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Fovea centralis
foveola
umbo
Peripheral retina
• The peripheral retina can be divided into four
regions
1. Near periphery
2. mid periphery
3. Far periphery
4. Ora serrata
Microscopic structure of the retina
1. Retinal pigment epithelium
2. Layer of rods and cones
3. External limiting membrane
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer molecular (plexiform) layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner molecular (plexiform) layer
8. Ganglion cell layer
9. Nerve fibre layer
10. Internal limiting membrane
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
• It is the outermost layer of retina
• Made up of single layer of hexagonal cells
• The cells contain pigments
• It is firmly adherent to the underlying brush
layer & loosely attached layer of rod and cone
cells
• Sub-retinal space :- potential space betn RPE
& retina
Conts……
• Retinal detachment :- separation of RPE from
retina
Sub- retinal fluid :- fluid betn sensory retina &
RPE
. RPE cells are connected to each other by
zonule occludents & zonule adherence
Functions of RPE
• Length :- 40-60 um
• Outer segment is cylindrical composed of
numerous protein lamellar disc
• Dics :- 600- 1000/rod
• Thickness of disc :- 22.5 -24.5 nm
• Disc contains 90% of visual purple
• Outer segment is attached to inner
segment via cilium
• Inner segment :- consist of ellipsoid &
myoid region
•
Conts…..
• Outer rod fibre arises from inner end of rod &
passes through external limiting memebrane
further swells into densely stained nucleus
• The nucleus terminates further into inner rod
fibre
• The inner rod fibre ends as a bulb called rod
spherule
Cone cells
• Length :- 40-80um
• At periphery :- 40um ( shortest)
• At fovea :- 80um (longest)
• Outer segment is conical :shorter than rod
• Contains idopsin pigment packed in lamellar disc
• Disc :- 1000-1200 disc/cone
• Inner segment & cilium are similar to rods
• Inner segment is directly continous with nucleus
• A stout cone inner fibre runs from the nucleus & has
lateral processes at the end called cone foot / cone
pedicel
External limiting membrane
• Fenestrated membrane extending from the
ora serrata upto the edge of optic disc
• Processes of rods & cones pass through it
• This layer is formed by the junction betn the
cell membrane of photoreceptors & mullers
cell
Outer nuclear layer
• Made up of the nuclei of rods & cones
• Cone nuclei:- 6-7 um
• Rod nuclei :-5.5um
• These nuclei lie in a single layer next to
external limiting membrane
• Rod nuclei form the bulk of this layer except at
cone dominated foveal region
Variation in Thickness
inadequate adequate
Inadequate stimulus
• 4 types of stimulus:-
• Pressure phosphane
• Movement phosphane
• Electrical phosphane
• Radiation phosphane
Adequate stimulus
• Visible portion of EM spectrum forms the
adequate stimulus
• Visible portion of light lies betn uv rays &
infrared rays
• Visible portion :-400 nm -750nm
• The visible consists of VIBGYOR ( 7 colours)
Transmission of visual sensetion
Light absorbed by rods and cones pigment Visual cortex
Optic chiasma
Optic nerve
Visual perceptions
• Functional elements of vision
• 1)light sense:- appreciation of light
• 2)Form sense :- most acute at fovea
• 3)Constrast sense :- differentiate bet
luminance which are not separated by definite
borders
• 4) Colour sense :- discriminate betn colours
Photochemistry of vision
• Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rods
& cones , further photochemical changs takes
place
• It includes:-
• Vit A
• Visual pigments
• Light induced changes
Vitamin A
(food) Dietary source of vit A
% of
aborption
Wavelength (nm)
Rhodopsin pigment
• Also known as visual purple
• Present in the outer segment of rods
• photopsin + retinol Rhodopsin
• Rhodopsin protein is insoluble in water ; sensitive
to strong acids & alkalis
• Peak sensitivity : 493- 505nm
• Absorbs yellow wavelength of light;transmitts
violet to red colour ,hence appears visual purple
Cone pigments
• 3 kinds of cone pigments
• These are different from rhodopsin pigments
• Responsible for colour vision
• Cone pigments are different from rhodopsin in
opsin portion;11 cis retinol is same as
rhodopsin
• Peak absorbance:-
• Blue sensitive cones:- 435 nm
• Green sensitive cones:- 535 nm
• Red sensitive cones:-580 nm
Light –induced changes
• Rhodopsin bleaching
• Rhodpsin regeneration
• Visual cycle
• Photochemistry of photoptic vision
rhodopsin bleaching& regeneration
• Rhodopsin
Barthorhodopsin
Lumirhodopsin
Metarhodopsin |
opsin Metarhodopsin ||
All trans-retinal
11 cis-retinal
NADH
NADH
NAD NAD
isomerase
All trans -retinol
11 cis -retinol
Visual cycle
• Rate of photodecomposition = rate of
photoregeneration
rhodopsin
opsin
Light energy
opsin
Photochemistry of photopic vision
• Like rhodopsin ,cone pigments also consists of
protein opsin i.e photopsin & retinine
• Photopsin differs slightly from rhodopsin
• 3 classes of photopsin :-
• Erythrolabe – red sensitive
• Chlorolabe – green sensitive
• Cyanolabe- blue sensitive
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