*star- an object or planet especially in a Light year-is the distance that light travels in

certain position that is believed in astrology to one year in a vaccum

influence people’s lives.
-1 light year is equal to 9.46 trillion
Characteristics km.

*magnitude- a number that shows the (constant speed of around 50,000 km per
brightness of a star second)

2 types of magnitude
PATTERNS IN THE SKY
*apparent magnitude- as viewed by the
unaided eye of an observer from earth *galaxy- is a group of billion of stars together
with some gas and dust that move through
*absolute magnitude- as if they were placed pace as a unit.
at standard distance of 31.6 light years from
earth Types of galaxy

*size Milkyway galaxy- spiral galaxy

White dwarfs-these are the smallest which Elliptical galaxy

are about 1.3x 104 km in diameter
Irregular galaxy
Super giants (red super giants)- the largest
stars which are about 6.4x 108 km in diameter Barred galaxy

Constellations-stars in the sky that appear to

*temperature
*color- the surface temperatures of stars
produce different colors arranged from the
hottest to the least hot are:
an earth observer as pattern of figures from
myths and legends on ancient civiligations.
Zodiac signs

1. bluish and white stars e.g. regulus Aries-ram Scorpio-scorpion

2.yellow stars e.g.arcturus Taurus-bull Saggitarius- archer

3.reddish stars e.g betelguse Gemini-twins Capricorn-goat

*mass and age- birth of a star Cancer-crab Aquarius- water bearer

Neutron star- born form the explosive death Leo-lion Pisces-fishes

of another larger stars. Virgo-virgin
Black hole- an invisible area in oter space with Libra –scales
gravity so strong that light cannote get out of
it.

-death of a star
Physics- a science that deals with matter and
energy and the way they act for each other in
heat.
Projectile motion- a form of motion in which
an object or particle ie called a protectile is
thrown near the earth’s surface and it moves
along a curved path under the action of
gravity only.
Motions of objects projected horizontally
Motion is accelerated
Acceleration is constant amd demand
A=g=9.8m/s2
The horizontal(x) component of velocity is
constant
The horizontal and vertical motions are
independent of each other but they have a
common time.
Formula: r =range
V=velocity\
O=angle
G= acceleration due to gravity
Momentum – property of moving matter
-describes the tendency of
objects to keep going in the same direction
with the same speed.
*changes in momentum result from forces or
create forces the momentum of a ban
depends on its mass snd velocity
Calculating momentum
-the momentum of a moving object is its mass
multiplied by its velocity
-momentumm increases with both mass and
velocity
Momentum- p=mv
(kgm/sec ) M=mass, v=velocity
Conservation of momentum
-system of interacting objects is not
influenced by outside forces(like friction) the
total of momentum of the system cannot
change.
Collision-two or more objects hit each other
-during a collision,momentum is transferred
from one object to another
-collisons can be elastic/inelastic
(if same direction ADD)
(if opposition direction SUBTRACT)
(If at rest ADD)
Electricity-is the flow of electrical power or
charge.electricity is both a basic part of
nature and one of the most widely used force
of energy.
Static electricity-the build up of an electric
charge on the surface of an object.
-the charge builds up but does not flow.
Static electricity is potential energy ; it does
not move.it is stored.
Static discharge- occurs when there is a loss of
static electricity due to three possible things.
Friction-rubbing
Conduction-direct contact
Induction –through an electrical field(not Resistance-the opposition to the flow of an
direct contact) electric current producing heat.

Current-the flow of electrons from one place -the greater the resistance,the less current
to another producing heat

-measured in amperes(amps) -good conductors have low resistance

I(amps)=ampere -measured in ohms.

-Kinetic energy What influences resistance?

How can we control currents Material of wire-aluminum andcooper have

low resistance
With circuits
Thickness-the thicker the wire thre lower the
Circuit is a path for the flow of electrons. resistance
2 types of currents
Length-shorter wire has lower resistance
Direct currents(D.C)- flow in the same Temperature-lower temperature has lower
direction in a wire. resistance
Alternating currents(A.C)-flow in different Voltage-the measure of energy given to the
directions in a wire. charge flowing in a circuit
2 types of circuit -the greater the voltage,the greater the force
Series circuit-the components are lined up or “pressure” that drives the charge through
along one path if the circuit is broken all the circuit.
components turn off. Ohm’s law
Parallel circuit-there are several branching
Resistance=voltage/current
paths to the components.if the circuit is
broken of any one branch only the Ohms=volts/amps
components on that branch will turn off.
V=VOLTS
Conductors-material through which electric
current flows easily. I=AMPS

Insulators-material through which electric R=OHMS

current cannot move. Potential and kinetic energy
Examples How is it all energy divided
Conductors-metal,water All energy
Insulators-styrofoam,rubber,plastic,paper
Potential energy- energy that is stored and
waiting to be used later
Types
*gravitational potential energy
-potential enrgy due to an object position
-attract other magnetic materials
-have atleast 2 district ends (poles) each
Like poles repel/opposite
Magnetic field-describes how the magnetic
force is distributed.

P.E=MASS X HEIGHT X GRAVITY -the lines of force surrounding a permanent

magnet or a moving charged particle
*elastic potential energy-potential energy and
compression or expansion of an elastic object. Do all magnets carry the same strength?

*chemical potential energy-potential energy -no,some magnets are stronger than the
stored within the chemical bonds of an object others

Kinetic energy-energy of an object has due in Compass-a device used to determined

the motion geographic direction (such as
north,south,east and west)
K.E=.5(MASS X SPEED2 )
kinetic energy –what does it depend on -a magnet that is free to swing around

-the faster an object moves the more kinetic Celcius to Fahrenheit

energy it has.
F=( c x 1.8)+32
-the greater the mass of a moving object.the
more kinetic It has. Fahrenheit to celcius

-kinetic energy depends on both mass and C=f-32 divided by 1.8

velocity. Kelvin to celcius
MAGNETISM- is the invisible force which C = k-273.15
means that you cannot see it happening

-is a material or object that produces a

magnetic field.

-iron

-cobalt

-nickel

What do magnets do?

-attract or repel other magnets