FORCE

IS A PUSH OR PULL THAT AFFECTS THE OBJECTS. IT CAN ALSO

MAKE THE OBJECTS MOVE, MOVE FASTER, STOP OR CHANGE ITS
MOTION.

TENSION FORCE
TENSION FORCE IS DEFINED AS THE FORCE THAT IS TRANSMITTED
THROUGH A ROPE, STRING OR WIRE WHEN PULLED BY FORCES ACTING
FROM OPPOSITE SIDES.

BALANCED FORCE
BALANCED FORCES ARE TWO FORCING ACTING IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS ON AN OBJECT, AND EQUAL IN SIZE.

UNBALANCED
FORCE
FORCE THAT CAUSE A CHANGE IN THE MOTION OF AN
OBJECT ARE UNBALANCED FORCES.
 LAW OF ACCELERATION
-THE ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE MAGNITUDE OF THE NET FORCE
ACTING ON IT AND IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS
MASS.

LAW OF
INTERACTION
FOR EVERY ACTION, THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE
REACTION.

MOTION
MOTION IS THE CHANGE IN POSITION OF AN OBJECT WITH
RESPECT TO ITS SURROUNDINGS IN A GIVEN INTERVAL OF TIME.
MOTION IS MATHEMATICALLY DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF
DISPLACEMENT, DISTANCE, VELOCITY, ACCELERETION, AND
SPEED. AN OBJECT’S MOTION CANNOT CHANGE UNLESS IT IS
ACTED UPON BY A FORCE.

MASS
MASS IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF MATTER IN AN OBJECT. MASS IS
USUALLY, MEASURED IN GRAMS (g) OR KILOGRAMS (kg). AN OBJECT’S MASS IS
CONSTANT IN ALL CIRCUMTANCES; CONTRAST THIS WITH ITS WEIGHT, A
FORCE THAT DEPENDS ON GRAVITY. YOU’RE MASS ON THE EARTH AND THE
MOON ARE IDENTICAL.

ENERGY
ENERGY IS DEFINED AS THE CAPACITY OF A PHYSICAL SYSTEM
TO PERFORM WORK. HOWEVER, IT’S IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN
MIND THAT JUST BECAUSE ENERGY EXISTS, THAT DOESN’T
MEAN IT’S NECESSARILY AVAILABLE TO DO WORK.
 VELOCITY
VELOCITY OF AN OBJECT IS A VECTOR QUANTITY. ITS
MAGNITUDE REPRESENTS THE SPEED OF THE OBJECT AND
ITS DIRECTION REPRESENTS THE DIRECTION OF MOTION.

WORK
WORK, IN PHYSICS, MEASURE OF ENERGY TRANSFER THAT
OCCURS WHEN AN OBJECT IS MOVED OWER A DISTANCE BY
AN EXTERNAL FORCE AT LEAST PART OF WHICH IS
APPLIED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE DISPLACEMENT.

POTENTIAL ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY IS THAT ENERGY WHICH AN OBJECT
HAS BECAUSE OF ITS POSITION. IT IS CALLED
POTENTIAL ENERGY BECAUSE IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO
BE CONVERTED INTO OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY, SUCH AS
KINETIC ENERGY.

GRAVITY
GRAVITY IS A FORCE WHICH TRIES TO PULL TWO OBJECTS TOWARD
EACH OTHER. ANYTHING WHICH HAS MASS ALSO HAS A GRAVITATIONAL
PULL. THE MORE MASSIVE AN OBJECT IS, THE STRONGER ITS
GRAVITATIONAL PULL IS. EARTH’S GRAVITY IS WHAT KEEPS YOU ON
THE GROUND AND WHAT CAUSES OBJECTS TO FALL.

KINETIC ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY IS THE ENERGY OF MOTION, OBSERVABLE AS
THE MOVEMENT OF AN OBJECT, PARTICLE, OR SET OF
PARTICLES. ANY OBJECT IN MOTION IS USING KINETIS
ENERGY.

POWER
POWER IS THE RATE (ENERGY AMOUNT PER TIME PERIOD) AT WHICH
WORK IS DONE OR ENERGY CONVERTED. THE SCIENTIFIC UNIT OF
POWER IS THE WATT (W), WHICH IS EQUAL TO ONE JOULE (ENERGY
AMOUNT) PER SECOND (TIME PERIOD).
 HEAT
HEAT, ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER
AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE. THE
IMPORTANT DISTINCTION BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE.

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE IS A MEASURE OF HOW HOT OR COLD SOMETHING IS;
SPECIFICALLY, A MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE
PARTICLES IN AN OBJECT, WHICH IS A TYPE OF ENERGY ASSOCIATED
WITH MOTION. THE TERMS HOT AND COLD ARE NOT VERY SCIENTIFIC
TERMS.

SPEED
SPEED IS THE DISTANCE TRAVELED PER UNIT OF TIME. IT IS HOW
FAST AN OBJECT IS MOVING. SPEED IS THE SCALAR QUANTITY
THAT IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE VELOCITY VECTOR. IT DOESN’T
HAVE A DIRECTION.

DISTANCE
DISTANCE IS A NUMERICAL MEASUREMENT OF HOW FAR APART OBJECT OR
POINTS ARE. IN PHYSICS OR EVERYDAY USAGE, DISTANCE MAY REFER TO
A PHYSICAL LENGTH OR AN ESTIMATION BASED ON OTHER CRITERIA.

ELECTRICITY
SPEED
ELECTRICITY IS WHEN ELECTRONS MOVE FROM ONE ATOM TO ANOTHER, IN
MUCH THE SAME WAY THE PING-PONG BALLS WERE PASSED FROM ONE PERSON
IN THE CIRCLE TO ANOTHER. THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY IS CALLED A
CURRENT, WHICH WE MEASURE IN AMPERES (I), ALSO KNOWN AS AMPS.
CONDUCTORS, LIKE FRANKLIN’S METAL LIGHTNING RODS, EASILY CARRY
ELECTRIC CURRENTS, WHILE INSULATORS, LIKE RUBBER, WOOD, OR CLOTH,
STOP THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY.

TIME
TIME IS WHAT A CLOCK READS. IN CLASSICAL, NON-RELATIVISTIC
PHYSICS IT IS A SCALAR QUANTITY AND, LIKE LENGTH, MASS, AND
CHARGE, IS USUALLY DESCRIBED AS A FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY.

WEIGHT
THE WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT IS RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF FORCE ACTING ON THE
OBJECT, EITHER DUE TO GRAVITY TO A REACTION FORCE THAT HOLDS IT IN PLACE.
 SPEE WEIG
D HT

TIM DISTAN
E CE

ELECTRIC
ITY HEA
T

TEMPERAT
URE
 VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE IS A REPRESENTATION OF THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
PER UNIT CHARGE. IT IS EQUAL TO THE WORK THAT WOULD HAVE TO BE
DONE PER UNIT CHARGE AGAINST THE ELECTRIC FIELD TO MOVE THE
CHARGE FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER.

REFLECTION OF SOUND
WHEN SOUND TRAVELS IN A GIVEN MEDIUM, IT STRIKES THE
SURFACE OF ANOTHER MEDIUM AND BOUNCES BACK IN SOME
OTHER DIRECTION, THIS PHENOMENON IS CALLED THE
REFLECTION SOUND. THE WAVES ARE CALLED THE INCIDENT AND
REFLECTED SOUND WAVES.

RISISTANCE
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF A CIRCUIT COMPONENT OR
DEVICE IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF THE VOLTAGE APPLIED
TO THE ELECTRIC CURRENT WHICH FLOWS THROUGH IT: IF THE
RESISTANCE IS CONSTANT OVER A CONSIDERABLE RANGE OF
VOLTAGE, THEN OHM’S LAW, I= V/R, CANBE USED TO PREDICT
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MATERIAL.

WAVE
WAVES INVOLVES THE TRANSPORT OF ENERGY WITHOUT THE
TRANSPORT OF MATTER. A WAVE CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A
DISTURBANCE THAT TRAVELS THROUGH A MEDIUM,
TRANSPORTING ENERGY FROM ONE LOCATION (ITS SOURCE)
TO ANOTHER LOCATION WITHOUT TRANSPORTING MATTER.

WAVE LENGTH
WAVELENGTH, DISTANCE BETWEEN CORRESPONDING POINTS OF
TWO CONSECUTIVE WAVES. WAVELENGTH IS USUALLY DENOTED BY
THE GREEK LETTER LAMBDA ( ); IT IS EQUAL TO THE SPEED
(V) OF a WAVE TRAIN IN a MEDIUM DEVIDED BY ITS
FREQUENCY (F): = V/F.
 VOLTA REFLECTION OF
GE SOUND

RESISTA WA
NCE VE

WAVE
LENGTH
 LONGITUDINAL WAVE
LONGITUDINAL WAVE. A WAVE THAT OSCILLATES BACK AND FORTH
ON AN AXIS THAT IS THE SAME AS THE AXIS ALONG WHICH THE
WAVE PROPAGATES.

SOUND
SOUND IS A VIBRATION THAT TYPICALLY PROPAGATES AS A
WAVE OF PRESSURE, THROUGH A TRANSMISSION MEDIUM SUCH
AS A GAS, LIQUID OR SOLID.

TRANSVERSE WAVE
TRANSVERSE WAVE. A WAVE THAT OSCILLATES PERPENDICULAR
TO THE AXIS ALONG WHICH THE WAVE TRAVELS.

SOUND
PROPAGATION
IN PHYSICS, SOUND IS A VIBRATION THAT TYPICALLY
PROPAGATES AS AN AUDIBLE WAVE OF PRESSURE, THROUGH A
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM SUCH AS A GAS, LIQUID OR SOLID.
COMPRESSION
A COMPRESSION IS A RIGION IN ALONGITUDINAL WAVE
WHERE THE PARTICLES ARE CLOSEST TOGETHER.

REFRACTION OF SOUND
REFRACTION OF SOUND. REFRACTION IS THE BENDING OF WAVES
WHEN THEY ENTER A MEDIUM WHERE THEIR SPEED IS
DIFFERENT.

FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY, IN PHYSICS, THE NUMBER OF WAVES THAT PASS A
FIXED POINT IN UNIT TIME; ALSO, THE NUMBER OF CYCLES OR
VIBRATIONS UNDERGONE DURING ONE UNIT OF TIME BY ABODY IN
PERIODIC MOTION.
 LONGITUDINAL WAVE

SOUND
TRANSVERSE
WAVE

REFRACTION OF SOUND

SOUND PROPAGATION

COMPRESSION FREQUENCY

AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE, IN PHYSICS, THE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT OR
DISTANCE MOVED BY A POINT O A VIBRATING BODY OR
WAVE MEASURED FROM ITS EQUILIBRIUM POSITION. IT IS
 SOLID
SOLID IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL STATES OF MATTER (THE
OTHERS BEING LIQUID, GAS, AND PLASMA). IN SOLIDS
PARTICLES ARE CLOSELY PACKED. THE BRANCH OF PHYSICS
THAT DEALS WITH SOLIDS IS CALLED SOLID-STATE PHYSICS,
AND IS THE MAIN BRANCH OF CONSIDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
(WHICH ALSO INCLUDES LIQUIDS).

LIQUID
A LIQUID IS ONE OF THE STATES OF MATTER. THE
PARTICLES IN A LIQUID ARE FREE TO FLOW, SO WHILE A
LIQUID HAS A DEFINITE VOLUME, IT DOES NOT HAVE A
DEFINITE SHAPE LIQUIDS CONSISTS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES
THAT ARE CONNECTED BY INTERMOLECULAR BONDS.

GAS
GAS [GAS] ONE OF FOUR MAIN STATES OF MATTER, COMPOSED
OF MOLECULES IN CONSTANT RANDOM MOTION.

REVERBERATION
REVERBERATION IS THE COLLECTION OF REFLECTED SOUNDS
FROM THE SURFACES IN AN ENCLOSURE LIKE AN AUDITORIUM.
IT IS A DESIRABLE PROPERTY OF AUDITORIUMS TO THE
EXTENT THAT IT HELPS TO OVERCOME THE INVERSE SQUARE
LAW DROP OFF OF SOUND INTENSITY IN THE ENCLOSURE.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
THE REFRACTION OF LIGHT WHEN IT PASSES FROM A FAST
MEDIUM TO A SLOW MEDIUM BENDS THE LIGHT RAY TOWARD
THE NORMAL TO THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE TWO MEDIA.
AMPLITU
DE SOLI
D

LIQUI
D
REFRACTION OF
LIGHT

GA
S

REVERBERA
TION
 DIRECTION
THE DIRECTION TELLS US WHICH WAY THE
VECTOR POINTS.

MAGNITUDE
MAGNITUDE REFERS TO THE SIZE OR STRENGTH OF
THE FORCE.

NEWTON
THE SI UNIT OF FORCE. IT IS EQUAL TO THE FORCE
THAT WOULD GIVE A MASS OF ONE KILOGRAM AN
ACCELERATION OF ONE METER PER SECOND, AND IS
EQUIVALENT TO 100,000 DYNES.

COMBINING FORCES
WHEN FORCES ACT IN THE SAME DIRECTION, THEY COMBINE TO
MAKE A BEGGING FORCE. WHEN THEY ACT IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS, THEY CAN CANCEL ONE ANOTHER OUT. IF THE
FORCES ACTING ON AN OBJECT BALANCE, THE OBJECT DOES NOT
MOVE, BUT MAY CHANGE SHAPE.

LAW OF INERTIA
A BODY WILL REMAIN AT REST OR MOVE AT CONSTANT
VELOCITY UNLESS ACTED UPON BY AN EXTERNAL NET OR
UNBALANCED FORCE.

ELECTRIC CURRENT
ELECTRIC CURRENT IS ELECTRIC CHARGE IN MOTION. IT CAN TAKE
THE FORM OF A SUDDEN DISCHARGE OF STATIC ELECTRICITY, SUCH AS
A LIGHTNING BOLT OR A SPARK BETWEEN YOUR FINGERAND A GROUND
LIGHT SWITCH PLATES. MORE COMMONLY, THOUGH WHEN WE SPEAK OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT WE MEAN THE COTROLLED FORM OF ELECTRICITY
FROM GENERATORS, BATTERIES, SOLAR CELLS OR FUEL CELLS.
 LAW OF
MAGNITU
INERTIA
DE

DIRECTI
ON NEWT
ON

COMBINING
FORCE
e