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Chapter I

Introduction
By definition, language is the method of human communication, either spoken or

written, consisting of the use of words in a structure and conventional way. It is the

system of communication used by a particular place. Since language is ultimately

important as it is the primary means through which humans communicate and interact

with one another, there is variation on how language functions depending upon some

factors.

Between the speakers of any language there is variation in a way they use their

language. This variation is demonstrated by linguistic differences in terms of sound

(phonetics) and structure (grammar). Variation includes pronunciation of words,

vocabulary change, change in grammar structure, and sound change.

This study however, will focus on the language variations among the City of

Ligao, Municipality of Oas and Polangui. The present endeavor will the determine the

language variations among the City of Ligao, Municipality of Oas and Polangui

considering its geographical location. The following will take a look on its lexical

counterpart, intonation, and vocabulary. This study will provide a module consisting of

the list words in the English language

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Statement of the Problem

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?

2. What is the lexical counterpart of the 30 words in the English language among

the neighboring places of the City of Ligao, towns of Oas, and Polangui?

3. How do the selected 10 statements in the English language vary in terms of

grammar construction among the neighboring places of the City of Ligao, towns

of Oas, and Polangui?

4. How does the language of the three neighboring places vary in terms of

intonation?

Figure 1 Geographical Location

Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on the language variations among the neighboring

places of the City of Ligao, towns of Oas, and Polangui. The study focuses only on: 1.

What is the lexical counterpart of the 30 words in the English language among the

neighboring places of the City of Ligao, towns of Oas, and Polangui? 2. How do the

selected 15 statements in the English language vary in terms of grammar construction

among the neighboring places of the City of Ligao, towns of Oas, and Polangui? 3. How

does the language of the three neighboring places vary in terms of intonation?

The respondents of the study will be the selected natives of the City of

Ligao, Towns of Oas, and Polangui. Moreover, the researchers will delimit
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and will determine only on the language variations among the neighboring

places of the City of Ligao, Municipality of Oas, and Polangui.

Figure 1 Geographical Location

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Chapter II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Toward a theory of social dialect variation

ANTHONY S. KROCH

Temple University, Philadelphi

We would suggest that the explanation may lie rather in the degree to which the lower

class is socially and linguistically integrated into the local speech community. For

example, if the lower class contains a higher proportion of relatively recent arrivals in

the local area or if it is geographically more mobile than working class strata with more

stable and better paid employment, then its tendency not to originate sound changes

would be explicable. Such changes, while they occur everywhere and have similar

linguistic characteristics, differ in detail from one local community to another and would

be less likely to arise in a less settled population. In any case, more research is needed

not only to resolve the question of the linguistic behavior of the lower class but also to

investigate many aspects of social dialect variation that have been as yet little explored.

We hope that, in proposing our theoretical model of social dialect variation, we will

contribute to making future research in sociolinguistics as fruitful as recent

investigations have been.

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TOWER OF BABEL BIBLE STORY

The descendants of Noah were living in the area of Mesopotamia in Babylon. They

settled in a land named Shinar. The population was growing and they all spoke one

language. The people decided to build a tall, proud symbol of how great they had made

their nation. The Babylonians wanted a tower that would "reach to the heavens" so that

they could be like God and that they would not need Him. They began to construct a

great ziggurat.

God did not like the pride and arrogance in the hearts of the people. God caused the

people to suddenly speak different languages so they could not communicate and work

together to build the tower. This caused the people to scatter across the land. The tower

was named The Tower of Babel because the word Babel means confusion. This story is

a powerful reminder of how important it is to obey God's Word and to not think that we

can build a successful but godless life on our own!

RICHARD NORDQUIST

LINGUISTIC VARIATION

The term linguistic variation (or simply variation) refers to regional, social, or

contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between

languages, dialects, and speakers is known as interspeaker variation. Variation within

the language of a single speaker is called intraspeaker variation.

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VARIATION (LINGUISTICS) – WIKIPEDIA

Variation is a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same

thing. Speakers may vary pronunciation, word choice (lexicon), or morphology and

syntax.

LANGUAGE VARIATION by TAURA SHAMS

The concept of language variation is central in sociolinguistics. The English

language varies on individual, regional, national, and global levels. Different factors affet

how a language is spoken within a country. They can be geographical, national and

racial, and social. All these factors are interconnected. They are reflected in in every

language variety’s pronunciation, vocabulary, grammatical constructions and syntax.

PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS

Earvin Christian T. Pelagio

Language Researcher

Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino

Language
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The Philippines has Sebwano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Bikol, Finontok, Finallig,

Meranaw, Bahasa Sug, Yakan, Sinama, Kinamayu, Itawit, Pangasinan, Kapampangan,

Bolinaw, and many more.

Dialect

Interchanged used with variety. It refers to a part of speech community that has a

distinct feature or shibboleth that distinguishes them from the whole language

community. Overtime when dialects develop on their own, a time may come when they

can be distinguished as a separate language.

Chapter III

This chapter presents the research methodology to be used in the

research. It presents the discussion of the research design, sources of data,

population of the study, research instruments, validation process, data

gathering procedures and the statistical tools to be utilized in the statistical

treatment of the research data gathered.

Research Design

This research work will utilize a descriptive qualitative and correlational

in design as it is complementary to the nature of the research variables.

Descriptive in the sense that the data will be described as presented and

eventually interpreted in the light of the problems. A structured set of

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questionnaire will be used in trying to determine the language variations

among the neighboring places of the City of Ligao, Municipality of Oas and

Polangui.

This descriptive research approach offers the opportunity to gather rich

descriptions about the language variations among the neighboring places of

the City of Ligao, towns of Oas and Polangui. Correlational in the sense that

the data will be understood of what kind of relationship naturally occurring

variables have with one another. In simple terms, correlational design seeks

to figure out if two or more variables are related and, if so, in what way.

Sources of Data

The study will use two data sources which are the primary and the

secondary data source. The primary data will be sourced out from the

respondents in their answer to the answer-seeking questionnaire checklist;

while the secondary data will be generated out of the review of related

literatures and studies taken from books, journals, the internet and other

written write-ups which are considered related to the subject matter of this

study.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study will be the natives of the City of Ligao,

Towns of Oas, and Polangui who will be randomly selected by the

researchers to find the number of respondents. The researchers will use

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Slovin’s formula to determine the sample of the study. The respondents of

the study were randomly selected 10 from the City of Ligao, 10 from

Municipality of Oas, and 10 from Municipality of Polangui.

Distribution and Retrieval of the Questionnaires

After having been assured that the entire administered questionnaire

had been filled out with answers, the researchers will be the ones to retrieve

them from each of the respondents in order to be assured of having a 100%

retrieval rate of all the distributed questionnaires.

Table 1
Distribution and Retrieval of the Questionnaires

Number of Number of
Questionnaires Questionnaires Retrieval Rate
Respondents
to be To be (%)
Distributed Retrieved
Natives of
10 10 100
Ligao
Natives of Oas 10 10 100
Natives of
10 10 100
Polangui
TOTAL 30 30 100

Statistical Tools

The statistical tools that will be utilized in the statistical treatment of

the research data are the so-called frequency count, percentage technique,

average mean and rank order as they are deemed suitable in the statistical

treatment of all the data retrieved.

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Frequency count. This refers to the number of times that a particular

score or observation occurs. This will be used to determine the tabulation

scores obtained in the Part I of the questionnaire in the demographic profile

of the respondents.2

Percentage technique. This will be obtained by dividing the

frequency of an answer by the total number of the respondents in the

demographic profile and violations on city ordinance number 2013 – 021 in

Ligao City Public Market. It shows the relative participation of set of

responses compared to its totality.3 The formula to be used in this technique

will be:

P = f/ N x 100

Where:

P = unknown

f = frequency of the responses

N = No. of population

100 = Constant number

Chapter IV

LANGUAGE VARIATIONS AMONG THE CITY OF LIGAO, MUNICIPALITIES OF

OAS, AND POLANGUI

This chapter presents the data and their analyses which were obtained

through the questions issued to the respondents of the study. The

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presentation and analysis of the data were sequenced in accordance with the

problems of the study. The results were presented by textual tabular and

graphical.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

CITY OF LIGAO NATIVES

Table 2
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Age Bracket Frequency (f) Percentage (%)
25 – 35 years old 2 20 %
36 - 45 2 20 %
46 - 55 2 20 %
56 - 65 4 40 %
TOTAL 10 100

Table 2 shows the age of the respondents. It reveals that the highest

frequency belongs to age 56 - 65 with 4 as frequency or 40 percent while

the lowest frequency belongs to age bracket of 25 – 35, 36 – 45, and 46 -

55 with 2 as frequency or 20 percent.

MUNICIPALITY OF OAS NATIVES

Table 3
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Age Bracket Frequency (f) Percentage (%)
25 – 35 years old 2 20 %
36 - 45 2 20 %
46 - 55 2 20 %
56 - 65 4 40 %
TOTAL 10 100
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Table 3 shows the age of the respondents. It reveals that the highest

frequency belongs to age 56 - 65 with 4 as frequency or 40 percent while

the lowest frequency belongs to age bracket of 25 – 35, 36 – 45, and 46 -

55 with 2 as frequency or 20 percent.

MUNICIPALITY OF POLANGUI NATIVES

Table 4
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Age Bracket Frequency (f) Percentage (%)
25 – 35 years old 2 20 %
36 - 45 2 20 %
46 - 55 2 20 %
56 - 65 4 40 %
TOTAL 10 100

Table 4 shows the age of the respondents. It reveals that the highest

frequency belongs to age 56 - 65 with 4 as frequency or 40 percent while

the lowest frequency belongs to age bracket of 25 – 35, 36 – 45, and 46 -

55 with 2 as frequency or 20 percent.

The respondents know the different language variations of the terms

and the statements which are to be translated in their own languages. It

further implies that respondents already know and understand their own

language.

Chapter V
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SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary and highlights of the findings that include the

result of the findings and the conclusions presented as module.

Summary

Generally, the study seeks to determine Language Variations among the City of

Ligao, Municipality of Oas, and Polangui. Specifically, this study aims to solicit ideas

from the respondents to answer the following questions: 1. What is the demographic

profile of the respondents? 2. What is the lexical counterpart of the 30 words in the

English language among the neighboring places of the City of Ligao, towns of Oas, and

Polangui? 3. How do the selected 15 statements in the English language vary in terms

of grammar construction among the neighboring places of the City of Ligao, towns of

Oas, and Polangui? 4. How does the language of the three neighboring places vary in

terms of intonation?

The researchers used a descriptive method of research with qualitative and

correlational method of gathering data. The study utilized the statistical tools called

frequency count and percentage technique.

FINDINGS

LEXICAL COUNTERPART

English City of Ligao Municipality of Oas Municipality of

There is a rising Polangui

intonation after the

last syllable of the

word. ( )
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1. Tree pun kawy pon koy kawy

2. Leaf dawn (au) Don dawn

3. Car awto otu awto

4. Sun alduw anrow alduw

5. Cat ikos Kurasmag ongaw

6. Dog ayam ido ayam

7. Hair bok Buk bowok

8. Moon Bulan bulan bulan

9. Hot Maynit Menit maynit

10. Rice umuy omoy Umuy

11. Talk bisara Bura-bura Bisara

12. Hit banug kinayos banog

13. Water Kangkong Kangkong redentor

spinach

14. Walk agi agi agi

15. corn mays mes mays

16. Shout Syak Kulaw syak

17. Naughty sinyaw saraw ringgaw

18. Eat kawn Kun kuwn

19. Girl Babay Babey Babay

20. Big dakulu dagal lamba

21. Pregnant budus mabrus mabrus

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22. Wood Kawy koy Kawy

23. Market saran plaza Sawdan/iraya

24. lemon swa Lemoncito suwa

25. coconut nuyog nuyog lubi

26. air angin angin angin

27. drizzle tagiti paripo tagiti

28. quarrel dulak ribok iwal

29. headache Sanit payo mainlow(read by Sanit payo

syllable)

30. hungry alup bungtas alop

STATEMENTS

English Ligaonon Oasnon Polanguinon

1. I will take Iyiiba tayka. Ikukuyog teka! Ikuyog tayka.

you with me.

2. The car hit Nabunggo nung Nabunggo nung Nabundol nung

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the tree. awto su pun otu so pon koy! awto su pun

kawy. kawy.

3. The leaves Nagtirikrag su Nagurulog su Nagurulog su

fell. dawn. don! dawn.

4. Have you Nagkawn ka na? Nagkun neka?! Nagkawn ka na?

eaten?

5. These kids Lang sisingyaw Malang sasaraw Lang riringgaw

are naughty. man nikading nikading mga kading mgakus.

mga akus na pagsusulit.

kadi.

6. My mother Inintan kami ni Binura- buraan Naintan kami ni

reprimanded mama. kami ni mama. mama.

us.

7. The girl Nag ngisi su Nag ngisi su Nag ngisi su

laughed. babay. babay. babay.

8. The girl Nagurukutuk su Nay ngarakngak Nag ngarakngak

laughed babay. (mild) su babey. su babay.

hardly. Biyo nagngarak-

ngak su babay.

(hard)

9. The girl is Inuyaman su Nauyat su babey. Inuyaman su

annoyed. babay. babay.

10. The girl is Inuragan su Naungis su Inuragan su

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angry. babay. babay. babay.

Intonation

The Ligaonon is characterized and can be distinguished in a way that their

manner of delivering a statement has so much emphasis on every word yet they

speak in normal intonation. Just that, its appeal to the listeners is strong and

pompous. The Ligaonon has the dominating stressed schwa sound. If you’re not

a native speaker it will be hard to adapt to the language.

The Oasnon vary on its unique intonation. They mainly have rising

intonation every after a word. If you’re not a native speaker, you might have

misunderstood their manner of delivery. The way they ask always ends in a rising

intonation.

The Polanguinon is almost similar with the Ligaonon in terms of intonation.

The difference is, the way they deliver the thought is just as normal when heard.

It only varies on some terminologies they use.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the relationship on how the language vary between Ligaonon and

Polanguinon is almost the same. But, Oasnon is somehow different from

Ligaonon and Polangui even though the location of Oas is in between Ligao and

Polangui.
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