• Dr.

Eglal Al-Dobaei last lect

Impression materials
• Impression material : is a substance used for recording the form and
dimensions of oral tissues.

• It called negative reproduction of oral tissue.

• A positive reproduction is obtained by pouring a suitable model or die

material in to set impression.
Desirable properties for impression materials
• Accuracy
1. Ability to record fine details.
2. Dimensionally stable
3. It should be elastic
4. It should be adhere to tray
5. It should be compatible with the gypsum products
• Biologically acceptable
• It should have an acceptable odor and taste
• It should not be affected by oral fluids
• Easy manipulated
• It should have suitable working time
• It should have suitable setting time
• It should accept addition and correction
• Readily disinfected without loss of accuracy
• It should have good shelf life
• It should be electroplated
 Important terms

• • Elastic/plastic deformations
• • Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
• • Working time
• • Setting time
 Classification

• According to:
1. Their use
2. The manner they harden
3. Behavior after setting
 Plaster
(irre)
Impression
Non-elastic
compound(reve)
Waxes
(reve)
ZnO – Eugenol
Impression

(irreversible)
Materials

Agar (reversible)
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
(Rubber Polyether
impression
materials)
 Plaster
(irre)
Impression
Non-elastic
compound(reve)
Waxes
(reve)
ZnO – Eugenol
Impression

(irreversible)
Materials

Agar (reversible)
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
(Rubber Polyether
impression
materials)
Non elastic impression materials
• These are materials that lack elasticity after setting. When removed
from under cuts they either:
➢ break like : plaster
➢ distort like : wax, impression compound, and zinc oxide- eugenol
paste.
 Plaster of paris ( irreversible)
Main indication: impression of edentulous ridges
Composition:
• CaSO4 . 0.5H2O β-hemihydrate
• Potassium sulfate – to reduce expansion but accelerates setting
• 1% Borax – a retarder to prolonged setting time and decrease the
setting expansion.
• Potato starch
• Flavouring agent
• Colouring agent
Advantages:
1. Cheap and long shelf life, easy to prepare
2. Very good surface detail reproduction
3. Excellent dimensional stability
Disadvantages:
1. Very rigid – often need to be fractured when removed from the mouth
2. Fractures if undercuts are present
3. Non-toxic but may dry soft tissues - unpleasant to patients
Old fashioned – not frequently used
Impression compound (reversible)
Thermoplastic material (softens when heated to 50-60Cand hardens on cooling).
Application :
1. impressions of edentulous ridge
2. tooth impressions in a copper band ,for inlay and crown
3. Impression tray s in which a final impression is taken with anther
materials
4. Peripheral seal materials.
Composition:
1. Resins (wax, shellac, guttapercha) soften on heating to give aqualities of
flow and cohesion
2. Filler (talc) to give suitable consistency
3. Plasticizer (stearic acid, stearin) to give workability
4. Coloring agents

• Types :
1. Type I ( lower fusing materials):for prosthetic impression Peripheral
seal materials
2. Type II( higher fusing materials): for tray fibriction
 Manipulation
Advantages:
1. Can be reused, easy to use
2. Non-irritant and non-toxic

Disadvantages:
1. Poor dimensional stability( due to flow of material)
85% at 45C and 6% at 37%.
2. Easy to distort when withdrawn from the mouth
3- Displacing soft tissues, the soft tissue appear under pressure.

Old fashioned – not frequently used

Zinc-oxide eugenol impression( irreversible)
Main indications: impression of edentulous ridges with no or vey minor
undercuts.
• It can be used also as stabilizing base plates in bite registration .
Composition:
A two-paste system composed of:
• Paste A(base) – ZnO/mineral or vegetable oil as a plasticizer
• Paste B(acclerator) – oil of cloves with app. 85 % of eugenol or pure
eugenol, resins and fillers, accelerators(H2O, acetic acid, Zn acetate)
Advantages:
1. No compression of soft tissues (low viscosity)
2. Dimensional stability (shrinkage less than 0.1 %)
3. Good surface detail reproduction
4. Low price

Disadvantages:
1. Cannot be used in deep undercuts
2. Eugenol allergy in some patients (o-ethoxybenzoic acid [EBA] to replace
eugenol)
3.It can not be electoplated.
4.It can be adhere to tissue.(the lips of patient usually coated with vaselin)
Elastic impression materials
 Plaster
(irre)
Impression
Non-elastic
compound(reve)
Waxes
(reve)
ZnO – Eugenol
Impression

(irreversible)
Materials

Agar (reversible)
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
(Rubber Polyether
impression
materials)
I. Hydrocolloids:
Different terms:
❖ Solution
❖ Suspension or emulsion
❖ Colloids

• The colloids may exist in :

1. Sol state: viscous liquid
2. Gel state : agglomeration of molecules of dispersed phase
Setting reaction
chemically
Sol gel ( irreversible . e.g. alginate)
cooling
Sol gel (reversible.eg. Agar)
heating
General properties of hydrocolloids
1. Gel strength
2. Dimensional in stable because of :
▪ Synersis and imbibition
Solution : but it in 2% potassium sulfate or 100% relative humidity
▪ Relaxation of internal stresses( lead to dimensional change)
▪ Thermal changes:
a. Alginate (shrinkage)
b. Agar (expand)
3. Disinfection( by Iodophor bleach or glutaraldehyde)
4. Compatibility with gypsum:( gypsum cast prepared from hydrocolloid
impression may be too soft for waxing procedures)
 Reversible hydrocolloids: Agar impression materials
Based on thermoreversible gelation of natural polysaccharide– agar
(isolated from red algae/seaweeds).
Composition:
1. Agar
2. Borax to increase the gel strength
3. Potassium sulfate as a gypsum hardener
4. Water – dispersion medium
Manipulation and setting mechanism
 Gelation

Advantages:
1. Very good biological properties
2. Excellent surface détails reproduction( dimensional accuracy )
Disadvantages:
1. Need special equipment (water bath) and special technique
2. Dimensionally instable - evaporation or imbibition
3. Low strength and poor tear resistance
4. Slow setting time
 Irreversible hydrocolloids Alginate impression materials
• Applications:
1. Full mouth impression
2. Quadrant impression
Composition:
1. Soluble salt of alginic acid.e.g.potassium or ammonium alginate
2. Calcium sulfate ( reactor)
3. Diatomaceous earth (as filler)
4. Trisodium phosphates ( Retarder )prolonge working time
5.Fluorid accelerator the setting time of stone
6.Flavoring agent
7.Chemical indicator( indicate different stages)
8. Additives – glycol, paraffin oils – to agglomerate particles and make
material „dustless“
• Setting mechanism:
H2o
Na alginate + CaSO4 Ca alginate + Na2SO4
(powder) (gel)

Trisodium phosphate + CaSO4 sodium sulfate + calcium phosphate

Manipulation and setting mechanism

• Mixing ratio powder/water app. 10 g/20 mL

• Weigh powder and liquid
• Powder added to water :
– rubber bowl
– vacuum mixer
• Mixed for 45 sec to 1 min
• Place tray
• Remove 2 to 3 minutes
Properties
• Dimensional accuracy
• Not dimensionally stable
• Compatibility with die material
• Viscoelastic (they are strain- rate dependent) elastic recovery of
97.3%
• Most flexible of all elastic impression materials
• low tear strength of alginate, so:
1. Thickness of impression should not be less than 4mm
2. Rapid rate of removal from patient mouth increase its tear strength.
Advantage s:
1. Very good biological tolerance
2. Easy to use and mix
3. Fast setting
4. Low price
5. Hydrophilic

Disadvantages:
1. Poor dimensional stabilityDoes not copy the wet surface
2. Setting dependent on water temperature
3. should be poured as soon as possible
4. Sometimes problems with a model stone compatibility
5. High permanent deformation
6. Can not be electroplated
 97.3%

97.3%

Modified alginate

1. Two –component system in the form of tow pastes , one containing

the alginate sol and the second containing the calcium reactor
1. silicon may added to alginate impression material
 Agar (reversible)
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether

O’Brien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

Rubber impression materials (Non-aqueous Elastomers)
• These are elastic impression materials, which are soft and rubber like
technically.
• It consist of long chain molecules that are coiled
• The only work done of this materials under streached is uncoiling, thus
this materials can be easy deformed and the deformation is largely
reversible.
• Supplied in different constancy
1. Light
2. Regular
3. Heavy
4. Putty
• Types :
 Agar (reversible)
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether

O’Brien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

General properties than hydrocolloids
• Have grater dimensional stability
• Can be electroplated than hydrocolloid except polyether
• It is compatible with die materials

Agar (reversible)
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)

Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether

O’Brien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

Polysulfide rubber

(Thiokol rubbers, mercaptan rubbers)

The very first elastomeric impression material

• Indications
– complete denture
– removable fixed partial denture
– crown and bridge
Composition:
Supplied in a two-paste system
• Base paste:
Polysulfide polymer with terminal SH groups (mercaptan), filler, plasticizer ,
sulfur(aids the reaction)
• Catalyst paste:
lead dioxide, inert oil, oleic or stearic acid (retarders) to controle the rate
of setting.
Manipulation and setting mechanism

• Equal lengths of pastes

– Mix thoroughly(within one minute)
– Adhesive to tray
• Setting time 8 – 12 minutes
• Pour within 1 hour

• Setting by condensation polymerization

Mercaptan +lead dioxide polysulfide rubber+ lead oxid+ water
properties
• Highly dimensional accuracy
• Dimensional unstable :
• During setting : polymerization shrinkage of 0.25% occurs for 24 hours.
• During storage: a tendency to flow of 0.5% lead to distortion
• It is viscoelastic with elastic recovery of 98%
• The most flexible of all rubbers
• Compatible with the die materials but used of surfactants improve their
wettability (hydrophopic).
• Has the highest resistance to tearing
• It can be disinfected by most of antimicrobial solusion with out
dimensional change. (immersion for 10 min)
Advantage s:
• Lower cost
– compared to silicones and polyethers
• Long working time
• High tear strength
• High flexibility
• Good detail reproduction

Disadvantages:
1. Should be poured within 0.5 – 1 hour
2. Lead oxide may cause toxic effects
3. Unpleasant mercaptane smell
4. Long setting time app. to 10 min
5. Poor elastic recovery – prone to plastic deformation
Silicone rubber
• Applications: As poly sulfide.
Types :
1. Condensation type
2. Addition type
• Condensation type:
Base paste:
I. Polydimethyl siloxane polymer with terminal hydroxyl groups (OH)
II. An orthoalkylsilicate for cross linking
III. Fillers
Catalyst past:
I. Metal organic ester
II. Oily diluent if a liquid, thickening agent if a paste
Setting reaction of condensation type:
Condensation polymerization with formation of alcohol as byproducts
Advantages:
1. Accurate impressions when poured soon
2. Good elastic recovery 99.5%
3. Lower price

Disadvantages:
1. Hydrophobic
2. Shrinking of impression over time,0.6%in 24h ,halve of this amount
occurs in the first one hour
3. Catalyst may cause allergic reaction
4. Difficult to dispense proper volumes of both components
5. Usually hand-mix version only
• Addition type:
Composition:
Base paste:
I. Moderately low molecular weight polymer with silane groups
II. fillers
Catalyst:
I. Moderately low molecular weight polymer with vinyl terminal groups
II. Filler and Chloroplatinic acid catalyst
Advantages:
1. Accurate impressions
2. Very good surface detail
3. Flexible
4. Perfect elastic recovery , elastic recovery is 99.9%
5. High Dimensionally stable , very low shrinkage only 0.05%, pour up to one week
6. Non-toxic and non-irritant
7.Multiple casts
8.Easy to mix
Polyether rubbers

Application s:
I. Quadrant impression
II. Single impression
Composition:
Base paste:
• Polyether with terminal ethylene-imine groups
• Filler, plasticizer
Catalyst paste:
• Sulphonic acid ester
• Inert oil
• Filler
• Setting mechanism :
• Addition polymerization
• Polyether + sulfonic ester polyether rubber
• The setting tim can be controlled by :
• Tempreatur
• Base acelerator ratio
• Advantages:
• 1. Naturally hydrophillic
• 2. High dimensional stability, polymerization shrinkage 0.25% occurs in
24 h and very low of flow during storage .
• 3. Good elastic recovery 98.9%
• 5. Excellent surface détail reproduction
• 6. Have tear strength more than silicone
• 7.Pour within one week 8- kept dry
• 9- .Multiple casts
• 10.Good wettability

• Disadvantage :
• 1.Rather stiff when set material (difficult to remove from mouth)
• 2. Very expensive
• 3. May cause allergic reaction due to the sulphonic acid
• ester
 Handling Properties

Condensation Addition
Agar Alginate Polysulfide Polyether
Silicone Silicone

Boil,
Powder, 2 pastes or
Preparation temper, 2 pastes 2 pastes 2 pastes
water paste/liquid
store

Technique
Ease of Use Good Fair Fair Excellent Good
sensitive

Ease of Very Very Moderate

removal
Easy Moderate Moderate
easy easy to difficult

Disinfection Poor Poor Fair Fair Excellent Fair

O’Brien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

 Handling Properties

Condensation Addition
Agar Alginate Polysulfide Polyether
Silicone Silicone

Working
Time (min)
7 – 15 2.5 5–7 3 2 –4.5 2.5

Setting Time
5 3.5 8 – 12 6–8 3–7 4.5
(min)

Immediate
1 hour 1 week
Stability pour(5- .5-1 hour .5-1 hour 1 week
100% RH kept dry
10min)
Wettability
Fair to
and Excellent Excellent Fair Fair Good
castability good

High to
Cost Low Very low Low Moderate Very high
very high

O’Brien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

 Properties

Condensation Addition
Agar Alginate Polysulfide Polyether
Silicone Silicone

Elastic
Recovery (%)
98.8 97.3 98% 98.2 – 99.6 99 – 99.9 98.9%

Flexibility (%) 11 12 8.5 – 20.0 3.5 – 7.8 1.3 – 5.6 1.9 – 3.3

Flow (%) -- -- 0.4 – 1.9 < 0.10 < 0.05 < 0.05

Shrinkage, 24
hours (%)
Extreme Extreme 0.25% 0.6% 0.05% 0.25%

1640 –
5260 1700 –
2240 – 7410 2280 – 4370
Tear Strength 380 – Lower 4800
(g/cm)
700 Highest tear Lower than
700 than Better than
strength polysulfide
polysulfid silicon
e
Comparison of Properties

• Stiffness
• most to least
• polyether > addition silicone > condensation silicone > polysulfide =
hydrocolloids
• Tear strength
• greatest to least
• polysulfide > addition silicone > polyether > condensation silicone >>
hydrocolloids
• Cost
• lowest to highest
• alginate < agar = polysulfide <condensation silicone < addition silicone < polyether
• Dimensional stability
• best to worst
• addition silicone > polyether > polysulfide > condensation silicone > hydrocolloid

Regularly-Used Impression Materials

• Alginate 88%
• Polyvinyl Siloxane 85%
• Polyether 27%
• Other 6%
 Modified impression materials

• Nono polysulfide
• Nano silicon
• Hybrid impression materials
Digital impression materials

Advantages:
• Traditional Impression Higher patient comfort
Easier retakes
Problems:
Saved logistics and material costs
Patient uncomfort
Gaging sensation
Problems:
Material and logistics cost
Models still might be needed
Copy of copy -> more inaccuracies
sometimes
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