Driving Factors in Implementing

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME)
Construction Companies in Metro Manila

by
Eunice Angela L. Bautista
Leanne D. Bernardo
Louise A. Silerio

A Study Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological

Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

CE200-01L Thesis 1

Mapúa University
July 2019
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

At the present time, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has been

extensively used in the whole progression of managing construction projects. Construction

projects are yet to become more difficult and complex in time to come. With the aim of

enhancing, automating and innovating the traditional procedures of the architecture, engineering,

and construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has arisen and it is already

changing the present scenario of numerous construction projects across the world. Due to its

various advantages compared to the conventional approaches, there are several construction

teams in different countries use BIM.

Building Information Modeling is one of the utmost advanced technology in construction

industry. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a kind of CAD system, based on parametric

technology that stores the information on the building and designs in an integrated database and

enables more effective conceptualization and construction of infrastructure by using 3D design

information representation. BIM is an intelligent 3D model-based method that provides

architecture, engineering, and construction professionals the understanding and tools to more

efficiently plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure.

Using Building Information Modeling methods, compared with the traditional working

model, can help to attain coordination, cooperation, and integration whilst improving information

flow and processing. Recognizing the aforementioned advantages, most AEC enterprises have

started to use BIM in their projects and attempted not to perform traditional methods again, as
BIM increases their productivity and greatly decreases the requests for information and rework,

and even extend to the management of demolition waste.

Advances in technology have many advantages. One of the most frequently mentioned

advances is the ability to improve productivity (Goodrum et al. 2011). Unfortunately, the

construction industry has traditionally been viewed as technologically stagnant when compared

with other industries (Rosefielde and Mills 1979). However, the opportunity to improve

construction productivity exists. The main objective of any construction project are

enhancements in time, cost, and quality. In order to implement a construction project effectively

and efficiently, the construction enterprise such as Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise based

contractors must adopt to an advanced system that will support them to ensure that projects are

completed within the constraints of greatest value, diminished delays, and at the least possible

cost. As construction projects gets larger and more complex, the utilization of Building

Information Modeling (BIM) system may be a key strength of SME-based construction firms in

Metro Manila to reduce costs and at the same time improve the quality of construction.

1.2 Problem Statement

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is widely recognized as an innovation tool that

helps improve productivity in the construction industry; such that it assists a more sustainable

construction process. In addition to that, it yields advantages in scheduling, design, better

collaboration, improved project quality and management. This is convenient especially now that

construction projects are becoming more complex. BIM paves way on introducing a more

efficient process compared to traditional procedures.

 Despite the many benefits of Building Information Modeling and proven advantages in

construction, BIM is not yet extensively adopted by SME’s in the Philippines. There are

significant barriers that influence the implementation of BIM such as: Cost of Implementation

(Software and Training), Reluctance to shift from Traditional to Modernized practices, Size and

Scale of the Project, and Lack of Information about Building Information Modeling. Assessing

these barriers hindering BIM implementation would help the researchers in measuring the

effectivity of BIM in the construction industry and know whether or not it is practical for SME’s

to adopt the use of BIM.

1.3 Objectives

The main objective of this study is to assess the different factors that influence the

implementation of Building Information Modeling in the Construction Industry based on the

perception of engineers in the Philippines. Its specific objectives are the following:

 To conduct a survey that measures the level of awareness of Small and Medium-

Sized Enterprise (SME) Construction Companies Manila in BIM.

 To identify the factors that hinders and promotes the use of BIM.

 To analyze the effectiveness and practicality of BIM in construction.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The study aims to determine the factors that promotes Building Information Modeling in

small and medium sized enterprise construction companies for instance better collaboration and

communication, improves productivity, and increases value and quality of the project. It also

aims to identify the different factors that prevents construction companies from using Building
Information Modeling such as the Cost of Implementation (Software and training), Reluctance to

shift from traditional to modernized practices, Size and scale of the project, and Lack of

information about Building Information Modeling. With these measures, it will determine and

assess the effectivity of Building Information Modeling in a construction company and the

reasons why other companies refuse to practice the modern technologies specifically, Building

Information Modeling.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This paper desires to distinguish the outcomes of the factors that promotes and prevents

building information modeling in construction companies so it would be clarified why small and

medium sized companies doesn’t practice BIM and some practices it. The researchers find it

suitable to distribute the study to the field office only. Where the project manager, the engineers,

and the architects reside and meet. Construction workers will not be involved in the survey. The

results would be preferred from the concept given from the objectives and would be evaluated

furthermore.

1.6 Definition of Terms

1. BIM (Building Information Modeling) – BIM is an intelligent, model-based process for

planning, designing, building and managing buildings and infrastructure.

2. SME (Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise) – Small and Medium-Sized enterprises or

small and medium-sized businesses whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits.

3. Productivity – The effectiveness of productive effort, especially in the industry, as

measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input.

4. Efficiency – most often describes what is capable of producing desired results without

wasting materials, time or energy.

5. Effectiveness – successful in producing a desired or intended result.

6. Reluctance – unwillingness or disinclination to do something.

7. Implementation – the process of putting decision or plan into effect; execution.

8. Hinder – Create difficulties resulting in delay or obstruction

9. Construction Industry - All general contractors and operative builders primarily engaged

in the construction of residential, industrial, commercial, or other buildings

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter provides the summary of the related literature done by the past local and

international researchers. It would cover the subject about Building Information Modeling.

2.2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Brief History of BIM

Building Information Modeling may seem new to many, but in reality, the ideas and

technologies behind the concept of BIM has been evolving for years. In 1957, Dr. Patrick J.

Hanratty developed Pronto, the first commercial software computer-aided manufacturing

(CAM). It is a numerical control machining technology that later evolved into a computer aided

manufacturing. He later shifted into computer-generated graphics, and in the year 1961, he

developed the first CEM/CAD system that used interactive graphics called DAC (Design

Automated by Computer). Years later, the first computer-aided design (CAD) called

“Sketchpad” with a graphical user interface was developed (1963) at the MIT Lincoln Labs by

Ivan Sutherland. It is known to have established the way for “human-computer interaction” and

was known as a major breakthrough in the development of computer graphics.

In 1975, Charles Eastman published a paper describing Building Description System

(BDS). It discussed ideas on parametric design, high quality computable 3D representations,

with a “single integrated database for visual and quantitative analyses”. The paper basically

described BIM as it is now. Eastman’s BDS is considered as one of the first projects in BIM
history to successfully create this building database. The ‘80s came and several systems were

being developed everywhere. They quite gained popularity within the industry and some were

already being utilized in various construction projects.

In 1982, Gábor Bojár started developing ArchiCAD which have similar technology as the

BDS. Bojár released Graphisoft’s Radar CH in 1984 and was relaunched in 1987 as ArchiCAD,

the first BIM software available on a personal computer.

The term “Building Information Modeling” was introduced in 1992 in a journal published

by the Automation in Construction entitled “Modelling Multiple Views on Buildings”. Not until

after a decade that the term BIM was popularly used. In 2002, Autodesk published a paper

entitled “Building Information Modeling” that got various software developers involved, and the

term BIM was standardized as the common name for digital representation of the building

process.

Fig.2.1. Brief History of BIM

Several studies on BIM eventually emerged and was defined in different ways such as:

An object-based 3D model that can achieve visualization and simulation of the building; A new

way of working collaboratively through the entire life cycle of the building; A central way for

promoting productivity and business results; and Can be perceived as both a technology and a

process. A more comprehensive view on BIM emerged and described it as the process of
generating, storing, managing, exchanging, and sharing building information in an interoperable

and reusable way.

2.2.2 The Four Generations of BIM

The use of 3D Virtual models as a guide to real life construction processes served a lot of

benefits which resulted to the continuous growth of BIM over the past decade. The technology

and value of BIM has evolved, and its progress over the last 20 years in terms of key shifts and

leaps in its capabilities can be classified into over four major generations called: BM, BM+I,

BIM, and BI(m). BIM is valued as much for the information it can contribute beyond design and

construction.

 1st Gen: BM

Today’s BIM movement originated from a simple premise: since buildings are

three-dimensional, 3D models are a valuable tool for predicting aspects of the design and

construction effort. The technology to create such models started to become a reality in

the early-to-mid 1990s, as larger, digitally sophisticated firms began employing 3D

modeling for various uses. We call this solely 3D-modeling effort (without data) Building

Modeling or BM.

The value proposition of BM alone is to understand the relationships between

purely physical, geometric components – beams and ducts or walls and stairs, for

example. The “information” that exists in the BM model is simply spatial – where things

start and stop, how they are arranged – which while valuable, is really just graphical

information.
 In the first pure BM phase, BIM was simply a 3D object. There was no other data,

no opportunity to create schedules of components or arrange them on a timeline or count

them for cost estimating. It was simply geometry. To do any of those other things, we

would have to add data tags to the objects. This is largely what happened in the next stage

of evolution: BM+I.

 2nd Gen: BM+I

In the first advance, data tags were added to 3D objects. The geometry object

dataset was simply expanded to contain fields of data that were attached to the geometry.

The tags were added without much architectural “context," i.e., the objects did not

understand that they were parts of a building. They were simply digital 3D objects with

data fields. They could just as easily have been parts of a farm machinery model or an

automobile 3D model.

However, for those computer-savvy users who could pluck the data from the 3D

objects, arrange them into a spreadsheet and add the necessary context – often in their

head – it would be possible to get some useful findings, like an equipment schedule. The

data transfer was not bi-directional, however. Once a design change was made, the data

fields – again, without context – would be exported and manipulated again. Autodesk’s

Architectural Desktop, Bentley TriForma, Graphisoft’s ArchiCAD and BricsCAD from

the late ‘90s exemplify this approach where often quite comprehensive datasets could be

attached to 3D objects like doors, walls, roofs, etc.

 BM+I, therefore, were 3D objects with data attached to them in a “pin-cushion”

configuration. The “pins” containing object data were jabbed into the 3D objects but were

not automatically related to each other.

 3rd Gen: BIM

Before too long, a new breed of software – originating in the manufacturing world

– was taking a totally new approach where 3D modeling was embedded in a construction

context. Software like Parametric Corporation’s Pro-Engineer could emulate

manufacturing processes. The CAD objects, however, were not the centerpiece of this

software, but fabrication management and process simulation were. This bold new

direction in digital design soon made its way to the AEC industry where similar software

soon emerged – particularly Revit in 2000, which had a database at its core. In this new

arrangement, the “information engine” was at the center of the software, and both

graphical representations and schedules were driven by data contained in the engine.

In addition, data objects were clearly situated in an architectural context; walls for

example, were “hardwired” to have certain behaviors, such as hosting doors and

windows, gridlines and floor levels were understood as they exist in the construction

world – as major determinants of building layout. Every component “knew” which floor

level it belonged to, and all manner of architectural objects were capable of being

scheduled.

At this stage, contextualized building-related data was born: 3D objects with

embedded data floated in a further data context, what Victorian scientists might have
 called an “ether.” This heralded the arrival of BIM: BM linked to information

management. This is roughly where we find ourselves today, with 3D objects in a context

that also creates linkages among object data. But that is not where the evolution of BIM

ends.

 4th Gen: BI(m)

In this still nascent phase, which we could call BI(m), while our current focus is

skewed towards the design and construction process – or data-input phases – we are

quickly evolving into a new phase where information in the models get transferred

downstream to an increasing cast of builders, owners and operations people.

The subset of data from the model is of greater importance than having the whole

model, because once a project passes a certain point, the workflow emphasis shifts, and it

becomes equally crucial to get that data out as the project enters the Bid, Construction

and Operations phases. BI(M) is just information about 3D objects without the 3D object

itself. Obviously, it is not possible to jettison model geometry completely in the BI(m)

stage, but it is information about the components rather than the 3D characteristics of the

geometry that provides critical information for comprehensive tracking of construction

projects.

2.2.3 Software using the BIM Process

There are plenty of BIM Software Solutions available that can be applied in a

construction process. Building Information Modeling is a process used in the following (but not
limited to) engineering and design related softwares namely: Autodesk BIM 360, Tekla, Revit,

SketchUp, AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, DataCAD, etc.

These software applications drive construction processes and management to become

more efficient. Furthermore, BIM software solutions have become mandatory for building

projects and bidding for contracts in some government organizations around the world.

 Autodesk BIM 360 is a project delivery and construction management solution that

unifies the processes of project, design, and construction teams. BIM 360 is a cloud-

based web service that provides teams access to data to improve decision-making and

avoid expensive delays. The tool lets you completely manage your project’s entire

lifecycle.

Some of Autodesk BIM 360’s main features include a controlled work-sharing

environment, design review, deliverable coordination, BIM coordination, change

visualization, quality and issue management, safety program checklists, and RFIs and

submittals. It provides tools and capabilities to connect project data and teams in real

time from design to construction and is able to automate tasks, manage quality, and

reduce risk to ensure project delivery within budget and schedule.

 Tekla is an easy-to-use construction collaboration software. It expedites how you

combine models, check and identify conflicts, and, finally, communicate issues with your

team. This solution is built for advanced BIM and structural engineering. By streamlining

your construction workflow, you can easily identify and solve issues even during the

design phase to ensure they addressed before construction.

 Some of Tekla’s main offerings include 3D navigation, automatic clash detection, mark-

ups, IFC support, multiple model viewing, and object or model coloring and

transparency, among others.

 Revit is a building information modeling tool for structural and MEP engineering,

construction, and architectural design. It is one of the most popular software packages

developed by the CAD giant Autodesk. Designed for MEP engineers, architects,

designers, contractors, and landscape architects, among others, the robust platform offers

an intelligent model-based approach for planning, designing, and constructing

infrastructures and buildings.

It also minimizes the risk of errors caused by miscommunication as all process goes

through a single system. Coordination is also achieved through its multiple project

contributors features to avoid rework and clashes. Revit also lets you simulate and

reiterate designs for systems and structures. This 4D BIM is capable of tracking the

construction’s entire lifecycle from conceptualization up to maintenance and even

demolition.

The purpose of BIM systems is more than just for computer-aided design (CAD). It can

also help reduce construction costs, prevent issues or errors in actual construction to avoid

wasting time and money, and predict or accelerate construction schedules. This intelligent 3D

model-based approach provides tools and insights in planning, designing, constructing, and

managing the construction of buildings and infrastructures more efficiently.

2.2.4 The BIM Process in Construction

 As defined by Autodesk, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is “a process that begins

with the creation of an intelligent 3D model and enables document management, coordination

and simulation during the entire lifecycle of a project (plan, design, build, operation and

maintenance)”.

More so, it uses technology to store and analyze information about the building which

benefits the project’s entire lifecycle. It is considered as a holistic approach which aids

professionals to collaborate allowing easier interaction among Designers, Engineers, Estimators,

Manufacturers, Clients, and everyone involved in the project by making information readily

available through a digital medium. The process of BIM supports the creation of intelligent data

that can be used throughout the lifecycle of a building or infrastructure project.

Fig.2.2. BIM Process applied throughout the Construction Life-Cycle

BIM can be applied to all construction project phases which are: Pre-Construction Phase,

Construction Phase, and Post-Construction Phase thus ensuring that efficiency and quality is

consistent in the whole construction process.

Table 2.1. BIM Applications in a Construction Project

 CONSTRUCTION
STAGE USE OF BIM
PHASE

Planning  Identifies schedule sequencing or phasing issues

 Facilitates better communication and faster design

decision.
Design
 Perform clash detection and clash analysis.
 Increases design effectiveness
Pre-Construction  Enables project manager and contractor to see
construction work sequence, equipment, materials and
Scheduling
track progress against logistics and timelines
established.
 Enables generation of takeoffs, counts and
Estimate measurements directly from a 3-Dimensional (3D)
project model
 Enables demonstration of construction process,
including access and exit roads, traffic flows, site
materials and machineries.
Construction Construction
 Provides better tracking of cost control and cash flow.
 Enables tracking of work in real time, faster flow of
resources and better site management
 Keeps track of built asset.
 Manages facilities proactively.
Post - Construction Operation
 Enables scheduled maintenance
 Provides review of maintenance history.

2.2.5 Cost of Building Information Modeling (BIM)

To develop these skills, personnel must be trained to deploy new technologies and

demonstrate certain ethical requirements. Because organizations are different in structures, they

will require different training packages to manage BIM in line with varying business interests.
Moreover, different categories of staff will require different training, and when necessary be able

to adapt to changes that BIM implementation may trigger. According to (Shah 2009; Zyskowski

2009), BIM implementation trainings are always in two ways: start-up and in-line training.

While start-up training precedes implementation, and this could involve new recruitments, in-

line trainings are periodic and continuous. The bottom line is how to define appropriate

methodologies for determining what to learn (environment, context, content and structure), how

(mode, resource and institution) and when (duration and time), and relate these to business

goal(s) and market interests. At any point, employers may recruit new staff members with

appropriate skills and experience to drive new BIM initiatives. (Oluwole Alfred Olatunji, 2008)

It is impossible to give a set figure for how much BIM may add or save because not only

is there a vast band width of ability but also the scope of service might differ substantially

depending upon the size and type of project as well as the particular set of employers

requirements.

1. There is also a need for standardization and simplification. The construction industry has

a great capacity to provide an intellectual rigor to devising processes and standards, yet it

has a propensity to overcomplicate what needs to be done.

2. The technology should not drive you, but your search for business improvement will help

drive efficiencies help you have an open mind for some new techniques. Take time to

understand how BIM can help you.

3. Carefully select only the digital tools you need to help solve the project specific problems

you face and/or to meet the contractual requirements. Benefits are possible on a £4m

school and a £500m nuclear project, but the tools and focus employed may be different to

meet the respective specific project risks. (Peter Trebilcock , 2015)

 By closely observing the recent patterns in BIM studies, most of the existing literature

relies on surveys, case studies, and interviews. This is acceptable as a precise BCA may require

higher standards and a large amount of data, and thus, enough information may not be feasible.

Also, closely investigating the existing cases could enhance the validity of BIM benefits and still

play an important role in expanding the use of BIM in the construction industry. Nonetheless,

many have identified that a more precise cost–benefit analysis should be performed to capture

the true benefits of using BIM. In addition, more attention is now being paid that organizational

and legal framework need significant adjustments to adopt BIM processes. If we think about the

benefits of BIM utilization, then some financial benefits and associated advantages should be

elaborated to provide a more comprehensive perspective. There are studies describing benefits in

risk management, construction time reduction, error management, and some other issues that

may involve costs. However, in many cases, precise measurements on financial costs of BIM

utilization can hardly be accessible. As mentioned earlier, it may be due to data security as cost

data generally involve greater scrutiny. Accessing cost data often requires private information,

making it hard for a researcher to conduct a proper analysis. If what we want is to expand the

utilization of BIM and its operating environment to make the construction industry more

sustainable and smarter, then precisely capturing the financial benefits of a BIM needs to be

addressed. (Min Ho Shin et.al, 2018)

Implementing BIM necessitates organizations to purchase the pertinent software and

hardware and train their staff in the use of that software. The impact of that cost may vary

according to the financial standing of the organization. The high front-end cost of implementing

BIM has been seen to act as a significant barrier to uptake within the construction industry

(Azhar et al, 2011; Thompson and Miner, 2010; Crotty, 2012; Efficiency and Reform Group,
2011; Giel et al, 2010; Yan and Damian, 2008). However, Aranda-Mena et al, (2008), disagree

indicating using case study research to indicate “consistent disagreement” with a position of high

implementation costs associated with resources and expenses. In this context the evidence of the

potential of BIM to reduce re-work, delays and ultimately cost, has not gone unnoticed by

professionals in industry (Ahmad et al, 2010; BIMhub, 2012; Barlish and Sullivan, 2011; Costain

Group, 2012; Hardin, 2009). However, construction is as much about business as it is about

building. Therefore it is essential for those with commercial responsibilities within a contracting

organization to investigate the business case for implementing BIM (Autodesk, 2007; Giel et al,

2010). BIM however, is not just a software package, but also a process. While the process results

in a beneficial outcome, Thompson and Miner (2010) show that the cost of its implementation

must be paid for as well. Software packages need updates and therefore it is also necessary to

consider the fact that BIM software packages will periodically need updated, which is an added

cost (Lee et al, 2012). In addition, there are currently several large software houses vying for

dominance of the BIM software market, which is anticipated to be worth $6.5bn by 2020

(Martin, 2012). There are many different BIM applications on the market. The major elements of

a building are currently accommodated by separate software packages, e.g. architectural,

structural, MEP (BIMhub, 2012; Bentley, 2012; Campbell, 2007).

2.2.6 Culture Change

Introducing new processes into an organization involves the shifting of the culture of the

organization, which carries with it, risks and challenges that are not limited to financial

considerations, but also include the flexibility or versatility of the organisation’s people and

systems (Yan and Damian, 2008). These factors impact on the strategic decisions taken by

Management, who must constantly refer to and augment their business plan, in an on-going
effort to ensure business success (Langford and Male, 2001). Part of this process involves

assessing the organization’s strengths and weaknesses with regards to, amongst other things:

people, finances, systems and physical resources. The implementation of BIM necessitates

dramatic changes in business practices (Jordani, 2008; Mihindu and Arayici, 2008). This requires

a large culture change within the organization (Rowlinson et al, 2009, Watson, 2010). It may be

that on assessing the culture and skills base of the organization as in a SWOT analysis, senior

management feel that by implementing BIM, they would simply be aligning their weaknesses

with the threats in their external operating environment (Langford and Male, 2001). This has

contributed to the relatively gradual adoption of BIM within the construction industry (Watson,

2010).

All Cultures are inherently predisposed to change and, at the same time, to resist

change. There are dynamic processes operating that encourage the acceptance of new ideas

and things while there are others that encourage changeless stability. It is likely that social and

psychological chaos would result if there were not the conservative forces resisting change.

There are three general sources of influence or pressure that are responsible for both change and

resistance to it:

1. forces at work within a society

2. contact between societies

3. changes in the natural environment

Within a society, processes leading to change include invention and culture loss. Inventions may

be either technological or ideological. The latter includes such things as the invention of algebra
and calculus or the creation of a representative parliament as a replacement for rule by royal

decree. Technological inventions include new tools, energy sources, and transportation methods

as well as more frivolous and ephemeral things such as style of dress and bodily adornment.

Culture loss is an inevitable result of old cultural patterns being replaced by new ones. (Dennis

O'Neil, 2006)

2.2.7 Adaptation of Building Information Modeling

Despite the demonstrated benefits from numerous case studies, there remains a few BIM

challenges that continue to hinder the wider adoption and implementation of BIM. A lot of

smaller companies are apprehensive in shifting to the whole BIM process. In 2014, the National

Building Specification outlined the top five managerial reasons why organizations haven’t made

their move to BIM yet (Lymath, 2014).

 Client demand. 73% of smaller companies having five staff or less have been cited that

there is no client demand for BIM. While the UK government is enforcing the use of

BIM for publicly funded work, clients of smaller firms don’t often make similar

demands.

 Relevancy. 71% of small firms believe that BIM is not always appropriate to their typical

projects. They feel that their workload is not on a complex level to warrant the use of

BIM. However, it is a fact that even domestic projects can also be complex.

 Cost. Shifting to BIM does involve spending on software, training, and time. A thing to

look at, though, is that the potential benefits outweigh the costs — those who have

adopted BIM tend to report that the results have been better that they anticipated.
  Project size. It is falsely believed that BIM is only effective for big projects. BIM can

work on any size from a domestic project upwards. Benefits can still be realized even in

smaller projects.

 In-house skills. 62% of small contractors (with five or less staff) and 77% of firms (six

or more staff) expressed that they do not have the in-house current BIM skills. However,

the upturn in the industry is increasing the demand for recruitment and should be an ideal

time to recruit people with necessary skills. Smaller contractors can also invest in training

which would incur lower aggregate costs.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) based tools to support the work of construction

management issues practically is still a problematic task. Because of these technical issues many

researchers are trying to find the problems and barriers to successful and unsuccessful

implementation of BIM and explain about the process of it. BIM is being increasingly used as

a new technology to help in the conception, design, construction and operation of

buildings in many countries, particularly in the United States. According to a survey in 2008,

such participation had been estimated to vary between 20% and 40% of the number of

companies implementing BIM. The slow adoption of the BIM in the field of planning and

scheduling as the BIM in the developing countries were caused by a number of technical and

human barriers, these obstacles can be classified as internal or outside. The main obstacles are

the cost and human issues, primarily the learning of new tools and processes. The study is

limited to the implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the planning and

scheduling phase, data was collected from Building managers and Construction companies in

Iran only. (Thomas Goubau , 2016)

 The costs and benefits associated with BIM implementation have been discussed in a

number of previewed studies. However, the focus of such studies has been mostly placed on

larger organizations. SMOs have considerable characteristic differences with larger

organizations, which may affect the adoption process as well as the benefits and costs associated

with the BIM adoption. Based on the available literature, the advantages of BIM adoption by

SMOs can be summarized in two main generic groups. 1) More organic organizational structure,

which enables SMOs to have higher flexibility to change the existing working procedure. As

pointed out, changing people’s habits and getting them up to speed on a different technology is

challenging especially for complex structured organizations. In larger organizations, all

departments and levels must face the challenge brought by working process change. 2) Smaller

project size may help BIM implementation rate in SMOs to grow faster than in larger

organizations. Although SMOs are showing concerns about BIM’s cost and applicability to their

projects due to comparatively smaller size of projects, the size actually is a plus in driving higher

levels of implementation. (Ying Hong et. Al, 2016)

With respect to BIM adoption in AEC industries, researchers have identified sufficient

influencing factors. Johnson et al. partly conceived the lack of initiative and training, the

fragmented nature of AEC industries, the varying market readiness across geographies, and the

industry’s reluctance to change existing work practices as the reasons why BIM is at a relatively

low level in AEC industries. In addition, scholars found that collaborative environment and

management process, motivation and BIM capability, a clear division of roles and

responsibilities, and benefits allocation also play important roles in the adoption of BIM in

SMEs. On the basis of an empirical study of the motivations for BIM adoption in China, Cao et

al. stressed that a robust understanding of how stakeholders implement a BIM adoption decision
and which factor will affect it should be established. As previously mentioned, these studies have

helped us understand the factors that limit BIM adoption in AEC industries. However, Poirier

described BIM as a technological innovation for construction organizations. In terms of this

respect, evidence suggested that SMEs treat innovation differently compared to large firms. It is

vital to find out the influencing factors to gain further insight into the BIM adoption for SMEs.

(Ke Xu1 et. Al, 2019)

In the Philippines, less than a third of the construction industry stakeholders have just

started adopting the BIM process. most of them focus on the 3D model while the other two thirds

are not even aware of the of what BIM is. In the government sector, the level of awareness of the

BIM process is very low. Most of the companies in the architectural, engineering and

construction industry that were the early users of BIM were involved in international projects

which require submittals in BIM formats. Strategic initiatives to adopt BIM in the Philippines

are: An alliance of BIM practitioners may be organized to advocate for the promotion and

awareness of the BIM process and technology, An industry-academic partnership to develop and

implement formal and non-formal training may be undertaken, A technical committee composed

of the various BIM stakeholder representatives may be constituted under the Department of

Trade and Industry – Bureau of Product Standards to develop an Open BIM standards, and The

Technical Panel for Engineering and Technology of CHED may consider the inclusion of the

BIM process in appropriate courses of the engineering curricula. (ASEC Inc., 2013)

Successful adoption and implementation of BIM in residential construction projects is

required to achieve the numerous reported benefits. Therefore, a business structure for adoption

and implementation is vital for small size home-building organizations. When compared to their

larger counterparts, it is harder for small home-building businesses to adopt BIM because they
benefit less from economies of scale (Ferris et al., 1998; Sels et al., 2006). Typically, home

building businesses are small organizations that mainly perform construction activities and, less

frequently, design services. However, BIM collaboration principles to develop a thorough and

consistent design before construction, enables design-build residential firms to deliver residential

buildings faster and at a lower price. Thus, it is possible that, as BIM adoption grows in the

residential market, it will increase the number of residential construction firms offering design-

build capabilities. On average, small single- and multifamily home builders specializing in

construction only have 9 employees (NAHB, 2015c), whereas most small firms specializing in

home design have less than 10 employees (AIA, 2012). Thus, small design-build residential

firms probably have on average less than 20 employees. Primarily based on a review of the small

business management literature, which typically considers small firms those with less than 100

employees, the authors identified a number of practices to help small home-builders to

economically and effectively create a business structure that can assist adoption and

implementation of BIM as an innovation, ultimately improving not only project but also business

performance. (Angelo Joseph Garcia et.al, 2016)

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Methodology

This chapter includes the methods to be used by the researchers, the location where the

study will be conducted, and the target demographic of the researchers. Moreover, the gathering

of data will be in the means of survey and interview.

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework illustrates the rational or logical process at which the core of the

study circulates. This comprehensive framework indicates the typical Input-Process-Output

Input Process Output

• Research on • Determining the

• Identifying the related advantages and
factors that literature/studies disadvantages of
hinders and • Performing a BIM in SME and;
promotes the demography • Evaluating which
use of BIM in survey among the factors
SME. questionnare for that hinders and
• To analyze the project managers, promotes BIM can
effeciency and engineers and affect the most in
practicality of architects. construction
BIM in • Gathering and companies.
construction analyzing of data
companies using
FORMULAS NA
WALA PA TAYO

(IPO) structure in detailing how this study progresses until it reaches its objectives.
 Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework shown in Figure 3.2 represents the expected flow of the study.

It shows the systematic valuation of the data gathered which was based from analyzing the

factors that hinders and promotes BIM in small and medium-sized enterprise (SME), reviewing

related literature from the past studies, conducting a survey, assessment of the Building

Information Modeling(BIM) in construction companies based on the associated factors,

weighing the data gathered, evaluating the results and finally formulating conclusion and

recommendation.
 Analzying factors
Reviewing related
that hinders and Conducting a
literature from the
promotes BIM in survey
past studies
SME construction

Assesment of the BIM

Evaluating the Weighing the data in construction
results gathered companies based on
the assiocated factors

Formulating
conclusion and
recommendation

Figure 3.2 Theoretical Framework

Research Design
 • Identification of the problem
• Setting of objectives
Planning • Scopes and Limitations

• Site visit and site evaluation

Data • Conducting surveys and interviews
Gathering

• WALA PA
Data
Analysis

• Researchers will make a conclusion based on the analysis of data

Conclusion

• Researchers will recommend possible further advancement of the study

Recommen
-dation

Figure 3.3 Research Design Flowchart

This study espoused descriptive research both quantitative and qualitative approach. It

also depends on primary data which will attain through survey. The study area of this research

will be on the field offices of the respective small and medium enterprise (SME) construction

sites in Metro Manila.

Research Setting
 YUNG MAPIPILI NA SITE / COMPANY??

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are engineers on respective construction project sites in

Metro Manila, and are selected via stratified random sampling. In stratified random sampling, the

population is divided into smaller sub-groups known as strata. The strata are formed in

accordance to the respondents' shared attributes or characteristics.

The researchers used __ to determine the total number of survey respondents. The

formula is expressed as:

Type equation here.

Where:

The computed sample size is __ respondents in order to make a reliable study.

Data Gathering Instruments

The researchers will conduct a survey for data collection which consists series of

questions to prompt information from the respondents. The questions will specifically include

the measurement of their awareness and perception on the concept of BIM, and are categorized

into the following: Descriptive, Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Descriptive Research

identifies the characteristics of the sample population; Qualitative Research identifies the sample

population’s opinions and perceptions that Quantitative Research on the other hand, will measure

and generate into statistical data.

Research Hypothesis
The following hypotheses will be tested in this study

 Ho: Better collaboration and communication, improves productivity, and Increases value

and quality of the project does not promote Building Information Modeling on Small and

Medium-sized Enterprise construction companies.

 H1: Better collaboration and communication, improves productivity, and Increases value

and quality of the project does promote Building Information Modeling on Small and

Medium-sized Enterprise construction companies.

 Ho: The Cost of Implementation (Software and training), Reluctance to shift from

traditional to modernized practices, Size and scale of the project, and Lack of

information about BIM does not hinders Building Information Modeling on Small and

Medium-sized Enterprise construction companies.

 H1: The Cost of Implementation (Software and training), Reluctance to shift from

traditional to modernized practices, Size and scale of the project, and Lack of

information about BIM does hinders Building Information Modeling on Small and

Medium-sized Enterprise construction companies.

1. What is the profile of the respondents? (Year of Experience, Enterprise size, Type

of Structure)

2. What is the Level of Awareness of the Respondents regarding BIM software?

3. What are the Factors that promotes

4. What are the Factors that hinders

 5. Is there any significant difference between the respondents’ perception when they

are grouped according to their profile?

Ho = There is no significant difference between

Hi = There is significant difference

Years of Experience

0 -5 - aware

5- 10 - aware

Above 10 - not aware

Aware