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 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

TEMPERATURE
Temperature is a macroscopic physical quantity related to our sense of hot and cold. The natural flow of heat is
from higher temperature to lower temperature, i.e. temperature determines the thermal state of a body whether it can
give or receive heat.

TEMPERATURE SCALES
(i) The Kelvin temperature scale is also known as thermodynamic scale. The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin and
is defined as (1/273.16) of the temperature of the triple point of water. The triple point of water is that point on a P–
T diagram where the three phase of water, the solid, the liquid and the gas, can coexist in equilibrium.
(ii) In addition to Kelvin temperature scale, there are other temperature scales also like Celsius, Fahrenheit, Reaumur,
Rankine, etc. Temperature on one scale can be converted into other scale by using the following identity
Reading on any scale  lower fixed point (LFP)
= constant for all scales
Upper fixed point (UFP)  lower fixed point (LFP)

C  0° F  32° K  273.15
Hence = =
100°  0° 212°  32° 373.15  273.15
(iii) Different temperature scales :

Name of the Symbol for Lower fixed Upper fixed Number of divisions on
scale each degree point (LFP) point (UFP) the scale
Celsius °C 0°C 100°C 100
Fahrenheit °F 32°F 212°F 180
Kelvin K 273.15 K 373.15 K 100

Ex. Express a temperature of 60°F in degree celsius and in kelvin.

C  0° F  32° K  273.15
Sol. By using = =
100°  0° 212°  32° 373.15  273.15

C  0° 60   32° K  273.15
 = =  C = 15.15° C and K = 288.7 K
100°  0° 212°  32° 373.15  273.15

Ex. The temperature of an iron piece is heated from 30° to 90°C. What is the change in its temperature on the fahrenheit
scale and on the kelvin scale?

Sol. C=90°–30° = 60°C

9 9
Temperature difference on Fahrenheit Scale F  C  60 C   108 F
5 5
Temperature difference on Kelvin Scale K  C  60 K

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 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

THERMAL EXPANSION
When matter is heated without any change in it's state, it usually expands. According to atomic theory of matter,
asymmetry in potential energy curve is responsible for thermal expansion. As with rise in temperature the amplitude
of vibration increases and hence energy of atoms increases, hence the average distance between the atom
increases. So the matter as a whole expands.
• Thermal expansion is minimum in case of solids but maximum in case of gases because intermolecular force is
maximum in solids but minimum in gases.
• Solids can expand in one dimension (Linear expansion), two dimension (Superficial expansion) and three dimension
(Volume expansion) while liquids and gases usually suffers change in volume only.
Linear expansion :
 = 0 (1 + )   = 0

Superficial (areal) expansion :

A = A0 (1 + )

Also A0 = 02 and A = 2

So 2 = 02(1 + ) = [0(1 + )]2  =2

Volume expansion :

V = V0 (1 + ) Also V = 3 and V0=03 so  =3

 6 = 3 = 2 or  :  :  = 1 : 2 : 3
Contraction on heating :
Some rubber like substances contract on heating because transverse vibration of atoms of substance dominate
over longitudinal vibration which is responsible for expansion.
Application of thermal Expansion in Solids
(a) Bi–metallic strip : Two strips of equal length but of different materials (different coefficient of linear expansion)
when join together, it is called "Bi–metallic strip" and can be used in thermostat to break or make electrical
contact. This strip has the characteristic property of bending on heating due to unequal linear expansion
of the two metals. The strip will bend with metal of greater on outer side.

Steel Brass ON OFF

Brass
Steel Bimetallic
strip

Room temperature Higher temperature At room temperature At high temperature

143
PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Heat is a form of energy which transfers from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature.
The transfer of heat from one body to another may take place by any one of the following modes :
1. Conduction
The process in which the material takes an active part by molecular action and energy is passed from one particle to
another is called conduction. It is predominant in solids.
2. Convection
The transfer of energy by actual motion of particle of medium from one place to another is called convection. It is
predominant is fluids (liquids and gases).
3. Radiation
Quickest way of transmission of heat is known as radiation. In this mode of energy transmission, heat is transferred
from one place to another without effecting the intervening medium.

Conduction Convection Radiation

Heat Transfer due to
Temperaturedifference
Due to free electron or vibration
motion of molecules
Heat transfer in solid body (in
mercury also)
Slo w process
Irregular path
Heat transfer due to density Heat transfer with o ut any
difference medium
Actual motion of particles Electromagnetic radiation
Heat transfer in fluids (Liquid + All 
gas)
Slow process Fast p rocess (3 × 108 m/sec)
Irregular path Straight line (like light)

THERMAL CONDUCTION
The process by which heat is transferred from hot part to cold part of a body through the transfer of energy from one
particle to another particle of the body without the actual movement of the particles from their equilibrium positions
is called conduction. The process of conduction only in solid body (except Hg) Heat transfer by conduction from
one part of body to another continues till their temperatures become equal.
The process of transmission of heat energy in which heat is transferred from
one particle of the medium to the other, but each particle of the medium stays at
its own position is called conduction, for example if you hold an iron rod with
one of its end on a fire for some time, the handle will get hot. The heat is
transferred from the fire to the handle by conduction along the length of iron
rod. The vibrational amplitude of atoms and electrons of the iron rod at the hot end takes on relatively higher values
due to the higher temperature of their environment. These increased vibrational amplitude are transferred along the
rod, from atom to atom during collision between adjacent atoms. In this way a region of rising temperature extends
itself along the rod to your hand.

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 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

HEAT
When a hot body is put in contact with a cold one, the former gets colder and the latter warmer. From this
observation it is natural to conclude that a certain quantity of heat has passed from the hot body to the cold one.
Heat is a form of energy.
Heat is felt by its effects. Some of the effects of heat are :
(a) Change in the degree of hotness (b) Expansion in length, surface area and volume
(c) Change in state of a substance (d) Change in the resistance of a conductor
(e) Thermo e.m.f. effect
SI Unit : J (joule) Also measured in the unit calorie.

(i) Calorie
It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g water by 1°C.

(ii) International calorie

International calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g water from
14.5 °C to 15.5 °C rise of temperature.

(iii) Kilo Calorie

Kilo calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg water from 14.5 °C
to 15.5 °C. (1 kcal = 1000 calorie).

(iv) British thermal unit (B. T. U.)

It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound water by 1°F. (1 B.T.U. = 252 calorie).
MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT
According to Joule, work may be converted into heat and vice–versa. The ratio of work done to heat produced is
W
always constant. = constant (J) W = J H
H
W must be in joule, irrespective of nature of energy or work and H must be in calorie.
J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. It is not a physical quantity but simply a conversion factor.
It converts unit of work into that of heat and vice–versa.
J = 4.18 joule/cal or 4.18 × 10³ joule per kilo–cal. For rough calculations we take J = 4.2 joule/cal
SPECIFIC HEAT (s or c )
It is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of that substance by 1°C (or 1K) is called
specific heat. It is represented by s or c.
If the temperature of a substance of mass m changes from T to T + dT when it exchanges an amount of heat dQ with
1 dQ
its surroundings then its specific heat is c =
m dT

166
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

The properties of the gases are entirely different from those of solid and liquid. In case of gases, thermal expansion
is very large as compared to solids and liquids .To state the conditions of a gas, its volume, pressure and temperature
must be specified.
Intermolecular force Solid > liquid > real gas > ideal gas (zero)
Potential energy Solid < liquid < real gas < ideal gas (zero)
Internal energy, internal kinetic energy, internal potential energy
At a given temperature for solid, liquid and gas:
(i) Internal kinetic energy Same for all
(ii) Internal potential Energy : Maximum for ideal gas (PE = 0) and Minimum for solids (PE = –ve)
(iii) Internal Energy : Maximum for Ideal gas and Minimum for solid
At a given temperature for rared and compressed gas :
(i) Internal kinetic energy  Same
(ii) Internal potential energy  (PE)Rared > (PE)compressed
(iii) Internal Energy  (U)Rared > (U)compressed
N.T.P. S.T.P.
(Normal temperature) (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
Temperature 0° C = 273.15 K 0.01° C = 273.16K

Pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 N/m2 1 atm

5
= 1.01325 × 10 pascal
Volume 22.4 litre 22.4 litre
IDEAL GAS CONCEPT
(i) A gas which follows all gas laws and gas equation at every possible temperature and pressure is known as ideal or
perfect gas.
(ii) Volume of gas molecules is negligible as compared to volume of container so volume of gas = volume of container
(Except 0K)
(iii) No intermolecular force act between gas molecules.
(iv) Potential energy of ideal gas is zero so internal energy of ideal gas is perfectly translational K.E. of gas. It is directly
proportional to absolute temperature.
So, internal energy depends only and only on its temperature.
Etrans
For a substance U = UKE + UPE
UKE : depends only on T, UPE : depends upon intermolecular forces (Always negative)
(v) Specific heat of ideal gas is constant quantity and it does
ideal gas real gas
not change with temperature CV CV
(vi) All real gases behaves as ideal gas at high temperature and
low pressure. temperature temperature

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 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

ETOOS KEY POINTS

(i) Except 0 K, at any temperature T , E > Em > E

(ii) At a common temperature, for all ideal gas E and E are same while Em is different and depends upon nature of gas
(Mw or m)
(iii) For thermal equilibrium of gases, temperature of each gas is same and this temperature called as temperature of
mixture (T m) which can be find out on basis of conservation of energy (All gases are of same

 NT  N T 1 1  N 2 T2  .........  N n Tn
atomicity). Tm 
N N1  N2 ......N n

3 f
(iv) 1 mole gas : Mean kinetic energy = RT ; Total kinetic energy = RT
2 2

3 f
(v) 1 molecule of gases : Mean kinetic energy = kT ; Total kinetic energy = kT
2 2

 Degree of freedom

Ex. Two ideal gases at temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. If the masses of molecules of the two
gases are m1 and m2 and number of their molecules are n1 and n2 respectively. Find the temperature of the mixture.

3 3
Sol. Total energy of molecules of first gas = n 1 kT1 , Total energy of molecules of second gas = n 2 kT2
2 2

3
Let temperature of mixture be T then total energy of molecules of mixture = k (n 1  n 2 )T
2

3 3 n T  n 2 T2
 (n 1  n 2 )kT  k(n 1 T1  n 2 T2 )  T  1 1
2 2 (n 1  n 2 )

Ex. The first excited state of hydrogen atom is 10.2 eV above its ground state. What temperature is needed to excite
hydrogen atoms to first excited level.

3
Sol. K.E. of the hydrogen atom
2

kT = 10.2 eV = 1 0.2  1 .6  1 0 19 J 
19
 T  2  1 0 .2  1.6  1230  7.88  10 4 K
3 1.3 8  1 0

EXPLANATION OF GAS LAWS FROM KINETIC THEORY

P
1. Boyle's Law
According to this law, the product of the pressure and the volume T=constant
of a given mass of gas at constant temperature is constant. From
the kinetic theory of gases, the pressure of a given mass of an
1 mN 2 V
ideal gas is given by P  v rms . mN is the mass of the gas
3 V

182
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Thermal equilibrium
Branch of physics which deals with the inter–conversion between heat energy and any other form of energy is
known as thermodynamics. In this branch of physics we deals with the processes involving heat, work and
internal energy. In this branch of science the conversion of heat into mechanical work and vice versa is studied.
Thermodynamical System
The system which can be represented in of pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T), is known thermodynamic
system. A specified portion of matter consisting of one or more substances on which the effects of variables such
as temperature, volume and pressure are to be studied, is called a system. e.g. A gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted
with a piston is a system.
(i) Surroundings
Anything outside the system, which exchanges energy with the system and which tends to change the properties
of the system is called its surroundings.
(ii) Heterogeneous System
A system which is not uniform throughout is said to be heterogeneous. e.g. A system consisting of two or more
immiscible liquids.
(iii) Homogeneous System
A system is said to be homogeneous if it is completely uniform throughout. e.g. Pure solid or liquid.
(iv) Isolated System
A system in which there can be no exchange of matter and energy with the surroundings is said to be an isolated
system.
(v) Universe
The system and its surroundings are together known as the universe.
Thermodynamic variables of the system
(i) Composition () (ii) Temperature (T) (iii) Volume (V) (iv) Pressure (P)
Thermodynamic state
The state of a system can be described completely by composition, temperature, volume and pressure.
If a system is homogeneous and has definite mass and composition, then the state of the system can be described
by the remaining three variables namely temperature, pressure and volume. These variables are interrelated by
equation PV = µRT The thermodynamic state of the system is its condition as identified by two independent
thermodynamic variables (P, V or P, T or V, T).

1. ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C (say thermometer), then objects A and
B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Zeroth law of thermodynamics introduce the concept of temperature.
Two objects (or systems) are said to be in thermal equilibrium if their temperatures are the same.
In measuring the temperature of a body, it is important that the thermometer be in the thermal equilibrium with the
body whose temperature is to be measured.

187
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

THERMAL SCALE & THERMAL EXPENSION

1. TEMPERATURE SCALES

Name of the Symbol for Lower fixed Upper fixed Number of divisions on
scale each degree point (LFP) point (UFP) the scale
Celsius °C 0°C 100°C 100
Fahrenheit °F 32°F 212°F 180
Kelvin K 273.15 K 373.15 K 100

C  0° F  32° K  273.15 X–LFP

= = =
100°  0° 212°  32° 373.15  273.15 UFP–LFP

ΔC ΔF ΔK ΔX
 = = =
100 180 100 UFP – LFP
(i) Old thermometry

θ–0 X – X0
= [two fixed points – ice & steam points]
100 – 0 X100 – X0

where X is the thermometric property i.e. length, resistance etc.

T–0 X
(ii) Modern thermometry =
273.16 – 0 X tr
[Only one reflection point – triple point of water is chosen]
2. THERMAL EXPANSION

209
 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Transfer
1.

In conduction, heat is transferred from one point to another without the actual motion of heated particles.
In the process of convection, the heated particles of matter actually move.
In radiation, intervening medium is not affected and heat is transferred without any material medium.

Conduction Convection Radiation

Heat Transfer due to
Temperaturedifference
Due to free electron or vibration
motion of molecules
Heat transfer in solid body (in
mercury also)
Slow process
Irregular path
Heat transfer due to density Heat transfer with out any
difference medium
Actual motion of particles Electromagnetic radiation
Heat transfer in fluids (Liquid + All
gas)
Slow process Fast p rocess (3 × 108 m/sec)
Irregular path Straight line (like light)

2. THERMAL CONDUCTION
Electrical equivalent
?
dQ
dQ
dt
dt

dQ dT Q KA (T1  T2 )
Rate of heat flow = –KA or 
dt dx t 


Thermal resistance R H 
KA
Rods in series Rods in parallel

 KA
K eq  K eq 
 / K A

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 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

CALORIMETRY
1 cal = 4.186 J ; 4.2 J

Q
1. Thermal capacity of a body =
T
Amount of heat required to raise the temp. of a given body by 1°C (or 1K)

Q
2. Specific heat capacity = (m = mass)
mT
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a body through 1°C (or 1K)
Q
3. Molar heat capacity = (n = number of moles)
n T
4. Water equivalent
If thermal capacity of a body is expressed in terms of mass of water, it is called water equivalent. Water
equivalent of a body is the mass of water which when given same amount of heat as to the body,
changes the temperature of water through same range as that of the body.
Therefore water equivalent of a body is the quantity of water, whose heat capacity is the same as the heat
capacity of the body. Water equivalent of the body,
 specific heat of body 
W = mass of body ×  
 specific heat of water 
Unit of water equivalent is g or kg.
5. Latent Heat (Hidden heat) : The amount of heat that has to supplied to (or removed from) a body
for its complete change of state (from solid to liquid, liquid to gas etc) is called latent heat of the body.
Remember that phase transformation is an isothermal (i.e. temperature = constant) change.
6. Principle of calorimetry
Heat lost = heat gained
For temperature change Q = msT, For phase change Q = mL
7. Heating curve
If to a given mass(m) of a solid, heat is supplied at constant rate (Q) and a graph is plotted between
temperature and time, the graph is called heating curve.

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 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

It related the macroscopic properties of gases to the microscopic properties of gas molecules.

1. Basic postulates of Kinetic theory of gases

(a) Every gas consists of extremely small particles known as molecules. The molecules of a given gas are all
identical but are different than those another gas.
(b) The molecules of a gas are identical, spherical, rigid and perfectly elastic point masses.
(c) The size is negligible in comparision to inter molecular distance (10–9 m)
2. Assumptions regarding motion :
(a) Molecules of a gas keep on moving randomly in all possible direction with all possible velocities.
(b) The speed of gas molecules lie between zero and infinity (very high speed).
(c) The number of molecules moving with most probable speed is maximum.
3. Assumptions regarding collision:
The gas molecules keep colliding among themselves as well as with the walls of containing vessel. These
collision are perfectly elastic. (ie., the total energy before collision = total energy after the collisions.)
4. Assumptions regarding force:
(a) No attractive or repulsive force acts between gas molecules.
(b) Gravitational attraction among the molecules is ineffective due to extremely small masses and very high
speed of molecules.
5. Assumptions regarding pressure:
Molecules constantly collide with the walls of container due to which their momentum changes. This change in
momentum is transferred to the walls of the container. Consequently pressure is exerted by gas molecules on the
walls of container.
6. Assumptions regarding density:
The density of gas is constant at all points of the container.

1
7. Kinetic interpretation of pressure : PV  mNv 2rms
3
[ m = mass of a molecule, N = no. of molecules]

μRT N A kT  N 
8. Ideal gas equation PV = RT  P=     kT = nkt
V V V

9. GAS LAWS
1
(a) Boyle's Law : For a given mass of an ideal gas at constant temperature. V 
P
(b) Charle's Law : For a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure. V  T
(c) Gay–Lussac's Law : For a given mass of an ideal gas at constant volume. P  T

(d) Avogadro's Law : P,V and T are same then number of molecules. N1 = N2

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 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

THERMODYNAMICS
1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If two system are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

2. First law of thermodynamics

Heat supplied (Q) to a system is equal to algebraic sum of change in internal (U) of the system and mechanical work
(W) done by the system.


Q = W + U [ Here W= PdV : ΔU = nCv ΔT ]

Q = W + dU
For differential change
path path
dependent independent

3. Sign convention
Heat absorbed by the system  Positive
Heat rejected by the system  Negative
Increase in the internal energy (i.e. rise in temperature)  Positive
Decrease in the internal energy (i.e. fall in temperature)  Negative
Work done by the system  Positive
Work done on the system  Negative
4. For cyclic process U = 0  Q = W
5. For isochoric process V = constant  P  T & W = 0
Q = U = µCvT
6. For isobaric process P = constant  V  T & W = 0
Q = µCpT, U = µCvT
W = P(V2 – V1) = µRT
7. For adiabatic process PV = constant

or T γ P1-γ = constant

or TV γ-1 = constant
In this process Q = 0 and
P1V1 – P2 V2
W = –ΔU = µC v (T1 -T2 ) =
γ –1

222
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The figure shows two thin rods, one made of aluminum [ = 23 × 106 (C°)1] and the other of steel
[ = 12 × 106 (C°)–1]. Each rod has the same length and the same initial temperature. They are attached at
one end to two separate immovable walls. Temperature of both the rods is increased by the same amount, until
the gap between the rods vanishes. Where do the rods meet when the gap vanishes?
Midpoint
Aluminum Steel

(A) The rods meet exactly at the midpoint.

(B) The rods meet to the right of the midpoint .
(C) The rods meet to the left of the midpoint.
(D) Information insufficient
Sol. As  A   steel so expansion in aluminum rod is greater..

Ex.2 In a 20m deep lake, the bottom is at a constant temperature of 4°C. The air temperature is constant at –10°C.
The thermal conductivity of ice is 4 times that water. Neglecting the expansion of water on freezing, the maximum
thickness of ice will be
20 200
(A) m (B) m (C) 20 m (D) 10 m
11 11
Sol. The rate of heat flow is the same through water and ice in the steady state so
10°C
x 4K ice
0°C
KA
KA  4 4 0 0 4 KA
4KA 0 0  1010   x 200
200
 
  m
20-x K water 2020 x x xx 1111
4°C

Ex.3 Certain perfect gas is found to obey PVn = constant during adiabatic process. The volume expansion coefficient
at temperature T is

1n 1 n 1
(A) (B)  (C) (D)
T 1  n T T nT
 1 
  V  1  T
Sol. V T  1  n  
PVn = constant & PV = RT 
   
V 1  n T
V 1
 volume expansion coefficient  
VT 1  n  T

Ex.4 The temperature of a body rises by 44°C when a certain amount of heat is given to it. The same heat when
supplied to 22 g of ice at – 8°C, raises its temperature by 16°C. The water eqivalent of the body is
[Given : swater = 1 cal/g°C & Lf = 80 cal/g, sice = 0.5 cal/g°C]
(A) 25g (B) 50 g (C) 80 g (D) 100 g
Sol. Supplied heat = (22) (0.5) (8) + (22) (80) + (22) (1) (16) = 88 + 1760 + 352 = 2200 cal
2 2 0 0 cal
Heat capacityof the body = = 50 cal/°C
44 °C
Heat capacity of the body 50 cal/ °C
Water equavalent of the body = =  50g
spcific heat capacity of water 1 cal/ g°C

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 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. A centigrade and a Fahrenheit thermometer are dipped in boiling water. The water temperature is lowered until the
Fahrenheit thermometer registers 140°F What is the temperature as registered by the centigrade thermometer :–
(A) 30° (B) 40° (C) 60° (D) 80°

2. On an X temperature scale, water freezes at –125.0° X and boils at 375.0° X. On a Y temperature scale, water
freezes at –70.0° Y and boils at –30.0° Y. The value of temperature on X–scale equal to the temperature of
50.0°Y on Y–scale is :–
(A) 455.0°X (B) –125.0°X (C) 1375.0°X (D) 1500.0°X

3. The graph AB shown in figure is a plot of temperature of a body in degree

Celsius and degree Fahrenheit. Then :– 100°C B

Centigrade
(A) Slope of line AB is 9/5
(B) Slope of line AB is 5/9
Fahrenheit
(C) Slope of line AB is 1/9 32°F 212°F
A
(D) slope of line AB is 3/9

4. A faulty thermometer reads freezing point and boiling point of water as –5°C and 95°C respectively.
What is the correct value of temperature as it reads 60°C on faulty thermometer?
(A) 60°C (B) 65°C (C) 64°C (D) 62°C

5. Two absolute scales X and Y assigned numerical values 200 and 450 to the triple point of water. What is the relation
between TX and TY ?
(A) 9TX = 4TY (B) 4TX = 9TY (C) TX = 3TY (D) None of these

6. At 4°C, 0.98 of the volume of a body is immersed in water. The temperature at which the entire body gets immersed
in water is (neglect the expansion of the body) ( w  3.3  10 4 K 1 ) :–
(A) 40.8°C (B) 64.6°C (C) 60.6°C (D) 58.8°C

7. A meter washer has a hole of diameter d1 and external diameter d2 , where d2=3d1. On heating, d2 increases by 0.3%.
Then d1 will :–
(A) decrease by 0.1% (B) decrease by 0.3% (C) increase by 0.1% (D) increase by 0.3%.

8. A steel scale is to be prepared such that the millimeter intervals are to be accurate within 6 × 10–5 mm. The maximum
temperature variation during the ruling of the millimeter marks is (=12×10–6C–1):–
(A) 4.0°C (B) 4.5°C (C) 5.0°C (D) 5.5°C.

9. Two metal rods of the same length and area of cross–section are fixed ends to end between rigid supports. The
materials of the rods have Young moduli Y1 and Y2, and coefficients of linear expansion 1 and 2. When rods
are cooled the junction between the rods does not shift if:–
(A) Y11 = Y22 (B) Y12 = Y21 (C) Y11 = Y22 (D) Y11 = Y22

242
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. Three rods of equal length are joined to form an equilateral triangle ABC.D is
the midpoint of AB. The coefficient of linear expansion is 1 for AB, and 2
for AC and BC. If the distance DC remains constant for small changes in
temperature:–
1
(A) 1 = 2 (B) 1 = 22 (C) 1 = 42 (D) 1 = 
2 2

2. A triangular plate has two cavities, one square and one rectangular
as shown in figure. The plate is heated.
a a
(A) a increase, b decrease (B) a and b both increase b b

(C) a and b increase, x and  decrease (D) a, b, x and  all increase x

3. If water at 0°C, kept in a container with an open top, is placed in a large evacuated chamber:–
(A) All the water will vaporize.
(B) All the water will freeze.
(C) Part of the water will vaporize and the rest will freeze.
(D) Ice, water and water vapour will be formed and reach equilibrium at the triple point.
4. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) A gas has two specific heats only
(B) A material will have only one specific heat, if and only if its coefficient of thermal expansion is equal to zero.
(C) A gas has infinite number of specific heats.
(D) None of these
5. In the previous question, if the specific latent heat of vaporization of water at 0°C is  times the specific latent
heat of freezing of water at 0°C, the fraction of water that will ultimately freeze is:–
1  1  1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 1  1
6. The figure shows two paths for the change of state of a gas from A to B. The ratio of molar heat
capacities in path 1 and path 2 is:–
P

2
A B
1

(A) > 1 (B) < 1 (C) 1 (D) Data insufficient

7. Two identical beakers are filled with water to the same level at 4°C. If one say A is heated while the other B is cooled,
then:–
(A) water level in A will rise (B) water level in B will rise
(C) water level in A will fall (D) water level in B will fall
8. When two samples at different temperatures are mixed, the temperature of the mixture can be :–
(A) lesser than lower or greater than higher temperature
(B) equal to lower or higher temperature
(C) greater than lower but lesser than higher temperature
(D) average of lower and higher temperatures.

249
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]

1. Column–I Column–II
(A) Isobaric process (P) No heat exchange
(B) Isothermal process (Q) Constant pressure
(C) Isoentropy process (R) Constant internal energy
(D) Isochoric process (S) Work done is zero

2. Three liquids A, B and C having same specific heat and mass m, 2m and 3m have temperature 20°C, 40°C and
60°C respectively. Temperature of the mixture when :
Column I Column II
(A) A and B are mixed (P) 35°C
(B) A and C are mixed (Q) 52°C
(C) B and C are mixed (R) 50°C
(D) A, B and C all three are mixed (S) 45°C
(T) None

3. Three rods of equal length of same material are joined to form an equilateral triangle ABC as shown in figure.
Area of cross–section of rod AB is S, of rod BC is 2S and that of AC is S, then B
Column I Column II
(A) Temperature of junction B (P) Greater than 50°C
A C
(B) Heat current in AB (Q) Less than 50°C 100°C 0°C
(C) Heat current in BC (R) Is equal to heat current in BC
2
(S) Is times heat current in AC
3
(T) None

4. In the V–T graph shown in figure:

Column I Column II
V A
(A) Gas A is ... and gas B is ... (P) monoatomic, diatomic
B
(B) PA / PB is (Q) diatomic, monoatomic
(C) nA / nB is (R) >1 T
(S) <1
(T) cannot say any thing

5. Column I Column II
2
(A) In P = E , E is (P) Change in internal energy is only in isochoric process
3
(B) In U=3RT for an monoatomic gas U is (Q) Translational kinetic energy of unit volume
(C) In W = P(Vf – Vi), W is (R) Internal energy of one mole
(D) In U = nCvT, U is (S) Work done in isobaric process
(T) None

263
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]

1. A bimetallic strip of thickness d and length L is clamped at one end at temperature t1. Find the radius of curvature of
the strip if it consists of two different metals of expansivity 1 and 2 (1>2) when its temperature rises to t2°C.
2. Two rods each of length L2 and coefficient of linear expansion 2 each are connected freely to a third rod of length
L1 and coefficient of expansion 1 to form an isosceles triangle. The arrangement is supported on a knife–edge at the
midpoint of L1 which is horizontal. What relation must exist between L1 and L2 so that the apex of the isosceles
triangle is to remain at a constant height from the knife edge as the temperature changes?
3. Two metal cubes with 3 cm–edges of copper and aluminium are arranged as shown in figure. Find

(i) The total thermal current from one reservoir to the other.
(ii) The ratio of the thermal current carried by the copper cube to that carried by the aluminium cube.
Thermal conductivity of copper is 60 W/m–K and that of aluminium is 40 W/m–K.

4. A 'thermacole' icebox is a cheap and efficient method for storing small quantities of cooked food in summer in particular.
A cubical icebox of side 30 cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put in the box, estimate the amount of
ice remaining after 6 h. The outside temperature is 45 °C, and co–efficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole
is 0.01 J s–1 m 1 °C–1. [Heat of fusion of water = 335 × 103 J kg–1]
5. Calculate 1 and 2 in shown situation.

6. A lagged stick of cross section area 1 cm2 and length 1m is initially at a temperature of 00C. It is then kept between
2 reservoirs of temperature 1000C and 00C. Specific heat capacity is 10 J/kg0C and linear mass density is 2kg/m. Find

1000 C 0
0C
x
(i) Temperature gradient along the rod in steady state
(ii) Total heat absorbed by the rod to reach steady state
7. The figure shows the face and interface temperature of a composite slab containing of four layers of two materials
having identical thickness. Under steady state condition, find the value of temperature 

8. An electric heater is used in a room of total wall area 137 m2 to maintain a temperature of +20°C inside it, when
the outside temperature is –10°C. The walls have three different layers materials. The innermost layer is of wood
of thickness 2.5 cm, the middle layer is of cement of thickness 1.0 cm and the outermost layer is of brick of
thickness 25.0 cm. Find the power of the electric heater. Assume that there is no heat loss through the floor
and the ceiling. The thermal conductivities of wood, cement and brick are 0.125, 1.5 and 1.0 W/m/°C respectively.

273
 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]

K.T.G. CALORIMETRY
1. Cooking gas containers are kept in a lorry moving with uniform speed. The temperature of the gas molecules inside
will- [AIEEE - 2002]
(1) increase (2) decrease
(3) remains same (4) decrease for some, while increase for others

2. At what temperature is the rms velocity of a hydrogen molecule equal to that of an oxygen molecules at 47° C?
[AIEEE-2002]
(1) 80 K (2) –73 K (3) 3 K (4) 20 K

3. 1 mole of a gas with = 7/5 is mixed with 1 mole of a gas with = 5/3, then the value of for the resulting mixture is
[AIEEE-2002]
(1) 7/5 (2) 2/5 (3) 24/16 (4) 12/7

4. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a gas is found to be proportional to the cube of its absolute temperature.
The ratio CP/CV for the gas is- [AIEEE -2003]
(1) 4/3 (2) 2 (3) 5/3 (4) 3/2

5. One mole of ideal monoatomic gas (= 5/3) is mixed with one mole of diatomic gas ( = 7/5). What is for the mixture
? denotes the ratio of specific heat at constant pressure, to that at constant volume- [AIEEE - 2004]
(1) 3/2 (2) 23/15 (3) 35/23 (4) 4/3
Cp
6. A gaseous mixture consists of 16 g of helium and 16 g of oxygen. The ratio of the mixture is-
Cv
(1) 1.59 (2) 1.62 (3) 1.4 (4) 1.54

7. If CP and CV denote the specific heats of nitrogen per unit mass at constant pressure and constant volume
respectively, then- [AIEEE - 2007]
(1) CP – CV = R/28 (2) CP – CV = R/14 (3) CP – CV = R (4) CP – CV = 28 R

8. An insulated container of gas has two chambers separated by an insulating partition. One of the chambers has
volume V1 and contains ideal gas at pressure P1 and temperature T1. The other chamber has volume V2 and contains
ideal gas at pressure P2 and tempeature T2. If the partition is removed without doing any work on the gas, the final
equilibrium temperature of the gas in the container will be- [AIEEE - 2008]

T1 T2  P1 V1  P2 V 2  P1 V1 T1  P2 V2 T2 P1 V1 T2  P2 V2 T1 T1 T2  P1 V1  P2 V2 
(1) (2) P1 V1  P2 V2 (3) P1 V1  P2 V2 (4)
P1 V1 T2  P2 V2 T1 P1 V1 T1  P2 V2 T2

9. The speed of sound in oxygen (O2) at a certain tempeature is 460 ms-1. The speed of sound in helium (He) at the same
temperature will be (assume both gases to be ideal) [AIEEE - 2008]

200 200
(1) 460 ms–1 (2) 500 ms–1 (3) 650 2 ms
–1 (4) 330 2 ms
–1
21 21

281
 PHYSICS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

MOCK TEST

SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. A diatomic ideal gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure is doubled and again heated at constant
pressure until volume is doubled. The average molar heat capacity for whole process is:
13R 19R 23R 17R
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 6 6

2. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of Oxygen and 4 moles of Argon at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational
modes, the total internal energy of the system is :
(A) 4 R T (B) 5 R T (C) 15 R T (D) 11 R T

3. One mole of an ideal gas is taken from state A to state B by three different processes,
(a) ACB (b) ADB (c) AEB as shown in the P  V diagram. The heat absorbed by the gas is :
B
(A) greater in process (B) then in (A) P

(B) the least in process (B)

C D E
(C) the same in (A) and (C)
(D) less in (C) then in (B) A
V

4. In an adiabatic expansion the product of pressure and volume :

(A) decreases (B) increases
(C) remains constant (D) first increases, then decreases.

5. One mole of an ideal gas at pressure P0 and temperature T0 is expanded isothermally to twice its volume and then
compressed at constant pressure to (V0/2) and the gas is brought back to original state by a process in which P 
V (Pressure is directly proportional to volume). The correct representation of process is

P0
P P P P0 V V0

(A) P 0
(B) (C) P0/2 (D)
V0/2
V0/2 V0 2V0 V
V0/2 V0 2V0 V T0/4 T0 T T0 T

6. Maxwell’s speed distribution curve is given for two different temperatures. For the given curves.

N T2
T1

(A) T 1 > T 2 (B) T 1 < T 2 (C) T 1  T 2 (D) T 1 = T 2

7. There are two thin spheres A and B of the same material and same thickness. They emit radiation like black
bodies. Radius of A is double that of B. A and B have same temperature T. When A and B are kept in a room
of temperature T 0 (< T), the ratio of their rates of cooling (rate of fall of temperature) is: [ assume negligible
heat exchange between A and B ]
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 1 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 8 : 1

302
 11th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Physical World and Units 1. Mole Concept 1. Basic Maths and Logarithm
& Dimensions 2. Atomic Structure 2. Quadratic Equation
2. Basic Maths & Vector 3. Chemical Bonding 3. Sequence and Series
3. Kinematics 4. Gaseous State
Module-2
Module-2 Module-2(PC) 1. Trigonometric Ratio and
1. Thermodynamics Identities
1. Newton’s Law of Motion 2. Trigonometric Equation
& Friction 2. Thermochemistry
3. Chemical Equilibrium 3. Properties & Solution
2. Work, Energy & Power of Triangle
4. Ionic Equilibrium
Module-3 Module-3
Module-3(IC)
1. Centre of Mass & Collisions 1. Periodic Table & Its Properties 1. Permutation & Combination
2. Rotational Motion 2. Redox Reaction & Equivalent 2. Binomial Theorum
3. Gravitation Concepts 3. Complex Number
3. Hydrogen & Its Components
Module-4 4. S-Block Module-4
1. Straight Line
1. Mechanical Properties 2. Circle
of Matter Module-4(OC)
1. Nomenclature of 3. Conic Section
2. Thermal Properties of Matter (Parabola,Ellipse & Hyperbola)
Organic Compounds
Module-5 2. Isomerism
3. General Organic Chemistry Module-5
1. Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Mathematical Induction
2. Wave Motion Module-5(OC) 2. Mathematical Reasoning
3. Measurement Error 1. Reaction Mechanism 3. Statistics
& Experiment 2. Hydrocarbon
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbon
4. Environmental Chemistry

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 12th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Solid State 1. Sets & Relation
1. Electrostatics
2. Solutions and 2. Function
2. Capacitance
Colligative Properties 3. Inverse Trigonometric Function
3. Electro Chemistry 4. Probability
Module-2
1. Current Electricity Module-2(PC) Module-2
2. Magnetic Effect of Current 1. Chemical Kinetics and
and Magnetism Nuclear Chemistry 1. Limit
2. Surface Chemistry 2. Continuity
Module-3 3. Differentiability
Module-3(IC) 4. Method of Differentiation
1. Electromagnetic Induction
2. Alternating Current 1. Metallurgy
2. P- Block Module-3
Module-4 3. Transition Elements 1. Indefinite Integration
(d & f block) 2. Definite Integration
1. Geometrical Optics 4. Co-ordination Compound 3. Area Under the Curve
2. Wave Optics 5. Salt Analysis & Qualitative
Analysis Module-4
Module-5
Module-4(OC) 1. Application of Derivative
1. Modern Physics
1. Alkyl Halides & Aryl Halides 2. Matrix
2. Nuclear Physics
2. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether 3. Determinant
3. Solids & Semiconductor
Devices 3. Carbonyl Compound
Module-5
4. Electromagnetic Waves
5. Principle of Communication Module-5(OC) 1. Differential Equation
1. Carboxylic Acid & Their 2. Vector & 3-Dimensional
Derivatives
2. Biomolecules & Polymers
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life

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