Perception of Grade 11 Students’ about Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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A Research Paper presented to the Faculty and Staff

of the Senior High School Department of
Kidapawan City National High School,
Kidapawan City

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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in

Practical Research I Subject

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By:

Edgar Jan Diego

Larry Jay Enojada

February 2018
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Nowadays, UNAIDS has recorded an estimated 68,000 Filipinos diagnosed with

HIV/AIDS, and the numbers continue to rise. According to the Philippine National AIDS

council , in 2018, as many as 32 Filipinos are diagnosed daily with HIV/AIDS. The

department of the DOH has also previously said that the Philippines is one of the most

“fastest growing” HIV epidemic country in the world with 57,000 cases recorded from

January 1984 to January of this year.

HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is a viral infections that attacks and slowly

destroys the immune system of the infected person that leads to ‘immune deficiency’, it

is progressive and can lead to lack of body defense to all kind of infections including

those that don’t normally infect man and also lead to cancer susceptibility.

To prevent the AIDS- causing HIV from further spreading in the country appears to

heed the saying that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. We must avoid

man-to-man sex, it remains to be the main mode of HIV transmission in the Philippines.

And we must also avoid sexual interaction to the person who is infected with HIV.

Lastly, the researchers would like to study this research because they would like to

know if what would be the perception of those people who didn’t experience this kind of

disease .The researcher also want to understand HIV because Philippines is one of the

most ‘fast growing’ epidemic country in the world.

Objectives of the study

1. What will be the behavior

2. Insights to HIV

3. Societal misconception

To determine what will be the students perception about that kind of virus.

Scope and Delimitation

The topic of this investigation is the perception of the student about Human

Immune dificiency Virus. This will be conducted in Kidapawan City National High

School. It will be also conducted on second semester of 2018-2019.

The general objectives of the research are what will be the behavior, insights to

HIV, and societal misconceptions. The participants of this research are the GRADE 11-

STEM Students. The method of conducting this research is in the way of the interview.

Definition of terms

Diagnosed- identify the nature of (an illness or the problem

0by examination of the symptoms.

epidemic- a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a

particular time.

Immunodeficiency- is a state in which the immune system’s ability to fight

infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.

 Susceptibility- the state or fact of being likely or liable to be influenced or harmed

by a particular way.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Public Health Care (PHC, 2017) the HIV/AIDS epidemic has spread

with ferocious speed. Virtually unknown 20 years ago, HIV has infected more than 60

million people worldwide. Each day, approximately 14,000 new infections occur, more

than half of them among young people below age 25. At the end of 2002, of over 42

million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), of whom 30 percent were co-infected with

tuberculosis (TB). Over 95 percent of PLWHA are in low and middle-income countries.

More than 20 million have died from AIDS, 3 million in 2002 alone. AIDS is now the

leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa and the fourth-biggest killer globally. The

epidemic has cut life expectancy by more than 10 years in several nations.

HIV/AIDS is not just a public health problem. Once generalized, the epidemic has

far reaching consequences to all social sectors and to development itself. It can

decimate the workforce, create large numbers of orphans, exacerbate poverty and

inequality, and put tremendous pressure on health and social services. Annual basic

care and treatment for a person with AIDS, even without antiretroviral drugs (ARV), can

cost as much as 2-3 times per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in the poorest

countries. HIV/AIDS already causes a measurable fall in annual per capita growth in the

hardest-hit countries of Sub-Saharan Africa and threatens to reverse their development

achievements of the last 50 years.

 According to (U.S National Library Medicine HIV 2016).HIV The person-to-

person spread of HIV is called HIV transmission. HIV is transmitted (spread) only in

certain body fluids from a person who has HIV, Blood, Semen, Pre-seminal fluids, rectal

fluids, vaginal fluids, Breast milk. HIV transmission is only possible if these fluids come

in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or are directly injected into the

bloodstream (from a needle or syringe). Mucous membranes are found inside the

rectum, the vagina, the opening of the penis, and the mouth.

In the United States, HIV is spread mainly by, having anal or vaginal sex with

someone who has HIV without using a condom or taking medicines to prevent or treat

HIV Sharing injection drug equipment ("works"), such as needles, with someone who

has HIV. HIV can also spread from a woman with HIV to her child during pregnancy,

childbirth (also called labor and delivery), or breastfeeding. This spread of HIV is called

mother-to-child transmission of HIV. In the past, some people were infected with HIV

after receiving a blood transfusion or organ or tissue transplant from a donor with HIV.

Today, this risk is very low because donated blood, organs, and tissues are carefully

tested in the United States. You can’t get HIV from casual contact with a person who

has HIV, for example from a handshake, a hug, or a closed-mouth kiss. And you can’t

get HIV from contact with objects such as toilet seats, doorknobs, or dishes used by a

person who has HIV. Can HIV/AIDS be brought under control in developing countries?

There are success stories in the fight against HIV/AIDS on a national scale among

developing countries. Thanks to prompt, vigorous and large-scale implementation of

effective intervention programmers, which are enabled by adequate funding, favorable

policy environments, strong political leadership and popular support, countries such as
Thailand, Uganda, and Brazil have been able to control the spread of HIV/AIDS. For

example, Thailand has reduced annual new HIV infections from 140,000 a decade ago

to 30,000 in 2001. This is strong evidence that the epidemic can be subdued in

developing countries. The potential exists to prevent extensive new infections despite

the severity of the global pandemic, therefore, the international community has set the

target of reducing HIV prevalence among 15-24 year-olds by 25% in the most affected

countries by 2005 and globally by 2010 (National AIDS programmers A Guide to

Monitoring and Evaluation. UNAIDS. Geneva 2018).

Moreover, the Department of Health (2017) now ranks Philippines as one of the

countries that has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in the world with a prevalence rate

of 5% nationwide. There is a 20-25% prevalence rate in Metro Manila and 15-20%

prevalence rate in Cebu. This rate dwarfed the prevalence rate in South Africa, which

has the largest population of HIV positive individuals in the world, with a mere 4.7%.

Prevalence rate refers to the percentage of individual affected by the disease at specific

time. With that in mind, we can say that right now, in a population of 110 Million

Filipinos, there are 5.5 Million individuals currently living with HIV.

According to the Department of health (DOH, 2017) In the Philippines is a low

prevalence country with less than 1% of the population affected by HIV. This rapidly

growing epidemic if left uncontrolled will eventually make The Philippines at par with

South Africa with 1 out 10 individuals affected with HIV. So what went wrong? As a

nurse with 15 years’ experience handling HIV cases and working actively with HIV

positive individuals, here are my personal conclusions, do take note that this

conclusions are not even close with the official conclusion of the Department of Health
on why HIV became a rapidly growing epidemic in The Philippines. I personally think

that their conclusion is too traditional and not in touch with the modern activities of our

youth.

Moreover, DOH says that the resistance of the Church to some forms of birth

control is a contributing factor on the HIV epidemic right now. I say that HIV is most

commonly seen in the young population. A population that makes their own decision

and is rebellious to the church teachings. Though the Church could have cause some

sort of contribution, I do believe that the lack of sex education in our school particularly

to our youth is a more blameable culprit than the Church. Did you know that people

ages 14 to 30 makes up the 95% of newly diagnosed HIV cases each month and the

median age of affected individual for the last 5 years is just 28 years old? DOH says

prostitution or sex for money is a contributing factor of the epidemic and should be

eradicated. I say that, prostitution cannot be eradicated. Since the dawn of human

civilization, there is prostitution and it is something that is very hard to control much less

eradicated from our society. What DOH can do is to provide an ID system and free

monthly checkup to our sex workers to protect them as well as the people that they

serve. This will also encourage the client to only have sex with a “clean” sex worker.

This will also further educate our sex workers on proper ways of protecting themselves

from different sexually transmitted infection as well as unwanted pregnancy. DOH says

that persons under 18 who wants to test for HIV should require parental consent. I say

that, I have clients with HIV at age 13, 14, 15… and that is because of failure in health

promotion. The accessibility of casual sex thru apps like Grinder and other dating apps

makes it very easy for 2 complete strangers to have sex consensually and thus,
spreading the virus like wildfire to our young and techie population. These individuals

would never dare to ask their parents’ permission to go with them and get tested, our

culture against premarital sex and our bigotry against the LGBT makes it impossible to

do so. HIV testing should be accessible to ANYONE at ANY AGE on their own volition.

What are the effective interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS? About on the virus

right now there is no cure but there is a medicine that control the HIV to spread in

infected person. This vaccine has been developed, but the tools to prevent HIV infection

already exist. A core set of prevention interventions have effectively reduced the spread

of HIV/AIDS. These include: Promoting behavior change through communication

programs, peer education, and voluntary counseling and testing (VCT).Increasing

condom use through condom promotion and distribution, Diagnosing and treating

sexually transmitted infections (STI), Ensuring a safe blood supply. Preventing mother-

to-child transmission (MTCT) through short courses of ARV and providing infant feeding

options. Supporting harm reeducation among injecting drug users (IDUs), which

includes providing clean injecting equipment, counseling, and drug abuse treatment.

Prevention averts suffering and death, but pays vast dividendsin future savings to the

health system and the public sector at large. The cost of averting an HIV infection

through cost-effective interventions can be a fraction of the cost of treatment and care

for an AIDS patient.

Public Health Glance the Target prevention Evidence strongly suggests that

irrespective of the stage of the epidemic, the most efficient method to reduce the spread

of HIV (or any STI) in the general population is to reduce its transmission among groups

at high risk. This targeted prevention approach, in which well-trained peers (such as
former CSWs or IDUs) are used to disseminate information and safer sex supplies,

organize skill building sessions and conduct referrals to other HIV/AIDS services, has

been proven effective in many settings. For this reason, interventions and resources

should be directed more strongly to groups at high risk. Targeted prevention is more

effective when combined with programs to change social norms and reduce stigma

(Public Health Glance, 2016).

According to Institute for Public Health Innovation, (2015) the treatmentcare and

mitigation of HIV/AIDS, is a fatal disease, but there are interventions which can prolong

and improve life for PLWHA. These include psychosocial support including counseling,

clinical management of common opportunistic infections (OIs) (including TB), Highly

Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART), and palliative care. Community and home-

based care can complement traditional hospital-based care and help ease the pressure

on the health system, especially in countries with generalized HIV/AIDS epidemics. A

social safety net for poor households affected by AIDS, as well as for AIDS orphans and

vulnerable children, can help alleviate their suffering. Treatment and care can be cost-

effective and have spillover effects in strengthening commitment to prevention. As HIV

infection progresses, the care and treatment interventions for PLWHA need to change.

While a basic treatment and care package can be developed to meet the changing

needs of PLWHA, the challenge remains to develop services on a scale which will reach

the largest numbers of those in need.

Whatshould HIV patient do to treat if he/she infected. According also to (Public

Health innovation, 2017) Although HAART is not a cure and its impact on population

transmission still uncertain, it reduces and prevents many opportunistic infection and
prolongs life. Because of high cost, treatment complexity and the lack of infrastructure

to administer and monitor the therapy, HAART is currently not widely available outside

high-income countries. Yet experience from developing countries has shown that rates

of adherence to HAART are at least as high (and typically higher) in developing

countries. Thanks to discounts and generic manufacturers, the cost of drugs for HAART

has been reduced to the range of US$ 500 - 1,000 per patient per year in some

developing countries. Although this is a fraction of what it costs in developed countries,

many low-income countries are still unable to afford this price. Currently, five to six

million people infected with HIV in the developing world need access to antiretroviral

therapy (ART) to survive. Only 300,000 have this access. This failure to deliver ART to

millions of people who need them is a medical emergency. Efforts are underway to

make HAART more affordable and feasible for low- and middle-income countries with a

goal of having 3 million people on treatment by the end of 2005. While continuing to

give the highest priority to prevention and the basic package of AIDS treatment and

care, where necessary and possible, governments might wish to prepare a HAART

strategy, which includes public and private mechanisms to finance HAART; evaluate

and prepare the capacities of the health system for HAART. Such steps would enable

sustained, safe and effective use of HAART in the future. UNAIDS supports a

comprehensive treatment and care approach that includes voluntary counseling and

testing, psycho-social support, palliative care, prevention and treatment of opportunistic

infections, good nutrition, strengthening of health systems, fair and sustainable

financing, and, where possible, access to HAART.

 Choosing the right mix of interventions for implementation is very important in a

setting with limited resources and implementation capacity. An appropriate balance

among prevention, treatment, care and mitigation should be based on: specific

epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, including who are at risk and stage of the epidemic, cost-

effectiveness of interventions , level of public resources available , implementation

capacity extent to which intervention is a "public good" Advances in HIV treatment: have

slowed disease progression to such a degree that HIV infection is now understood to be

a chronic, manageable condition are enabling more people with HIV to live healthy, long

and active lives. Early diagnosis and initiation of HAART can lead to reduced morbidity

and mortality associated with HIV infection and disease progression. Treatment of HIV

is a rapidly evolving and complex area, with changes in optimal therapy occurring as

new research/evidence becomes available. If HAART is being considered, consultation

with a colleague experienced in HIV/AIDS care or infectious diseases is recommended

is the public health professionals.

In all cases, the most important interventions are: behavior change promotion,

condoms, STI management, blood safety, VCT, and harm minimization among IDUs.

Care, treatment, support and MTCT prevention will have least impact in countries of low

prevalence (less than 5% in any high-risk group), be more relevant where the epidemic

is concentrated (prevalence over 5% in a high-risk group, but less than 1% in the

general population) and become increasingly important in countries with generalized

epidemic (population prevalence over 1%). Advances in HIV treatment: have slowed

disease progression to such a degree that HIV infection is now understood to be a

chronic, manageable condition are enabling more people with HIV to live healthy, long
and active lives. Early diagnosis and initiation of HAART can lead to reduced morbidity

and mortality associated with HIV infection and disease progression. Treatment of HIV

is a rapidly evolving and complex area, with changes in optimal therapy occurring as

new research/evidence becomes available. If HAART is being considered, consultation

with a colleague experienced in HIV/AIDS care or infectious diseases is recommended

is the public health professionals.

It is important to note that effective treatment with HAART can be an important

prevention strategy. Effective treatment reduces infectiousness: people who adhere to

HAART and have an undetectable viral load have a negligible risk of transmitting the

infection.
 Retrieved on January 7 2019. Retrieved from

http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01213/WEB/0__CON-2.HTM#Top

Retrieved on January 7 2019.Retrieved from https://www.institutephi.org/our-

work-in-action/community-health-worker-initiatives/hiv-aids-early-interventions-retention-

care/

Retrieved on January 7 2019. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-

health/services/diseases/hiv-aids/health-professionals-hiv-aids.html

Retrieved on January 7 2019. Retrieved from

http://hivtestphilippines.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIq6yK5cn23wIVSCQrCh3tzQBVEAAY

AiAAEgLb7PD_BwE
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

The purpose of this research is to know what will be the perception of Grade-11

STEM Students about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).And also what will be their

insights about this kind of disease. The behavior of a victim and to know if their will be a

societal misconception about the victim about this kind of disease.

These also include research plan, general procedure, study of participants, setting,

research design, analysis method, and ethical concerns are also primary components of

this research chapter.

General Procedure

1. Ask permission to conduct research from the school head.

2. Identify the participant . Ask approval from them.

3. Conduct an interview.

4. Gather all the result of the conducted research.

Research Setting

The study will be conducted in Kidapawan City National High School (KCNHS).
Figure 1. Kidapawan City National High School Location in Google Map.

Research Participants

As the researcher conducted their research, the participants of these are the

students of Kidapawan City National High School and also the nurse of the school .

Research Design

This study is particularly a qualitative research.

Qualitative Research seeks to tell the story of a particular group’s experiences in

their own wordsand is therefore focused on narrative.The logic of qualitative research

can be challenging for researchers more accustomed (as most of us are) to the

traditional deductive approach. Unlike quantitative research, in which researchers state

specific hypotheses and then collect data to empirically test them, most qualitative

research employs an inductive approach in which the researcher first collects data and

then attempts to derive explanations from those data. As such, qualitative research

tends to be more exploratory in nature, seeking to provide insight into how individuals

(or organizations, groups, etc.) understand aspects of their worlds.

https://www.statisticssolutions.com/qualitative-research-approach/

Sampling technique

Availability sampling- is a specific type of non-probability sampling method that

relies on data collection from population members who are conveniently available to

participate in study.

Research instrument

1. What is your perception about this kind of disease?

2. Does an infected person experience a societal misconception?

3. What do you think of the behavior of an infected person?

Data analysis

This study used the descriptive-evaluative design utilizing only

qualitative data analysis.

 Not all topics in language or literature can be measures statistically.

Viewpoints, actions and characteristics cannot always be represented

numerically and so the need of a qualitative data. Questionnaires that gathered

data such as the experiences and views will be subjected to qualitative

analysis. Santos (2010) noted that interview is a flexible way of gathering data

and will also be analysed qualitatively.

Qualitative research involves data that are recorded in words narrative

descriptions. Researchers use qualitative methods to observe and describe

conditions rather than control them. According to APA’s Ethics Code (2002), a

basic ethical principal for qualitative research is for the researchers not to

tamper with the natural setting under study. Participant observations are

integral components of qualitative research are used widely in the fields of

education, sociology and anthropology.