1

CORRECTION MATRIX
Name: Julian, Clarice Joy D. Date: December 5, 2017
Tumandan, Aprilyn M.
Year & Course: 3rd year BSED-Biology Section:
Thesis Title: “Bathymetric Profile and Water Quality Assessment of Queen
Tuna Park”

Date of Proposal Defense: December 5, 2017

Thesis Adviser: Chairman/Panel Member:

Prof. Julius Mingoc Prof. Paul Olvis

Dr. Maria Theresa P. Pelones

SUGGESTED CORRECTIONS RECOMMENDED BY CORRECTIONS MADE PAGE

 Location  Prof. Olvis  Choose only 2
 Format  Dr.Pelones, one location
 Main Objective  College format
 Discuss your
main objective
and justify why
this study is
timely relevant

 Dr.Pelones, 2
 SOP 1
 Change the
morphological
structure into
2
 Dr.Pelones Bathymetric
 SOP 2 Profile
 Indicate the
 Dr.Pelones parameters 2
 SOP 3
 Removed the
SOP 3 because
physico-
chemical is
already under
 2

 Dr.Pelones the water quality

 Review of Related  Prof. Olvis
Literature  Add more 5
Review of
Related
Literature
 2007 above and
proper citations
 Prof. Olvis
 Improve Chapter III  Dr.Pelones
 Research locale
 Research 28
Design –
provide strong
justification why
you this location

Prepared by:

Julian, Clarice Joy D. Fernandez, Jilliane

Tumandan, Aprilyn M.
Proponent Secretary
CONFORMED BY:

Prof. Julius Mingoc___

Adviser
Recommendations:
C C C
hfor binding hfor routing hOthers:

___Prof. Paul Olvis __

Chairman
Recommendations:
C C C
hfor binding hfor routing hOthers:

__Dr. Maria Theresa P. Pelones____

Member
Recommendations:
C C C
hfor binding hfor routing hOthers:
 3

MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS

Time and Date: 11:15-12:15/ December 6, 2016Venue: BSED Faculty Room

Name of the Student: Julian, Clarice Joy D.
Tumandan, Aprilyn M.

Title of the Study: “Bathymetric Profile and Water Quality Assessment of Queen
Tuna Park”
Adviser: Prof. Julius Mingoc
Chairman: Prof. Paul Olvis
Member: Maria Theresa P. Pelones, D.M.
Secretary:Jilliane Fernandez

Suggested Correction Recommended by Page

Chapter I

 Why Queen Tuna Park and  Dr.Pelones  1

Kingford Beach is the subject
for research?
 Habitat description of the  Prof. Olvis
places
 What is the criteria use for  Prof. mingoc  1
assessing the water quality of
QTP and KFB? Is it for public
safety?
 How to answer SOP #1: what  Dr.Pelones  1
is morphological of…why
morphological?
 What is the main objective?  Dr.Pelones  1
What is the significance of the
study? Be consistent of the
study. Morphological or
Profile? Focus on Bathymetric
Profile
 Try to focus on one area.
 Prof. Olvis
Choose the Queen Tuna Park  i
Chapter II
 Prof. Olvis
 The RRL should be 2007  4
above
 4

Chapter III

 Improve the research design  Dr.Pelones and  28

 Improve data gathering
 Research locale
 Subject of the study
 Statistical analysis
 Financial requirement
 Gant charting

Thesis Format

 College format  Prof. Olvis  ii

Questionnaire/ Test

Others

Prepared by:
Fernadez, Jilliane Julian, Clarice Joy D.
Tumandan, Aprilyn M.
Secretary Proponent/Student

Conformed by:

Prof. Julius Mingoc

Adviser

Prof. Paul Olvis Dr. Maria Theresa P. Pelones

Chairman Member
 5

BATHYMETRIC PROFILE AND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF QUEEN TUNA

PARK, GENERAL SANTOS CITY

An undergraduate proposal to the

Faculty of College of Education
Mindanao State University
General Santos City

In partial fulfilment
Of the requirements of EdSci 198
Methods of Research

By:

Clarice Joy D. Julian

Aprilyn M. Tumandan
December 2017
 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

Table of Contents ii

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 2

Significance of the Study 3

Scope and Delimitation 3

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature Review 4

Related Studies 17

Foreign Study 17

Local Study 24

Conceptual Framework 27

Hypothesis 28

Definition of Terms 28

III. METHODOLOGY

Research Design 31

Research Locale 32

Subject of the Study 32

 7

Research Instrument 32

Data Gathering Procedures 33

Statistical Analysis 37

REFERENCES 38

APPENDIX 41
 8

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Water is essential to the existence of all living organism, yet this valued resource

is increasingly prone to danger as human population grow and demand more water of

high quality for domestic purposes and economic studies. It is also an essential

requirement of human life and activities associated with industry, agriculture, and

others, and it considers one of the most delicate parts of the environment (Fawaz, Al-

Badaii et.al, 2013).

Coastal marine areas are among the most productive areas of our ocean which

are considered to have great ecological, economic and social interest. Coastal areas

harbour unique and diverse ecosystems like mangroves, seagrasses, corals, and other

marine ecosystems that accommodate a variety of marine organisms. Coastal areas are

highly variable systems, were changes in water circulation patterns and fluctuations of

land influences like rivers and sewage flow, include high temporal variability of scales

ranging from hours to seasons (Lalli and Parsons, 2006)

Bathymetry is the science of determining the topography or shape of the ocean

bottom. It is one of the basic data of many studies in coastal and marine environments.

It influences many of the coastal and oceanographic processes, and can explain the

origin of some of the seafloor features (Masalu, 2008).

On the other hand, water quality assessment is the measure of the physical,

chemical, biological and microbiological characteristics of water (Myers, D.N, 2009).

 9

Water quality monitoring can help researchers predict and learn from natural processes

in the environment and determine human impacts on an ecosystem. These

measurement efforts can also assist in restoration projects or ensure environmental

standards are being met. There are a lot of parameters to be considered that might

affect the quality of water in the environment. These properties can be physical,

chemical or biological factors.

This paper considers issues and problems of coastal communities. In particular,

it looks at the links between coastal management and livelihood dependence and the

nearby communities. It also focuses on the risk and impacts of various industrial

activities. This paper aims to raise awareness and safety to the protection of marine

ecosystem and give information to the local government, private sectors and

stakeholders on how they can help conserving the area.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to find out the bathymetric profile and water quality of Queen

Tuna Park.

Specifically, this paper sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is its bathymetric profile?

2. What is the quality the water relative to its temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen

concentration, pH, nutrients, total dissolved solids, and transparency, total

bacterial counts of faecal and non-faecal bacteria and planktonic flora and

fauna?
 10

Scope and delimitation

This study is only limited to the coastal areas of Queen Tuna Park and King

Ford Beach, General Santos City.

This study is only concerned in providing the bathymetric profile and current

water quality status of the area. The bathymetric profile will be conducted only by

providing the morphological structure of the sea basin and current while the water

quality will be assessed in terms of its temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen

concentration, pH, nutrients, total dissolved solids, transparency, total bacterial counts

of faecal and non-faecal bacteria and planktonic flora and fauna. The assessment will

start at the shoreline stretch up to 300 meters perpendicular to the shore during periods

of low tide and high tide just within the area of assessment.

Significance of the study

Bathymetric profile and water quality assessment is important for

monitoring the oceanographic features that should be considered to be critical in

managing the area. Also, the data is perceived as a vital criterion in operating

establishments and will also determine the extent of protection that will be provided to

help in the conservation of the marine ecosystem. Furthermore, the result of this study

will provide the government, citizens, academe, and other private sectors a baseline

information of the bathymetric profile and water quality of the area that will surely aid for

the development of a better economic and ecological management.

 11

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, RELATED STUDIES, AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK

Related Literatures
This chapter includes related literatures, studies, conceptual, hypothesis, and definition

of terms which are the researchers found and have relevance to the present study.

QUEEN TUNA PARK

General Santos City lies in Southernmost Mindanao and located approximately

1,050 kilometers of Southeast of Manila, 485 kilometers Southeast of Cebu and 150

kilometers Southwest of Davao. The City is the largest producer of tuna because of its

geographical location – along Sarangani Bay and near rich tuna fishing ground of Moro

Gulf and Mindanao Sea (Cabrera, 2017).

Being called as the Tuna Capital of the Philippines, General Santos City is

subject to modern ameneties and engulf by the beauty of nature where diverse culture

become one. One of the attraction that gives its legacy to GENSAN is the Queen Tuna

Park; a favourite destination of many people in the city. Queen Tuna Park is located at

Barangay Dadiangas South is regularly visited by many locals and foreign tourist to

spend their leisure time due to the cool breeze of the place coming from the Celebes

Sea. The place composed of life-sized statues of animals such as elephants, fishes,

and dinosaurs, hence, Local Government of the City make their best effort to improve

the place and make it one of a good tourist destination in GENSAN (Dacumos, 2012).
 12

BATHYMETRIC PROFILE

Bathymetry comes from the Greek word ―”βαθύς”, deep and ―”μέτροv”,

measure; which refers to the underwater topography of oceans, seas and lakes. It is

important for a wide range of applications in research and society, ex. maritime

navigation, ocean circulation modelling, ecosystem monitoring and marine archaeology.

In these modern days, coastal bathymetry is mapped using echo sounders, and

depending on the later use of the depth data collected that are processed and compiled

into products such as nautical charts, shaded relief maps and digital terrain models

(Hell, 2011).

Bathymetric profile provides a “skyline view” of the sea floor; which hills are seen

as rises and valleys as depression. To demonstrate the true shape of the sea floor, a

ratio of 1:1 for vertical and horizontal must be the same or have a ratio of 1:1. It means

that one unit on the vertical scale is the same distance as one unit on the horizontal

scale. If the profile will have a 1:1 ratio on a regular sheet of paper, it would appear as a

flat line (chauffe, et al. 2007).

Bathymetric data, in essence information about the water depth and underwater

topography of oceans, seas and lakes, are important in many aspects of marine and

lacustrine research, administration and spatial planning of marine and coastal

environments and their resources. In the deep sea, most bathymetric data are collected

primarily for such purposes. Even though bathymetric data are still sparse in many

regions, significant international efforts are pursued in order to assemble all available

data and make these available to the public. Examples of such efforts include the
 13

International Bathymetric Chart (IBC) projects, endorsed by the Intergovernmental

Oceanographic Commission (IOC), or the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans

(Hall, 2006).

Depth

The idea of data depth was proposed by Tukey (1975), as a graphical tool for

envision of bivariate data sets, and has been expanded to the multivariate case

(Donoho and Gasko, 1992). There are numerous depth functions, but they are all have

the same goal, to measure how deep (or central) a given point is (Tukey, 1975). The

significance of this concept is that most measures of depth are dynamic, making it more

suitable for the treatment of real life Data, where outliers are frequently present. Depth

determination is a fundamental task for a hydrographer, which requires specific

knowledge of the medium, of underwater acoustics, of the plethora of devices available

for depth measurement, of complementary sensors for attitude and heave measurement

and proper procedures to achieve and meet the internationally recommended standards

for accuracy and coverage as articulated in IHO publication S-44 5th Edition. Lead line

and sounding pole were the earliest methods used for directly measuring water depth.

Their easy principles of operation ensured their continued use over many centuries.

Single beam echo sounders, derived from military sonars, were a major development

and have been used in hydrographic surveying since the mid-1900s. During the last

decade, hydrographic surveying has experienced a conceptual change in depth

measurement technology and methodology. Multi-beam echo sounders (MBES) and

airborne laser sounding systems (ALS) now provide almost total seafloor coverage and

depth measurement. The high data density and high acquisition rates have led to huge
 14

bathymetric data sets and much ancillary data. Though the technologies are evolving,

single beam echo sounders (SBES) the traditional equipment used on hydrographic

surveys worldwide is still remain and used in the present. These echo sounders have

also evolved from analogue to digital recording, with greater precisions and higher

accuracies and with specific features which allow a wider variety of purposes to be met.

The use of digital echo sounders along with motion sensors, satellite positioning

systems (such as GPS) and software for data acquisition have combined for a better

survey operations. In addition, seafloor topography affects ocean circulation in two basic

ways. First, it steers ocean flows. Second, it provides barriers that prevent deep waters

from mixing, except within deep passageways that connect ocean basins or in

hydraulically controlled overflow regions (Gille, et al. 2004).

Water Quality

Water quality affiliated to how we identify water concerns and how we collectively

address them. The term water quality may have different interpretation by different

people but the most widely used definition is the chemical, physical and biological

characteristics of water prevail in respect to its suitability for assigned use (Daniels, et

al. 2008).

Water quality describes the chemical, physical, and biological condition of a body

of water. In chemical aspects, it deals about bacteria, dissolved oxygen, pH, and

temperature. Biological refers to the ecosystems, and the latter composed of

interrelated elements such as water, land (rock and soils), air and living things. Aquatic

organisms support life at many levels. The health of the organism reflects how healthy
 15

the aquatic they live in while observation of water movement, bottom composition, and

water appearance are related to physical characteristics of water body (Smith, 2011).

Adequate water quality monitoring data and long term monitoring programs are

required to determine the extent of water quality degradation. Information is critical for

decision-making at all levels. However, current data collection on water quality and

related social indicators are poor. Data gathering and analysis also tend to take place

on an ad hoc basis. The limited human power, together with the meagre budget

allocated, is a major constraint in the strict implementation of water quality laws and

policies, specifically in monitoring activities (DENR-EMB, 2014).

When water quality assessment divulge that a water body does not support its

particular uses, it is considered impaired by the Environmental Protection Agency

(Daniels, et al. 2008).

In knowing if the water is still suitable for its designated use, Republic Act (RA)

9275, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, and Executive Order

192-Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) adopts and

promulgates Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards (GES).

The WQG applies to all water bodies in the country: freshwaters, marine waters, and

ground water, and shall be used for classifying water bodies, determining time trend,

evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement in water quality and as basis for

taking positive actions in preventing and controlling water pollution. On the other, GES

applies to all point sources of pollution, regardless of volume that discharge to receiving
 16

body of water or land. The GES should be used regardless of the industry category

(DAO, 2016).

For standard allowable limit is listed below.

AA A B C D SA SB SC SD

Phosphate <0.003 0.5 0.5 0.5 5 0.1 0.5 0.5 5

DO 5 5 5 5 2 6 6 5 2

Nitrate 7 7 7 7 15 10 10 10 15

pH 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.5 to 6.0 to 7.0 to 7.0 to 7.0 to 6.5 to 6.0 to

8.5 8.5 8.5 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.0

Temp. 26-30 26-30 26-30 25-31 25-32 26-30 26-30 25-31 25-32

Table1: Water Body Classification and Usage of Freshwater

Classification Intended Beneficial Use

Class AA Public Water Supply Class I – Intended

primarily for waters having watersheds,
which are inhabited and/or otherwise
declared as protected areas, and which
require only approved disinfection to meet
the latest PNSDW
Class A Public Water Supply Class II – intended as
sources of water supply requiring
conventional treatment (coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection)
to meet the latest PNSDW
Class B Recreational Water Class I – intended for
primary contact recreation (bathing,
swimming, etc.)
Class C 1. Fishery water for the propagation
and growth of fish and other aquatic
resources
 17

2. Recreational Water Class II – for

boating, fishing or similar activities
3. For agriculture, irrigation and
livestock watering
Class D Navigable waters

Note: For unclassified water bodies, classification shall be based on the beneficial use a
determined by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).

Table 2: Water Body Classification and Usage of Marine Waters

Classification Intended Beneficial Use

Class SA 1. Protected Water – Waters
designated as national or local
marine parks, reserves,
sanctuaries, and other ideas
established by Law (Presidential
Proclamation 1801 and other
existing laws), and/or declared as
such by appropriate government
agency, LGUs, etc.
2. Fishery Water Class I – Suitable for
shellfish harvesting for direct human
consumption
class SB 1. Fishery Water Class II – Waters
suitable for commercial propagation
and intended as spawning areas for
milkfish (Chanoschanos) and
similar species
2. Tourist Zones – For ecotourism and
recreational activities
3. Recreational Water Class I –
Intended for primary contact
recreation (bathing, swimming, skin
diving, etc.)
Class SC 1. Fishery Water Class III – For the
propagation and growth of fish and
other aquatic resources and
intended for commercial and
sustenance fishing
2. Recreational Water Class II – For
boating, fishing or similar activities
3. Marshy and/or mangrove areas
declared as fish and wildlife
sanctuaries
 18

Class SD Navigable waters

Note: For unclassified water bodies, classification shall be based on the beneficial use
as determined by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).

Water Temperature

It is a measure of the average energy (kinetic) of water molecules. It is measured

on a linear scale of degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit. It is one of the most

important water quality parameters. Also, temperature affects water chemistry and the

functions of aquatic organism. It influences the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved,

rate of photosynthesis by algae and other aquatic plants, metabolic rates of organisms

and sensitivity of organism to toxic wastes, parasites and diseases, and timing of

reproduction, migration, and aestivation of aquatic organism (SOP, 2010).

The existence of temperature and especially changes in temperature, on living

organism can be critical particularly if the content is very wide and complex. The primary

interest in the temperature of surface waters is due to the inverse relationship between

it and the oxygen solubility. Nonetheless, elevated temperatures and, significantly,

steep temperature gradients can have directly harmful effects on fish; the reason why

changes in temperature are subject to limits (EPA, 2001).

Temperature can be measured using a thermometer with a range of 0–50°C or a

suitable electronic thermometer. The solubility of dissolved oxygen decreases with

increasing water temperature, therefore, high water temperatures limit the availability of

dissolved oxygen for aquatic life. In addition, water temperature regulates various

biochemical reaction rates that influence water quality (GWA, 2009).

 19

Aquatic organisms or communities can be control or affected by the temperature.

If the temperature of overall water body system is altered, an aquatic community shift

will be expected. For instance, a 30°C water level can caused suppression to all

benthic organisms. In addition, different plankton groups will arise under different

temperatures. For 20-25℃ diatoms dominate, 30-35℃ green algae dominate, and

above 35℃ cyanobacteria dominate (Tiwari, 2015).

Hydrogen Potential (pH)

Measure the acidity of a solution of water. The pH scale commonly ranges from 0

to 14. Pure water is neutral with a pH of 7. Thus, water with pH below 7.0 is deliberately

acidic while water with pH of greater than 7.0 is considered basic or alkaline (Gorde,

S.P., et al. 2003).

Measure of how acidic or basic the water is. It is defined as the negative log of

the hydrogen ion calculation. As the pH decreases, water becomes more acidic and as

water becomes basic, the pH increases. Consequently, changes in pH may alter the

concentrations of other substances in water to more toxic form (SOP, 2010).

pH is one of the important parameters in assessing water quality. It is a term

used to address the intensity of acidic and alkaline solution as well as the expression of

hydrogen ion concentration, specifically the hydrogen ion activity. pH value that

decreases is acidic in condition while if it is increases, it is alkaline in condition and can

be determined through the help of pH meter (Nigam, et al. 2013).

 20

Transparency

Water clarity or transparency is commonly measured with a Sechi disk. Clarity or

transparency is now one of the water bodies are facing. Suspended sediments and MarI

(CaCO3), bits of organic matter, free-floating algae and zooplankton are affects the

transparency of the water but mostly it is the algae that have the greater effect on the

transparency of the water. Normally, free-floating algae (phytoplankton) are the primary

sources of food of many marine living. Their moderate concentration is necessary for

biological production and indicates healthy water but excessive concentrations (algal

blooms) will have a negative effect on the water quality. The rapid production of algae in

water is a result of excessive nutrients specifically phosphorus. Moreover, the depth at

which the light can penetrate in a water diminishes with more algae. Thus,

transparency, algal productivity, and nutrients are interrelated in determining the quality

of water (USGS, 2007).

Transparency Tube is used to measure transparency in shallow water. It is done

by collecting a water sample in a bucket field guide, pour sample water into the tube

using the cup, rotate the tube slowly and then record the depth of the water in the tube

on your Hydrology Investigation Data Sheet to the nearest cm (GLOBE, 2005).

Water Dissolved Oxygen

The prime requirement for DO rise a connection with fish life and it is truly

accepted that if water quality is good for fish it will also match the criteria for most if not

all other beneficial and profitable ecological status. The cardinal point about the

solubility of oxygen in water is that it has an inverse relationship with temperature. The
 21

effect is that the actual concentrations of DO in a river will be lowest in summer time

and it is usually the reason that the risk of damage to a water supply source or an

environmental pollution is greater (EPA, 2001).

It is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Most aquatic organism needed

oxygen to survive and grow. So, if there is not enough oxygen in the water, death of

adults and juveniles occur, reduction in growth, failure of eggs/larvae to survive and

change of species present in a given water body may happen (SOP, 2010).

Dissolved oxygen is an important factor that determines the quality of

water in lakes and rivers and its occurrence in drinking water mainly attributed to 2

unique Phenomenon, the direct diffusion from the air and the photosynthetic evolution

by aquatic autotrophs. If the concentration of the dissolved oxygen is higher, it means; it

still has a better quality of water (Nigam, et al. 2013). Dissolved oxygen will be on

Winkler Azide method (Aragoncillo et. al, 2011)

Salinity Profile

Salinity is the measure of amounts of salt in water. The salts in sea water level

are primarily sodium chloride (NaCI). But other saline water, such as Mono lake, have

their high salinity from a combination of dissolved ions including sodium, chloride,

carbonate and sulphate. Salts and other substances affect the quality of water used for

irrigation or drinking. In addition, they are a critical influence on aquatic biota and every

kind of organism has a typical salinity that can be tolerate (SOP, 2010).

Salinity is dependent on geography and time. Due to precipitation and river

inflow, freshwater input occurs at the sea surface causing salinity to reduce. However,
 22

salinity increased by evaporation as well as because of a by-product of the sea, the ice

formation. Furthermore, high surface evaporation such as in subtropical latitudes

creates high salinity near the sea surface while low salinity is found in high precipitation

of sub polar latitudes (Talley, 2002).

Nitrate

Nitrate (NO3) is a form of nitrogen combined with oxygen. It can be converted in

the body to nitrite (NO2). The major adult intake of nitrate is from food rather than water,

but sometimes excessive amounts of nitrate get into drinking water. Nitrate as one of

the most widespread contaminants, can get into water if the source/well is improperly

constructed or located where it is subject to contamination sources. Furthermore,

Shallow water wells in sandy unconfined aquifers are more vulnerable to nitrate

contamination than deeper wells protected by overlying clay strata (DEQ’s - EAC,

2015).

Nitrate (NO3-) is one of the chemical forms of nitrogen. It coexists with other

forms of nitrogen in a complex cycle. For infants under six months of age, Nitrate is

dangerous to them for it can cause a condition called methemoglobenemia or “blue-

baby syndrome. In drinking water used to make baby formula, nitrate is converted to

nitrite in the stomach and Nitrite changes hemoglobin in blood (that part of the blood

that carries oxygen to the body) to methemoglobin depriving the infant of oxygen that

can cause death if extremely high in concentration (Chern, et al. 1999).

Total nitrogen includes all forms of nitrogen, such as (in order of decreasing

oxidation state) nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and organic nitrogen. The concentration of
 23

nitrogen can be used to assess nutrient status in waterways. Enrichment by nitrogenous

compounds may lead to related problems (such as nuisance or toxic algal blooms),

although some waterways are naturally high in nitrogen and/or other key nutrients

(GWA, 2009).

About 50 ml of the Sea water samples was treated with concentrated

Hydrochloric acid. The absorbance of the resultant was measured at 220 nm

(Govindaraju, et al. 2011).

Phosphate

Phosphates are chemicals containing the element phosphorous and they affect

water quality by causing excessive growth of algae. Phosphate feed algae which grow

in out of control in water ecosystems, causes imbalance and destroy other life form and

produce harmful toxins. Phosphates are from many sources such as run off fertilizers on

lawns and gardens, human and pet sewage, Chemical Factory, vegetable and fruit

processing, pulp and paper industry and soil erosion (Green, 2017).

Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for converting sunlight into usable energy, and

essential to cellular growth and reproduction. It is one of the 20 most abundant

elements in the solar system, and the 11th most abundant in the earth’s crust. Under

natural conditions phosphorus is typically scarce in water. One of the major caused of

excessive algae growth and degraded lake water quality is a phosphorous contributed

by human activity, it was discover by the scientist in the late 1960s (MPCA, 2008).

The Phosphate content of the seawater samples was determined by using

Ammonium
 24

molybdate and Stannous chloride. The absorbance of the blue colour reaction produces

Molybdenum blue was measured 690 nm (Govindaraju, 2011).

Total Coliform Counts

Infection from drinking water polluted waters will vary widely from time to time

because the number of pathogenic organism in polluted waters show great variations.

To ensure high factor of safety, the study should monitor indicator organism. The

universal indicator organism has been the coliforms, specifically Escherichia coli. These

bacteria are of definite faecal origin (human and animal body) and they are excreted in

vast numbers. Their presence in water supply is proof that faecal contamination happen

and it is a definite indication that pathogens are present (EPA, 2001). Total coliforms

and faecal coliforms will undergone a Multiple Tube Fermentation (Aragoncillo et. al,

2011)

Related Studies

Foreign
According to the study, “Bathymetric Mapping for Lake Hardibo in Northeast

Ethiopia Using Sonar” conducted by (Yesuf, et al. 2012) Curves can be used to

evaluate and note temporal variations in the lake water volume and area at different

water levels and vice versa. Stage and capacity curves were drawn with respect to a

reference lake level. The elevation points were organized by subtracting the depth

values from 2134m, because this was the reference lake level at zero depth of lake

during the time of the survey. The present day bathymetric maps and morphometric

characteristics were generated with state of the art technology, with rapid surveying,

portable equipment and ease of use at low cost. These findings will provide valuable
 25

information and can be utilized for various water related resource management systems

and environmental impact assessments.

A study conducted by ( Macnab and Edwards, 2002) focused on comparing the

result of the existing data and a new gathered data. Their study shows different results

not only due to different location but also due to different equipment they use in the

study. When the study has a large error result, the equipment that would be used in the

next study should be upgraded to obtain a good result. Also, the methodology that

would be used is new yet it should be from the available raw bathymetry information in

the area of the previous study that has been combined, analysed and adjusted for better

used. They believe that existing data and new gathered data are directly proportional

since the manual that you have used is taken from the previous study.

A study on Bathymetric Survey and Sedimentation Analysis of Loch Raven and

Prettyboy Reservoirs (Ortt, et al. 2000) found out that Changes in survey methodology

between the initial storage estimate and the first bathymetric survey contribute to a large

error. The subsequent surveys followed the same general methodology, and sediment

thickness could be mapped by revisiting the same range transects but historical

literature does not document these measurements, and historical data worksheets are

not organized well enough to derive adequate conclusions.

A case study in Tuul River, UlaanBaatar City, Mongolia conducted by (Altansukh,

2008) concluded that cold period negatively affects to the self-purification capacity and

processes of the river. Hence, very limited number of chemical observations (once per

month) can lead to significant observation and model uncertainties. For example,
 26

sampled and analysed day and time is not clear, only one analysis cannot always

represent an entire month. Moreover, when comparing the two models, a quality model

(oxygen balance) is more sensitive than a water flow and quantity model.

A systematic study conducted by Agrawalet. al (2009) entitled Studies on

Physicochemical Parameters to Assess the Water Quality of River Ganga for Drinking

Purpose In Haridwar District has been carried out to assess the water quality index of

River Ganga. They have analysed 90 water samples collected from five sampling

station for its physico-chemical parameters like temperature, velocity, pH, dissolved

oxygen, free CO2, C.O.D., B.O.D., Carbonate, Bicarbonate, total alkalinity, hardness,

turbidity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate, phosphate, chloride,

sulphate, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids. The

area of the study has a seasonal climate and it is broadly divided in three season, winter

(November to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to October). For two

consecutive years (2007 and 2008) they analysed the samples they collected and

compared its parameter with the standard limit of that parameter in river water as

prescribed by different agencies. After the long term of analysing the water samples ,

they found out that some parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved

solids, total suspended solids, turbidity and sodium has beyond the standard limit. This

value, the Water Quality Index indicates that water samples of some sampling stations

has high value of dissolved solids and sodium making the water unsuitable and unsafe

for drinking purposes. In 2007, water was observed to have a better quality than in the

2008.
 27

The study on Assessment of Water Quality in Asa River (Nigeria) conducted by

(Kolawole, et al. 2011) stated that Water quality is neither a static condition of a system,

nor can it be defined by the measurement of only one parameter. There is a range of

chemical, physical and biological components that affect water quality. These variables

provide general indication of water pollution, whereas others enable a direct tracking of

pollution sources. Prevention of river pollution requires a potent monitoring of physico-

chemical and microbiological parameters. The bacteriological examination of water is

important in pollution studies, as it is direct measurement of deleterious effect of

pollution on human health. Coliforms are the major microbial indicator of monitoring

water quality. In addition, the detection of Escherichia coli provides definite evidence of

faecal pollution; in practice, the detection of thermotolerant (faecal) coliform bacteria is

an acceptable alternative.

The study entitled Water Quality Assessment of the Semenyih River, Selangor,

Malaysia conducted by (Al-Badaii, et al. 2013) declared that water is an essential

requirement of human life and activities associated with industry, agriculture, and

others, and it considers one of the most delicate parts of the environment. In the last

few decades, the accelerated pace of industrial development and progressive growth of

population caused in tremendous increase in the demand of fresh water. The quality of

surface and groundwater is identified in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological

parameters. The water quality of rivers is characterized by a high level of heterogeneity

in time and space, because of the distinction of cover-land around. This often creates

difficulties to identify water conditions and pollution sources, which is necessary to

control effectively pollution in addition to construct successful strategies for minimizing

 28

of contamination resources. Anthropogenic pollutants related to land use result in

drastic deterioration of aquatic systems in watersheds. Additionally, the rivers play an

important role in assimilating municipal and industrial effluent as well as runoff from

agricultural land and the surrounding area in a watershed. On the other hand, rivers

comprise the most important water resources for irrigation, domestic water supply,

industrial, and other purposes in a watershed, thereby tending to stimulate serious

hygienic and ecological problems. Consequently, prevention and controlling of river

pollution and reliable evaluation of water quality are an imperative stipulation for

effective management.

Rim-Rukeh (2013) conducted a study on Physico-Chemical and Biological

Characteristics of Stagnant Surface Water Bodies (Ponds and Lakes) Used for Drinking

and Domestic Purposes in Niger Delta, Nigeria. The surface water quality of some

stagnant water bodies (ponds and lakes—Obi Lake, Usede pond, Oguta lake, Omuku

pond, Ugheghe pond, Karabodone lake, Abua lake, Ikarama lake, Tenmako lake, and

Adiegbe lake) in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria have been investigated experimentally

by analysing the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the surface water

samples. Results show: pH (5.10 - 7.40), temperature (26.4°C - 31.0°C), turbidity (7.83 -

27.7NTU), electrical conductivity (13.5 - 34.8 μS/cm), biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD) (1.07 - 19.5 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (1.90 - 21.5 mg/l),

suspended solids (SS) (9.70 - 37.3 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (DO) (2.7 - 8.7 mg/l), total

dissolved solids (TDS) (33.8 - 187.0 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.73 - 2.47 mg/l),

ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) (0.018 - 4.70 mg/l) and total fecal coliform count (TFCC) (nil -

2175 cfu/ml). Results on the water quality using Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI)
 29

show that Usede pond and Obi Lake belong to Class II with values that are 75.24 and

76.73 respectively. The WQI of Ogutalake, Omuku pond, Ugheghe pond, Karabodone

lake and Abua lake are 67.46, 65.64, 65.87, 50.77, and 67.01 respectively and belongs

to class III. The WQI of Ikaramalake, Tenmako lake, and Adiegbe lake are 43.38, 37.60,

and 41.40, respectively and belongs to class IV and is described as fair.

The study on Determination of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Water Quality

Index (WQI) of Chandlodia Lake, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India conducted by

Qureshimatva, et. al (2015) has found out that some of the parameters like the total

dissolved solids, pH, alkalinity, total hardness, magnesium, calcium and dissolved

oxygen values exceeded the permissible limits prescribed by the Indian Standards. In

total dissolved solids they have recorded the sampled water ranged from the 1008 to

1224 mg/L. The highest TDS reported during winter season was 1224 mg/L and lowest

TDS reported during summer season was 1008 mg/L due to the addition of organic

matter and solid waste into the lake, for pH in water samples range up to 7.0 to 7.85

and stated that the pH of water is important for the biotic communities as most of the

plant and animal species can survive in narrow range of pH from slightly acidic to

slightly alkaline condition. In study period, September 2013 to August 2014 pH value

ranged from 8.2 to 8.9. The maximum pH reported during summer was very low due to

the water levels and concentration of nutrients in water and minimum was during

monsoon due to the dilution of water by addition of rain water, alkalinity in the water

samples ranged from 204 to 224 mg/L. The highest alkalinity recorded during winter

was 224 mg/L due to high nutrients in water [4] and lowest recorded during monsoon

was 204 mg/L due to dilution of water by addition into lake water, The total hardness of
 30

water is not a specific constituent but is a variable and complex mixture of cations and

anions. Additionally, the water hardness is changed by ions such as calcium and

magnesium. The total hardness from the water samples at Chandlodia Lake ranged

between 310 to 348 mg/L. The highest amount of total hardness in the water was

recorded during monsoon was 348 mg/L due to presence of high content of calcium and

magnesium in addition to sulphate and nitrate in the sewage waste added during

monsoon and the lowest amount of total hardness was recorded during winter season

due to low concentration of calcium and magnesium. Moreover, magnesium is often

associated with calcium in all kinds of waters, but its concentration remains generally

lower than the calcium. Magnesium is essential for chlorophyll growth and acts as a

limiting factor for the growth of phytoplankton, the amount of magnesium recorded in the

water ranged between 36 to 41 mg/L. The highest amount of magnesium in the water

samples was recorded during monsoon season 41 mg/L as it is associated with calcium

in all water types and during monsoon, calcium was higher in monsoon season. The

lowest value was recorded during summer season due to the magnesium essentiality

for chlorophyll bearing plant for photosynthesis. Also, for dissolved oxygen the higher

value of dissolved oxygen indicates good aquatic life. The amount of dissolved oxygen

of Chandlodia Lake water samples ranged between 3.13 to 5.89 mg/L. The highest

amount recorded during monsoon season was 5.41 mg/L due to the turbulence of water

facilitating the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen and the increased solubility of oxygen at

lower temperature. The lowest dissolved recorded during summer season was 3.13

mg/L due to the high temperature and addition of sewage and other waste which can be

responsible for low value of dissolved oxygen. While other parameters such as electrical
 31

conductivity, chloride, nitrate and biological oxygen demand noticed that their values are

within permissible limits. Due to presence of high level of pollutants and lack of water

purification, WQI indicates that the water quality is poor and is not totally safe for human

consumption as well as not to be used for public consumption and recreation . This

study showed that the water quality of Chandlodia Lake remain as it is than it will

destroyed the ecosystem of the lake. The government bodu such as AUDA, AMC and

other civic organisation should take the action against releasing of domestic waste

directly into the lake or installed a water purification system.

Local Studies
Magallanes (2015) conducted a study entitled Bathymetric Profiling, Sea Surface

Current Profiling and Coastal Resource Mapping of Barangay Tinoto and SitioTampuan,

Barangay Kamanga, Maasim, Sarangani Province that was conducted on selected

areas of Sarangani Bay, Sarangani Province. This is to measure how deep the water in

the selected area is. They selected seven areas namely: Area 1- SitioSeguil and Iml,

Area 2- Phil Florencia and SitioLinao, Area 3- Tampat, Area 4- Pacman’s Beach and

Cesma Cliff, Area 5- SitioLanuti and Snalang, Area 6- Brgy. Tinoto and Susan’s Beach

and Area 7- Lemlunay and Tampuan (Kamanga). Of all this areas, area 7 has the

deepest reach with about 354.93 meters. Next to this is the area 6 with 353.09 maters

dept. Area 5 is at the third place in the sequence with 313.65 meters deep. It is then

followed by Area 4 with the depth of 311.58 meters. Area 3 is at the third to the last spot

with 302.12 meters. Area 1 is the most shallow with 236.4 meters next to the area 2 with

257.12 meters.
 32

A study conducted by Siringan and Ringor, (1998) entitled Changes in

Bathymetry and Their implications to Sediment Dispersal and Rates of Sedimentation in

Manila Bay said that water depth changes can determined the sediment dispersal and

lateral variations in sedimentation in Manila Bay, specifically off Cavite, Manila, and

Pampanga. They observed in off Cavite and Manila that the sediments are transported

to the north source and the major sinks for sediments are found in the north zones of

the Cavite Spit and West northwest of the Pasig River mouth with the accumulate rates

of 9 cm/yr. For longer-term sedimentation, they use high-resolution reflection seismic

profiles and piston cores to provide information and high-resolution reflection seismic

data indicate that the high sedimentation along the deeper central portions is not recent

trend. However, the long-term trend is probably controlled by the bay’s morphology

rather than by sea level fluctuations.

The study conducted by (Aragoncillo, et al. 2011) entitled “Water Quality

Assessment of SapangBaho River, Cainta, Rizal, Philippines” has set 5 sampling

station in the river, namely: station 1-Mouth SapangBaho River, station 2-Village East

Subdivision, station 3-Hinulugang Taktak National Park, station 4-Brgy. Mayamot,

Antipolo City, and station 5-Boundary of Cainta Rizal. They set a parameter of Physico-

Chemical, Microbiological, and Biological on the different season such as dry and wet

season. On the physico-chemical analyses, it shows that all the five station have been

receiving organic pollution. Elevated levels of BOD, IPO4, and low dissolved oxygen

levels has been observed in station 1, 4, and 5 (exceeding the allowable amount limits

based on Class C Water Quality Criteria), which should be consider in an input of

organic pollution in SapangBaho River. In station 2 and 3 shows a slight excess in the 3
 33

with the parameters because flowing and less garbage is present in both stations. The

parameters of physico-chemical analyses such as pH, total dissolved solids, nitrates,

chloride and heavy metals were within the allowable limits based on Class C Water

Quality Criteria while other parameters could not be assessed because of the lack of

allowable limits according to DAO 34.The results of microbiological analysis, are

extremely exceeded the Class C Criterion for Total Coliform of 5,000 MPN/100 ml in

both seasons in all the stations. The highest total and fecal coliforms are found in

Station 4 and 5 in both seasons since the two stations are near in the slaughterhouse

and residential areas. The presence of Escherichia coli in all stations is also an indicator

making water potentially unsafe for drinking water and recreation. In all the stations, the

presence of Escherichia coli is observed making the water unsafe for drinking and

recreation. In addition, biological assessment of water quality is based on biological

indicators such as phytoplankton and benthic macroinvertebraes. The polluted water

algae (Nitzchia sp.) from division Bacillariophyto abundant in all the station while

another water polluted algae (Gomphonema sp.) from division Bacillariophytaand

Oscillatoria sp. from cyanophyta were also present in some station. While in station 2

and 3 clean water indicator (from Order Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Placoptera)

were present and also the moderate water indicators (Class Gastropoda), hence, the

dissolved oxygen concentration were within the allowable limits of DAO 34.
 34

Conceptualized Framework

The study basically exhibits the significant relationship of the two variables – the

independent and the dependent variables. The independent variable constitute the

Queen Tuna Park and will be correlated to the dependent variable which is its

bathymetric profile and its water quality relative to the following parameters namely; pH,

temperature, salinity, water visibility, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen

concentration, total coliform bacteria, and nutrients present. Graphical representation is

shown in figure 1.

INDEPENDENTVARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Bathymetric Profile
Queen Tuna
Park  Depth

Water quality

 Temperature
 Salinity
 pH
 Water visibility
 Transparency
 Nitrate
 Phosphate
 Total dissolved solids
 Dissolved oxygen
concentration
 Total coliform counts

Figure1. Conceptual Framework

 35

Hypothesis

The study will be tested using0.05 level of significance.

There is no significant relationship between the Queen Tuna Park and the

bathymetric profile and water quality assessment.

Definition of Terms

To have a clearer and better understanding of this study, the following terms are

conceptually and operationally defined:

Bathymetry.Conceptually, the measurement of water depth at various places in a body

of water.

Bathymetric profile. Conceptually, provides a “skyline view” of the seafloor.

Water Quality. Conceptually, water quality means the characteristics of water, which

define its use in characteristics by terms of physical, chemical, biological, bacteriological

or radiological characteristics by which the acceptability of water is evaluated.

Water Quality Assessment.A water quality assessment is an evaluation of the

beneficial use impairment that is occurring, or could potentially occur, due to the

presence of a particular chemical(s) or other constituent. It is not an assessment of the

frequency of exceedance of a water quality standard.

pH. Conceptually, pH is the quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or

other liquid solutions.

 36

Dissolved oxygen. Conceptually, dissolved oxygen (DO) are microscopic bubbles of

gaseous oxygen (O2) that are mixed in water and available to aquatic organisms for

respiration—a critical process for almost all organisms.

Dissolved solids. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts and small

amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. The principal constituents are

usually the cations calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium and the anions

carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate and, particularly in groundwater, nitrate (from

agricultural use).

Faecal coliform. Conceptually, fecal coliform bacteria test is a primary indicator of

"potability" , suitability for consumption, of drinking water. It measures the concentration

of total coliform bacteria associated with the possible presence of disease causing

organisms.

Coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria are a natural part of the microbiology of the

intestinal tract of warm blooded mammals, including man. The total coliform group is

relatively easy to culture in the lab, and therefore, has been selected as the primary

indicator bacteria for the presence of disease causing organisms.

Water temperature.Water temperature is a physical property expressing how hot or

cold water is. As hot and cold are both arbitrary terms, temperature can further be

defined as a measurement of the average thermal energy of a substance 5. Thermal

energy is the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules, so temperature in turn measures

the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules 5. This energy can be

transferred between substances as the flow of heat. Heat transfer, whether from the air,
 37

sunlight, another water source or thermal pollution can change the temperature of

water.
 38

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Research design
The data that will be gathered will be subjected to descriptive statistics using

Mean and Standard Error of mean. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test under

Completely Randomized Design (CRD) will carry out while Duncan Multiple Range test

(DMRT) will use to test for the means that are significantly different from the other.

Figure 2 Research design

 39

Research locale
The Study will be conducted on Queen Tuna Park, Barangay Dadiangas South,

General Santos City with coordinates of 6.1069° N, 125.1755° E. The location was

chosen since it is appropriate to assess because it is near industrial companies, public

market and residential area.

Figure 3 Map of Queen Tuna Park

Subject of the study

The subject of the study will the water from the shoreline stretched up to 300

meters perpendicular to the shore during periods of low tide and high tide just within the

area of assessment.

Research Instruments
 40

The materials to be used to conduct the study are bamboo sticks and measuring

tape. These will be used for establishing the sampling sites. A global positioning system

(GPS) will locate the coordinates of the surveyed area. An echo sounder and a line

sounder will be used to determine its bathymetric profile. A multi- parameter water

tester and Digital probes will be used also. Lastly, a digital electrode pH meter will be

used to determine the pH level of the area.

Data Gathering Procedures

The figure shows the chronological process or stages undertaken in conducting

the study.

Figure 3 Flow Chart

Assigning Of Sample Points

 41

Samples of water will be collected from different points of the area. There will be

a total of 90 sampling points with the corresponding GPS coordinates were recorded

along the coastal stations during ebb tide and flood tide samplings. Samples points will

be assigned every 10 meters for each parameter.

Collection of Samples

Water samples for microbiological analysis will be transferred to a sterilized

borosilicate glass bottle and placed in a cooler with ice during storage. Water

temperature will be measured on site (Aragoncillo et. al., 2011)

Determination of the Bathymetric Profile

Echo Sounding

It is a technique for measuring water and mapping bottom features, especially in

deep or turbid waters by transmitting acoustic pulses from the ocean surface and

listening for their reflection (or echo) from the seafloor. This technique has been used

since the early twentieth century which provides the vital depth input to chart’s that now

map most of the world’s water-covered areas (Coasta, Battista and pittman, 2009;

Mayer et al0, 2007;Magallanes, 2016;Pittenger, 1989; Wilson, et al., 2007).

Line Sounding

It is a technique for measuring shallow water depths which employs the use of

calibrated rope with a heavy metal sinker (Theberge, 1989). An ocular survey will be

conducted prior to the actual conduct of the study in order to have a general view of the

coastal waters and coastal resources of the study area, as well as to set points for the
 42

boundaries of the study area using Global Positioning System (GPS). The assessment

commenced by creating an irregular rectangular area which all the bathymetric points

were marked. The irregular rectangular area starts at the highest tide mark and stretch

300 meters perpendicular to the coastline. There will be a 10 meter interval between

two points away from the shore. Bathymetric Measurement is carried out using

GARMIN echo map 50s echo sounder and line sounder, which composed primarily by a

calibrated rope and a heavy metal sinker, which was covered from an outrigger

motorized boat. Line sounding in the shallow coastal areas and echo sounding on the

deep part.

Water Quality Assessment

Water Temperature

The water temperature for the surface water profile of the two areas to be

surveyed via the built-in thermometer included in the HORIBA. Temperature is to be

measured on site. The collected data is to be interpreted and incorporated in a

distribution map of temperatures constructing a lateral profile which manifested

significant features of varying temperature in the sea water.

Salinity

One way of measuring or determining salt content of water or salinity level is by

measuring Total Dissolved Salts (TDS). Total dissolve salts is measured by evaporating

a known volume of water to dryness then weighing the solid residue remaining. TDS is

to be recorded in milligrams of dissolved solid in one litre of water. The total dissolved

solids (TDS) will undergone a Gravimetric method of analysis (Aragoncillo et. al, 2011)
 43

Transparency

Transparency Tube will be used to determine the visibility rate of the water. It will

be done by collecting a water sample in a bucket field guide, pour sample water into the

tube using the cup, rotate the tube slowly and then record the depth of the water in the

tube on your Hydrology Investigation Data Sheet to the nearest cm (GLOBE, 2005).

Hydrogen Potential (pH)

Using a water sampler, water samples were obtained for the surface profile of the

surveyed areas. pH level will be determine via HORIBA in situ from each sampling

points by getting a 100 ml of sea water surface. Acidity and Alkalinity level will be rank

on a scale of 1.0 to 14.0 with pH 7.0 as neutral. A thematic and lateral map will be made

to identify the layers for pH levels out of the collected and interpreted data.

The pH of the samples was determined using a sensitive digital electrode pH meter

(Metrohm 632).

Nitrate

About 50 ml of the Sea water samples was treated with concentrated

Hydrochloric acid. The absorbance of the resultant was measured at 220 nm

(Govindaraju, et al. 2011).

Phosphate

The Phosphate content of the seawater samples will be determined by using

Ammonium molybdate and Stannous chloride. The absorbance of the blue colour

reaction produces Molybdenum blue was measured 690 nm.

 44

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration

Dissolved oxygen will be on Winkler Azide method (Aragoncillo et. al, 2011)

Total coliform counts

Total coliforms and faecal coliforms will undergone a Multiple Tube Fermentation

(Aragoncillo et. al, 2011)

Statistical Analysis

All parametric and bathymetric measurements will be presented as means. Data

entries will first be drafted into Microsoft Excel 2007 worksheet before importing them to

the Surfer datasheet for processing, transforming data points into distributional maps,

3D maps and contour maps. Data for ebb tide and flood tide readings for the coastal

area will also be described as distributional map.

 45

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 48

Appendix