1) Define software and its types.

The term software refers to a set of program procedures, and associated

document

describing the program, and how they are to be used. Software is an important
component of a

computer system. without software , a computer is of no use because it is a

processing device.

It means, it is a life of hardware components. Based on the use, the software can
be system

software, application software , language processor and different types of utilities

program.

Types of software

1)system software

2)Application software

2) What is information system?

Information technology is the use of any computer ,storage, networking,and

other

physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure

and

exchange all forms of electronic data. IT is used in the context of enterprise

operations

as opposed to personal or entertainment technologies. The commercial use of IT

encompasses both computer technology and telephony.

3) write trend in telecommunication network?

Major trend occurring in the field of telecommunications have a significant impact

on

management decisions in this area. Trend can be seen in different point view such
as

industry ,technology and business application trends.

1) Industry trend: Telecommunication network and service are available from

numerous large and small telecommunication companies.

2) Technology trend: open system with unrestricted connectivity, using internet

technologies as their technology platform, are becoming the primary

telecommunication technology drives.

3) Business application trends: The trend toward more vendors, servies, internet

technologies, and open system and the rapid growth of the internet, the world
wide

web and corporate intranets and extranets, dramatically increases the number of

feasible telecommunication.

4) Define DSS?

A decision support system is an information system that supports business or

organizational decision making activities in an organization or a business.A

decision

support system may present information graphically and may include an expert
system or artificial intelligence. It may be aimed at business or some other group
of

knowledge workers.

5) What are the challenge of e-payment system?

The challenge of e-payment system are;

. security challenge include

. counterfeiting

.IIegal alteration of payment data

.Disclosure of private information.

6) Define GDP and POS

It stand as global distrubtion system. A world computerized reservation network

used as a single point of access for reserving airline sets, hotel rooms rental car
and

other travel related items by travel agent, online reserving sites and larges

corporation.

The point of scale or point of prices is the time and place where a retail

transaction is completed. At the point scale, the merchant calculates the amount

own by the customer, indicates that amount , may prepare and invoice for the

customer, and indicates the option for the customer to make payment.

7) Explain DLAP.

Short for online analytical processing a capegory of software tools that provides
analysis of data store in database .OLAP tools enable user to analyze different

dimension of multimensional data. For example, it provide time series and trend

analysis view. OLAP often is used in data mining.

9. List of e-commerce.

The range of business processes involved in the marketing, buying, selling and
servicing of products and services in companies that engage in e-commerce.
Companies involved in e-commerce as either buyer and sellers rely on internet-
based technologies and e-commerce application and services. For e-commerce
can include interactive marketing, ordering, payment and customers support
processes at e-commerce catalog and auction sites on the World Wide Web.
However, e-commerce also includes e-business processes such as extranet access
of inventory database by customers and suppliers, intranet access of customer
relationship management systems. The advantages of e-commerce allow a
business of virtually any sites that is located virtually anywhere on the planet to
conduct business with just about anyone, anywhere. The power of e-commerce
allows geophysical barriers to disappear, making all consumer and business on
earth potential customers and suppliers. 8. List some objectives of MIS?

Management information system is an organized collection of people, procedure,

software, database and devices used to provide routine information as the driving
force to the managers and decision makers. Managers perceive information as
the driving force to achieve success in any business. The sole objective of MIS is;

 MIS is very useful for efficient and effective planning and control
function of the management.
 MIS is helpful in controlling costs by giving information about idle
time, labor turnover, wastages and losses and surplus capacity.
 MIS brings to the notice of the management strength of the
organization, to take advantage of the opportunities available.
  MIS reports on production statistics regarding rejection, defective
and spoilage and their effects on costs and quality of the product.
 By making comparison of actual performance with the standard and
budgeted performance, variances are brought to the notice of the
management by MIS which can be corrected by taking remedial
steps.

10. Write the importance of DBMS.

A database management system is system software for creating and managing

database. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to
create, retrieve, update and manage data. The importance of DBMS is;

 Makes data management more effective and more efficient.

 Query language allows quick answers to ad hoc queries.
 Provides better access to more and better managed data.
 Promotes integrated view of organization's operation.
 Reduces the probability of inconsistent data.

11. Draw block diagram of digital computer system.

Memory

Secondary

Primary

Input device

CU

ALU Regis
ter

CPU
12. What is client server network?

A computer network is referred to as client server if (at least) one of the

computers is used to "server" other computers referred to as "client". In a client
server environment, each computer still holds its some resources and files. One of
the peculiarities of a client server network is that the files and resources are
centralized. This means that a computer, the server, can hold them and other
computers can access them. Since the server is always ON, the client machines
can access the files and resources without caring whether a certain computer is
ON. If the server is turned OFF, its resources and sometimes most of the
resources on the network are not available. In fact, one way to setup a client
server network is to have more than one server.

13. How are software classified?

Software is a setup of program, procedures, and associated document describing

the program, and how they are to be used. Without software, a computer is of no
use. The software can be system software, application software, language
processor and different types of utilities programs. Although the range of
software available today is vast and varied, most software can be classified into
two major categories:

 System software
 Application software

14. List any four functions of MIS.

MIS is supported and focused primarily an operational efficiency, marketing,

production, finance and other functional areas and linked through a common
database. Various functions of MIS are described below;

 Planning: process of deciding in advance the cause of action.

 Organizing: forming formal group of people and activities to facilitate
achieving its objectives.
 Controlling: Checking the progress of plans and correcting any deviation.
 Directing: processing of activating the plans, structure and group efforts in
the desired direction.

15. what do you understand by prototyping?

The prototyping model, initial emphasis is on creating a prototype that
looks and acts
like the desired product in order to test its usefulness. Sometimes
prototyping called
Rapid application development .The prototype is an essential part of the
requirement
determination phase, and may be created using tools different from those
used for the
final product. Once the prototype is approved, it is discarded and the real
software is
written. Prototyping can augment this process because it converts these
basic, yet
sometimes intangible, specification into a tangible but limited working
model of the
desired information system. The user feedback gained from developing a
physical
system that the users can touch and see facilitates and evaluative response
that the
analyzed can employ to modify existing requirements as well as developing
new once.

16. Define system with its importance.

A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized for
a common
purpose. The word sometimes describes the organization or planned it self
and
sometimes describes the parts in the system. A filing system is a group of
files organized
with a plan(for example alphabetical by customer). The term can be very
useful because
so many things can be described as systems. It can also be very unuseful
when a more
specific term is needed.
Importance of system:
System is important to consider the efficiency and accuracy of the
business.
It is important for making business principles and implementation a lot
clearer
and easier.
System monitor and manage their staff and allows them to interact with
each
other connect to the operational strategies of the business.
It is important for enhance performance and help implement strategic
planning ,
creation and operations.

17. Differentiate between hardware and software.

Different between hardware and software are given below:
Software Hardware
1.Software is a set of instructions that tells
a computer exactly what to do.

1.Hardware is physical parts computer that

cause processing of data.

2.software cannot be executed without 2.Hardware cannot perform any

task

hardware. without software.

3.software cannot be touched. 3.Hardware can be seen and touched.
4.Software is a debugged in case of
problem.

4.Hardware is repaired in case of problem.

5.Software is reinstalled if the problem is

not solved.

5.Hardware is replaced if the problem is

not solved.

18. How network help to increase boot business work?

A network is a general term referring to a set of related elements or
entities linked to
each other. The coexistence of these elements is defined by the
communication or
exchange processes performed within a structured environment . Network
helps to
increase boot business work by providing better business opportunities ,
powerful
networks mean powerful position and business opportunities . More and
more in todays
business world , leaders prefer to become intermingled in important
transactions with
people they trust. Network helps to increase boot business work by
enhancing
knowledge ,increased status , positive influences , growing confidence ,
personal
satisfaction .

19. Define TPS , DSS ,ESS and MIS .

TPS :
Transaction processing system (TPS) was one of the first business process
to be
computerize and without information systems , recording and processing
business
transaction would consume huge amounts of an organization resources
.TPS also
involved employees in business process . TPS are information system that
process data
resulting from the occurrence of business transaction .For example : sales
purchase
withdrawals refunds .
DSS:
Decision support system (DSS) provide material for analysis for the solution
of semi
structured problems , which often are unique or rapidly changing . typically
, they
provide the ability to do “what if” analysis .DSS will often use data from
external
sources, as well as data from TPS and MIS .
ESS:

Senior managers use executive support systems (ESS) to make decisions ,

ESS serve
strategic level of organization . ESS functions at the strategic level , support
unstructured decision making , and use advanced graphics and
communications . ESS
design to incorporate data about external events such as new tax laws or
competitors ,
but they also draw summarized information from internal MIS and DSS .
For example :
sales trend forecasting , budget forecasting and personal planning .

MIS:
Management information system (MIS) is an organized collection of people
,
procedures, software , data bases , and devices used to provide routine
information to
the managers and decision makers . MIS is supported and focused primarily
an
operational efficiency , marketing , production , finance and other
functional areas and
linked through a common data base .For example: sales and profit per
customer and
per region , relocation summery and analysis , inventory control , capital
investment
analysis .

20. Explain about data , information and knowledge .

Data :
It is a raw fact , means which is find in unorganized manner everywhere in
the universe and can
be used for different purpose as per the need of people , organization etc.
It is also known as
source of information . By the collection of raw data systematically
provides some meaningful
things . So , data is a basic things .Data appear in the form of text , numbers
, figures or any
other combination which need to form a meaningful patron .
Information:
Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be
meaningful to the person
who receives it . It is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, or
an outcomes. It is
also known as collection of data that provide some sense.
Knowledge:
Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be
meaningful to the person
who receives it . It is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision , or
an outcome . It is
also known as collection of data that provide some sense. Information
informs and it always
conveyed as the content of a message . It is called as knowledge .

21. Define virtual office system .

A virtual office (or virtual company) refers to a company that may not
have a fixed location yet
functions as a unit to provide goods and services to customers. It relies on
the Internet for
document exchange, video conferencing for meetings and cell phones so
employees can keep in
touch. The office's employees might work at home or in different
cites and countries.

22. What is data mining and OLAP?

Data mining is the practice of automatically searching large stores of data
to discover patterns
and trends that go beyond simple analysis. Data mining uses sophisticated
mathematical
algorithms to segment the data and evaluate the probability of future
events. Data mining is
used to explore increasingly large databases and to improve market
segmentation. For example:
by analyzing the relationship between partners such as customer age,
gender, testes etc.

OLAP:
Online analytical processing(OLAP) is a category of database processing
that facilitates business
intelligence .OLAP provide analysts, managers and executive with the
information they need to
make effective decisions about an organization strategic directions . For
example: sales person,
sales amount ,region, product etc.

23. Define information system.

An information system can be define technically as a set of interrelated
components that collect,
process, store, and distribute information to decision making, coordination,
and control in an
organization. Information system contained information about significant
people, places and
things within the organization or in the environment surrounding it . Three
activities in an
information system produce the information that organization need to
make decisions, control
operations, analyzed problem, and create new products or services . These
activities are input,
processing, and output information system are pervasive, versatile, and
instrumental in helping
organization achieved their strategic, tactical, and operational goals. For
example: Microsoft
dynamic, fleptmatics work , clarity professional MIS and tharstern limited.

24. Define distributed database.

A distributed database is a database in which not all storages, devices are
attached to a common
processors. It may be stored in multiple computers, located in the same
physical location or may
be dispersed over a network of interconnected computers. Unlike parallel
system in which the
processors are tightly coupled and constitute a single database system, a
distributed database
system consist of loosely coupled sites that share no physical components.
For example:
standard SQL commands such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
work just as they do in a
non-distributed database environment.

25. Define POS.

The points of sales (POS) is the time and place where a retail transaction
is completed. At the
point of sales, the merchant calculates the amount owed by the customer
indicates that
amount may prepared an invoice for the customers and indicates the
options for the customers
to make payment. It is also the point at which a customer makes a
payment to the merchant in
exchange for goods or after provision of a service. After receiving payment,
the merchant may
issue a receipts for the transaction, which is usually printed but is
increasingly being dispensed
with or sent electronically . For example: cash drawers, barcode scanner,
touch screen monitor,
credit card readers and pole displays.

26. Define the factors responsible for benefits and challenges of MIS.
Factors responsible for benefits of MIS are given below:
The MIS is integrated into the managerial function.
MIS focus on the results and goals, and highlights the factor and reason
for non
achievement.
The MIS is oriented, define and design in term of the users requirement
and its
operational viability ensure.
MIS is not allow to end up into and information generation mill avoiding
the noise in
the information and the communication system.

Factor responsible for challenges of MIS are given below:

The MIS is conceived as a data processing and not as an information

processing
system.
The MIS is develop without streamlining the transaction processing
system in the
organization.
A belief that the computerized MIS can solve all the management
problem of
planning and control of the business.
The MIS system become failure because of environment, staff members
and the
policies of an organization.

27. what is cross-functional enterprises system?

Many companies today are using information technology to develop
integrated cross-functional
enterprise system that cross the boundaries of traditional business
function in order to
reengineer and improve vital business processes all across the enterprise.
These organization
view cross functional enterprise system as a strategic way to use it to share
information
resources and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business
processes and develop
 strategic relationship with customers, suppliers, and business partners.
Now, as we have seen
continually, business firm are using internet technologies to help them
reengineer and integrate
the flow of information among their internal business process and their
customer and suppliers
.Companies all across the globe are using the world wide web and their
intranet and extranet as
a technology platform for their cross-functional and inter-enterprise
information system.

28. What is hospitality information system?

Hospitality information system are a collection of components that work
together to provide
information help in the operation and management of a hospitality
organization. Information
system in use in the hospitality industry are primarily computers and
telephone system.
However, some software application and hardware are in use in various
sector of the industry.
In the hospitality industry, computers and telephone are used to provide
guest services, to make
business more effective, and to perform decision –making function for
managers. The
computers, communication equipment and other technology in use in
information system are
called information technology.

29 What is electronic business?

Electronic business (e-business) refers to the use of the Web, Internet, intranets,
extranets or some combination thereof to conduct business. E-business is similar
to e-commerce, but it goes beyond the simple buying and selling of products and
services online. E-business includes a much wider range of businesses processes,
such as supply chain management, electronic order processing and customer
relationship management. E-business processes, therefore, can help companies to
operate more effectively and efficiently.

30. Write four characteristics of CRM failure.

1. Lack of user adoption

2. Not putting the customer at the center

3. Choosing the wrong software

4. Thinking it’s just a technology solution

31. What is trend in telecommunication network?

1. Industry trend

2. Technology trend

3. Business application trend

32. What are challenges of SCM?

1. Industry trend

2. Technology trend

3. Business application trend

1. Industry trend

2. Technology trend

3. Business application trend

33. Define the term database and data warehouse.

A database (DB), in the most general sense, is an organized collection of data.
More specifically, a database is an electronic system that allows data to be easily
accessed, manipulated and updated. In other words, a database is used by an
organization as a method of storing, managing and retrieving information.
Modern databases are managed using a database management system (DBMS).

A data warehouse (DW) is a collection of corporate information and data derived

from operational systems and external data sources. A data warehouse is
designed to support business decisions by allowing data consolidation, analysis
and reporting at different aggregate levels. Data is populated into the DW
through the processes of extraction, transformation and loading.

34. What are OLAP and TPS?

OLAP is a category of software that allows users to analyze information from

multiple database systems at the same time. It is a technology that enables
analysts to extract and view business data from different points of view. OLAP
stands for Online Analytical Processing. Analysts frequently need to group,
aggregate and join data. These operations in relational databases are resource
intensive. With OLAP data can be pre-calculated and pre-aggregated, making
analysis faster.

A transaction process system (TPS) is an information processing system for

business transactions involving the collection, modification and retrieval of all
transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include performance, reliability and
consistency. TPS is also known as transaction processing or real-time processing.

35. Define electronic commerce.

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the marketing, buying and selling of

merchandise or services over the Internet. It encompasses the entire scope of
online product and service sales from start to finish. E-commerce tools include
computer platforms increase online sales. E-commerce f, applications, so
lutions, servers and various software formats manufactured by e-commerce
service providers and purchased by merchants to facilitate the growth of online
business.

36. Define CRM and EIS.

Customer relationship management is an approach to manage a company's

interaction with current and potential customers. It uses data analysis about
customers' history with a company to improve business relationships with
customers, specifically focusing on customer retention and ultimately driving
sales growth.

An Executive information system (EIS), also known as an Executive support system

(ESS), is a type of management support system that facilitates and supports senior
executive information and decision-making needs. It provides easy access to
internal and external information relevant to organizational goals.

37. Differentiate between impact and non impact printer.

Impact Printer Non impact Printer

1. It prints characters or images by
striking.
2. Its speed is slower.
3. Its Printing quality is lower.
4. Its normally user continuous paper
sheet.
5. It is less expensive.
1. It prints characters and images
without striking the papers.
2. Its speed is faster.
3. Its Printing quality is higher.
4. Its normally individual paper sheet.
5. It is more expensive.

38. What is information system literacy?

Knowledge about information technology computer hardware, computer

software, storage and techniques are computer literacy. Information systems
literacy is knowledge of how data information is used by individuals and
organizations.

39. Define GDS and POS?

A global distribution system (GDS) is a computerize network system owned or

operated by a company that enables transactions between travel industry service
providers, mainly airlines, hotels, car rental companies, and travel agencies.

The POS is the place in a shop where a product is passed from the seller to the
customer. POS is an abbreviation for point of sale. POS system that doubles as a
stock and sales control system.

40 .Define Cache memory.

Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is high-speed static random access
memory (SRAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it
can access regular random access memory (RAM). This memory is typically
integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a
separate bus interconnect with the CPU. The purpose of cache memory is to store
program instructions and data that are used repeatedly in the operation of
programs or information that the CPU is likely to need next. The computer
processor can access this information quickly from the cache rather than having
to get it from computer's main memory. Fast access to these instructions
increases the overall speed of the program.

41. Define feasibility study.

A feasibility study is an analysis that takes all of a project's relevant factors into
account including economic, technical, legal, and scheduling considerations—to
ascertain the likelihood of completing the project successfully. Project managers
use feasibility studies to discern the pros and cons of undertaking a project before
they invest a lot of time and money into it. Feasibility studies also can provide a
company's management with crucial information that could prevent the company
from entering blindly into risky businesses.

42. What if GDS?

A global distribution system (GDS) is a computerized network system owned or
operated by a company that enables transactions between travel industry service
providers, mainly airlines, hotels, car rental companies, and travel agencies. The
GDS mainly uses real-time inventory (for e.g. number of hotel rooms available,
number of flight seats available, or number of cars available) to service providers.
Travel agencies traditionally relied on GDS for services, products and rates in
order to provide travel-related services to the end consumers. Thus, a GDS can
link services, rates and bookings consolidating products and services across all
three travel sectors: i.e., airline reservations, hotel reservations, car rentals.

43. Define OLTP.

OLTP (online transaction processing) is a class of software programs capable of

supporting transaction-oriented applications on the Internet. Typically, OLTP
systems are used for order entry, financial transactions, customer relationship
management (CRM) and retail sales.

44. Write component of data hierarchy.

The system of data objects which provide the methods storage and retrieval.
Broadly , a data hierarchy may be considered to be either natural, which arises
from the alphabet syntax of the language in which the information is expressed,
or machine which reflects the facilities of the computer both hardware and
software.

45. What is two reasons of failure of MIS?

POOR PROJECT PLANNING

Specifically, inadequate risk management and a weak project plan.Risk

management

becomes more important as the organization gets bigger, so larger organizations

need to pay

more attention to this area.

AWEAK BUSINESS CASE

The need for the system should be justified in ways that relatedirectly to the
organization's

business needs.

LACK OF TOP MANAGEMENT INVOLVEMENT AND SUPPORT

This often dooms the project to failure before it starts. Securing buy-in from the
top, often

by a strong business case backed upwith a realistic project plan, is an essential

step.

46. Write pros and cons of bus topology.

The reason this type of network topology is called bus topology is because all
computers or

servers are connected to single cable wire. Every single workstation sends and
receives signals

through this single cable; the bus. It is a linear topology.

Pros of bus topology

Requires less cable length.

Easy to setup.

Cheap in cost.

Best for small network(LAN).

Cons of bus topology

 Entire network crashes, if there is a break in the main cable.

Difficult to troubleshoot the fault in case of detection.

If workstation increase, efficiency of the whole network will reduce.

Maintenance cost is high.

47. What is computer system?

A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and
store data

and information. Computer systems are currently built around at least one digital
processing

device. There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input,
Processing,

Storage, Output and Communication devices.

48. Define point-of-sale-system.

A POS system is synonymous with POS terminal. However, a POS terminal is the
electronic

equipment performing the sales transaction and processing the credit card
payments. Used in

most storefront businesses, a computer terminal combined with the POS software
helps to

manage everyday sales transactions and operations.

Like you learned, with the combination of the POS software and a POS terminal,
you now

have the full definition of a POS system. A point of sale system is the heart of a
business and

used for many essential tasks such as inventory management, labor reporting,
menu

customizations, price adjustments, staff management, sales reporting, customer

management,

marketing initiates, and so much more. The next time you’re at a restaurant or
retail store, ask

the clerk what type of system they are using, and you’ll soon learn there are
hundreds of

different kinds of systems out there.

49. Define data warehouse and data mining.

Data warehouse

Warehousing is just like it sounds: the place where data is stored. Data
warehousing also

includes the process of aggregating data from various database sources into one
place for

efficient access and analysis. Another aspect of data warehousing is the

architecture of the

data—that is, how it’s structured so that it can be joined, even if the sources have
different
fields and schema. As a record of a company’s past operational and transactional
information,

especially given the proliferation of data sources, volume, and density, data
warehousing is a

key strategic differentiator in today’s global marketplace.

Data Mining

Data mining, is the process of extracting value from the data stored in the data
warehouse.

Data mining includes the process of transforming raw data sources into a
consistent schema to

facilitate analysis; identifying patterns in a given dataset, and creating

visualizations that

communicate the most critical insights. There is hardly a sector of commerce,

science, or

technology that isn’t using data mining to accelerate its objectives. From fraud
detection and

inventory management to cancer research and marketing campaigns, data mining

is changing

decision making around the globe.

50. What is data validation and data revalidation?

Data validation

Data validation means checking the accuracy and quality of source data before
using, importing
or otherwise processing data. Different types of validation can be performed
depending on

destination constraints or objectives. Data validation is a form of data cleansing.

Data revalidation

Revalidation enhances the wrapped Component by passing a revalidation prop

containing a

number of properties and functions to manage the state. There are no automatic
field updates,

validations or onsubmit actions, Revalidation doesn’t know how the form is

implemented or

how it should handle user interactions.

51. Classify software.

A computer system can be divided into three components: the hardware, the
software and

the users. Software can be further divide into mainly two parts: Application
software and

System Software. Bare use of hardware is not easy, so to make it easy software is
created.

Types of computer software

A. Application Software

Applications software also called end-user programs or simply an app. It is resides

above
system software. Applications software is used by end user for specific purpose. It
is a

programmed for simple as well as complex tasks. It either be installed or access

online. It can be

a single program or a group of small programs that is referred to as an application

suite.

Application software can be used by user to complete Specific tasks, such as

creating word

processors documents, spreadsheets, Presentation, Graphics, CAD/CAM, sending

email etc.

B. System Software

System Software (type of computer program) provides a platform to run

computer’s hardware

and computer application to utilize system resources and solve their computation
problem. It

is written in a low-level language, like assembly language so it can easily interact

with hardware

with basic level. It control working of peripheral devices .System software act as a
scheduler for

the execution of the processes and arrange the sequence according to their
priority and I/O

devices requirement and creation of process. The best-known example of system

software is

the operating system (OS). It responsible to manages all the other programs in a
computer.
52. What are the challenges of SCM?

Supply chain management (SCM) is the process by which supply chain activities
are managed to

have an advantage over competitors as well as maximize the value of our

customers. It basically

represents the efforts by which the supply chain management solutions help to
develop and

manage supply chain activities in the most efficient way. When we talk about
supply chain

management, we also pertain to product development, sourcing of materias,

production of

quality goods and logistics. With an efficient SCM Software you will be able to
manage the flow

of easily.

The challenges of SCM

1.Quality Customer Service

The supply chain management is centralized on the needs of the customers. It is

about giving

the right quantity and the right quality of the product for the right amount of
money. All this, in

perfect timing and setting.

2.Costing

Globally speaking, the costs of raw materials, energy and labor have increased
due to
economical constraints. In order for operations to continue production and
provide customers

with good quality items at affordable rates, adjustments have to be made to keep
operations

running.

3.Risk Management

Due to the constant change in the market, coming from a variety of sources such
as consumer

demands, political agendas and global sourcing, would cause major issues to the
operations.

4.Supplier Relationship

By creating a mutually sound and harmonious relationship with your partners or

suppliers, you

will be able to provide your customers with products of high standards in a timely
manner. This

also allows you to create opportunities for improvement in terms of performance.

5.Qualified Personnel

Over the years, it has become a challenge to find talent interested and passionate
about this

line of work. Personnel hired in this field must have an understanding about the
duties and

responsibilities needed.

6.Unforeseen Delays

Procurement of materials and products may be easy, but the delivery may not
always be 100%
on time, especially with time differences and a variety of shipping time frames.
When items are

sourced from different countries, delays like this are very common.

7.Fast-Changing Markets

With technological advancements changing our markets everyday, it is quite

difficult to stay in

pace and adapt to the variety of innovations in the market. But because the goal
is to stay

efficient in these changing times, companies would have to be more flexible.

53. Define the term data mining and data warehouse.

Ans. Data mining is looking for hidden, valid and potentially useful patterns
in

huge data sets . Data mining is all about discovering

unsuspected/previously

unknown relationship amongst the data . it is the muliti-disciplinary skill that

uses

machine learning , statistics , AI and database technology.

Data warehouse: A data warehouse is a techniques for collecting and

managing

data from varied sources to provide meaningful business insights . it is a

blend of
technology and components which allows the strategic use of data . data

warehouse is electronic storage of a large amount of information by a

business

which is designed for query and analysis instead of transaction

processing.it is a

process of transforming data into information and making it available to

users for

analysis.

54. What is OLAP and TPS ?

Ans. OLAP ( online analytical processing ) is the technology behind many

business

intelligence (BI) application . OLAP is a powerful technology for data

discovery

including capabilities for limitless report viewing . complex analytical

calculations

and predictive “ what if “ scenario (budget , forecast ) planning.

TPS : Temporary protected status ( also called TPS) is a temporary status

given to

eligible nationals of designated countries who are united states about

320000

people have TPS as of 2017 . the majority from EI Salvador (195000),

Honduras (

57000 ) and Haiti (46000 ).

55. Define electronic commerce .

Ans. E- commerce also known as electronic commerce or internet

commerce ,
refers to the buying and selling of goods as services using the internet and
the

transfer of money and data to execute these transactions .

CRM: customers relationship management is an approach to manage a

company

interaction with current and potential customers . it uses data analysis

about

customers history with a company to improve business relationship with

56. Define CRM and EIS.

customers. Specifically focusing on customers retention and ultimately

driving

sales growth .

57. What is information system literacy ?

Ans. Information system literacy is knowledge of how data information are

used

by individuals and organization. It consists of three elements

Information technology skills

Analysis and problem solving skills

Organizational and individual behavior skill

58. Define GDS and PMS.

Ans. GDS: A global distribution system is a computerized network system

owned

or operated by a company that enables transaction between travel

industries
service providers , mainly airlines , hotel and travel agencies .

PMS: A property management system is a software application for the

operation

of hospitality accommodation and commercial residential rental properties .

PMS

is also used in manufacturing industries . local government and

manufacturing .

59. Explain about CRM.

Ans. Customer relationship management is the combination of practice ,

strategies and technology that company use to manage and analyze

customer

interaction and data through out the customer life cycle with the goal of

improving customer service relationship and assisting in customer retention

and

driving sales growth. CRM system compile cucstomer data across different

channel or point of contact between the customer and the company which
could

include company’ s website , telephone , live chat , direct mail , marketing

materials and social media .

56. Define CRM and EIS.

Ans. An enterprise information system (EIS) is any kind of information

system

which improves the functions of enterprise business process by integration

. an
EIS must be able to used by all parts and all levels of an enterprise the
word

enterprise can have various cannotations.