ASSIGNMENT/ TUGASAN

_________________________________________________________________________
XBEP 4103
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PRACTICES
AMALAN KESIHATAN PERSEKITARAN
MAY 2019

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION / ARAHAN KHUSUS

1. Answer in MALAYSIA LANGUAGE or ENGLISH /

Jawab dalam BAHASA MALAYSIA atau BAHASA INGGERIS.

2. Number of words : 2500 – 3000 words excluding references /

Jumlah patah perkataan : 2500 – 3000 patah perkataan tidak termasuk rujukan.

3. Submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file. /

Hantar tugasan SEKALI sahaja dalam SATU fail.

4. Submit your assignment ONLINE /

Tugasan ini dihantar secara ONLINE.

5. Submission date : 8th July 2019 until 21 th July 2019.

Tarikh penghantaran: 8 Julai2019 sehingga 21hb Julai 2019.

6. This assignment accounts for 60% of the total marks for the course / Tugasan ini

menyumbang sebanyak 60% dari jumlah markah kursus.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION

One of the most famous and important examples of groundwater pollution in the U.S is
the Love Canal tragedy in Niagara Falls, New York. Love Canal is a neighborhood in Niagara
Falls named after a large ditch (approximately 15meter wide, 3-12 meter deep, and 1600
meter long) that was dug in the 1890s for hydroelectric power. The ditch was abandoned
before it actually generated any power and went mostly unused for decades, except for
swimming by local residents. In the 1920s the U.S Army dumped waste from the frantic
effort to built a nuclear bomb. Hooker chemical purchased the land in 1942 and lined it
with clay. Then, the company put into Love Canal an estimated 21,000 tons of hazardous
chemical waste, including the carcinogens benzene, dioxin, and PCBs in large metal barrels
and covered them with more clay. In 1953, Hooker sold the land to the Niagara Falls school
board for $1 and included a clause in the sales contract that both described the land use
(filled with chemical waste) and absolved them from any future damage claims from the
buried waste. The school board promptly built a public school on the site and sold the
surrounding land for a housing project that built 200 or so homes along the canal banks
and another 1,000 in the neighborhood. During construction, the canal`s clay cap and
walls were breached, damaging some of the metal barrels.

Refer to the attachment on the full brief story of the love canal tragedy. You as an
environmental health officer were tasked to present this case study during the
environmental health week of the health district office. Prepare an attractive slide
presentation which should cover the following elements:
1. Love Canal tragedy flow diagram (1 slide ONLY)
2. Introduction to hazardous waste and their classification, including the waste
involved in this tragedy.
3. Physical and chemical properties as stated in the Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) of ANY one of the toxicant involve in this tragedy (put the sample of MSDS
used into your slides).
4. The environmental chemodynamic and chemical fate of this tragedy.
5. Possible route of toxicant exposure and entry into the human body in general and
from the scope of this tragedy.
6. Process of disposition of toxicant in the human body.
7. The possible health effects from exposure of toxicant involve in this tragedy.
8. Lesson learned from the tragedy.
9. THREE examples of environmental pollution cases which happen in Malaysia.
 [Total: 60 marks]

SOALAN TUGASAN

Satu daripada contoh terkenal dan penting bagi pencemaran air bawah tanah di Amerika
Syarikat adalah tragedy ‘Love Canal’ yang berlaku di Niagara Falls, New York. Love Canal
adalah kejiranan di Niagara Falls yang dinamakan sempena penggalian besar (dianggarkan 15
meter lebar, 3-12 meter dalam, dan 1600 meter panjang) yang digali pada tahun 1890 bagi
tujuan janakuasa hidroelektrik. Lubang ini terbiar sebelum ia mula menghasilkan sebarang
tenaga kuasa dan hampir tidak digunakan selama berabad, kecuali bagi aktiviti renang oleh
penduduk tempatan. Dalam tahun 1920, angkatan tentera US telah membuang sisa daripada
kerja penghasilan bom nuklear. Hooker Chemical telah membeli tanah tersebut pada tahun
1942 dan melapisinya dengan tanah lumpur. Kemudian, syarikat tersebut memasukkan
hampir 21,000 tan sisa kimia berbahaya ke dalam Love Canal, termasuklah karsinogenik
benzena, dioksin dan PCB dalam tong logam besar dan menutupinya dengan lebih banyak
tanah lumpur. Dalam tahun 1953, Hooker menjual tanah tersebut kepada lembaga sekolah
Niagara Falls dengan nilai 1 dolar dan telah memasukkan Klausa dalam perjanjian jualbeli di
mana kedua-duanya menghuraikan penggunaan tanah (yang dipenuhi oleh sisa kimia
tersebut) dan membebaskan mereka daripada sebarang tuntutan kerugian pada masa akan
datang daripada sisa yang ditanam itu. Lembaga sekolah kemudiannya membina sebuah
sekolah kerajaan di tapak tersebut dan menjual tanah sekelilingnya bagi projek perumahan
yang kemudiannya membina lebih kurang 200 buah rumah sepanjang laluan timbusan sisa
tersebut dan 1000 lagi kejiranan lainnya. Sewaktu pembinaan, penutup lumpur laluan dan
dindingnya telah pecah, merosakkan beberapa tong logam di bawahnya.

Rujuk kepada lampiran bagi ringkasan cerita penuh tragedy Love Canal. Anda sebagai
pegawai kesihatan persekitaran telah ditugaskan untuk membentangkan kajian kes ini
semasa minggu kesihatan persekitaran pejabat kesihatan daerah anda. Sediakan slaid
pembentangan yang menarik yang merangkumi elemen berikut:
1. Rajah aliran tragedi Love Canal (1 slaid sahaja).
2. Pengenalan kepada sisa berbahaya dan klasifikasi, termasuk sisa yang terlibat dalam
tragedi ini.
3. Ciri-ciri kimia dan fizikal seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Helaian Data Keselamatan
Bahan bagi MANA-MANA bahan toksik yang terlibat dalam tragedi ini (letakkan
sampel MSDS di dalam slaid anda)
4. Kimodinamik sekitaran dan ‘chemical fate’ tragedi ini.
5. Kemungkinan laluan pendedahan bahan toksik dan kemasukan ke dalam tubuh
badan manusia secara am dan dari skop tragedi ini.
6. Proses ‘disposition’ bahan toksik dalam tubuh manusia.
 7. Kemungkinan kesan kesihatan daripada pendedahan bahan toksik yang terlibat
dalam tragedi ini.
8. Pengajaran yang boleh dipelajari daripada tragedi.
9. TIGA contoh kes pencemaran alam sekitar yang berlaku di Malaysia.

[Jumlah: 60 markah]

Case Study: The Love Canal Disaster

One of the most famous and important examples of groundwater pollution in the U.S. is
the Love Canal tragedy in Niagara Falls, New York. It is important because the pollution
disaster at Love Canal, along with similar pollution calamities at that time (Times Beach,
Missouri and Valley of Drums, Kentucky), helped to create Superfund, a federal program
instituted in 1980 and designed to identify and clean up the worst of the hazardous chemical
waste sites in the U.S.
 Figure 1. Love Canal. Source: US Environmental Protection Agency

Love Canal is a neighborhood in Niagara Falls named after a large ditch (approximately 15 m
wide, 3–12 m deep, and 1600 m long) that was dug in the 1890s for hydroelectric power. The
ditch was abandoned before it actually generated any power and went mostly unused for
decades, except for swimming by local residents. In the 1920s Niagara Falls began dumping
urban waste into Love Canal, and in the 1940s the U.S. Army dumped waste from World War
II there, including waste from the frantic effort to build a nuclear bomb. Hooker Chemical
purchased the land in 1942 and lined it with clay. Then, the company put into Love Canal an
estimated 21,000 tons of hazardous chemical waste, including the carcinogens benzene,
dioxin, and PCBs in large metal barrels and covered them with more clay. In 1953, Hooker
sold the land to the Niagara Falls school board for $1, and included a clause in the sales
contract that both described the land use (filled with chemical waste) and absolved them from
any future damage claims from the buried waste. The school board promptly built a public
school on the site and sold the surrounding land for a housing project that built 200 or so
homes along the canal banks and another 1,000 in the neighborhood (Figure 1). During
construction, the canal’s clay cap and walls were breached, damaging some of the metal
barrels.

Eventually, the chemical waste seeped into people’s basements, and the metal barrels worked
their way to the surface. Trees and gardens began to die; bicycle tires and the rubber soles of
children’s shoes disintegrated in noxious puddles. From the 1950s to the late 1970s, residents
repeatedly complained of strange odors and substances that surfaced in their yards. City
officials investigated the area, but did not act to solve the problem. Local residents allegedly
experienced major health problems including high rates of miscarriages, birth defects, and
chromosome damage, but studies by the New York State Health Department disputed that.
Finally, in 1978 President Carter declared a state of emergency at Love Canal, making it the
 first human-caused environmental problem to be designated that way. The Love Canal
incident became a symbol of improperly stored chemical waste. Clean up of Love Canal,
which was funded by Superfund and completely finished in 2004, involved removing
contaminated soil, installing drainage pipes to capture contaminated groundwater for
treatment, and covering it with clay and plastic. In 1995, Occidental Chemical (the modern
name for Hooker Chemical) paid $102 million to Superfund for cleanup and $27 million to
Federal Emergency Management Association for the relocation of more than 1,000 families.
New York State paid $98 million to EPA and the US government paid $8 million for pollution
by the Army. The total clean up cost was estimated to be $275 million.

The Love Canal tragedy helped to create Superfund, which has analyzed tens of thousands of
hazardous waste sites in the U.S. and cleaned up hundreds of the worst ones. Nevertheless,
over 1,000 major hazardous waste sites with a significant risk to human health or the
environment are still in the process of being cleaned.

Attribution

Essentials of Environmental Science by Kamala Doršner is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Modified

from the original by Matthew R. Fisher.
 ATTACHMENT

XBEP 4103 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PRACTICES /MAY 2019

Excellent/ Good/ Fair/ Poor/ Unsatisfactory/
Criteria/ Weight/ Cemerlang Baik Sederhana Lemah Tidak memuaskan Max
Kriteria Pemberat Marks
4 3 2 1 0
Love Canal tragedy flow diagram. A very good and A good and quite Quite brief and Very brief flow No flow diagram
complete flow complete flow complete flow diagram of Love was given.
diagram of Love diagram of Love diagram of Love Canal tragedy.
Canal tragedy. Canal tragedy. Canal tragedy.
2.0 8
Rajah aliran tragedi Love Canal. Rajah aliran tragedi Rajah aliran tragedi Rajah aliran Rajah aliran Tiada rajah aliran
Love Canal yang Love Canal yang baik tragedi Love Canal tragedi Love diberikan.
sangat baik dan dan lengkap. yang agak ringkas Canal yang
lengkap. dan lengkap. sangat ringkas.
Introduction to hazardous waste and their A very good and A good and quite Quite brief Very brief No introduction
classification, including the waste involved in this detail introduction to detail introduction to introduction to introduction to was given.
tragedy. hazardous waste and hazardous waste and hazardous waste hazardous waste
their classification, their classification, and their and their
including the waste including the waste classification, classification,
involved in this involved in this including the waste including the
tragedy. tragedy. involved in this waste involved
tragedy. in this tragedy.
Pengenalan kepada sisa berbahaya dan Pengenalan yang Pengenalan yang baik Pengenalan yang Pengenalan Tiada pengenalan
2.0 8
klasifikasinya, termasuk sisa yang terlibat dalam sangat baik dan dan agak terperinci agak ringkas yang sangat diberikan.
tragedi ini. terperinci kepada sisa kepada sisa kepada sisa ringkas kepada
berbahaya dan berbahaya dan berbahaya dan sisa berbahaya
klasifikasinya, klasifikasinya, klasifikasinya, dan
termasuk sisa yang termasuk sisa yang termasuk sisa yang klasifikasinya,
terlibat dalam tragedi terlibat dalam tragedi terlibat dalam termasuk sisa
ini. ini. tragedi ini. yang terlibat
dalam tragedi
ini.
Physical and chemical properties as stated in the A very good and clear A good and quite A quite brief Very brief No physical and
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of ANY one of physical and chemical clear physical and physical and physical and chemical
the toxicant involve in this tragedy (put the sample properties as stated chemical properties chemical chemical properties was
of MSDS used into your slides). in the Material Safety as stated in the properties as properties as given.
Data Sheet (MSDS) of Material Safety Data stated in the stated in the
ANY one of the Sheet (MSDS) of ANY Material Safety Material Safety
toxicant involve in one of the toxicant Data Sheet (MSDS) Data Sheet
this tragedy. The involve in this of ANY one of the (MSDS) of ANY
sample of MSDS used tragedy. The sample toxicant involve in one of the
also provided in the of MSDS used also this tragedy. The toxicant involve
slides. provided in the sample of MSDS in this tragedy.
slides. used also provided
in the slides.
Ciri-ciri kimia dan fizikal seperti yang dinyatakan Ciri-ciri kimia dan Ciri-ciri kimia dan Ciri-ciri kimia dan Ciri-ciri kimia Tiada ciri-ciri
dalam Helaian Data Keselamatan Bahan bagi fizikal yang sangat fizikal yang baik dan fizikal yang agak dan fizikal yang kimia dan fizikal
MANA-MANA bahan toksik yang terlibat dalam baik dan jelas seperti agak jelas seperti ringkas seperti sangat ringkas diberikan.
tragedi ini (letakkan sampel MSDS di dalam slaid yang dinyatakan yang dinyatakan yang dinyatakan seperti yang
anda). dalam Helaian Data dalam Helaian Data dalam Helaian dinyatakan
Keselamatan Bahan Keselamatan Bahan Data Keselamatan dalam Helaian
bagi MANA-MANA bagi MANA-MANA Bahan bagi MANA- Data
2.0 8
bahan toksik yang bahan toksik yang MANA bahan toksik Keselamatan
terlibat dalam tragedi terlibat dalam tragedi yang terlibat dalam Bahan bagi
ini. Sampel MSDS ini. Sampel MSDS tragedi ini. Sampel MANA-MANA
yang digunakan juga yang digunakan juga MSDS yang bahan toksik
diberikan di dalam diberikan di dalam digunakan juga yang terlibat
slaid. slaid. diberikan di dalam dalam tragedi
slaid. ini.
The environmental chemodynamic and chemical Very good and detail A good and quite Quite brief Very brief No environmental
fate of this tragedy. environmental detail environmental environmental environmental chemodynamic
chemodynamic and chemodynamic and chemodynamic and chemodynamic and chemical fate
chemical fate of this chemical fate of this chemical fate of and chemical was given.
tragedy. tragedy. this tragedy. fate of this
tragedy.
2.0 8
Kimodinamik sekitaran dan ‘chemical fate’ tragedi Kimodinamik Kimodinamik Kimodinamik Kimodinamik Tiada
ini. sekitaran dan sekitaran dan sekitaran dan sekitaran dan kimodinamik
‘chemical fate’ yang ‘chemical fate’ yang ‘chemical fate’ ‘chemical fate’ sekitaran dan
sangat baik dan baik dan agak yang agak ringkas yang sangat ‘chemical fate’
terperinci bagi terperinci bagi bagi tragedi ini. ringkas bagi diberikan.
tragedi ini. tragedi ini. tragedi ini.
Explanation on possible route of toxicant exposure Very good and detail Good and quite detail Quite brief Very brief No explanation
and entry into the human body in general and from explanation on explanation on explanation on explanation on on possible route
the scope of this tragedy. possible route of possible route of possible route of possible route of of toxicant
toxicant exposure toxicant exposure toxicant exposure toxicant exposure and
and entry into the and entry into the and entry into the exposure and entry into the
human body in human body in human body in entry into the human body was
general and from the general and from the general and from human body in given.
scope of this tragedy. scope of this tragedy. the scope of this general and
tragedy. from the scope
of this tragedy.
Penerangan tentang kemungkinan laluan Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan Tiada penerangan
pendedahan bahan toksik dan kemasukan ke dalam sangat baik dan baik dan agak agak ringkas yang sangat tentang
tubuh badan manusia secara am dan dari skop terperinci tentang terperinci tentang tentang ringkas tentang kemungkinan
tragedi ini. kemungkinan laluan kemungkinan laluan kemungkinan kemungkinan laluan
pendedahan bahan pendedahan bahan laluan pendedahan laluan pendedahan
toksik dan kemasukan toksik dan kemasukan bahan toksik dan pendedahan bahan toksik dan
ke dalam tubuh ke dalam tubuh kemasukan ke bahan toksik dan kemasukan ke
2.0 8
badan manusia badan manusia dalam tubuh badan kemasukan ke dalam tubuh
secara am dan dari secara am dan dari manusia secara am dalam tubuh badan manusia
skop tragedi ini. skop tragedi ini. dan dari skop badan manusia diberikan.
tragedi ini. secara am dan
dari skop tragedi
ini.
Process of disposition of toxicant in the human Very good and detail Good and quite detail Quite brief Very brief No explanation
body. explanation on explanation on explanation on explanation on on process of
process of disposition process of disposition process of process of disposition of
of toxicant in the of toxicant in the disposition of disposition of toxicant in the
human body. human body. toxicant in the toxicant in the human body was
human body. human body. given.
Proses ‘disposition’ bahan toksik dalam tubuh Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan Tiada penerangan
2.0 8
manusia. sangat baik dan baik dan agak agak ringkas yang sangat tentang proses
terperinci tentang terperinci tentang tentang proses ringkas tentang ‘disposition’
proses ‘disposition’ proses ‘disposition’ ‘disposition’ bahan proses bahan toksik
bahan toksik dalam bahan toksik dalam toksik dalam tubuh ‘disposition’ dalam tubuh
tubuh manusia. tubuh manusia. manusia. bahan toksik manusia
dalam tubuh diberikan.
manusia.
The possible health effects from exposure of Very good and detail Good and quite detail A quite brief Very brief No explanation
toxicant involve in this tragedy. explanation on explanation on explanation on explanation on on possible health
possible health possible health possible health possible health effects from
effects from exposure effects from exposure effects from effects from exposure of
of toxicant involve in of toxicant involve in exposure of exposure of toxicant was
this tragedy. this tragedy. toxicant involve in toxicant involve given.
this tragedy. in this tragedy.
Kemungkinan kesan kesihatan daripada Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan Tiada penerangan
pendedahan bahan toksik yang terlibat dalam sangat baik dan baik dan agak agak ringkas yang sangat tentang
tragedi ini. terperinci tentang terperinci tentang tentang ringkas tentang kemungkinan
1.0 kemungkinan kesan kemungkinan kesan kemungkinan kesan kemungkinan kesan kesihatan
4
kesihatan daripada kesihatan daripada kesihatan daripada kesan kesihatan daripada
pendedahan bahan pendedahan bahan pendedahan bahan daripada pendedahan
toksik yang terlibat toksik yang terlibat toksik yang terlibat pendedahan bahan toksik yang
dalam tragedi ini. dalam tragedi ini. dalam tragedi ini. bahan toksik terlibat dalam
yang terlibat tragedi ini
dalam tragedi diberikan.
ini.
Explanation on lesson learned from the tragedy. Very good Good lesson Quite brief Very brief No explanation
explanation on lesson explanation on explanation on explanation on on lesson learned
learned from the learned from the lesson learned lesson learned from the tragedy
tragedy. tragedy. from the tragedy. from the was given.
tragedy.
Penerangan tentang pengajaran yang boleh Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan yang Penerangan Tiada penerangan
1.0 4
dipelajari daripada tragedi. sangat baik tentang baik tentang agak ringkas yang sangat tentang
pengajaran yang pengajaran yang tentang ringkas tentang pengajaran yang
boleh dipelajari boleh dipelajari pengajaran yang pengajaran yang boleh dipelajari
daripada tragedi. daripada tragedi. boleh dipelajari boleh dipelajari daripada tragedi
daripada tragedi. daripada diberikan.
tragedi.
THREE examples of environmental pollution cases 1.0 Very good examples Good examples of Quite good Brief examples No examples of 4
which happen in Malaysia. of environmental environmental examples of of environmental
pollution cases which pollution cases which environmental environmental pollution cases
happen in Malaysia. happen in Malaysia. pollution cases pollution cases which happen in
Overall THREE Overall THREE which happen in which happen in Malaysia was
examples was given. examples was given. Malaysia. Only Malaysia. Only given.
TWO examples was ONE examples
given. was given.
TIGA contoh kes pencemaran alam sekitar yang Contoh kes Contoh kes Contoh kes Contoh kes Tiada contoh kes
berlaku di Malaysia. pencemaran alam pencemaran alam pencemaran alam pencemaran pencemaran alam
sekitar yang sangat sekitar yang baik sekitar yang agak alam sekitar sekitar yang
baik yang berlaku di yang berlaku di baik yang berlaku yang ringkas berlaku di
Malaysia. Kesemua Malaysia. Kesemua di Malaysia. Hanya yang berlaku di Malaysia
TIGA contoh TIGA contoh DUA contoh Malaysia. Hanya diberikan.
diberikan. diberikan. diberikan. SATU contoh
diberikan.
Total 15 60