BS - SEM V - Elevators & Escalators PDF

09 ARC 5.
3 BUILDING SERVICES - III
BUILDING SERVICES FOR VTH SEM
ELEVATORS & ESCALATORS
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09 ARC 5.3 BUILDING SERVICES - III
Exam marks – 100 , Progressive marks – 50
Objective : To develop knowledge and skills required for understanding the

Mechanical services in buildings and their integration with architectural design
SYLLABUS
Part A – Mechanical / Artificial Ventilation

Air Conditioning
Part B- Elevators & Escalators
Part C – Fire Alarm and Fire suppression systems
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ELEVATORS
Elevators – it is a method of conveyance to lift people and or material vertically.

The conveyance should include a device to prevent it from falling in the event
the lifting means or linkage fails.
Elevators with such safety devices did not exist until 1853, when Elisha Graves
Otis invented the elevator safety device. This device was designed to prevent
the free fall of the lifting platform if the hoisting rope parted.
Elevators were invented for luxury, but today they are used as a necessity
because of the comfort and convenience they provide.
The time that was spent on climbing stairs is minimized considerably as

elevators are an incredibly faster way of transport within floors in a building.
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• A li or an elevator is a type of ver cal transport equipment that eﬃ ciently

moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or
other structures.
• Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction
cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.
• Considered a requirement in all buildings over three storeys
• Minimum standard of service – one lift for every four storeys with a maximum
distance of 45 m to the lift lobby
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Elevators – technological advancement and catering to higher density of people

have led to high rises for both residential and commercial functions and
awareness of people about making all building designs
-Disabled friendly
-Senior citizens friendly
- Convenient to carry children
- Material Movement to higher floors
- Accessing higher floors for high rise buildings
It is defined as a vertical equipment for transport, used to commute individuals and

goods within the building floors. Elevators function with the help of a powered
electric motor and they run on either traction cables, counterweight systems or
hydraulic fluids
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ELEVATORS – INTRODUCTION OF THE TERMINOLOGY
• Lift — An appliance designed to transport persons or materials between two or

more levels in a vertical or substantially vertical direction by means of a guided car
or platform. The word ‘elevator’ is also synonymously used for ‘lift’.
• Lift Car — The load carrying unit with its floor or platform, car frame and enclosing
bodywork.
• Lift Landing — That’ portion of a building or structure used for discharge of
passengers or goods or both into or from a lift car.
• Lift Machine — The part of the lift equipment comprising the motor and the control
gear therewith, reduction gear (if any), brake(s) and winding drum or sheave, by
which the lift car is raised or lowered.
• Lift Pit — The space in the lift well below the level of the lowest lift landing served.
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ELEVATORS – INTRODUCTION OF THE TERMINOLOGY
• Lift Well — The unobstructed space within an enclosure provided for the
vertical movement of the lift car(s) and any counterweight(s), including the
lift pit and the space for top clearance.
• Lift Well Enclosure — Any structure which separates the lift well from its
surroundings.
• Passenger Lift — A lift designed for the transport of passengers.
• Position and/or Direction Indicator — A device which indicates on the lift
landing or in the lift car or both, the position of car in the lift well or the
direction or both in which the lift car is travelling.
• Rated Load (Lift) — The maximum load for which the lift car is designed and
installed to carry safely at its rated speed.
• Rated Speed (Lift) — The mean of the maximum speed attained by the lift car
in the upward and downward direction with rated load in the lift car.
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DESIGN PARAMETERS
Characteristic of the premises
• Type and use of building;
• Floor plate size and height of the building;
• Occupancy and its distribution in the premises;
• Identifying the lift core
• Fire safety and regulations;
• The house keeping of the premises.
Traffic Analysis (Done by Lift Vendor)

• Number of stops
• Travel Distance
• Acceptable waiting time
• Occupancy
• Lift speed
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The lift analysis determines the circulation efficiency -

•the number of elevators in a bank
•the number of such banks based on the floor plate and occupancy.
• Lift Speed & Stoppages
• Car capacity;
• Location and configuration of elevators in entrance lobby;
• Arrangement with the combination of elevator, escalator and emergency stairs.
Characteristic of the equipment
• Type of transportation systems;
• Rated load and car dimensions;
• The speed of the lift/escalator system;
• The type of motor drive control system of the machine;
• Mode of group supervisory control and safety features;
• Cab enclosure and hoist way door finishes;
• Emergency power supplies and fire protection systems;
• Requirements of the local regulations on vertical transport system
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TRAFFIC
The correct number and type of transportation devices;
• The right sizes and speeds of the transportation devices;
• The proper control systems and features to optimize and synchronize traffic flow;
• The optimum layout for the transportation devices and correct positioning in the
building and in relation to one another;
• Easy access to buildings
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TYPES OF ELEVATOR
• Traction Elevators
– Geared Traction
– Non-Geared Traction
– Non-Machine Room
• Hydraulic Elevators
– Conventional
– Non-Hole Hydraulic
– Roped
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TRACTION ELEVATORS
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which

pass over a wheel attached to an electric
motor above the elevator shaft. They are used
for mid and high-rise applications and have
much higher travel speeds than hydraulic
elevators. A counter weight makes the
elevators more efficient by offsetting the
weight of the car and occupants so that the
motor doesn't have to move as much weight.
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TRACTION TYPES
Geared Traction Elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which
drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of
travel speeds up to 500 feet / minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared
traction elevator is around 250 feet.
Gear-less Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-
less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they
have a maximum travel distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice
for high-rise applications.
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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GEARED & GEARLESS TRACTION ELEVATORS
•Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial cost, ongoing
maintenance costs, and energy consumption.
•Gear-less traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance
costs, and use energy a bit more efficiently than geared traction elevators.
It is important that traction elevator ropes and sheaves are checked for wear on a
regular basis. As they wear, the traction between the sheave and the cables is
reduced and slippage becomes more regular, which reduces the efficiency and can
become dangerous if left unchecked.
Traction elevators have height restrictions that are governed by the length and
weight of the cables or ropes. New materials that are stronger and lighter, such as
carbon fiber, will allow traction elevators to achieve new heights.
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Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction

elevators that do not have a dedicated
machine room above the elevator
shaft. The machine sits in the override
space and is accessed from the top of the
elevator cab when maintenance or repairs
are required. The control boxes are located
in a control room that is adjacent to the
elevator shaft on the highest landing and
within around 150 feet of the machine.
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ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE ROOM LESS ELEVATORS
Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet and

can travel at speeds up to 500 feet/minute. MRL elevators are comparable to geared
traction elevators in terms of initial and maintenance costs, but they have relatively
low energy consumption compared to geared elevators.
Machine-room-less elevators are a popular choice for mid-rise buildings where the
travel distance is up to 250 feet. They are energy efficient, require less space, and their
operation and reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators.
MRL also
• creates more usable space
• use less energy (70-80% less than hydraulic
elevators)
• can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics
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MACHINE ROOM LESS ELEVATORS
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HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
• This type of elevator has a slightly slower
mechanism, which includes a piston placed at
the bottom of the elevator. This piston is
controlled by an electric motor and its job is
to push the elevator car up or down when the
specific floor buttons are pressed.
• Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston
at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the
elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or
another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The
elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid
from the piston. They are used for low-rise
applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a
maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The
machine room for hydraulic elevators is
located at the lowest level adjacent to the
elevator shaft.
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HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR – TYPES
Conventional Hydraulic Elevators have a sheave that extends below the floor of the
elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some
configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower
hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.
Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators have a piston on either side of the cab. In this
configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not
require a sheave or hole below the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of
travel distance. Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of travel
distance.
Roped Hydraulic Elevators use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the
elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance costs are
lower compared to the other elevator types.
However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than other types of elevators
because the electric motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the
piston.
A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes
leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard.
The environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic
elevators are not being installed as often as in the past.
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CLASSIFICATION
Elevator Types
• According to hoist mechanism.
• According to building type , Usage & Location.
• According to building height.
• According to Special uses.
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ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM
Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as

follows:
• Hydraulic Elevators
• Traction Elevators
• Climbing elevator
• Pneumatic Elevators
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They hold their own power device

on them, mostly electric or
combustion engine. Climbing
elevators are often used in work
and construction areas.
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PNEUMATIC ELEVATORS
Pneumatic elevators are

raised and lowered by
controlling air pressure in a
chamber in which the
elevator sits. By simple
principles of physics; the
difference in air pressure
above and beneath the
vacuum elevator cab literally
transports cab by air.
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It is a self-supporting vacuum elevator; a light and resistant structure built with

aluminium and polycarbonate.
By simple principles of physics; the difference in air pressure above and beneath the
vacuum elevator cab literally transports you by air. It is the vacuum pumps or
turbines that pull you up to the next Floor and the slow release of air pressure that
floats you down.
Pneumatic Vacuum Elevators are easier to install, maintain, and operate than
traditional elevators. They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their
compact design because excavating a pit, and hoistway are not required. Air
pressure above and beneath the elevator cab are the key to transporting.
The reliability and safety of these vacuum elevators are unsurpassed due to the
physics behind the design; it is virtually impossible to get stuck between floors, or
freefall.
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TYPES OF ELEVATORS ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE AND THEIR USAGE
1. Passenger Elevators – Carry people between floors. Capacity may vary from 5
pax – 25 pax. The capacity is determined by the function of the building and the
density of people to be transferred.
2. Express Elevators – Do not serve all floors. Mainly serve from the lobby to the
top floor/Executive floors.
3. Urban Transport Elevators – Move people between different altitudes mainly in
urban open space – e.g – from the bottom to the top of a hill.
4. Freight Elevators - Intended for transfer of goods. Carrying goods can vary
between 1T – 4.5 T.
5. Stage Elevators – Used in theaters to lift an entire stage filled with musicians
and performers to the main level. They are powered by hydraulics and their lift
distance is limited to one or two building levels.
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6. Vehicle Elevators – Used in parking garages and manufacturing buildings.

Sometimes they rotate during ascent or descent so that the driver only needs to
drive in front while exiting.
7. Residential Elevators – Used to transfer people inside one house or multistory
mansion.
8. Elevators for Handicapped people – Specially designed elevators for people in
wheel chairs
9. Dumb Waiters – Small elevators that are used to transport food and other kitchen
materials between different building levels. Used mostly in hotels, restaurants &
cruise ships.
10. Scissor Lift- Special kind of elevator that is contracted for temporary access of
people and materials to inaccessible work areas (maintenance & construction)
11. Hospital Elevators - These elevators are suitable for moving patients in strtchers
or hospital beds. The speed of these elevators is less.
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A passenger elevator is designed to move

people between a building's floors.
Passenger elevators capacity - related to the
available floor space.
Wt limits – 500 – 2700 kg increments in 230
kg.
Generally passenger elevators in buildings of
eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric,
which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s
(200 ft/min) hydraulic and up to 152 m/min
(500 ft/min) electric.
In buildings up to ten floors, electric and

gearless elevators are likely to have speed up
to 3 m/s (500 ft/min),
PASSENGER ELEVATOR and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s

(500–2,000 ft/min).
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The passenger elevators can have the

following finishes
SS finish of various textures on the

walls/ Mirror finish/ Wooden Finish
The floor can be Vinyl / Carpet or

Granite / Marble.
In case of stone finish the weight of the
same shall be considered for the total
weight of the elevator.
BANK OF PASSENGER ELEVATORS
Handrail – Wooden or SS
EXPRESS ELEVATOR- Express Elevators are passenger elevators that service the
executive floors or the top floors from the main lobby.
They move at high speed. Applicable for high rises.
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FREIGHT ELEVATORS
These are for transport of

materials.
Rugged finishes, scratch and

abrasion resistant surfaces.
Floor - SS chequered plates ,

Granite finish
Wall Panels – SS textured

surfaces
Speed – Slow car speed
FREIGHT ELEVATOR
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URBAN TRANSPORT ELEVATOR
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This street elevator

connects two urban
areas separated by a
steep slope with a
height difference of
thirty meters.
Previously, local
inhabitants had to go
around, but now
communication
between adjacent
streets greatly
simplified, at least for
pedestrians and
cyclists.
URBAN TRANSPORT ELEVATOR
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STAGE ELEVATOR – Orchestra & stage lifts – smooth moving

platform to match exactly with the existing stage. Can take
several tonnes of weight
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VEHICLE ELEVATOR
Vehicle elevators are used where

there are space restrictions that
make the use of ramps impractical.
The main features are similar to
those of freight elevators with the
additional option to have a rotating
internal floor that provides easier
access for vehicles during entry and
exit.
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A wide range of vehicle solutions to

accommodate cars and trucks, up to a load of
30 tones.
Vehicle elevators can be hydraulic driven or

geared & gearless, Machine room less as well
depending on the load.
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STAIR LIFTS
Stairway elevators are

generally installed in
homes where someone in
the family has problems
with mobility. This type of
domestic elevators simply
runs on a rail up and
down and existing
staircase. They can run
either in a straight line or
around a curved stairway.
STAIR LIFTS
Stairway elevators can be
constructed both inside
and outside the home.
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VERTICAL WHEEL CHAIR LIFT

Interior vertical wheelchair
elevators can easily be
installed when space is
limited. They can be
constructed in such a way as
to allow both front and rear
entry and the platform is
generally 4.5 feet by 5 feet,
unless a custom size is called
for. These elevators are called
for when the staircase winds
around several levels.
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DUMB WAITER
A dumbwaiter is a small
freight elevator intended to
carry objects rather than
people. Dumbwaiters found
within modern structures,
including both commercial,
public and private buildings,
are often connected
between multiple floors.
When installed in
restaurants, schools,
kindergartens, hospitals,
retirement homes or in
private homes, the lifts
generally terminate in a
kitchen.
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Scissor Lift
The is yet another type of lift. These are

usually mobile work platforms that can be
easily moved to where they are needed, but
can also be installed where space for counter-
weights, machine room and so forth is limited.
The mechanism that makes them go up and
down is like that of a Scissor jack.
A mobile scissor lift, extended to near its

highest position
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A- Hospital Bed Elevators

B- Hospital Stretcher Lift
They are specifically manufactured to be low-

noise bed elevators that smoothly transport
patients, doctors, nurses and hospital staff
between floors, allowing them the utmost in
comfort.
Specialized car design – to accommodate the
bed and medical equipment, with wide-
opening doors and deep car size
SS Finish – easy to clean
Less glaring lights & with a Handrail
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AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
Bucket Elevators
Bucket elevator used to move crops
which have been newly harvested up
and into silo. Bucket elevators are
manufactured in such a way that they
can move heavy loads quite easily.
They can be belt driven or chain
driven and they can move vertically,
horizontally or at an incline
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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Hoist Elevators
They are also commonly used to load equipment and supplies on large
seagoing vessels.
Incline Elevators
The equipment and supplies are placed on a

form of conveyor belt that continues turning
bringing the cargo up to its destination where it
is quickly unloaded as the belt continues turning
around. This is a much quicker method of
loading and unloading cargo than with a hoist
elevator because there is no stopping to unload
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ELEVATOR CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT
• A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories)

Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators because
of their lower initial cost
• B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories)
Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators
• C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories)
Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators
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SPECIAL ELEVATORS – DOUBLE DECK ELEVATORS
A double-deck elevator / lift is an elevator with two cars attached together, one
on top of the other. This allows passengers on two consecutive floors to be able to
use the elevator simultaneously, significantly increasing the passenger capacity of
an elevator.
Architecturally, this is important, as double-deck elevators occupy less building
core space than traditional single-deck elevators do for the same level of traffic or
shaft.
ADVANTAGE
• Less floor space and the various sections of the same shaft is being used by
multiple elevators
• Less waiting time since a larger volume of the traffic is being served in the same
time.
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Double-deck elevators at Midland

Square, Nagoya, Japan
Double-deck elevators in South Korea
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The double deck elevator simultaneously

operates two vertically connected elevators in
one hoist way, and depending on the form of
operations, can increase transport capacity by up
to 1.8 times standard capacity.
The even and the odd floor shall be server

simultaneously. The passengers on one of the lift
cars will wait while the other floor is being
served.
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Double Deck Elevator with Adjustable Floor Height in Roppongi Hills, Tokyo
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A double deck elevator allows mass passenger

handling capacity, high traveling speed and
space saving for high rise building.
This particular building has varied floor to floor

hts and the double decker elevators have the
feature to be able to adjust the car locations
based on the landing levels.
Unique feature – Floor ht function adjustment

The distance of the upper and lower elevator
car will be adjusted according to the landing
platform. (Super double deck elevators).
Double Deck Elevator - Lobbies
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PANORAMIC ELEVATORS
Panoramic elevators / panoramic lift are designed

basically for malls and other commercials
buildings.
Visible on one side and to step aside on the floors
on the other side.
Traveling on Panoramic elevators is a treat.
Advantages
•Built in speed very high,
•comfort level exclusive and
•beautiful view.
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CAPSULE ELEVATORS
Its name is acquired
due to its shape –
‘Capsule’
It has aesthetically
attractive interiors
with large glass
viewing panel.
Capsule Elevators act as Architectural

highlights on prestigious buildings
They can be called the ornaments of a
building as they enhance its beauty and
bring life into it.
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SKY LOBBY
A sky lobby is an intermediate interchange floor where people can change from an
express elevator that stops only at the sky lobby to a local elevator which stops at
every floor within a segment of the building.
When designing supertall buildings, supplying enough elevators is a problem –

travellers wanting to reach a specific higher floor may conceivably have to stop at a
very large number of other floors on the way up to let other passengers off and on.
This increases travel time, and indirectly requires many more elevator shafts to still
allow acceptable travel times – thus reducing effective floor space on each floor
for all levels.
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FACTS
• Today's record is held in Taiwan, where passengers in the Taipei 101

building are flung from the fifth to the 89th floor in 37 seconds, a speed of
1,010m (3,313ft) per minute. - by TOSHIBA ELEVATOR AND BUILDING
SYSTEMS
• The Yokohama Landmark Tower in Japan moves its passengers at 750m per
minute, while the world's tallest building, Dubai's Burj Khalifa, has a lift that
moves at 600m per minute.
• London's Shard, the tallest building in Western Europe, has lifts that move
at 360m per minute
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STANDARD LAYOUTS OF ELEVATORS
Arrangement (A): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at the
back wall.
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Arrangement (B): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is located at
the back wall.
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Arrangement (C): Car with side opening door and the counterweight is located at
one side.
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Arrangement (D): Car with central opening door and the counterweight is located at
one side.
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COMPONENTS OF ELEVATORS
The standard elevators will include

the following basic components:
1. Car
2. Hoist-way
3. Machine/drive system
4. Control system
5. Safety system
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ELEVATORS COMPONENTS - CAR
Elevator Car is the vehicle that travels between the different elevator stops carrying
passengers and/or goods, it is usually a heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of
metal and wood panels. It can be classified based on the location of entrances as
follows:
• Normal Cabin
• Open Through Cabin
• Diagonal Cabin
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1. Car Width (CW)

2. Car Height (CH)
3. Car Depth (CD)
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STANDARD CAR SIZE

To prevent overloading of the car by
persons, the available area of the car
shall be limited and related to the
nominal/rated load of the elevator.
The following image shows the standard

car sizes related to the elevator nominal
loads.
The number of passengers shall be

obtained from the formula:
Number of passengers = rated load /75
Where 75 represent the average weight

of a person in Kg.
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LIFT COMPONENTS
Pit:
• Located below the lowest landing level, containing buffers
• For slower lifts – spring-type buffers
• For higher-speed lifts – oil loaded buffers
• Depth of pit varies from 1.4 to 2.8 m
Shaft:
A lift shaft should incorporate the following features:
• Water tightness
• Means of drainage
• Plumb, vertical sides
• Smooth painted finish
• Ventilation void for emission of smoke
• Permanent inspection lights
• Have no other services except those necessary for operation of lift
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LIFT COMPONENTS – MACHINE ROOM
Normally located above the well,

containing:
•winding gear
• traction sheave
• control panel
• over speed governor, and
• other components
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LIFT COMPONENTS – MACHINE ROOM
Noise from motors and winding gear must be

contained with adequate insulation and
absorbent bedding for machinery
• An overhead universal beam for raising and
lowering equipment and parts during
maintenance is essential
• Adequate day lighting and supplementary
artificial light
• Fan assisted ventilation to remove excess heat
from electric plant
• A locked door (key with security staff)
provides the only access to the machine room,
except for a trap-door over the landing area –
this is specifically for raising and lowering
items of machinery
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ELEVATORS - LIFT M/C ROOM - LMR
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ELEVATORS CONTROL SYSTEM
Elevator Control System is

the system responsible for
coordinating all aspects of
elevator service such as
travel, speed, and
accelerating, decelerating,
door opening speed and
delay, levelling and hall
lantern signals.
It accepts inputs (e.g.

button signals) and
produces outputs
(elevator cars moving,
doors opening, etc.).
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ELEVATORS CONTROL SYSTEM

Automatic
• Response to one call from either lift car or landing. No further calls are
accepted until the car is at rest.
• Only suited to light occupancy and low-rise buildings up to five floors.
Directional (up & down) collective

• Two call buttons are provided at each intermediate landing, one for up and the
other one for down.
• The lowest and the highest landings only require one button. A full set of
destination buttons are provided in the car.
• Landing callers simply press the direction button and the call is stored
• On a downward journey, the lift stops at all floors where downward callers are
waiting or where passengers want to go out.
• Likewise upward, operating in sequence in response to stored calls.
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ELEVATORS CONTROL
Group collective Programmed control

• Applied where groups or banks of • This is an improvement of the group
lifts occur in large buildings, using an collective system, incorporating time-
interconnected collective stored controlled functions, where demand is
control system known to be particularly high on some
• This permits the closest lift travelling floors at certain times.
in the desired direction to respond, • The lift cars can be programmed to be
rather than passengers waiting for available at the ground floor during arrival
one specific lift or having to press times and at upper floors during departure
every lift’s button. times.
• This lends itself to routines found in office
blocks, where regular hours are worked.
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SAFETY FEATURES IN AN ELEVATOR

5 easy ways to improve safety
1.Adequate lighting prevents accidents and makes
people feel safer
2.A two-way voice communication system improves

safety and gives passengers peace of mind
3.Interior doors and automatic landing doors

prevent accidents and improve accessibility
4.Accurate landing prevents people from stumbling

on the door sill
5.An emergency system includes an alarm with a

two-way phone and an emergency power supply
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Other Safety features
Safety Brakes together with a speed-sensing governor, acts to stop an elevator if it

should overspeed in the down direction
The door system - sensors detect passengers or objects in the door opening,
preventing the continued closing of the doors.
Interlocks on the hoistway doors help assure that the elevator cannot leave a
landing unless the doors are fully closed and secured. Should the doors be forced
open, the interlock circuit will be broken, causing the elevator to immediately stop.
Various switches in the elevator shaft detect the presence of the car at certain
stages of its journey. They initiate slowdowns and stops at the proper points, and
help prevent over travel in the up or down direction.
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An emergency alarm switch will sound an alarm when activated by a passenger.
In most elevators, an emergency telephone or intercom can serve as a link to

assistance if the car should stall.
And, in the event of a power failure, emergency lighting maintains illumination for
hours. In some systems, emergency power is available to permit movement of the
elevator and evacuation of the passengers. Modern elevators are programmed to
automatically return to the nearest floor when power fails.
In many elevator systems, a special fire emergency system is installed that can be
manually activated, or may respond to smoke sensors in the building.
Elevators are not used in case of Fire since they can act as a chimney in case smoke
enters the shaft .
Only if designated fire lift is present that is to be used in case of fire by Fire men.
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SAFETY DEVICES
Over speed governor - a steel rope

passes round a tension pulley in the
pit and a governor pulley in the
machine room. It also attaches to the
lift car's emergency braking system.
Over speeding locks the governor as it
responds to spring loaded fly-weight
inertia from the centrifugal force in its
accelerating pulley. This also switches
off power to the lift. The tightening
governor rope actuates the safety
braking gear.
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SAFETY DEVICES
Safety gear - hardened steel wedges are arranged in pairs
each side of the lift car to slow down and stop the car by
frictional contact with the car guide rail. Slow- and medium-
speed lifts have pairs of hardened steel cams which
instantaneously contact a steel channel secured to the lift
wall.
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POSITIONING OF A BUILDING’S ELEVATOR
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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS- 2 CAR

GROUPING
Aug 3,2015 85
POSITIONING OF A BUILDING’S ELEVATOR – 3 CAR GROUPING
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POSITIONING OF A BUILDING’S ELEVATOR – 4 CAR GROUPING
Aug 3,2015 87
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Door openings
>3’-6” for simultaneous
loading/unloading
<3’-6” for singular loading
Aug 3,2015 88
Doors
single slide (24-36”)
center opening (42-60”)
two-speed, side opening (42”)
two-speed, center opening (60”)
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QUALITY vs QUANTITY
The efficiency of an elevator system is defined in terms of the

• quantity of service (handling capacity) and
• quality of service (passenger waiting time).
QUANTITY
• The handling capacity of elevator system is the total number of passengers that
the system can transport within a certain period of time, (usually 5 minutes i.e.
300 seconds) during the peak traffic conditions (usually the morning up-peak*)
with a specified average car loading (usually 80% of the rated capacity of the
elevator).
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QUALITY
• Interval or waiting interval is the average time, in seconds, between successive lift
car arrivals at the main terminal floor with cars loaded to any level. The interval
represents the theoretical longest time between elevator dispatches from the
main lobby.
• The interval is directly related to passenger waiting times and inversely related to
the number of elevators in a group
ROUND TRIP TIME:
• It is the time in seconds for a single car trip around a building, from the time the
car doors open at the main terminal, until the car doors reopen, when the car has
returned to the main terminal after its trip around the building.
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QUALITY QUANTITY
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No. of lifts and handling capacity

• Number of floors to be served by the lift; Floor to floor distance;
• Population of each floor to be serve~ and Maximum peak demand; this demand
maybe unidirectional, as in up and down peak periods, or a two-way traffic
movement.
Preliminary Lift Planning
• population or the number of people who require lift service
• handling capacity of the maximum flow rate required by these people.
• interval or the quality of service required.
Population
• Average population density can vary from about one person per 4 m2
to one person per 20 m2
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• Interval (I) or Lobby Dispatch Time:

• the average time between departures of
cars from the lobby.
• Average Waiting Time:
• the time spent by a person between
arriving in the lobby and leaving the
lobby in a car.
Average Lobby Waiting Time = 0.6 × Interval (I)
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Car passenger capacity (p)

passengers per car
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• Handling Capacity (HC): the maximum number of passengers that can be handled in 5
minutes of time. A system’s handling capacity is determined by two factors - car size
and interval – and is independent of the number of cars.
HC= 300(p)
I
• Percent Handling Capacity (PHC): the
minimum percentage of the building
population that the system must handle in
5 minutes.
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• Travel Time or Average Trip Time (AVTRP):

average time spent by the passengers from the
moment they arrive in the lobby to the
moment they leave the car at an upper floor. It
is the sum of the lobby waiting time plus
travel time to a median floor stop.
• In a commercial building context, a trip of
less than 1 minute is highly desirable, a
75-second trip is acceptable, a 90-second
trip is annoying, and a 120-second trip is
the limit of tolerance.
Note: car size

: floor to floor height
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• Round Trip (RT) Time: average time required for a

car to make a round trip - starting from the lower
terminal and returning to it. The RT time during up-
peak traffic conditions, used for calculating elevator
requirements is the sum of 4 factors:
• time to accelerate and decelerate
• time to open and close doors at all stops
• time to load and unload
• running time.
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PARAMETERS
Building population
•typical area per person
•based on net area and building type
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Office building efficiency

•net usable area as a percentage of gross area
Aug 3,2015 99
Elevator equipment
recommendations
•building type
•car capacity
•rise
•speed
Aug 3,2015 100

SIZING EQUATIONS
Handling capacity (HC): HC=300p/I
Interval (I): I=RT/N
5-min. handling capacity (h): h=300p/RT
Number of cars (N): N=HC/h
Aug 3,2015 101

EXAMPLE
Design an elevator system for a 10 story, single purpose tenant, office building that
provides an “good” level of service.
• Construction level is “normal”
• Floor height: 12’-0” floor to floor
• Floor area: 15,000 net square feet (nsf) each
STEP 1 – DETERMINE % HANDLING CAPACITY

PHC
Office building
Investment
range à 11.5-13 %
say 12%
PHC=0.12
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STEP 2 – DETERMINE INTERVAL “ I”
Office building
“Good” service
I=25-29 sec
Aug 3,2015 103

STEP 3 – DETERMINE BUILDING POPULATION
Office building
Single tenant
Normal occupancy
range à 90-110 sf/person

say 100 sf/person
Pop= 9 floors@15,000 nsf

100sf/person
Pop=1350 people
Aug 3,2015 104

STEP 4 – DETERMINE HANDLING CAPACITY (HC)
PHC=0.12
HC=0.12 x 1350 people HC= 162 people
STEP 5 – DETERMINE RISE & SELECT CAR
9 floors (above lobby)

12’-0” floor-floor
Rise=9 x 12’-0’
Rise=108’
Select Car:
2500# car
@400 fpm
Aug 3,2015 105
STEP 6 – DETERMINE AVERAGE TRIP TIME (AVTRP )
2500# car
400 fpm
9 floors
AVTRP= 64 sec
Aug 3,2015 106

STEP 7– DETERMINE ROUND TRIP TIME (RTT)
2500# car
9 floors
400 fpm
RT= 112 sec
Aug 3,2015 107

STEP 8– VERIFY SINGLE CAR CAPACITY (P)
2500# car
p= 13 people
STEP 9– VERIFY 5 MIN HANDLING CAPACITY (H)
h=300p/RT
h= 300 x 13/112
h= 34.8 people
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STEP 10– DETERMINE THE NO OF CARS – (N)
N=HC/h
N= 162/34.8 N= 4.7 cars say 5 cars
STEP 11– CONFIRM INTERVAL (I)

I=RT/N
I= 112/5
I= 22.4 sec Required I à 25-29 sec
Design exceeds performance requirements
Aug 3,2015 109

STEP 12– REPEAT UNTIL PERFORMANCE COMPLIES
Try 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
STEP 13– RE- CONFIRM INTERVAL (I)
I=RT/N
I= 112/4
I= 28 sec
Required I à 25-29 sec
Design meets performance requirements
Aug 3,2015 110

STEP 14– REPEAT UNTIL PERFORMANCE COMPLIES
Performance is in compliance
Use 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)
Aug 3,2015 111

ESCALATORS
Around 1900, Charles Seeberger, who designed the forerunner of the modern
escalator, came up with the term "escalator" - which means a combination of
"elevator" and "scala," the Latin word for steps.
• The moving stairway, also referred to as an escalator or an electric stairway, was first
operated at the Paris Exposition in 1900.
• Its modern successors deliver passengers comfortably. rapidly, safely. And

continuously at constant speed and usually with no delay at the boarding level.
Escalator - An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for

carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven
chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step
treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators - used - to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be

impractical.
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Principal areas of usage include

•department stores,
•shopping malls,
•airports,
•transit systems,
•convention centers,
•hotels,
•arenas,stadiums
•and public buildings.
Escalators -in the same physical space as one might install a staircase.
They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can be used to
guide people toward main exits or special exhibits, and they may be weatherproofed
for outdoor use. A non-functioning escalator can function as a normal staircase,
Aug 3,2015 113

Escalators are one of the largest, most expensive machines people use on a
regular basis, but they're also one of the simplest.
At its most basic level, an escalator is just a simple variation on the conveyer belt.
A pair of rotating chain loops pull a series of stairs in a constant cycle, moving a
lot of people a short distance at a good speed.
ESCALATORS - ARRANGEMENT
PARALLEL - up and down escalators
are side by side or separated by a
distance, seen often in metro
stations and multilevel motion
picture theaters
Aug 3,2015 114

CRISSCROSS - minimizes space
requirements by "stacking"
escalators that go in one
direction, frequently used in
department stores or
shopping centers
MULTIPLE PARALLEL-
two or more escalators
together that travel in
one direction next to
one or two escalators
in the same bank that
travel in the other
direction
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DESIGN COMPONENTS & OPERATION

ESCALATOR - DESIGN FEATURES
•powered by alternating current (A.C) motors
• move at a speed of approx 0.3 -0.6m per second ( 1’ -2’ per second)
• Angle of inclination of the escalator to the horizontal floor – not to exceed 30
degree with a standard rise up to about 60’ (approx 18M).
•Single piece Aluminium or SS steps which move on a system of tracks in a
continuous loop.
• The handrails move in tandem with the pace of the steps.
• The direction of the escalator can be set permanently, or controlled by a
personnel or set automatically.
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DESIGN & LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
FACTORS AFFECTING ESCALATOR DESIGN
•Physical requirements – the vertical and horizontal distances to be spanned will

determine the length & pitch of the elevator. The building infrastructure should be
able to support the heavy loads.
•Location - the escalator should be strategically located so that it is easily visible.
The up & down escalators should be physically separated and should not lead into
confined spaces.
•Traffic patterns – in addition to moving people from & to different floors , it also
should be guiding the traffic flow such as funneling visitors towards a main exit or
exhibit. The escalators must be designed to carry the required number of
passengers. Staircases be located adjacent to the escalator if the escalator is the
primary means of transport between floors, It may also be necessary to provide an
elevator lift near the escalator for wheelchairs and disabled people
•Safety considerations
•Aesthetic preferences – Aesthetics of the escalator should be given its due
importance.
Aug 3,2015 122
Model sizes and Escalator step widths and energy usage
other Size
Width (between
Single-step capacity Applications Power consumption
specifications (for balustrade panels)
info only) A rare historic design

One passenger, with feet
Very small 400 mm (16 in) found mostly in older 3.7 kW (5 hp)
together1989
department stores
Low-volume sites,
uppermost levels of
Small 600 mm (24 in) One passenger 3.7 kW (5 hp)
department stores, when
space is limited
One passenger + one Shopping malls,

Medium 800 mm (31 in) package or one piece of department stores, 7.5 kW (10 hp)
luggage smaller airports
Mainstay of metro
Two passengers – one systems, larger airports,
Large 1,000 mm (39 in) 7.5 kW (10 hp)
may walk past another train stations, some retail
usage
Aug 3,2015 123

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COMPONENTS
Landing Platforms – Houses the curved section of the tracks, gears and motors
that drive the stairs. These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. The
platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a place for
the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. This plate is flush
with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the
machinery below. The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate
and the moving step. Its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a
comb. These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This design
is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps
prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.
Aug 3,2015 125

Truss – Hollow metal structure bridging the lower & upper landing. 2 side sections
with cross braces . Connected to the lower & upper platform with concrete or steel.
Tracks - The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an
endless loop. There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps
(called the step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the
trailer-wheel track).
Handrail- The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are
riding the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain
that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. The handrail finish is a
blend of synthetic polymers and rubber. This cover is designed to resist degradation
from environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear, and human vandalism.
Aug 3,2015 126

Steps - The steps themselves are

solid, one piece, die-cast
aluminum or steel. Yellow
demarcation lines may be added
to clearly indicate their edges.
The riser and the tread of each
step is cleated (given a ribbed
appearance) with comb like
protrusions that merge with the
comb plates on the top and
bottom platforms and the
succeeding steps in the chain. The
steps are linked by a continuous
metal chain that forms a closed
loop.
Aug 3,2015 127

HOW THE ESCALATOR WORKS
Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate
tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the
rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the escalator. The
other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind the first set.
The tracks are spaced apart in such a way that each step will always remain level. At
the top and bottom of the escalator, the tracks level off to a horizontal position,
flattening the stairway. Each step has a series of grooves in it, so it will fit together
with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening.
The electric motor in an escalator also moves the handrails. A handrail is simply a
rubber conveyer belt that is looped around a series of wheels. This belt is precisely
configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders
some stability.
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Aug 3,2015 129

Escalator - has a high loading rate.
Escalator speeds vary from about 90 feet per minute to 180 feet per minute (27 to
55 meters per minute). An escalator moving 145 feet (44 m) per minute can carry
more than 10,000 people an hour -- many more people than a standard elevator.
Escalator Geometry
The angle of inclination for escalators not to exceed 30 degrees

For a given floor to floor rise, the work point (WP) the point at which the 30 degree
incline intersects with the floor level to work point (WP) dimension is always the
same, regardless of the manufacturer (floor to floor rise x 1.73205.)
Since manufacturers configure escalator components differently, the distance

between the floor level WP and the point at which the escalator intersects with the
building structure known as the Face of Support (FOS) varies. As a result, all
manufacturers' space requirements between the WP and FOS have different
dimensions.
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Code stipulates the width and the length of the landing zone at each end of the escalator,
both of which are driven by the distance between the centerline of the handrails (CLHR.)
This varies with step width and among manufacturers.
Aug 3,2015 132

Escalator steps. Most manufacturers offer steps in three widths: 24-in, 32-in and 40-in
wide. The depth of any step tread in the direction of travel shall not be less than
400mm (15.75in) and the rise between treads shall not be more than 220mm (8.5in).
Most steps today are fabricated from cast aluminum, which is stronger and lighter than
older escalator step construction.
Aug 3,2015 133

ESCALATOR CAPACITY
The following formula can be used to ascertain capacity and compare

efficiencies and suitability of escalators at building design stage:
N = 3600 x P x V x cosθ
L
Where,
• N = number of persons moved per hour
• P = number of persons per step
• V = escalator speed (ms-1)
• L = length of step (m)
• θ = angle of incline
Aug 3,2015 134

ESCALATOR CAPACITY - EXAMPLE
An escalator of 30 Degree incline, one passenger per step, a speed of 0.5 ms-1
and 400 mm tread or step length.
N = 3600 x 1 x 0.5 x cos 30

0.4
= 7200 x cos 30
= 3897 nos. persons moved per hour
Aug 3,2015 135

SAFETY TIPS FOR ESCALATOR RIDERS
Riding escalators is easy. Yet, to avoid any accidents its necessary to do it properly and
safely. Following needs to be necessarily followed while riding on escalators-
•Face forward on the center of the step with feet slightly apart and without touching
the stationary sides.
•After safely stepping, hold the handrail.
•Watch your step when entering or leaving the escalator, and step off (don't slide off)
quickly.
•If you're using a, follow the signs to the nearest elevator. Escalators were never
intended to accommodate vehicles like stroller, wheelchair, crutches or any kind of car
or wheeled vehicle safely. Also, If your hands are full with packages or luggage, choose a
nearby elevator instead.
Aug 3,2015 136

•Never use an escalator barefoot.

•Be really careful with loose clothing such as scarves, coats and their belts, long skirts,
wide pants, untied shoelaces, and when wearing soft rubber shoes or boots, ope-
toed shoes, sneakers or high heels.
•Passengers using bifocals should pay particular attention as they enter or exit the
escalator.
•Recognize your limitations. If you feel uncomfortable riding, or experience difficulty
boarding or exiting an escalator, use the elevator instead.
•Don't strike side panels with hands, feet or objects.
•Don't place items on the handrails or steps.
•Don't use an escalator for freight.
•Don't walk up the "down" escalator or down the "up" escalator.
•Don't use an inoperative escalator as a stairway.
•Don't run up or down the steps.
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FIRE SAFETY
Fire protection of an escalator may be provided by adding automatic fire detection

and suppression systems inside the dust collection and engineer pit, in addition to
any water sprinkler system installed in the ceiling. To limit the danger caused by
overheating, ventilation for the spaces that contain the motors and gears must be
provided, and small targeted clean agent automatic extinguishing systems can be
installed in these areas.
Fire protection of an escalator floor opening may be provided by adding automatic

sprinklers or fireproof shutters to the opening, or by installing the escalator in an
enclosed fire-protected hall.
Aug 3,2015 138

SAFETY FEATURES OF AN ELEVATOR
To enhance passenger safety, newer models of escalators are equipped with one or
more of the following safety implementations, as per ASME A17.1 code:
•Antislide devices: Raised circular objects that often stud the escalator balustrade.
Sometimes informally called "hockey pucks" due to their appearance, their purpose
is to prevent objects (and people) from precipitously sliding down the otherwise
smooth metallic surface.
•Comb plate impact switches: Stop the escalator if a foreign object gets caught
between the steps and the comb plate on either end.
•Deflector brush: A long continuous brush made of stiff bristles running up the sides
of the escalator just above the step level. This helps deflect garments, shoes, and
other items away from the gap between the moving steps and the skirt board.
•Emergency stop button: At each end of the escalator (in some models, also on the
balustrade), a large red button can be pressed to stop the device in the event of an
emergency. Typically, an alarmed transparent plastic guard plate covers the button;
restarting requires turning a key.
Aug 3,2015 139
SAFETY ZONE DEFLECTOR BRUSH
Aug 3,2015 140

THRESHOLD AREA RAILING – 4”

SPRINKLER PIPING FROM ESCALATOR RAIL
Aug 3,2015 141

NON SEISMIC
Aug 3,2015 142

•Extended balustrades: Allows riders to grasp the handrail before setting foot on an
escalator, to ease customer comfort and stability/equilibrium. (The effect is similar to
the flat steps described below.)
•Flat steps: Like a moving walkway, the first two or three steps at either end of the
escalator are flat. This gives the passenger extra time to orient him/herself when
boarding, and more time to maintain balance when exiting. Longer escalators often
have four or more flat steps.
•Handrail inlet switches: Sensors located at the bottom and top of the unit that
guard the handrail termini. If something gets caught in these locations, a hard fault is
generated in the controller, and the escalator shuts down automatically.
•Handrail speed sensors: These sensors are usually optical, and monitor how fast
the handrail moves. If the sensor notices a speed difference between the handrail
and the steps, it sounds an alarm, pauses, and then automatically stops the
escalator. In these situations, the escalator must be serviced by authorized personnel
before returning to an operable state.
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•Missing step detectors: Depending on the manufacturer and model, this sensor is
either optical or physical. When a missing step is detected, the escalator automatically
shuts down.
•Raised step edges: In some models, a difference in tread height is utilized to keep
passengers' feet from the skirt board.
•Safety instructions: A sign, typically posted on both escalator newels at the entrance
landing platform. In some situations, safety precautions are posted on walls near the
escalator, included on freestanding signs, or—as in some models—printed on the riser
surface itself.
•Sensor switch: In automatic-start/stop escalators, this sensor automatically engages the
escalator motion when a rider is detected on the first step of the entrance landing
platform, and stops the escalator when there are no riders on the unit.
Aug 3,2015 144

•Step demarcation lights: Either fluorescent or LED lights (traditionally green in

color) located inside the truss. The illumination between the steps improves the
passengers' awareness of the step divisions.
•Step demarcation lines: In order to clearly delineate the edges of each individual
step, manufacturers offer steps trimmed in yellow, either painted or with plastic
inserts.
Aug 3,2015 145

ESCALATOR VS ELEVATOR
If you are in charge of designing a large building like a mall for example you will need
to know the key differences of a elevator and a escalator. Either way this article
will explain some key differences between an escalator and a elevator. It would be
good for you to know if you are planning on designing a building. Each system requires
a certain amount of space and maintenance so you should educate yourself on such
things before you purchase either of them.
An escalator is a moving mechanical staircase. It needs to be on a incline and the

longer the staircase is the higher it goes. So it is important to consider that factor if
you are designing the model for a building. There must be enough space to fit
the escalator into one floor and the next. Escalators are quite common in malls as well
as many other places. You have probably noticed that malls have both escalators and
elevators and the reason for that will be revealed later in this article.
Aug 3,2015 146

Escalator
•Escalators are quite convenient due to the fact that they are quite safe in case of
an emergency. In other words chances are they will not fall apart or break down
in case of a natural disaster.
•On top of that an escalator can transport a large amount of people at the same
time and you can always walk up on one side to get to the top faster if you want.
•Basically the escalator will continually pick up people and drop them off at the
top because each person can take a step and new steps are always being added
because the staircase is always moving.
•So basically the escalator can support a large amount of people while people
keep getting on and off; there is no one trip to get to the top it is one continues
trip.
Aug 3,2015 147

Elevator
An elevator on the other hand can only support a limited amount of people in
one elevator because it must go up and down vertically and people always need
to go to different floors.
•So in other words an escalator can handle more people but it will transport
them at a relatively slow pace.
•The elevator can only hold a certain amount of people and a certain weight but
it will transport people from floor to floor at a faster pace.
•The reason why malls have both escalators and elevators is due to the fact that
not everyone can walk properly.
•Elevators are mainly installed to be used by elderly people and handicap people
who are in wheelchairs.
•So basically a escalator takes up more space because it is built in an incline
which stretches out a certain length depending on how high it needs to reach.
•A elevator is built into a cut through the floor of each floor level so it does not
take up much space at all.
Aug 3,2015 148

CONVEYER BELT FOR MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & GOODS
•A moving walkway or moving sidewalk, known as a travellator or a travelator is a

slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or
inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by
standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each direction.
•The conveyor belt transports people horizontally up to the practical limitations of

about 300 m.
• They work in a similar manner to an escalator. In both cases, riders can walk or stand.
• They are particularly useful in large railways and airports terminals, as well shopping
complexes, and may be inclined up to about 15 degree where level differentials
occurs.
Aug 3,2015 149

CONVEYER BELT FOR MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & GOODS
• Speed range between 0.6 and 1.3 m/s, limitations being imposed because of the
difficulty in getting off.
• Combine with walking, the overall pace could be about 2.5 m/s.
• Materials for travelators must be flexible or elastic and include reinforced rubber
or composites and interlaced steel plates or trellised steel.
• The latter two have the facility to deviate from the conventional straight line.
Aug 3,2015 150

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Designs
Moving walkways are built in one of two basic styles:

•Pallet type — a continuous series of flat metal plates join together to form a walkway -
and are effectively identical to escalators in their construction. Most have a metal
surface, though some models have a rubber surface for extra traction.
•Moving belt — these are generally built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking
surfaces over metal rollers. The walking surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy" feel.
Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with combplates at the
ends. Also, nearly all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those
on escalators.
Pallet-types consists of one-piece, die-cast aluminium pallets. Example dimensions are:
widths (between balustrades): between 32 inches (800 mm) and 56 inches (1200 mm),
with a speed of 100 feet per minute (.5 metres per second), powered by an AC induction
motor.
Aug 3,2015 152

Inclined moving walkways

An inclined moving walkway is used in airports
and supermarkets to move people to another
floor with the convenience of
an elevator (namely, that people can take along
their suitcase trolley or shopping cart, or baby
carriage) and the capacity of an escalator.
The carts have either a brake that is
automatically applied when the cart handle is
released, strong magnets in the wheels to stay
adhered to the floor, or specially designed
wheels that secure the cart within the grooves
of the ramp, so that wheeled items travel
alongside the riders and do not slip away.
Some department stores instead use shopping
cart conveyors to transport passengers and
their carts between store levels simultaneously.
Aug 3,2015 153

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09 ARC 5.

3 BUILDING SERVICES - III

BUILDING SERVICES FOR VTH SEM

ELEVATORS & ESCALATORS

Exam marks – 100 , Progressive marks – 50

Objective : To develop knowledge and skills required for understanding the

Part A – Mechanical / Artificial Ventilation

Part B- Elevators & Escalators

Part C – Fire Alarm and Fire suppression systems

Elevators – it is a method of conveyance to lift people and or material vertically.

The time that was spent on climbing stairs is minimized considerably as

• A li or an elevator is a type of ver cal transport equipment that eﬃ ciently

Elevators – technological advancement and catering to higher density of people

It is defined as a vertical equipment for transport, used to commute individuals and

ELEVATORS – INTRODUCTION OF THE TERMINOLOGY

• Lift — An appliance designed to transport persons or materials between two or

ELEVATORS – INTRODUCTION OF THE TERMINOLOGY

Traffic Analysis (Done by Lift Vendor)

The lift analysis determines the circulation efficiency -

Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GEARED & GEARLESS TRACTION ELEVATORS

Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction

ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE ROOM LESS ELEVATORS

Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet and

MACHINE ROOM LESS ELEVATORS

HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR – TYPES

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

ACCORDING TO HOIST MECHANISM

Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as

They hold their own power device

Pneumatic elevators are

It is a self-supporting vacuum elevator; a light and resistant structure built with

TYPES OF ELEVATORS ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE AND THEIR USAGE

6. Vehicle Elevators – Used in parking garages and manufacturing buildings.

A passenger elevator is designed to move

In buildings up to ten floors, electric and

PASSENGER ELEVATOR and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s

The passenger elevators can have the

SS finish of various textures on the

The floor can be Vinyl / Carpet or

These are for transport of

Rugged finishes, scratch and

Floor - SS chequered plates ,

Wall Panels – SS textured

Speed – Slow car speed

URBAN TRANSPORT ELEVATOR

This street elevator

URBAN TRANSPORT ELEVATOR

STAGE ELEVATOR – Orchestra & stage lifts – smooth moving

Vehicle elevators are used where

A wide range of vehicle solutions to

Vehicle elevators can be hydraulic driven or

Stairway elevators are

VERTICAL WHEEL CHAIR LIFT

The is yet another type of lift. These are

A mobile scissor lift, extended to near its

A- Hospital Bed Elevators

They are specifically manufactured to be low-

The equipment and supplies are placed on a

ELEVATOR CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BUILDING HEIGHT

• A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories)

• B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories)

Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators