Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Digital Communications
ECE 6640 2
Sklar’s Communications System
Notes and figures are based on or taken from materials in the course textbook:
ECE 6640 Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications, 3
Prentice Hall PTR, Second Edition, 2001.
System Level Tradeoffs
ECE 6640 4
Error Probability Plane
ECE 6640 5
BER vs Eb/No Curves
ECE 6640 6
Nyquist Minimum Bandwidth
ECE 6640 7
Example 9.1: Digital Schemes
• Orthogonal Signaling
– expect improvement in BER as k or M increases
• Non-orthogonal signaling
– expect a decrease in BER as k or M increases
ECE 6640 8
Example 9.1
• Expected trade-offs
• M-FSK
– as M increases, the required transmission bandwidth increases for
minimum frequency spacing.
– to maintain a constant bit rate, the symbol transmission rate
decreases with increasing M
• M-PSK
– while there is degradation as M increases, the symbol transmission
rate may be decreased as M increases
– M-PSK systems plot equal-bandwidth curves, as the bit
transmission rate increases.
ECE 6640 9
Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem
ECE 6640 10
Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem
C S
log 2 1
W N
1
W S
log 2 1
C N
ECE 6640 11
S-H Equivalent Equations
• For
C
Eb S 1 Rb Eb Rb
2 1
W
N0 N 1 W N0 W
• Letting C = Rb
Eb W W
C C
E C
2 1 b
W
2 1
N0 W N0 C
C Eb C
log
2 1
ECE 6640 W N0 W 12
Shannon Capacity Theorem
E 1
1 b log 2 1 x 1
Eb
N0
log 2 1 x x
1
N0 x
1 lim
x 0
Eb
N0
1
log 2 1 x x b log 2 e
E
N0
Eb 1
0.693 1.6dB
N 0 log 2 e
ECE 6640 13
Shannon Limit
Eb 1
0.693 1.59dB
N 0 log 2 e
• As C/W 0 or W/C∞
• In practice, it is not possible to
reach the bound.
• Provides an improvement bound
for encoding and decoding.
• For example: raw BPSK requires
approximately 9.6 dB Eb/No to
achieve a BER of 10-5 which
suggests that up to an 11.2 dB
improvement is possible.
– Turbu Codes can achieve ~ 10 dB.
ECE 6640 14
Entropy
H p log 2 p 1 p log 2 1 p
ECE 6640 15
Entropy for a Binary System
• The entropy is based on the
probability, p, of an event.
• This can also be looked at as
the randomness of successive
events or how correlated
individual events are.
• Note that maximum entropy is
achieved when the probability
is 50%
– A sample provides no information
about a succeeding sample.
ECE 6640 16
Example 9.2 English Language
ECE 6640 18
Equivocation Example
H X | Y 0.081
ECE 6640 19
Effective Transmission Rate
ECE 6640 20
Pb vs Eb/No Curves
ECE 6640 21
Deriving an Effective Eb/No
Eb E N 0.1
b 0 1.176 0.7dB
N 0 eff H eff 0.085
ECE 6640 22
Bandwidth-Efficieny Plane
ECE 6640 23
Figure 9.6:
Bandwidth-Efficiency Plane
• Factors of note:
– MPSK and QAM nominally
maintain the same bandwidth
will increasing the bits per
symbol and required Eb/No
– MFSK uses an increasing
bandwidth as the bits per
symbol increases while the
Eb/No is decreasing
– BPSK and QPSK have the
same Eb/No but different bits
per symbol
ECE 6640 24
Bit and Symbol Rate Considerations
• For MPSK
R k Rs log 2 M Rs log 2 M Rs
log 2 M
R
1
WIF Rs WIF Rs
Ts
– R/W increases with M
• For MFSK
R k Rs log 2 M Rs R log 2 M Rs log 2 M
M
WIF M Rs WIF M Rs M
Ts
– R/W decreases with M
ECE 6640 25
Bandwidth versus Power
ECE 6640 26
Digital Comm. System Engineering
ECE 6640 27
System Example #1:
Bandwidth Limited
• W = 4000 Hz, Pr/No=53 dB-Hz, R=9600 bps, PB=1e-5
log 2 M
Es Eb
N0 N0
PE M 2 Q 2 s sin
E
N0 M
PE M
PB
ECE 6640 log 2 M 28
System Example #1:
Bandwidth Limited
• W = 4000 Hz, Pr/No=53 dB-Hz, R=9600 bps, PB=1e-5
log 2 M
Pr E E Es Eb
b R s Rs
W 4000 Hz
N0 N0 N0 N0 N0
Pr/No 53 dB‐Hz
PE M
R 9600 bps
PB
PE M 2 Q 2 s sin
Pb 1.00E‐05 BER E
log 2 M
Pr/No 199526.23 Hz N0 M
Eb/No 20.78
Eb/No 13.18 dB
ECE 6640 29
System Example #2:
Power Limited
• W = 45 kHz, Pr/No=48 dB-Hz, R=9600 bps, PB=1e-5
log 2 M
Es Eb
N0 N0
M 1 1 E
PE M exp s
2 2 N0
2 k 1
PB PE M k
2 1
ECE 6640 30
System Example #2:
Power Limited
• W = 45 kHz, Pr/No=48 dB-Hz, R=9600 bps, PB=1e-5
Pr E E
log 2 M
b R s Rs Es Eb
W 45000 Hz N0 N0 N0 N0 N0
Pr/No 48 dB‐Hz
R 9600 bps
Pb 1.00E‐05 BER
M 1 1 Es 2 k 1
Pr/No 63095.73 Hz
PE M exp PB PE M k
2 2 N0 2 1
Eb/No 6.57
Eb/No 8.18 dB
ECE 6640 31
Coded System Example
ECE 6640 32
System Example #3:
Encode-Decode
• W = 4000 Hz, Pr/No=53 dB-Hz, R=9600 bps, PB=1e-9
• Starting with the previous 8-PSK system, we need
additional coding gain
R log 2 M Rs
n
Pr E E E Rc
b R c Rc s Rs k
N0 N0 N0 N0
E k
log 2 M b log 2 M
E s Ec
N0 N0 N0 n
PE M 2 Q 2 s sin
E
N0 M
1 n n j
PB j Pc 1 Pc
n j
PE M n j t 1 j
PC
ECE 6640 log 2 M 33
Solution is Steps
• Step 1: Compute the Es/No
E k
log 2 M b log 2 M
E s Ec
Pr E E E
b R c Rc s Rs
N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 n
n j t 1 j
ECE 6640 34
Excel Computations
• Alternate Approach
– the coding gain formula can be used.
E
G in dB b in dB Eb in dB
N 0 uncoded N 0 coded
ECE 6640 36
QPSK and Offset QPSK
ECE 6640 37
QPSK versus Offset QPSK
• OQPSK makes 90
degree phase transitions
• 180 degrees phase
changes may result in
significant amplitude
variation
ECE 6640 38
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
d
st cos 2 f 0 k t xk , k T t k 1 T
4 T
k
xk mod xk 1 d k 1 d k ,2
2
ECE 6640 39
MSK Quadrature Representation
k
xk mod xk 1 d k 1 d k ,2
2
ECE 6640 41
Modulation and Coding for
Bandlimited Channels
• Research Areas (as of 2001 copyright):
– Optimum signal constellation boundaries (choosing a closely
packed signal subset from any regular array or lattice of candidate
points)
– Higher density lattice structures (adding improvement to the signal
subset choice by starting with the densest possible lattice for the
space)
– Trellis-coded modulation (combined modulation and coding
techniques for obtaining coding gain for bandlimited channels).
• Ungerboeck Partitioning
ECE 6640 42
Evolution of Telephone
Modem Standards (1)
• Telephone modems have dealt with the limited power and bandwidth
problem for a considerable time.
• Progress was made at different times for both leased-lines and dial-line
services.
ECE 6640 43
Evolution of Telephone
Modem Standards (2)
• Home modem standards
– Mostly replaced by telephony DSL or cable TV access
ECE 6640 44
Signal Constellation Boundaries
• Various QAM constellations that
have been investigated.
– optimal packing of points with
maximum separation
– reduce maximum amplitude
– optimize PE(M)
ECE 6640 45
Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)
ECE 6640 47