MASJIEN ONTWERP 244

TEKENINGE

GROEN BOEK & SIMMONS EN MCGUIRE:

Simmons en McGuire: Manual of Engineering Drawing

Introductory Machine Design Notes:
SABS 0111 Part 1: General principles
SABS 0111 Part 2: Geometrical tolerance

SABS 044 User code for welding Part II Symbols

 Describe the characteristics of the various components

 Design components for the application
- Design bearings, linkages, seals, couplings, keys and circlips to satisfy a given need

 Must have accuracy of assembly of design, freehand drawing, and use of tolerances.
- Design a simple mechanism with geometric tolerances, welding symbols and surface finishes.
- Interpret and produce complete detail drawings to the SABS 0111 standards.

 Complete freehand and formal pencil drawings.

 Accuracy of freehand sketches and pencil drawings
 Complete assembly and sub-assembly drawings with the use of orthogonal views.
 Evaluate the correctness, completeness of detail drawings in the first and third angle projection.
- Read and produce engineering drawings of simple components.
 Plan and interpret full, half, partial and multiplane-sections.

 Choose and indicate tolerances with the use of Hole-shaft relationships and ISO standards.

 Choose and indicate Geometric tolerances and surface finish symbols that are over and above normal tolerances.

 Use a BOM and a numbering system for detail and assembly drawings.
 Use surface finishing symbols (mainly for seals and bearings)
 Use welding symbols in drawings for the welding workshop.

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VRAESTELLE

Testweek 2009:

1) When and why is it necessary to make partial sections on a drawing?

 To clearly show hidden detail of a component/assembly.
 Not necessary to draw a full section if only a small amount of detail needs to show.
 Used when more clarity is needed of inside of a part, but a full section is not needed.
 No need for a section plane.

2) Name the 3 types of fits between a hole and a shaft, use freehand sketches to explain.
1. CLEARANCE FIT
-Shaft is always smaller than the hole

2. INTERFERENCE FIT
-Shaft is always bigger than the hole into which it fits

3. TRANSITION FIT
-provide either a clearance or interference fit: Shaft may be bigger, smaller or the same size
than the hole into witch it fits

3) Draw a shaft that has a diameter 35 k6 (20 long)

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 Explain what type of fit it is:

Interference fit: (Stootpas) H7/k6

Over To H7 K6
30.01 50 +25 +18
0 +2

Explain what the number 6 represents:

Shaft tolerance: The difference between the max limit and the min limit to the O line (afwyking)

4) If the pitch of a thread is given, how do you determine the depth of the thread?
The pitch is constant with the depth of the thread.
Thus we can look at any thread size with the given pitch to calculate the depth.
(Major diameter – minor diameter)/2 = Depth

5) What is the meaning of a double-start thread?

The lead of the thread is double the pitch of the thread. And this is the distance down the shaft/hole
which a thread line makes with one revolution.

6) Name four advantages of geometrical tolerances on a drawing.

1. Gives the geometric requirements very brief and precise.

2. Drawings much clearer to read, because of no need of descriptive notes
3. Symbols are internationally recognized- no language issues.
4. One type of geometric tolerance can control another form.

7) Name 3 types of geometric tolerances of location/position and explain with drawings.

1. Position

2. Symmetry

3. Concentricity

Toetsweek 2010:

1) Wanneer en hoekom word algemene toleransies gebruik?

 Dis onmoontlik om iets met presies die regte grote te vervaardig.
 Om verwisselbaarheid te verseker.
 Om inspeksie te vergemaklik, as dit buite toleransie is word dit verwerp.
 Om afkeurstukke wat ‘n mors van geld is te verminder.

2) Explain a Transitions fit together with a free hand drawing and a typical application:
Provide either a clearance or interference fit: Shaft may be bigger, smaller or the same size than the
hole into witch it fits.
TYPICAL APLICATION: Stationary parts for location purposes (bushes, keys, pins)

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 3) A hole with diameter 27 H7. Explain the meaning of the letter H and the number 7, together with
freehand drawings.
The Capital H indicates the tolerance for the hole, together with the 7 it is an indication of the max
offset of the tolerance. Higher numbers indicate larger tolerances.

4) Name 3 reasons why geometrical tolerances are used on a drawing:

1. Specify required accuracy in form of a feature
2. Ensure correct functional positioning of a feature
3. Ensure interchangebillity of a components
4. Facilitate the assembly of mating components

5) Explain Run-Out :
CIRCULAR RUNOUT: The position of a point fixed on a surface of a part witch is rotated 360
about the datum axis.
TOTAL RUNOUT: The relative position of a point when travelled along a surface rotating
about the datum axis.

TOLERANCES

Waar is toleransies nodig?

 Op enige part wat vervaardig word.

 Kritiese afmetings wat die pas tussen parte in ‘n samestelling bepaal, vereis fyner toleransies as die
tabel.
 Dit is die ingenieur se verantwoordelikheid om te bepaal watter afmetings krities is, sonder om die
part te duur te maak.

Hoekom is dit nodig?

 Dis onmoontlik om iets met presies die regte grote te vervaardig.

 Om verwisselbaarheid te verseker.
 Om inspeksie te vergemaklik, as dit buite toleransie is word dit verwerp.
 Om afkeurstukke wat ‘n mors van geld is te verminder.

5 Reëls vir toleransies:

 Alle funksionele afmetings het toleransies.

 Hoe fyner die toleransie, hoe hoër die koste daarvan.
 Parte wat bymekaar pas moet dieselfde grootte (desimale) toleransies hê.
 Hoe groter die afmeting, hoe groter die toleransie.
 Verwysings afmetings het nie toleransies nie.

3 Possible errors:

1. Error in size – Hole may be larger or smaller than required.

2. Error in form – The hole may be non-circular.
3. Error in position – The centre of the hole may not be in the required position.

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TOLERANCES OF SIZE

 On drawings tolerance are indicated by max and min permitted sizes (the limit of size)
 The designer must ensure all the parts will fit together.

Types of fits:

CLEARANCE FIT
 Shaft is always smaller than the hole
 Positive difference between size of hole and
the shaft

Application: Rotating shafts, loose pulleys

INTERFERENCE FIT
 Shaft is always bigger than the hole into
which it fits
 Negative difference between size of hole
and the shaft

Application: Bushes, crank pins, iron tyres

TRANSITION FIT
 provide either a clearance or
interference fit:
 Shaft may be bigger, smaller or the
same size than the hole into witch it fits

Application: Bushes, pins , keys

HOLE-BASIS SYSTEM:

 Basic diameter of the hole is constant, while the shaft size varies with the different types of
fits.
 The min limit of hole is the basic size.
 More economical than Shaft-basis system
 Only one size of drill need to be used
 Manufacturing is easier

SHAFT-BASIS SYSTEM:

 The hole size is varied to produce the required type of fit- Shaft diameter stays constant.
 Max limit of shaft is basic size
 Less economical, because a series of drills are required

TOLERANCE TABLES AND WORKING LIMITS

Capital Letter Refers to HOLE

Small Letter Refers to SHAFT

Number Refers to the amount of offset the tolerance has. Higher numbers indicate larger tolerances.

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DIMENSIONING TOLERANCES

All tolerances should be already calculated on drawing.

Method of determining the tolerance:

1. Decide on type of tolerance by looking at use of part

2. Use ISO tables at TOLERANCE TYPE HEADING
3. Look for the required diameter on table
Ex. SHAFT BASIC SIZE D=40mm
Over To H8 f7
30 40 +39 -25
0 -50

Max = Diameter + shaftmin = 40 +(-0.025) = 39, 975 mm

Min = Diameter + shaftmax = 40 +(-0.050)= 39,950 mm

Bv. HOLE BASIC SIZE D=40mm

Max = Diameter + holemax = 40 +0.039 = 40,039 mm
Min = Diameter + holemin = 40 +0= 40,000mm

GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES

 Maximum permissible overall variation of form or position of a feature. Ensures that communication
between drawing office and workshop is complete regardless of any language barrier.
 Maximum error of a component’s geometrical characteristic, over the whole dimension length or
surface. Defining a zone in which the feature may lie, does this.

In certain applications tolerances of size are not sufficient.

a) Shaft has same diameter measurement in all positions, but is not circular.
b) Component has same thickness right through but is not flat.
c) Circular in all sections, but not straight.

USED:

 Specify required accuracy in form of a feature

 Ensure correct functional positioning of a feature
 Ensure interchangeability of a components
 Facilitate the assembly of mating components
 Facilitate Inspection
 Fewer Rejects

ADVANTAGES:

1. Gives the geometric requirements very brief and precise.

2. Drawings much clearer to read, because of no need of descriptive notes
3. Symbols are internationally recognized- no language issues.
4. One type of geometric tolerance can control another form.

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 GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

 Geometric tolerance applies to the whole length or surface of the feature. (unless stated otherwise)
 Geometric tolerance does not imply the use of any particular method of production or inspection
 Line of surface of feature controlled by Geometric tolerance may take on any form or position as long
as it stays within tolerance zone.

GENERAL RULES

M Maximum Material Condition

M
Describes a part with maximum amount of material- min hole size; max shaft size.

L Minimum Material Condition

Describes a part with minimum amount of material- max hole size; min shaft size.

TOLERANCE ZONE

 Imaginary area of volume within which the controlled feature of the component must be completely
contained.
 Midpoint must be within circle
 Line must lie between line tolerance zones
 Surface must lie within a volume

INDICATING GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES ON DRAWINGS

 Eliminate the use of notes- symbols are used.

 0.1 A IDENTIFICATION LETTER OF

DATUM: TRUE POSISION

SYMBOL SIZE IN mm

TYPES OF GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES:

Form does not need a datum, while attitude and location does.

a) Form: Required geometric shape of a single feature

Straightness

Flatness

Roundness
Cylindricity

Profile of line
Profile of a
surface

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 b) Attitude: Required orientation of a feature relative to a datum

Parallelism

Perpendicularly 

Angular 

Profile of line
Profile of a
surface

c) Location: Required position of a feature relative to a datum

Position

Symmetry

Concentricity

Profile of line

Profile of a surface

RUN-OUT TOLERANCES

 Requires rotation of the component about a specified axis, during measurement.

 Can be used instead of separate specifications of geometrical tolerances.
 Used to control run-out on assemblies

DATUM FEATURES:

 The datum line may be real or imaginary. It can be an axis used for measuring, location or inspection
purposes.
 Line is an equilateral triangle at the end of a line that extends from the tolerance frame.

 May be on outline or extended outline

 May not be on dimension line.
 If the datum cannot be connected to tolerance frame, it should be referenced separately.

Single feature part: If datum is the axis or median of single part, triangle may be

- On the axis or median

- On dimension line of feature

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Multi-featured part: If datum is the axis or median of feature of a multi-part, triangle may be

- On dimension line of concerned feature.

BOXED DIMENSIONS:

 True position or exact location of a feature on a component.

Never individually tolerated.

If two or more groups of features are shown on the same axis, they must still be tolerated to a datum.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

 Reference to Tolerance: Arrow head may not touch the dimension lines on the drawing.

May touch the outline or extended outline

Single featured part: The arrow head may touch the axis or median plane

Or dimension relevant to single feature

KYK OP P162 (BLOU BOEK) FIG 20.6/7

Multi-featured part: The arrow head may touch the dimension line relevant to feature within.

KYK OP P162 (BLOU BOEK) FIG 20.4/5

0.01
 More than on Tolerance on feature:
 Frames on-top of each other
0.06 A
 The concerned tolerances are perpendicular to each other

 Restricted lengths:

TOTAL PERMITTED TOLLERANCE=

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 PARTICULAR PART:

TOLERANCES OF FORM FOR SINGLE FEATURES (P24)

1. Straightness
Controlled by the area between two parallel lines.
Tolerance Value is the distance between the lines.

2. Flatness
Controlled by the space between two parallel planes
Tolerance Value is the distance between the planes.

3. Roundness
Controlled by the annular area between two circles
Tolerance Value is the radial distance between two circles.

4. Cylindrical
Controlled by annular space between two perfect cylindrical surfaces lying on the same axis.
Tolerance Value is the radial distance between the two surfaces.

5. Profile of line
Controlled by the area between two lines (not necessarily parallel mostly curved)
Tolerance Value is the radial distance between lines.

6. Surface
Controlled by the 2 surfaces
Envelope spheres of the tolerance value occurs with centres on theoretical surface.

TOLERANCES OF ATTITUDE FOR RELATED FEATURES (P27)

1. Parallelism
Controlled by the area between two parallel lines or space between two parallel planes- parallel to the
datum feature.
Tolerance Value is the distance between lines or planes.

2. Squareness
Controlled by the perpendicularity of a feature in respect with the datum feature.

3. Angularity
Controlled by two parallel planes at the incline to the dated feature at a specified angle.
Tolerance Vaue is the distance separating the planes.

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TOLERANCES OF LOCATION FOR RELATED FEATURES

1. Position

2. Concentricity

3. Symmetry

SCREW THREADS

NB!!!! DIEPTE VAN DRAAD BLY KONSTANT MET DIEPTE VAN STEEK

NB!!!! DEPTH OF THREAD IS CONSTANT TO THE PITCH

SCREW THREAD

 Ridge of uniform section which is in the form of a helix.

EXTERNAL THREAD

 Thread on external surface of a cylinder or cone (bolt)

INTERNAL THREAD

 Thread on internal surface of a cylinder or cone (nut)

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 MAJOR DIAMETER

 Measured across the highest points of the thread and perpendicular to axis.

ROOT DIAMETER

 Measured across the deepest points of the external profile or across the hole diameter of internal thread.
Perpendicular to axis.

PITCH DIAMETER

 Imaginary diameter used to measure thread accurately. Controls clearance between mating threads.

PITCH

 Distance between two corresponding points.

LEAD (L=PITCH x hoeveelheid)

 Distance a threaded part moves axially, with respect to a fixed mating part, in one complete revolution.

LEFT-HANDED:

 Winds anti-clockwise. Used for special applications.

RIGHT-HANDED:

 Winds clockwise. Used on nuts and bolts.

POWER TRANSMISSION THREADS

1. Square Threads
EXAMPLE 2:
2. Trapezium Threads
3. Buttress Threads Determain the depth of a M30x2,5 thread and show all calculations.

NB!!!! DEPTH OF THREAD IS CONSTANT TO THE PITCH

EXAMPLE 1: Stap 1: Look at table

M16 x 1,5-6H (min length of thread 22) At M30: the thread has a pitch of 3,5 instead of 2,5

M= ISO METRIC thread symbol Look for any other thread with a pitch of 2,5.

ISO= International Standards Organization [ex. M22 has pitch 2,5]

16= Major Diameter of Thread (mm) Step 2: Diameters

1,5 = Pitch Choose M22 and get the Major and Minor diameters

6H= Thread Tolerance Class symbol- INTERNAL THREAD [ex. D minor= 18.933

6g = EXTERNAL THREAD Dmajor = 22.000 ]

Step 3: calculations

Dmajor − D minor
= 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡
2

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