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RETINA

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

monika pallan &


afasana pathan
Retina
• Retina is the innermost tunic of the eyeball
• Thin,delicate,transparent membrane
• Highly developed tissue of the eye
• Appears purplish red
Grosss anatomy
• Three distinct regions of retina:
• 1.optic disc
• 2.macula lutea
• 3.peripheral retina
• retina extends from optic disc to ora serrata
• Surface area:266sq/mm
Optic disc
• Pale pink in colour; well defined circular area
• Diameter: 1.5mm
• All the retina layers terminate here,except the
nerve fibre which pass through the lamina
cribrosa
Macula lutea
• The macula lutea is comparatively dark area
5.5 mm in diameter , situated at the posterior
pole of the eyeball , temporal to optic disc
• also called as yellow spot or area centralis
• Primary function :- photoptic vision
• Fovea centralis is central depression in
macula;measurin 1.85 mmin diameter & 0.25
thickness
• It is most sensitive part of retina
Foveola
• Diameter:- 0.35
• Central floor of fovea
• Umbo is the tiny depression in centre of
foveola
macula

Fovea centralis

foveola

umbo
Peripheral retina
• The peripheral retina can be divided into four
regions
1. Near periphery
2. mid periphery
3. Far periphery
4. Ora serrata
Microscopic structure of the retina
1. Retinal pigment epithelium
2. Layer of rods and cones
3. External limiting membrane
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer molecular (plexiform) layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner molecular (plexiform) layer
8. Ganglion cell layer
9. Nerve fibre layer
10. Internal limiting membrane
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
• It is the outermost layer of retina
• Made up of single layer of hexagonal cells
• The cells contain pigments
• It is firmly adherent to the underlying brush
layer & loosely attached layer of rod and cone
cells
• Sub-retinal space :- potential space betn RPE
& retina
Conts……
• Retinal detachment :- separation of RPE from
retina
Sub- retinal fluid :- fluid betn sensory retina &
RPE
. RPE cells are connected to each other by
zonule occludents & zonule adherence
Functions of RPE

• Renewal of photoreceptor & recycling of Vit A


• Provides mechanical support to process of
photoreceptors
• Manufacturing of pigments absorbing light
• RPE cells are phagocytic
Layer of Rods & Cone cells
• Rods & cones transform light energy into nerve
impulses
• Rods contain photosensitive substance
rhodopsin whereas cones contain photosensitive
substance idopsin
• Cone cells - photoptic vision
• rod cells - scotoptic vision
Cones :- 6.5 million
Rods :- 120 million
Conts……
• At fovea:- max cones(199000cones/mm.sq) &
rods are absent
• Density:- 100000- 324000 cones/mm.sq
• 160000 rods/mm.sq
Structure of rod cell

• Length :- 40-60 um
• Outer segment is cylindrical composed of
numerous protein lamellar disc
• Dics :- 600- 1000/rod
• Thickness of disc :- 22.5 -24.5 nm
• Disc contains 90% of visual purple
• Outer segment is attached to inner
segment via cilium
• Inner segment :- consist of ellipsoid &
myoid region

Conts…..
• Outer rod fibre arises from inner end of rod &
passes through external limiting memebrane
further swells into densely stained nucleus
• The nucleus terminates further into inner rod
fibre
• The inner rod fibre ends as a bulb called rod
spherule
Cone cells
• Length :- 40-80um
• At periphery :- 40um ( shortest)
• At fovea :- 80um (longest)
• Outer segment is conical :shorter than rod
• Contains idopsin pigment packed in lamellar disc
• Disc :- 1000-1200 disc/cone
• Inner segment & cilium are similar to rods
• Inner segment is directly continous with nucleus
• A stout cone inner fibre runs from the nucleus & has
lateral processes at the end called cone foot / cone
pedicel
External limiting membrane
• Fenestrated membrane extending from the
ora serrata upto the edge of optic disc
• Processes of rods & cones pass through it
• This layer is formed by the junction betn the
cell membrane of photoreceptors & mullers
cell
Outer nuclear layer
• Made up of the nuclei of rods & cones
• Cone nuclei:- 6-7 um
• Rod nuclei :-5.5um
• These nuclei lie in a single layer next to
external limiting membrane
• Rod nuclei form the bulk of this layer except at
cone dominated foveal region
Variation in Thickness

• Nasal to disc:- 45um ( 8-9 layers )


• Temporal to disc :- 22um (4 rows)
• Foveal region :- 50um (10 rows)
• Rest of retina except ora serrata – 27 um (1
row of cones & 4 rows of rods)
Outer plexiform layer
This layer is made of synapses betn the rod
spherules & cone pedicles with the dendrites of
bipolar cells
Inner nuclear layer
• It is very thin & is similar to outer nuclear
layer
• It consists :-
Bipolar cells
Horizontal cells
Amacrine cells
Mullers cells
Central retinal vessels
Other glial cells
This layer disappers at fovea
Inner plexiform layer
• Consists of synapse betn bipolar cell &
dendrites of ganglion cell
• Absent at fovea
Ganglion cell layer
• Consist of cell body & nuclei of ganglion cell (
2nd order neurons)
• Absent at fovea
• Various types of ganglion cell:-
1) W,X,Y ganglion cell
2) P(P1 &P2) & M GANGLION CELL
3) Off centre & on centre cell
4) Monosynaptic & polysynaptic cell
Nerve fibre layer
• Consists of unmyelinated axons of ganglion
cells which converge at optic nerve head
• Thickness:- 0.5-2 um
• Thickness decreases from optic disc to lateral
side
• Fibres show definite pattern of arrangement
Internal limiting membrane
• Consists of following elements:-
• 1) collagen fibrils
• 2) proteoglycans of vitreous
• 3) basement membrane
• 4) plasma membrane of muller cells
• 5) other glial cells
Blood supply of retina
• Outer 4 layers :- choriocapillaries
• Inner 6 layer:- central retinal artery
• Fovea :- choriocapillaries
• Macular region:- superior & inferior temporal
branches of central retinal artery
PYSIOLOGY OF
RETINA
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
• It is a complex phenomenon
• Main mechanism concerned with vision :-
• 1)Transduction
• 2) Transmission of visual sensation
• 3) Visual perceptions
transduction
• Rods & cones serve as a sensory nerve ending
for visual senasation
• Stimulus

inadequate adequate
Inadequate stimulus
• 4 types of stimulus:-
• Pressure phosphane
• Movement phosphane
• Electrical phosphane
• Radiation phosphane
Adequate stimulus
• Visible portion of EM spectrum forms the
adequate stimulus
• Visible portion of light lies betn uv rays &
infrared rays
• Visible portion :-400 nm -750nm
• The visible consists of VIBGYOR ( 7 colours)
Transmission of visual sensetion
Light absorbed by rods and cones pigment Visual cortex

Photochemical changes take place Optic radiation

Electrical impluses are arise LGB

Information is forwarded thuru ganglion cells Optic tract

Optic chiasma
Optic nerve
Visual perceptions
• Functional elements of vision
• 1)light sense:- appreciation of light
• 2)Form sense :- most acute at fovea
• 3)Constrast sense :- differentiate bet
luminance which are not separated by definite
borders
• 4) Colour sense :- discriminate betn colours
Photochemistry of vision
• Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rods
& cones , further photochemical changs takes
place
• It includes:-
• Vit A
• Visual pigments
• Light induced changes
Vitamin A
(food) Dietary source of vit A

(Intestine) Digestion,absorption& transport

(Liver) 1.Storage of vit A 2.Production of retinol


in liver cells as binding protein
retinol

(Blood) Transport of retinol bound to retinol- binding


protein

(eye) 1.formation of 2.maintainance of healthy


rhodopsin corneal & conjunctival cells
Visual pigments
• These pigments absorbs light
• The peak of each pigment ‘s absorption is
called its absorption maximum
Peak absorption

% of
aborption

Wavelength (nm)
Rhodopsin pigment
• Also known as visual purple
• Present in the outer segment of rods
• photopsin + retinol Rhodopsin
• Rhodopsin protein is insoluble in water ; sensitive
to strong acids & alkalis
• Peak sensitivity : 493- 505nm
• Absorbs yellow wavelength of light;transmitts
violet to red colour ,hence appears visual purple
Cone pigments
• 3 kinds of cone pigments
• These are different from rhodopsin pigments
• Responsible for colour vision
• Cone pigments are different from rhodopsin in
opsin portion;11 cis retinol is same as
rhodopsin
• Peak absorbance:-
• Blue sensitive cones:- 435 nm
• Green sensitive cones:- 535 nm
• Red sensitive cones:-580 nm
Light –induced changes
• Rhodopsin bleaching
• Rhodpsin regeneration
• Visual cycle
• Photochemistry of photoptic vision
rhodopsin bleaching& regeneration
• Rhodopsin
Barthorhodopsin

Lumirhodopsin

Metarhodopsin |

opsin Metarhodopsin ||

All trans-retinal
11 cis-retinal
NADH
NADH
NAD NAD
isomerase
All trans -retinol
11 cis -retinol
Visual cycle
• Rate of photodecomposition = rate of
photoregeneration
rhodopsin
opsin
Light energy

11 cis -retinal All trans retinal

opsin
Photochemistry of photopic vision
• Like rhodopsin ,cone pigments also consists of
protein opsin i.e photopsin & retinine
• Photopsin differs slightly from rhodopsin
• 3 classes of photopsin :-
• Erythrolabe – red sensitive
• Chlorolabe – green sensitive
• Cyanolabe- blue sensitive
Thank You

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