a
= x−µ log , (30)  µ 
Γ(β + α) a t x (1+α−β)−1 dt
× log f (t)
where the inner integral term is evaluated by the x t t
change of variable y = log at / log xa and by using −(1+α−β)
the relation between the Beta function and Gamma = xµ H Da+ , µ f (x). (34)
function. After a few calculations, we can obtain Substituting the above term into (33) and taking
formula (29) by utilizing (2) and (28). Thus, we (2) into account, we obtain
finish this proof. β −α
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x)
Remark 2. For Hadamard fractional integral and −(1+α−β)
derivative, we have analogue conclusions which can = x−µ δxµ ( H Da+ ,µ f (x))
be considered as µ = 0 in Lemmas 11 and 12, (β−α)
respectively. =H Da+ , µ f (x). (35)

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L. Ma & C. P. Li

If µ ≥ c, then by Theorem 2.1 in Ref. 15, Theorem 3. Let β ≥ α > 0, n − 1 < α ≤ n ∈

−(1+α−β) Z + , m − 1 < β ≤ m ∈ Z + , 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞,
the operators H Da−α
+ , µ (·), H Da+ , µ (·), and
−(n+α−β) 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and let µ, c ∈ R with µ ≥ c. Then
H Da+ , µ (·) are bounded in Xcp . Besides, the n [a, b] and α p
for f ∈ ACδ; µ H Da+ , µ f ∈ Xc (a, b), there
condition H Da−α +, µf ∈ ACδ;n [a, b] ensures that
µ holds
β −α
H Da+ , µ ( H Da+ , µ f )
exists almost everywhere on −β α −(β−α)
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = H Da+ , µ f (x). (40)
[a, b], which has also been proved in Ref. 15. Thus,
this theorem is proved. In particular, if β = α, then
−α α
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = f (x). (41)
If the difference between α and β is bigger than
one, then we have Proof. From Lemma 2.35 in Ref. 2, we know that
(41) holds when a = 0 and b = ∞. It is necessary to
Theorem 2. Let n − 1 < α ≤ n ≤ m − 1 < β ≤ expound elaborately the assertion of Lemma 2.35 in
m, n, m ∈ Z + , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ a < b ≤ ∞ and let Ref. 2. Here for arbitrary nonnegative a, and pos-
µ, c ∈ R with µ ≥ c. Then for f ∈ Xcp (a, b) and itive b, we also have the relation (41) due to the
−α m
H Da+ , µ f ∈ ACδ; µ [a, b] there holds analysis followed. First of all, when n − 1 < α <
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β −α (β−α) n ∈ Z + , we get the following relation by virtue of

H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = H Da+ , µ f (x). (36) (1) and (2),
−α α
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

In particular, if β = m, then H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x)

x
m −α
x−µ x α−1
(m−α)
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = H Da+ , µ f (x). (37)
= log
Γ(α)Γ(n − α) a t
Proof. The main idea of this proof is identical  
  
t n−α−1
t du dt
with that of Theorem 1. So we just present a gen- × δn uµ log f (u) .
eral sketch of the proof here. First of all, we should a u u t
observe the variation of β − α. From the condition (42)
n − 1 < α ≤ n ≤ m − 1 < β ≤ m, n, m ∈ Z + ,
we get m − n − 1 < β − α ≤ m − n + 1, that On one hand, the inner integral term can be rewrit-
is [β − α] = m − n + 1, or [β − α] = m − n, or ten as

t  
[β − α] = m − n − 1, where [θ] is the smallest integer µ t n−α−1 du
which is bigger than θ. Without loss of generality, u log f (u)
a u u
we only discuss the case when [β − α] = m − n.  
n−1

β
Γ(n − α) t n−α+k
−α
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x) = fk (a) log
Γ(n − α + k + 1) a
k=0
−µ m µ −(m+α−β)
 2n−α−1
=x δ x (H Da+ , µ f (x)), Γ(n − α) t
t du
+ fn (u) log ,
= x−µ δm−n ·
−(m+α−β)
δn xµ (H Da+ ,µ f (x)). (38) Γ(n − α + n) a u u
(43)
Employing the similar technique used in Theorem 1,
where f0 (x) ≡ xµ f (x), fk (x) ≡ δk [xµ f (x)], k =
we can obtain
0, 1, . . . , n.
−(m+α−β)
δn xµ (H Da+ , µ f (x)) Utilizing the operator δn on the both sides
of (43), we have
−((m−n)−(β−α))
= xµ H Da+ , µ f (x). (39) 
  
n
t
µ t n−α−1 du
δ u log f (u)
In the presence of the conditions f ∈ Xcp (a, b) a u u
and H Da−α m
+ , µ f ∈ ACδ; µ [a, b], we substitute (39) into  
n−1

(38), then we finish this proof. Γ(n − α) t −α+k
= fk (a) log
Γ(−α + k + 1) a
k=0
By exchange of the two operators, we can con-
 n−α−1
t
clude a more general theorem than Lemma 2.35 of t du
+ fn (u) log . (44)
Ref. 2. a u u
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On Hadamard Fractional Calculus


Now, we can obtain Γ(α)Γ(n − α) x
x n−1 du
= fn (u) log
−α α
H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x)
Γ(n) a u u

x 

x Γ(α)Γ(n − α) x n−1
x−µ x α−1 = log dfn−1 (u)
= log Γ(n) a u
Γ(α)Γ(n − α) a t  
n−1   Γ(α)Γ(n − α) x n−1
 Γ(n − α) t −α+k = − log fn−1 (a)
× fk (a) log Γ(n) a
Γ(−α + k + 1) a
x 
k=0 x n−2 du

t    + (n − 1) fn−1 (u) log
t n−α−1 du dt a u u
+ fn (u) log . (45)  
a u u t Γ(α)Γ(n − α) x n−1
= − log fn−1 (a)
In addition, Γ(n) a

x n−1  x n−2
x α−1  Γ(n − α) − (n − 1) log fn−2 (a)
log fk (a) a
a t Γ(−α + k + 1)
x
k=0
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+ (n − 1)(n − 2) fn−2 (u)

 −α+k  a
t dt
× log  x n−3 du
a t
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× log
u u
n−1
 Γ(n − α) = ···
= fk (a)  n−1
Γ(−α + k + 1)  Γ(n)
k=0 Γ(α)Γ(n − α)

  = −
x
x α−1 t −α+k dt Γ(n) Γ(k + 1)
k=0
× log log
a t a t  x k
× log fk (a) + Γ(n)xµ f (x) . (47)
n−1
 Γ(n − α)  x k a
= fk (a) log
Γ(−α + k + 1) a Here, we interchange the order of integration and
k=0

let z = log( ut )/ log( ux ). Therefore, we conclude that
1
(41) is valid by (45), (46), and (47). Furthermore,
× (1 − y)α−1 y −α+k dy
0 if β > α, then we have the conclusion (40) in view
of Lemma 1 and (41) as follows:
n−1
 Γ(n − α)Γ(α)  x k
= fk (a) log , (46) −β α
Γ(k + 1) a H Da+ , µ H Da+ , µ f (x)
k=0
where we utilize the variable substitution y = −(β−α)
=H Da+ , µ (H Da−α α
+ , µ H Da+ , µ )f (x). (48)
log( at )/ log( xa ).
On the other hand, All these complete the proof.

x 
  
x α−1 t
t n−α−1 du dt
log fn (u) log 4. WELL-POSED CONDITIONS
a t a u u t

x
FOR HADAMARD-TYPE
du x  x α−1 FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL
= fn (u) log
a u u t EQUATIONS
 
t n−α−1 dt In this section, we propose the well-posed conditions
× log
u t for HTFDEs with fractional order α ∈ (0, 1). First,

x  we consider the HTFDEs in the case of µ
= 0, and
x n−1 du
= fn (u) log start this section with an example.
a u u

1 Example 1. Consider the following system.
× (1 − z)α−1 z n−α−1 dz α
0 H Da+ , µ u(t) = f (t, u), a < t ≤ b. (49)

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L. Ma & C. P. Li

If the initial value condition u(a) = ua is posed for has a unique solution u(t) ∈ Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b] given
Eq. (49), then by
(i) Equation (49) has no solution provided that      −1
µ t0 1−α t0 α
f (t, u) ≡ 0 and ua
= 0, u(t) = u0 t0 log Eα, α log t−µ
(ii) Equation (49) has two solutions u(t) = 0 and a a
u(t) = ct−µ log( at ), provided that f (t, u) = tµα u1−α     
t α−1 t α
1 × log Eα, α log . (55)
and ua = 0, where c = (Γ(2 − α)) α . a a
As a result, such a problem is ill-posed in this
situation. Proof. Based on Lemma 5, it is equivalent to prove
that the following integral equation has a unique
Next, we are going to discuss the well-posed con- solution.
 
ditions for the HTFDEs. By using Lemmas 5 and 6, t α−1
it is not difficult to obtain the following result: u(t) = ct−µ log + H Da−α + , µ u(t), c ∈ R.
a
(56)
Proposition 1. The initial value problem
 By Lemmas 12 and 1 and iteration, we obtain
α  
by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH on 05/11/17. For personal use only.

H Da+ , µ u(t) = 0, a < t ≤ b,

(50) −µ t α−1
u(t0 ) = u0 , a < t0 ≤ b, u(t) = ct log
a
 
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

 
has a unique solution in Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b] which is −α −µ t α−1 −α
+ H Da+ , µ ct log + H Da+ , µ u(t)
given by a
 1−α  α−1  
t0 t t α−1 cΓ(α) −µ
u(t) = u0 tµ0 log t −µ
log . (51) = ct −µ
log + t
a a a Γ(2α)
 
Theorem 4. If γ ≥ 1 − α and f (t) ∈ Cµ, γ, log [a, b], t 2α−1
× log + H Da−2α
+ , µ u(t)
then the initial value problem a
 
α
H Da+ , µ u(t) = f (t), a < t ≤ b, −µ (log at )α−1 (log at )nα−1
(52) = ct Γ(α) + ··· +
u(t0 ) = u0 , a < t0 ≤ b, Γ(α) Γ(nα)
+ H Da−nα
+ , µ u(t). (57)
has a unique solution in Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b] in the fol-
lowing integral form Furthermore, we can prove that H Da−nα +, µ ·

 α−1 u(t)µ, 1−α, log → 0 as n → +∞ in the following

−µ t1 way.
u(t) = ct log +
a
Γ(α) |H Da−nα
+ , µ u(t)|

t   α−1  
τ µ t dτ  1
t  τ µ  
× log f (τ ) , (53)  t nα−1 dτ 
a t τ τ = log u(τ ) 
 Γ(nα) a t τ τ 
 t0 t0 α−1 µ
where c = (u0 − Γ(α)
1
( tτ0 )µ (log τ ) f (τ ) dτ
τ )t0 ×
a t−µ u(t)µ, 1−α, log
(log ta0 )1−α . ≤
Γ(nα)

  
 t t nα−1  τ α−1 dτ 
Proof. In view of Lemma 5 and Proposition 1, it 
× log log 
is not complicated to derive (53). Thus, we finish  a τ a τ 
this proof.
Γ(α)t−µ (log at )nα+α−1
= u(t)µ, 1−α, log .
Theorem 5. The initial value problem Γ(nα + α)
 (58)
α
H Da+ , µ u(t) = u(t), a < t ≤ b, Meanwhile, the summation in (57) reduces to
(54)
u(t0 ) = u0 , a < t0 ≤ b, (log at )α−1 Eα, α ((log at )α ) which belongs to space

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On Hadamard Fractional Calculus

t α−1 
C1−α, log [a, b]. It is immediately to get u(t) ∈ t τ α−1 dτ
Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b]. So we complete this proof after sub- × log log
a τ a τ
stitution of the initial value condition.
L(log ab )α Γ(α)
≤ |c| + uµ, 1−α, log , (61)
In the following, we consider the general HTFDE. Γ(2α)

α
H Da+ , µ u(t) = f (t, u), a < t ≤ b,
(59) where we have used the |f (u)| ≤ L|u| by hypoth-
u(t0 ) = u0 , a < t0 ≤ b. esis H1 and combined the change of variable y =
log τa / log at .
Assume that f (t, u) in Eq. (59) satisfies the follow-
ing condition, Step 3. We verify that Bc, n
µ is a contraction
 operator for sufficiently large n. For all u, v ∈
f (t, 0) = 0,
(H1 ) : (60) Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b], one can get
|f (t, u) − f (t, v)| ≤ L|u − v|,
 1−α
where L is a positive constant independent of u µ t
t log |(Bc, µ u)(t) − (Bc, µ v)(t)|
and v. a
by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH on 05/11/17. For personal use only.

Before presenting the main result for system (59),  α

LΓ(α) t
we give a lemma as follows: ≤ log u − vµ, 1−α, log , (62)
Γ(2α) a
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Lemma 13. Suppose that f satisfies hypothesis

(60). Then for some c ∈ R which is related to a where t ∈ [a, b]. Furthermore, if
certain initial value, the nonlinear integral equation
   
t α−1 1 t 1−α
u(t) = ct −µ
log + tµ log n
|(Bc, n
µ u)(t) − (Bc, µ v)(t)|
a Γ(α) a

t   α−1  
τ µ t dτ Ln Γ(α) t nα
× log f (τ, u(τ )) , ≤ log u − vµ, 1−α, log
t τ τ Γ((n + 1)α) a
a
(63)
admits a unique solution u(t) ∈ Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b].
holds, then one can obtain
Proof. The proof will be divided into three steps.
 1−α
Step 1. Define µ t n+1 n+1
 α−1 t log |(Bc, µ u)(t) − (Bc, µ v)(t)|
t 1 a
(Bc, µ u)(t) = ct−µ log +  1−α
a Γ(α) µ t

t  µ  α−1 =t log
τ t dτ a
× log f (τ, u(τ )) . n n
a t τ τ × |(Bc, µ ◦ Bc, µ u)(t) − (Bc, µ ◦ Bc, µ v)(t)|

 
tµ (log at )1−α t  τ µ t α−1
Step 2. We prove that Bc, µ : Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b] → ≤ log
Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b] is well defined. In fact, we have Γ(α) a t τ
n n dτ
(Bc, µ u)(t)µ, 1−α, log × |f (τ, (Bc, µ u)(τ )) − f (τ, (Bc, µ v)(τ ))|
τ
L(log at )1−α
 α−1
≤ |c| + L(log at )1−α t
µ t
Γ(α) ≤ τ log
Γ(α) a τ

t  
t α−1 dτ
× τ µ log |u(τ )| n
× |(Bc, n dτ
τ τ µ u)(τ ) − (Bc, µ v)(τ )|
a τ
L(log at )1−α uµ, 1−α, log Ln+1 (log at )1−α u − vµ, 1−α, log
≤ |c| + ≤
Γ(α) Γ((n + 1)α)

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L. Ma & C. P. Li

t α−1 
t τ nα+α−1 dτ Based on the above analysis and some related
× log log results in Ref. 2, we conclude that the well-posed
a τ a τ
conditions for general HTFDEs as 0 < α < 1 should
 
Ln+1 Γ(α) t (n+1)α be
≤ log  α
Γ((n + 2)α) a H Da+ , µ u(t) = f (t, u),
 a < t ≤ b,

× u − vµ, 1−α, log .   (69)

 µ t 1−α
(64) t log u(t)|t=a = u0 ,
a
So we get or,
n
(Bc, n 
µ u)(t) − (Bc, µ v)(t)µ, 1−α, log α
H Da+ , µ u(t) = f (t, u), a < t ≤ b,
  (70)
Ln Γ(α) b nα α−1
H Da+ , µ u(t)|t=a = u0 ,
≤ log u − vµ, 1−α, log .
Γ((n + 1)α) a or,
(65) 
α
H Da+ , µ u(t) = f (t, u), a < t ≤ b,
It is immediate to find that (71)
Ln (log ab )nα u(t0 ) = u0 , a < t0 ≤ b.
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→ 0, (66)
Γ((n + 1)α) Remark 3.
as n approaches to +∞. Therefore, by Banach con-
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

• (i) The above definite conditions are not com-

traction mapping principle, it is obvious to conclude pletely equivalent;
that Bc,n is a contraction operator. So the proof is
µ • (ii) As µ = 0 in system (71), all of theorems in
completed. this section can also be valid for HFDEs;
Correspondingly, we give the following conclusion • (ii) We may extend our result in parallel to the
for system (59). HTFDEs as 1 < α < 2.

Theorem 6. If f satisfies (60), then the initial

value problem (59) has a unique solution u(t) ∈ 5. THE DEPENDENCE OF
Cµ, 1−α, log [a, b]. SOLUTION ON PARAMETERS
As it is well known, compared to fruitful results
Proof. Equation (59) is equivalent to the following on Riemann–Liouville and Caputo type frac-
integral equation, tional differential equations, there are few research
 
−µ t α−1 1 papers dedicated to the dependence of solutions
u(t) = ct log +
a Γ(α) of HTFDEs on initial value conditions, fractional

t   α−1 orders, and perturbation terms. In Ref. 24, the
τ µ t dτ authors only investigated the dependence on both
× log f (τ, u(τ )) ,
a t τ τ the initial value conditions and the derivative order
(67) of solutions of HFDEs in the presence of the Lip-
 t0 τ µ t0 α−1 schitz condition. In this section, employing initial
where c = (u0 − Γ(α) a ( t0 ) (log τ )
1
f (τ, u(τ )) ×
value condition proposed in Sec. 4, we discuss a
dτ µ t0 1−α
τ )t0 (log a ) . more general case for HTFDEs.
Then one can utilize Lemma 13 to end this proof. Now we consider the HTFDE as follows

α
H Da+ , µ u(t) = f (t, u), a < t ≤ b,
(72)
Example 2. Consider the following problem. u(t0 ) = u0 , a < t0 ≤ b,
 1
H D1/2 u(t) = sin u, 1 < t ≤ 2, where 0 < α < 1.
1+ , 1/2 6 (68) Correspondingly, its perturbation equation can

u(1.5) = 1. be given as
Then a simple computation shows that the hypoth-   λ

 Dα−ε1 ũ(t) = f (t, ũ) + ε t−µ log t
esis H1 holds. And in view of Theorem 6, this prob- H a+ , µ 2 ,
a (73)
lem has a unique solution in C1/2, 1/2, log [1, 2]. This 

implies that the initial value condition is well-posed. ũ(t0 ) = ũ0 ,

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On Hadamard Fractional Calculus

where 0 < α−ε1 < 1, ε1 and ε2 are both sufficiently where p and q are conjugate exponents satisfying
small numbers, and λ > −1. p > 1, 1p + 1q = 1.
Suppose that f (t, u) in Eq. (72) satisfies the fol- In the sequel, we evaluate the first integral term
lowing hypothesis, of inequality (77) by means of Lemma 9.


 f (t, 0) = 0,
t pα−p 

 t τ pβ−p −p
|f (t, u) − f (t, v)| log log τ dτ
(H2 ) :   (74) a τ a

 t σ

 ≤ L|u − v|t −µ log ,
t 
a −(p−1) t (pα−p+1)−1
=a log
where L > 0 and σ > −1 are both independent of t, a τ
u and v. Obviously, the hypothesis H1 is the special  τ (pβ−p+1)−1  τ −(p−1) dτ
case of H2 . × log
a a τ
To better analyze the dependence of solu-  pα−p
tion on parameters for HTFDEs, we construct a t
≤ C1 log , (78)
novel Gronwall inequality which can be applied to a
HTFDEs more efficiently.
by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH on 05/11/17. For personal use only.

where C1 = 2p−pα a−(p−1) (p − 1)p−pβ−1 Γ(pβ − p +

Theorem 7. Suppose 0 < α < 1, β > 0, b(t) is a
1)(1 + (pβ−p+1)(pβ−p+2) ).
nonnegative function locally integrable on [a, b], and pα−p+1
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

g(t) is a nonnegative function, satisfying Substituting inequality (78) into (77) and raising

t  both sides to the power q yield
t α−1
u(t) ≤ b(t) + g(t) log   
a τ q
1
p t α−1
 u (t) ≤ b(t) + C1 log g(t)
τ β−1 dτ a
× log u(τ ) , (75)
a τ 
1 q
t q
then, one has × |u(τ )|q dτ

a
u(t) ≤ 2q−1 bq (t) + 2q−1 C2  qα−q
q−1 q t
≤2 b (t) + C2 log gq (t)
 qα−q
t
a
t
× log gq (t) bq (τ )
t
a a × |u(τ )|q dτ, (79)

t   1q a
s qα−q q
× exp C2 log g (s)ds dτ ,
τ a where Lemma 7 has been employed, and C2 =
q
(76) 2q−1 C1p .
where p > 1, 1p + 1
= 1, and By Lemma 10, we get
q
  
2q−qα−1 −1 t qα−q q
C2 = 2 a (p − 1) 1−qβ
Γ(pβ − p + 1) uq (t) ≤ 2q−1 bq (t) + 2q−1 C2 log g (t)
a
  q
t 
t 
(pβ − p + 1)(pβ − p + 2) p
q s qα−q q
× 1+ . b (τ ) exp C2 log g (s)ds dτ.
pα − p + 1 a τ a
(80)
Proof. In view of Lemma 8, we can obtain
u(t) ≤ b(t) + g(t) The proof of this theorem is thus finished.

 pα−p  1
t
t τ pβ−p −p p
From Theorem 7 and Remark 1, we can easily
× log log τ dτ
a τ a deduce the following inequality.

t 1q
q Corollary 1. Suppose 0 < α < 1, β > 0, b(t) is
× |u(τ )| dτ , (77)
a a nonnegative continuous function defined on [a, b]

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L. Ma & C. P. Li
  
and g(t) ∈ Cα−1, log [a, b] is also a nonnegative func-  Γ(α − ε ) t 2α−2ε1 −1
 1 −µ
tion satisfying (75), then × t log
 Γ(2α − 2ε1 ) a
  
q−1 q 2q−1 C2 t qα−q q  2α−ε1 −1 
u(t) ≤ 2 b (t) + log g (t) Γ(α) t 
1−ρ a × t−µ log ,
Γ(2α − ε1 ) a 

t  1q
q
× b (τ )dτ , (81) and
a

 α−1 
b τ qα−q q 1 t0
t0 dτ
where ρ = C2 a (log a) g (τ )dτ < 1, q > 1, and c = u0 − log f (τ, u(τ ))
C2 is given in Theorem 7, i.e. Γ(α) a τ τ
  1−α
t0
C2 = 22q−qα−1 a−1 (p − 1)1−qβ Γ(pβ − p + 1) × log ,
a
  q 
t0  
(pβ − p + 1)(pβ − p + 2) p 1 t0 α−ε1 −1
× 1+ . c̃ = ũ0 − log
pα − p + 1 Γ(α − ε1 ) a τ
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Now we investigate the dependence of solution on dτ t0 1−α+ε1
× f (τ, ũ(τ )) ,
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

three types of parameters (initial value conditions, log

τ a
fractional orders, and perturbation terms) corre-
sponding to systems (72) and (73). C2∗ = 22q−q(α−ε1 )−1 a−1 (p − 1)1−q(σ+1)
Theorem 8. Let 0 < α − ε1 < α ≤ 1, f be contin-    q
(pσ + 1)(pσ + 2) p
uous and satisfy the hypothesis H2 and p > 1, p1 + × Γ(pσ + 1) 1 + .
p(α − ε1 ) − p + 1
1
q = 1. Then the following relation holds,
 q  Proof. The solutions of the initial value problems
q−1 q L
q−1
|ũ(t) − u(t)| ≤ 2 M (t) + 2 C2∗ (72) and (73) can be given equivalently as follows,
Γ(α)
 
  α−1
t q(α−ε1 )−q t q u(t) = ct −µ t 1
× log M (τ ) exp C2∗ log +
a a
a Γ(α)
 q
t    1q
t  µ  
L s q(α−ε1 )−q τ t α−1 dτ
× , × log f (τ, u(τ )) ,
Γ(α)
log
a
ds dτ a t τ τ
τ
(82) (83)
 t0 t0 α−1
where where c = [u0 − 1
Γ(α) a ( tτ0 )µ (log τ ) f (τ, u(τ ))
  α−ε1 −1  α−1  dτ µ t0 1−α
 t t τ ]t0 (log a ) , and
 
M (t) = c̃t−µ log − ct−µ log 
 a a   α−ε1 −1
−µ t 1
  ũ(t) = c̃t log +
ε2 Γ(λ + 1) −µ t α+λ−ε1 a Γ(α − ε1 )
+ t log
Γ(α + λ − ε1 + 1) a
t  µ  
τ t α−ε1 −1
× log
Γ(α − ε1 )f µ, 1−α+ε1 , log a t τ
+ 
Γ(2α − 2ε1 ) 
  −µ τ λ dτ
   × f (τ, ũ(τ )) + ε2 τ log ,
 Γ(α − ε1 ) −µ t 2α−2ε1 −1  a τ
× 1− t log 
 Γ(α) a  (84)

Γ(α − ε1 )f µ, 1−α+ε1 , log  t0 τ µ t0 α−ε1 −1

+ where c̃ = [ũ0 − 1
Γ(α−ε1 ) a ( t0 ) (log τ ) f (τ,
Γ(α) µ t0 1−α+ε1
ũ(τ )) dτ
τ ]t0 (log a) , respectively.

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On Hadamard Fractional Calculus

Combining hypothesis H2 , we get Here

    
 t α−ε1 −1     

|ũ(t) − u(t)| ≤ c̃t−µ log − ct−µ  −µ t α−ε1 −1 −µ t α−1 
 a M (t) = c̃t log − ct log 
 a a 
   
t
t α−1   1 ε2 Γ(λ + 1)
 
t α+λ−ε1
× log  
+ + t−µ log
a  Γ(α − ε1 ) a Γ(α + λ − ε1 + 1) a
 τ µ  
t α−ε1 −1 Γ(α − ε1 )
× log [f (τ, ũ(τ )) + f µ, 1−α+ε1 , log
t τ Γ(2α − 2ε1 )
  2α−2ε1 −1 
−µ τ λ dτ 1 
 Γ(α − ε )

t 
+ ε2 τ log − × 1 −
1
t−µ log 
a τ Γ(α)  Γ(α) a 

t    
τ µ t α−1 dτ  Γ(α − ε1 )
× log f (τ, u(τ ))  f µ, 1−α+ε1 , log
a t τ τ  +
Γ(α)
      
  
t α−ε1 −1 t α−1   Γ(α − ε ) t 2α−2ε1 −1
by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH on 05/11/17. For personal use only.

 −µ −µ 
≤ c̃t log − ct log  ×
1
t −µ
log
 a a   Γ(2α − 2ε1 ) a
  2α−ε1 −1 
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

ε2 Γ(λ + 1) t α+λ−ε1 
t −µ Γ(α) t 
+
Γ(α + λ − ε1 + 1)
log
a − t−µ log .
Γ(2α − ε1 ) a 

 
 t  µ
τ t α−ε1 −1
 1
+ log Employing Theorem 7 gives
 Γ(α − ε1 ) a t τ
  −µ q

t  q−1 q q−1 ∗ Lt
dτ 1 τ µ |ũ(t) − u(t)| ≤ 2 M (t) + 2 C2
× f (τ, ũ(τ )) − Γ(α)
τ Γ(α) a t
  q(α−ε1 )−q
t
  t
t α−ε1 −1 dτ  × log M q (τ )
× log f (τ, ũ(τ ))  a a
τ τ 
  q
t
 L
 1
t  τ µ  
t α−ε1 −1 × exp C2 ∗
s−µq
 Γ(α)
+ log τ
 Γ(α) a t τ  1
 s q(α−ε1 )−q

t  × log
q
,
dτ 1 τ µ a
ds dτ
× f (τ, ũ(τ )) −
τ Γ(α) a t (86)
 α−ε1 −1 
t dτ 
× log f (τ, u(τ ))  where C2∗ = 22q−q(α−ε1 )−1 a−1 (p − 1)1−q(σ+1) [Γ(pσ +
τ τ  q

 1)(1 + (pσ+1)(pσ+2)
p(α−ε1 )−p+1 )] p.

 1
t  τ µ  
t α−ε1 −1

+ log Remark 4. Here we only consider the case of µ
= 0
 Γ(α) a t τ

t  for HTFDEs. However, there is no barrier to apply
dτ 1 τ µ all our results to the analysis of µ = 0 for HFDEs.
× f (τ, u(τ )) −
τ Γ(α) a t
 α−1  In the following, we present an example to illus-
t dτ  trate above theorems.
× log f (τ, u(τ )) 
τ τ 

  Example 3. Let us consider the two HTFDEs
Lt−µ t t α−ε1 −1 given by
≤ M (t) + log
Γ(α) a τ 
α
  H Da+ , µ u(t) = u(t),
τ σ dτ (87)
× log |u − ũ| . (85) u(t0 ) = u0 ,
a τ
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L. Ma & C. P. Li

and On the other hand, we can get the exact solutions

  λ for systems (87) and (88),

 Dα−ε1 ũ(t) = ũ(t) + ε t−µ log t     
H a+ , µ 2 , −µ t α−1 t α
a (88) u(t) = ct log Eα, α log .

 a a
ũ(t0 ) = ũ0 ,  
−µ t α−ε1 −1
where 0 < α < 1, 0 < α − ε1 < 1, λ > −1, ε1 and ũ(t) = c̃t log
a
ε2 are sufficiently small.   
On one hand, we can apply Theorem 8 to get t α−ε1
× Eα−ε1 , α−ε1 log
  α−ε1 −1  α−1  a
 t t
   
M (t) = c̃t−µ log − ct−µ log  t α−ε1 +λ
 a a  + ε2 Γ(λ + 1)t −µ
log
  a
ε2 Γ(λ + 1) −µ t α+λ−ε1   
+
Γ(α + λ − ε1 + 1)
t log
a t α−ε1
× Eα−ε1 , α−ε1 +λ+1 log
a
by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH on 05/11/17. For personal use only.

Γ(α − ε1 )
+ uµ, 1−α+ε1 , log and
Γ(2α − 2ε1 )       −1

    t0 1−α t0 α
t 2α−2ε1 −1  c = u0 tµ0 log
Fractals Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

 Γ(α − ε1 ) −µ Eα, α log ,

× 1− t log  a a
 Γ(α) a    
−µ t0 α−ε1 +λ
Γ(α − ε1 ) c̃ = ũ0 − ε2 Γ(λ + 1)t0 log
+ uµ, 1−α+ε1 , log a
Γ(α)  
 
 Γ(α − ε )   t0 α−ε1
 t 2α−2ε1 −1 × Eα−ε1 , α−ε1 +λ+1 log
t−µ log
1
× a
 Γ(2α − 2ε1 ) a
  1+ε1 −α
  t0
Γ(α) −µ t 2α−ε1 −1  × tµ0 log
− t log , a
Γ(2α − ε1 ) a 
  α−ε1 −1
t0
where × Eα−ε1 , α−ε1 log ,
a

 µ  α−1 
t0
1 τ t0 dτ respectively. If ε1 → 0, ε2 → 0 and ũ0 → u0 , it is
c = u0 − log u(τ )
Γ(α) a t0 τ τ direct to obtain ũ(t) → u(t).
  This example shows that the solution of HTFDE
µ t0 1−α
× t0 log is dependent on all the initial value conditions, the
a fractional order, and the perturbation terms.
and

 µ 6. CONCLUSIONS
t0
1 τ
c̃ = ũ0 − In this paper, we extend the semigroup and recip-
Γ(α − ε1 ) a t0 rocal properties for Hadamard-type fractional oper-
 α−ε1 −1    ators which greatly enriches the family of funda-
t0 dτ µ t0 1−α+ε1 mental properties for Hadamard fractional calculus.
× log ũ(τ ) t0 log ,
τ τ a Using the presented properties and Banach contrac-
tion mapping principle, we propose the well-posed
respectively. conditions for a certain class of HTFDEs. Besides,
It is obvious to find that M (t) → 0 in the we propose and prove a new Gronwall inequality
presence of ε1 → 0, ε2 → 0, and ũ0 → u0 . So which is applied to the analysis of the HTFDEs. In
it is immediately concluded that ũ(t) → u(t) by addition, by the well-posed conditions proposed, we
Theorem 8. analyze the dependence of solution on parameters

1750033-14

May 9, 2017 13:6 0218-348X 1750033
for HTFDEs. The examples can verify our theoret-
ical analysis as well.
The presented results of this paper may pro-
vide some valuable ideas for the further exploration
of the kinetic properties of HTFDEs. For exam-
ple, using the semigroup and reciprocal properties
of Hadamard fractional calculus, it is possible to
analyze the existence of periodic solutions in time
invariant (or, time variant) HTFDEs if they exist
indeed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The present work is supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant
Nos. 11372170 and 11632008).
by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH on 05/11/17. For personal use only.
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