MACROMOLECULES

This topic contributes 3 MCQ’s in the MDCAT paper

worth 15 Marks.

• Formation and uses of Addition polymers such as polyethene,

polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride.
• Formation and uses of Condensation polymers such as
polyesters (terylene) and polyamide (Nylon 6,6).
• Structure of proteins i.e. primary and secondary structures.
• Structure and function of Nucleic Acid (DNA).
MACROMOLECULES

Big sized molecules built up from small

repeating units- monomer
Molecular mass greater than 10,000 amu
 CLASSIFICATION
Macromolecules

Inorganic Organic

Biopolymers
Synthetic Polymers
Giant Molecules Lipids,proteins,
Plastics,
Diamond, Graphite Carbohydrates and
Synthetic fibres,
and Sand Nucleic Acids etc
Rubber
POLYMER
Large size molecule built up by the repetition
of small and simple chemical units
Polymerization
n Monomer Polymer

Two reactive sides or bifunctional

Monomer
Each bond in polymer is covalent
Types of polymer – on basis of structure
Linear chain
Polyethene, teflon

Polymers Branched Linear

Polystyrene, PVC

Cross-linked
D.P. Starch, Bakelite

Number of repeating units which

determine the length of the chain
is Degree of Polymerization (DP)
Molecular mass of PVC = molar mass of VC * DP
Molecular mass of PVC = 63 x 1000 ( CH 2 -CH ) n
= 63000 amu |
Cl
Polyvinyl chloride
TYPE OF POLYMER – basis on type of monomer
Homopolymer
Polyethene Polystyrene Polyvinyl acetate
Polyvinyl chloride Teflon
Copolymer
Terylene | Dacron Nylon 6,6 Bakelite
Polyester
Terpolymer
Butyl acrylate Methyl acrylate
Acrylic acid Weather resistant paint
 TYPE OF POLYMER – on the basis of synthesis
1 Addition polymer 2 Condensation polymer
E.F. of monomer and E.F. of monomer and
polymer are same. polymer are different
Involves free radical Follows addition
mechanism. elimination mechanism.
No by-product is
By-product is produced
produced.
Chain reaction through Reaction occurs through
free radical functional group
Completes in three steps. Completes in single step.
Length of chain increase Length of chain increases
from only one side from both sides.
Polyethylene, PVC Bakelite , Nylon
Type of polymer – on the basis of heating effect
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting
Softened on heating and Hard on heating and can not
hardened on cooling be softened again
Can be moulded , recast Can not be remoulded or
and reshaped. reshaped.
IMF which becomes Strong IMF, so decomposes
weak on heating. instead of melting.
Less brittle and soluble More brittle and insoluble
in some organic solvents. in organic solvents.
Formed by addition Formed by condensation
polymerization polymerization
Branched/ three
Linear structure dimensional cross-linked
structure
Polythene , PVC, Teflon Bakelite , Resin, Terylene
|| Addition polymer is also known as
Chain growth polymer.
|| Condensation polymer is also known as
Step growth polymerization.
Q: The polymerization in which by-product is formed
A) PVC B) Polythene
C) Polystyrene D) Terylene
Q: Polyethene, polystyrene and PVC are examples of
A) Homopolymer B) Co-polymer
C) Terpolymer D) Condensation polymer
Q: Example of step growth polymerization
A) Polyamide B) Polythene
C) PVC D) Polystryrene
|| Addition polymer is also known as
chain growth polymer.
|| Condensation polymer is also known as
step growth polymerization.
Q: The polymerization in which by-product is formed
A) PVC B) Polythene
C) Polystyrene D) Terylene
Q: Polyethene, polystyrene and PVC are examples of
A) Homopolymer B) Co-polymer
C) Terpolymer D) Condensation polymer
Q: Example of step growth polymerization
A) Polyamide B) Polythene
C) PVC D) Polystryrene
Q: Which one of the following is synthetic polymer
A) Protein B) Nucleic acid
C) Starch D) Polystyrene

Q: The incorrect statement about addition

polymerization
A) Empirical formula of monomer and polymer are
same
B) It proceeds in the presence of sunlight.
C) The product have higher saturation than reactant
D) It does not follow free radical mechanism
Q: Which one of the following is synthetic polymer
A) Protein B) Nucleic acid
C) Starch D) Polystyrene

Q: The incorrect statement about addition

polymerization
A) Empirical formula of monomer and polymer are
some
B) It proceeds in the presence of sunlight.
C) The product have high saturation than reactant
D) It does not follow free radical mechanism
Addition polymer – UHS requirement
Polyethene Uses
Ethylene Manufacturing of
Toys
Cables
Bags
boxes

Polystyrene Uses
Styrene Making
nCH 2 = CH ⎯⎯
→ ( CH 2 -CH ) n Packaging materials
| |
C6 H 5 C6 H 5 Heat insulator
styrene Polystyrene Food containers
Cosmetic bottles
Television casing
Monitor cabinets
 Polyvinyl chloride Uses
Making
Vinyl chloride
nCH 2 = CH ⎯⎯⎯⎯
52°C/9atm
→ ( CH 2 -CH ) n
Floor covering
|
Cl
|
Cl
Pipe
Gramophone
recorder
Polypropene Uses
Propene Used in
plastic products
Condensation polymer – UHS requirement
Polyester | Terylene Uses
Ethane-1,2-diol
Manufacturing of
( Ethylene glycol)
Clothing
Benzene-1,4-
Water tanks
dicarboxylic acid
( Terephthalic acid)

Condensation polymer with ester linkages.

It is copolymer and thermosetting polymer.
Terylene is also known as dacron.
 Polyamide resin | Nylon 6,6 Uses

Adipic acid and StUsed as

Hexamethylenediammine Textile fibre

Nylon is a copolymer.
Q: The most important monomer of acrylic resin are
A) Adipic acid B) Polystyrene
C) Methylmethaacrylate D) Vinyl chloride
 Polyamide resin | Nylon 6,6 Uses
Adipic acid and
StUsed as
Hexamethylenediam
textile fibre
mine

Nylon is a copolymer.
Q: The most important monomer of acrylic resin are
A) Adipic acid B) Epichlorohydrin
C) Methylmethaacrylate D) Vinyl chloride
BIOPOLYMERS
• Four major classes of organic compounds in living
cells are
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic acids

Protein
• Polymers of amino acids
• Greek word proteios meaning of ‘prime
importance’.
• Occurrence
– Present in all living organisms
– Present in muscles, skin, hair and non-bony
structure of body.
 • Composition
– All proteins contain the elements C, H, N and O
– They may also contain phosphorus and traces of
other elements like iron, copper, iodine,
manganese, sulphur and zinc.
Classification of Proteins

Simple Compound Derived

Protein is
Yield only attached or Derived from
amino acids or conjugated to simple and
their some non-protein conjugated
derivatives on groups which are proteins
hydrolysis called prosthetic
groups
Albumins, globulins, Proteoses enzymes,
Phospho-proteins
legumin peptones
Structure of Proteins Proteins

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quatnary

A linear Regular
Three
sequence of coiling or Complex
dimension
amino acids zigzagging structure
al twisting
in a chain hydrogen
and folding
bonding
between NH
and C = O
groups
Denaturation of Proteins
• Structural deformation or disruption of protein
– Heat change
– pH Change
– Strong oxidizing or reducing conditions.

Example:
• Change that takes
place in albumin,
the principal
component of egg
white, when it is
cooked.

• In this particular
case, the change is
irreversible.
Nucleic Acids
• Functions
– Their ability to reproduce, store and transmit genetic information
– To undergo mutation
• Two types of nucleic acids have been discovered,
– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

• Components of Nucleic Acids

– Nitrogenous bases are either purine or pyrimidine derivatives.

Purines: adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil and thymine.

 Nucleic acids

DNA RNA

• The sugar is 2-deoxyribose • The sugar is ribose

• Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) and • Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) and
Guanine G) Guanine G)
• Thymine (T) • Uracil (U)
• Double stranded • Single stranded
 MCQs
Q: Phosphoprotein comes under the type of proteins (2017
RC)
A) Simple proteins B) Derived protein
C) Conjugated D) Both A and B

Q: Collagen proteins are present in ______ throughout the body

(2014)
A) Muscle B) Tendons
C) Red blood cell D) blood plasma

Q: The polymer which contains C, H , N and O

A) Teflon B) Bakelite
C) Nylon 6,6 D) Terylene
Q: Which of the followings is the main function of DNA (2017)
A) Making of proteins B)Making of Amino Acids
C)Breaking of ribose sugar D)Carries genetic information
 ANSWERS
• Q: Phosphoprotein comes under the type of proteins (2017 RC)
A) Simple proteins B) Derived protein
C) Conjugated D) Both A and B

• Q: Collagen proteins are present in ______ throughout the body

(2014)
A) Muscle B) Tendons
C) Red blood cell D) blood plasma

• Q: The polymer which contains C, H , N and O

A) Teflon B) Bakelite
C) Nylon 6,6 D) Terylene
• Q: Which of the followings is the main function of DNA (2017)
A) Making of proteins B)Making of Amino Acids
• C)Breaking of ribose sugar D)Carries genetic information